Bi 10 Nm men

A. PHN LOI NM MEN Thut ng Nm men (yeast, levure) ch l tn chung ch nhm vi nm thng c cu to n bo v thng sinh si ny n bng phng php ny chi (budding). Nm men khng thuc v mt taxon phn loi no nht nh, chng c th thuc ngnh Nm ti (Ascomycota) hoc ngnh Nm m (Basidiomycota). Ny chi l cch sinh sn v tnh in hnh ca nm men. Khi thnh t bo m ra to ra mt chi (bud). Chi pht trin thnh t bo con v c th tch khi t bo m ngay t khi cn nh hoc cng c th vn khng tch ra ngay c khi ln bng t bo m. Nhiu khi nhiu th h vn dnh vo mt t bo u tin ny chi v to thnh mt cnh nhiu nhnh t bo trong ging nh cy xng rng. Chi c th mc ra theo bt k hng no (ny chi a cc- multilateral budding) hoc ch ny chi hai cc (ny chi theo hai cc- Bipolar budding) hoc ch ny chi mt cc nht nh (ny chi theo mt cc monopolar budding). Nm men cn c hnh thc sinh sn phn ct nh vi khun. C th hnh thnh mt hay vi vch ngn phn ct t bo m thnh nhng t bo phn ct (fission cells). in hnh cho kiu phn ct ny l cc nm men thuc chi Schizosaccharomyces. mt s nm men thuc ngnh Nm m, c th sinh ra dng bo t c cung nh (sterigmatoconidia) hoc bo t bn (ballistoconidia hay ballistospore). Bo t c cung nh thng gp cc chi nm men Fellomyces, Kockovaella v Sterigmatomyces, khi chi sinh ra trn mt nhnh nh v tch ra khi nhnh b gy. Bo t bn c sinh ra trn mt gai nhn ca t bo nm men v b bn ra ph i din khi thnh thc. Nu cy cc nm men sinh bo t bn thnh hnh zich zc trn thch nghing hoc trn a Petri th sau mt thi gian nui cy s thy xut hin trn thnh ng nghim hoc np a Petri c mt hnh zch zc khc c hnh thnh bi cc bo t bn ln. Bo t bn l c im ca nm men thuc cc chi Bensingtonia, Bullera, Deoszegia, Kockovaella, Sporobolomyces.... Mt s nm men cn c mt hnh thc sinh sn v tnh na, l vic hnh thnh cc bo t t (arthroconidia hay arthrospore). Khi s hnh thnh cc vch ngn u cc nm men dng si, sau tch ra thnh cc bo t t. Loi ny gp cc nm men thuc c hai ngnh: Nm ti v Nm m. Thng gp nht l cc chi nm men Galactomyces, Dipodascus (dng v tnh l Geotrichum) v Trichosporon. Nm men cn c th to thnh dng tn (thallus) di dng khun ty (si nm- hyphae) hay khun ty gi (gi si nm pseudohyphae). Dng sinh sn hu tnh nm men l dng cc bo t ti (ascospore) c sinh ra t cc ti (asci). C th xy ra s tip hp (conjugation) gia hai t bo nm men tch ri hoc gia t bo m v chi. Cn c c s bin np trc tip trong 1 t bo sinh dng (vegetative cell), t bo ny bin thnh ti khng qua tip hp (unconjugated ascus). Thng trong mi ti c 4 hay i khi c 8 bo t ti. Trong mt s trng hp li ch c 1-2 bo t ti. Bo t ti chi Saccharomyces c dng hnh cu, hnh bu dc; chi Hanseniaspora v loi Hansenula anomala c dng hnh m ; loi Hansenula saturnus bo t ti c dng qu xoi gia c vnh ai nh dng Sao Th. Mt s bo t ti c dng ko di hay hnh xonB mt bo t ti c th nhn nhi, c th x x hoc c gai Bo t mng dy (hay bo t o- chlamydospore) l dng bo t gip nm men vt qua c iu kin kh khn ca ngoi cnh, ch khng phi l hnh thc sinh sn. Mt s nm men cn c th sinh v nhy. Bn cnh rt nhiu nm men c ch nh l cc loi nm men dng sn xut ru trng, ru vang, bia, lm n bt m, to sinh khi giu protein v vitamin, sn xut enzym, sn xut acid citric t kh thin nhin, sn xut riboflavin (vitamin B2) cn c nhng loi nm men c th gy bnh.

N= nhn; M= ty th; Va= khng bo; ER= mng li ni cht; Ves= bo nang

Bo t bn

Phn ct t bo

Ny chi

Bo t ti

Bo t mng dy

Bo t t

V nhy nm men Mt vi loi nm men gy bnh ngi:

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

phn loi nm men ngi ta phi tin hnh nghin cu cc c im sau y: *c im hnh thi: t bo, khun lc, kiu ny chi, cc dng bo t v tnh v hu tnh, khun ty v khun ty gi... *c im sinh l v sinh ho: - Ln men 13 loi ng - ng ha 46 ngun carbon. C th dng b kt chn on nhanh ID 32C (Bio Mrieux SA, Marchy-ltoile) - Tnh chng chu vi 0,01% hoc 0,1% cycloheximide (c th bao gm trong b kit ID 32C). - ng ho 6 ngun nit: nitrate, nitrite, ethylnamine hydrochloride, L-lyzine, cadaverine dihydrochloride, creatine - Sinh trng khi thiu ht mt s vitamin (myo-Inositol, calcium pantothenate, biotin, thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxin hydrochloride, niacin, folic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid. - Sinh trng ti cc nhit khc nhau: 25, 30, 35, 37, 420C. - To thnh tinh bt. - Sn sinh acid t glucoz - Thy phn Ur

- Phn gii Arbutin - Phn gii lipid - Nng lc sn sinh sc t - Sinh trng trn mi trng cha 50% v 60% glucoza - Ha lng gelatine -Phn ng vi Diazonium Blue B - Pht trin trn mi trng cha acid acetic 1% xc nh loi mi cn cn phn tch thnh phn acid bo ca t bo, thnh phn ng trong t bo, phn tch h coenzyme Q, t l G+C, c tnh huyt thanh min dch, gii trnh t ADN v lai ADN... B - CC PHNG PHP THC NGHIM DNG NH TN NM MEN 1. Quan st hnh thi t bo nm men v o kch thc Khi xc nh hnh thi v kch thc t bo nm men ngi ta thng nui cy nm men trong mi trng thch - mch nha v mi trng mch nha dch th. Nu s dng cc mi trng khc th hnh thi v kch thc t bo nm men c th thay i, khng ph hp vi hnh thi v kch thc tiu chun c ghi trong bng phn loi. - Mi trng mch nha: Ly la i mch cho ny mm (loi nhp khu dng lm bia), em phi kh ri xay nh thnh bt. Cn 1kg bt ny, thm 3 lt nc, gi 600C ng ho cho n khi ht tinh bt (th vi dch Lugol khng thy c mu xanh lam). Lc ly dch trong c th thm 3 lng trng trng ri trn u, un si ri lc ly dch trong. iu chnh bng nc c nng ng t 6o Baume. Phn vo cc dng c thu tinh kh trng. Nu lm mi trng c th thm 2% thch. Tt nht l dng mm i mch, nu khng th c th dng mm la. Nng thch hp nui cy nm men dng khi phn loi l 5,7o Baume. C ti liu li s dng nng 5-80 Baume. Nm men c nui cy trong cc ng nghim thch nghing hoc cc ng nghim ng 3 ml mi trng dch th. Nui cy 25-300C trong 3 ngy, sau ly ra lm tiu bn v quan st. Mun o kch thc t bo nm men ngi ta thng s dng trc vi th knh). S t bo nm men c o khng t hn 20. Ch l phi o cc t bo trng thnh ch khng o cc chi mi ny sinh. T bo nm men c hnh thi v kch thc khc nhau tu loi, tu chi. Chng c th c hnh cu, hnh bu dc, hnh trng, hnh qu chanh chu u, hnh ng v.v... Khi quan st t bo nm men di knh hin vi c th phn bit c thnh t bo, t bo cht, khng bo (vacuole) v cc ht d nhim (metachromatic granules). Thnh t bo nm men thm hn so vi nguyn sinh cht, cn khng bo thng c hnh trn, mu nht hn. Cc ht d nhim thng bt nh sng mnh hn, chng lc l trong nguyn sinh cht theo chuyn ng Brown. Kch thc ca t bo nm men khc nhau rt nhiu tu loi thu chi, tu iu kin sinh trng v c th thay i trong khong 1-5 x 5-30m hay c khi di hn na. Kch thc t bo ca cc loi nm men thng thng vo khong 4-5m. 2. Nhum mu t bo nm men: Mun quan st t bo nm men mt cch t m hn ngi ta thng s dng cc loi thuc nhum nhum c t bo hoc mt s phn t bo nm men. C th dng mt trong nhng loi dung dch thuc nhum sau y: - Dung dch Lugol: Iot 2g

Iodua Kali Nc ct - Dung dch xanh methylen (methylene blue) Xanh methylen Nc ct - Dung dch fuchsin cacbolic: Fuchsin kim (basic fuchsin) Cn 900 Dung dch phenol 3%

4g 100ml

(Nghin nh I v KI trong ci s ri sau dng nc ho tan dn). 1g 1000ml

(C th pha thnh dung dch 1% sau lc ri dng nc ct pha long thm 10 ln na). 0,1g 10ml 90ml

(Ho tan fuchsin trong cn, sau trn u vo dung dch phenol). C th dng que cy, pht dch nui cy nm men thnh mt lp mng trn phin knh sau lm kh, c nh v nhum n bng xanh methylen hay fuchsin cacbolic nh khi nhum tiu bn vi khun. Thng ngi ta dng lamelle (l knh mng) quan st t bo nm men. Ly mt phin knh sch nh ln mt git thuc nhum (xanh methylen chng hn). Git thuc nhum khng nn to qu (v sau s trn khi lamelle), cng khng nn nh qu (to thnh nhiu bt kh khi y lamelle). Ly mt t nm men nui cy 2-3 ngy ho vo git thuc nhum. t mt cnh ca lamelle st vo pha ngoi git mu ri h t t lamelle xung cho git mu trn u khp lamelle. Nu trn ra ngoi th dng giy lc thm bt. Soi vt knh nh trc, sau chuyn sang vt knh ln. C th cn c vo mc bt mu m nht phn bit c t bo sng v t bo cht. Mun quan st cc ht glycogen trong t bo nm men th nhum bng dung dch Lugol. T bo s c mu vng nht cn cc ht glicogen c mu nu. Mun quan st cc git m trong t bo nm men c th lm tiu bn nh sau: R mt git formalin ln phin knh, dng que cy ly mt t nm men nui cy 48-72 gi ho vo git formalin. yn 5 pht sau thm mt git dung dch thuc nhum xanh methylen, li thm mt git thuc nhum soudan III. t lamelle di knh hin vi ri quan st ta s thy nguyn sinh cht ca t bo nm men bt mu lam nht, khng bo khng bt mu cn cc git m c mu hng. - Thuc nhum soudan III: Soudan III Cn 90% 0,05g 100ml

Cng c th nhum cc git m bng phng php sau y: Ly thuc nhum en Soudan B (Soudan black B) cho vo ng nghim. Dng que cy ly mt t nm men ho vo dch thuc nhum ny. Gi 20 pht. Ly khong 2 vng que cy dch thuc nhum c nm men pht ln phin knh. Lm kh t nhin. Nhum tiu bn trong 30 giy bng dch thuc nhum safranin. Ra nc, i kh ri soi knh. Nguyn sinh cht ca t bo nm men s c mu nht cn cc git m c mu en lam. - Thuc nhum en Soudan B (theo Burdon): Soudan black B Cn 70% 0,3g 100ml

(Trn u, 24 gi ri mi s dng. Dng trong vng mt thng). - Thuc nhum safranin: Dch safranin 2,5% (trong cn 95%) Nc ct 10ml 100ml

Mun nhum nhn ca t bo nm men c th s dng phng php sau y: Ly mt git nc t ln 1 phin knh. Dng que cy ly mt t nm men ho vo git nc ri dn thnh vt mng. Lm kh t nhin. Thm vi git dung dch picroformol, gi vi pht sau ra bng cn 70%. Ngm tiu bn vo trong dung dch FeNH 4(SO4).12H2O 3% trong 4-7 gi. Ly tiu bn ra dng nc ra sch sau li ngm vo dch thuc nhum hematoxilin 10% trong 24 gi. Ly ra ra nc ri li ngm vo dch FeNH 4(SO4).12H2O cho n khi va mt mu th ly ra ra sch bng nc, lm kh ri soi knh. Nguyn sinh cht ca t bo nm men c mu tro cn nhn t bo c mu en. - Dung dch nhum nhn t bo: + Dung dch picroformol: Dung dch acid picric bo ho Axetit acetic glacial Dung dch fomol long + Dung dch ngm FeNH4(SO4)2.12H2O FeNH4(SO4)2.12H2O Nc + Dung dch thuc nhum hematoxilin Hematoxilin Cn Nc 1g 10ml 90ml 3g 100ml 75 phn 5 phn 20 phn

Ho tan hematoxilin trong cn, sau thm nc, y nt bng ri 1 thng sau mi s dng. quan st t bo nm men c th dng dung dch nigrozin 5%. Khi t bo s khng bt mu, c th phn bit r trn mt nn mu lam en. quan st bo t ti (trnh lm vi cc khng bo) c th s dng mt s cc phng php nhum bo t c gii thiu trong chng IV (phng php nghin cu vi sinh vt hc tp 1 NXB KHKT 1971). Cng c th nhum bo t ti bng phng php sau y: R 1 git nc ln phin knh. Dng que cy ly mt t nm men trn vo git nc, dn thnh vt mng, kh t nhin. C nh trn ngn la bng n cn, nhum bng dung dch lc malachit. Nhum 2 pht, thng xuyn h trn ngn la cho bc hi (khng c un si). Ra nc nh, nhum thm 30 giy bng dung dch safranin 0,5% trong nc. Nang bo t s bt mu xanh lc cn t bo dinh dng c mu hng. - Dung dch lc malachit: Lc malachit (malachite green) Nc 1g 100ml (khng un nng)

3.

Quan st qu trnh ny chi ca t bo nm men

(s dng cho t bo nm men dinh dng khng c dng si - non filamelletous vegetative cells). Cy mt vng que cy t bo nm men mt ngy tui vo bnh nn loi 100ml cha 30ml mi trng dch th (mi trng nc chit mch nha, mi trng cao nm men-pepton-glucoza hay mi trng mch nha - cao nm men - glucoza - pepton). - Mi trng mch nha - cao nm men - glucoza - pepton: Cao mch nha (malt extract) Cao nm men (yeast extract) Glucoza Pepton Nc 3g 3g 10g 5g 1000ml

Nui cy trong bnh nn 25-280C sau hai n ba ngy tin hnh ly mu quan st. Khi quan st di knh hin vi cn phn bit c l nm men sinh sn theo cch ny chi hay phn ct hoc c hai. - Nu ny chi th chi xut hin u? c hai u (hai cc) hay v tr bt k no trn t bo? S lng chi trn t bo m? - Chi con sau khi pht trin c ri khi t bo m hay khng? - Dng v kch thc ca t bo? Ch : phng php ny phi dng vi cc mi trng xc nh v pha sinh trng logarit ca t bo. 4. Quan st khun ty gi:

C mt s nm men khi pht trin trong nhng mi trng nui cy lu hay trong nhng iu kin thiu oxy c th to thnh nhng t bo di, xp ni tip nhau, c gi l khun ty (mycelium). Ngi ta phn bit hai loi khun ty: khun ty gi v khun ty tht. Khun ty tht l cc t bo dng si c vch ngn, khun ty gi l cc t bo dng si khng c vch ngn. Vic to thnh khun ty l mt c im quan trng trong phn loi nm men. Cng c mt t loi nm men khi pht trin bnh thng cng to thnh khun ty gi (pseudomycelium). Mun kim tra vic to thnh khun ty ngi ta thng nui cy nm men trn mi trng pepton - glucoza, mi trng khoai ty - glucoza hay mi trng ng. - Mi trng thch - pepton - glucoza: Pepton Glucoza Thch Nc - Mi trng khoai ty - glucoza: Nc chit khoai ty 10% Glucoza 1000ml 20g 10g 20g 20g 1000ml

Thch

20g

Cch lm nc chit khoai ty: cn 100g khoai ty gt v, ra sch v thi nh, thm 300ml nc, hp p lc 1at trong 1 gi sau b sung nc cho 1000ml. - Mi trng ng: cn 12,5g ng, thm 300ml nc un cch thu 60 0C trong 1 gi, lc ly nc trong. Thm nc cho 300ml. Sau thm 3,8g thch. Hp p lc 1at trong 15 pht. Lc nng qua bng thm nc ri phn vo cc ng nghim v kh trng p lc 1at trong 15 pht. mi trng vo hp Petri. Dng que cy, cy nm men thnh 3 cp ng song song ngn, 3 ch. Dng panh ly l knh mng (thng xuyn ngm trong cn 70%) t nh ht cn, ngui mt cht ri cn thn t nh nhng ln vt cy. Phi cy th no hai ng cy song song mi ch c chiu ngang nm gn gia l knh mng, hai u di hn l knh mng mt cht ( sau ny d quan st). Cn ch l b mt thch phi tht kh, khi y l knh mng, phi trnh bt kh, y xong phi trnh di chuyn lm x lch l knh mng. Cng c th tin hnh theo phng php sau y: mi trng vo mt hp Petri, i ngui 600C, dng panh ly cc phin knh (lamelle) t nh vo sao cho c mt lp mi trng bm vo to thnh lp mng trn mt mt ca phin knh. Lp ba phin knh ph mi trng nh vy t vo hp Petri khc. Trong hp Petri ny c ng mt t nc v trng v mt gi thu tinh hnh ch U (cc phin knh t thng gc so vi gi thu tinh). Cy nm men thnh ba vt trn mi phin knh. Phi cy ba vt ny cch nhau nh th no trn mi vt c th t va mt l knh mng (cc vt cy song song vi chiu rng ca phin knh). Sau khi t l knh mt cch nh nhng v cn thn ta y hp Petri li v nui cy 25-30 0C trong 4-5 ngy. Ly ra v quan st cc vt cy di knh hin vi. Mt vi phng th nghim lm theo cch sau: nh mt t mi trng thch nng ln trn b mt phin knh, lng u to thnh mt lp tht mng. Sau khi kh b mt, cy mt hoc 2 ng dc theo lam. Ly l knh mng t ln trn mi ng cy. t phin knh vo a Petri v cho mt t nc v trng trnh kh mi trng. Quan st trn knh hin vi trong vi ngy. Vi cc phng php trn rt d dng quan st thy vic to thnh khun ty mt s loi nm men. 5. Quan st bo t bn (Ballistoconidium, Ballistospore): Ly 10-15ml mi trng nc chit mch nha, mi trng khoai ty - glucoza hay mi trng bt ng a vo mt a Petri khi thch ng (nh lm kh v trng mt thch) ly que cy cy nm men theo hai ng vung gc gia sau p ngc ln mt a Petri khc cha cng mi trng nhng khng cy nm men. Trong a Petri ny cha 1 lamelle v trng, 200C sau 3 tun bo t bn s to thnh cc khun lc trn a Petri cha mi trng pha di v ly phn lamelle mang cc bo t bn a i quan st di knh hin vi. - Mi trng bt ng: Cn 60 gam bt ng ho vo trong 500ml nc si. un si tip 1 gi. Lc qua vi mn. Thm nc cho 1000ml, thm 20g thch. un cho tan thch ri phn vo cc dng c thu tinh. Kh trng ni p lc 120 pht trong 30 pht. Cng c th pht hin bo t bn theo cc cch khc nh sau: Cy cc loi nm men nghi ng c hnh thnh bo t bn ln mi trng thch - mch nha (trn a Petri hay ng nghim thch nghing). Sau my ngy nui cy trn mt thy tinh i din

vi vt cy s c mt hnh nh m ging ht vi hnh dng vt cy. l cc bo t bn bn ra lu li trn pha i din vt cy. Hoc cy nm men theo ng thng hoc zich zc vo a Petri cha mi trng bt ng, 20 C sau tng thi im 3, 5,7,10, 15 ngy. p ngc a Petri ln mt phin knh sch, qua m. Quan st bo t bn trn phin knh trn knh hin vi.
0

6. Quan st bo t ti (ascospore): Mt s nm men c kh nng hnh thnh bo t hu tnh gi l bo t ti ( ascospore hay asconidium). Bo t ti c kh nng bo v nm men chng li vi nhiu nh hng c hi ca iu kin ngoi cnh. Thng quan st thy bo t ti ca nm men trong nhng mi trng nui c?y lu C th l do vic tch lu mt s sn phm trao i cht kch thch qu trnh to thnh bo t ti. Trong t bo ca mi loi nm men sinh bo t ti thng to thnh mt s lng bo t ti nht nh. Khi cha bo t ti th t bo c gi l ti (asci, s t - ascus). Thng mi ti c 4 bo t, mt s loi ch c 1-2 bo t, mt s rt t loi li c ti 8 bo t. Bo t ti nm men c hnh dng rt khc nhau, y cng l mt c im thng dng khi phn loi nm men. Saccharomyces cerevisiae v rt nhiu loi nm men khc c bo t ti hnh cu hay hnh trng. Hansenula anommala, Hanseniaspora c bo t ti hnh bn cu, pha di c mp nh vnh m, Pichia membranaefaciens c bo t ti v quy tc (c th c hnh trng, di, tam gic, bu dc, bn cu...), Hansenula saturnus c hnh bo t ti hnh qu xoi, gia c mt vnh ai nh. Bo t ti Schawanniomyces occidentalis cng c hnh dng tng t nh vy nhng b mt c gai. Mt s loi nm men li c bo t ti di, c khi hnh xon. Thng thng nm men to thnh bo t ti sau 5-10 ngy nui cy trn mi trng thch mch nha. Mun quan st ch vic ly mt t nm men lm tiu bn soi ti khng cn nhum mu. Mc ch vic quan st bo t ti phi tr li ba cu hi sau y: 1. Nm men c hnh thnh bo t ti hay khng. 2. Bo t ti hnh thnh t cc t bo dinh dng khng xy ra s tip hp trc hay l sau khi c s tip hp gia hai t bo dinh dng; cng c th l xy ra sau khi c s tip hp gia t bo m v t bo con (t bo ny chi) ca n. 3. Cch tin hnh: Nm men tr sau khi nui cy qua m c a vo mi trng malt - cao nm men glucoza - pepton v 2-3 ngy sau a chuyn vo mi trng sinh bo t. Gi 25 0C trong 3 ngy v quan st di knh hin vi. Nu khng quan st thy bo t th li tip tc gi v quan st tng tun cho n 6 tun lin. Cc mi trng hnh thnh bo t c th c s dng l mi trng: V-8-agar, Gorodkowa-aga, acetat-agar, malt-yeast-glucoza, pepton-agar, malt-acetat-agar. Tuy nhin thng s dng cc mi trng sau: a. Mi trng ming thch cao: Ly hai phn bt thch cao trn vi mt phn nc lm thnh bt nho sau vo nhng ci khun lm bng giy da b hay giy thic (ng knh 1-1,5cm, cao 1,5-2cm). Dng dao lm cho nhn b mt. Sau khi thch cao ng ta loi b khun giy ri cho vo nhng hp thy tinh c bit gi l hp Koch. Cng c th lm nhng ming thch cao hnh trn sau cho vo hp Petri. nc ngp 2/3 chiu dy ca ming thch cao sau a i kh trng (120 0C trong 30 pht). Cy nm men ti (t thch nghing mi nui cy 48 gi tui). Gi 25 0C trong vi ngy, ly ra lm Nghin cu hnh dng bo t v s lng ca bo t ti

tiu bn quan st bo t ti. Tsetlin (1913) ngh trc khi cy nm men sang mi trng ming thch cao nn chun b nm men ti trn mi trng c thnh phn sau: Nc ct: Glucoza: KH2PO4: CaCl2: MgSO4: FeSO4: (NH4)2SO4: b. Mi trng ming thch cao ci tin: Cch tin hnh nh trn nhng b mt ming thch cao c lm m bng nc mch nha long hoc dung dch c cha 2% manitol v 0,5% KH2PO4. c. Mi trng Gorodkowa (1908) Nc tht: Pepton: NaCl: Glucoza: Thch: Nc: d. X l vi tia t ngoi: Cy nm men ln mi trng Gorodkowa (mi trng c) ri chiu tia t ngoi theo thi gian khc nhau: 5, 10, 15 pht. Sau tip tc nui cy v quan st bo t ti. e. Mi trng thch nc: Mi trng ny l mi trng ngho ch c nc v thch, khng b sung thm cc cht dinh dng khc. f. Mi trng Amano (1950) Amano ngh dng phng php sau: Cy truyn hai ln nm men trn mi trng thch tht pepton, ly nm men nui cy 24 gi cy sang mi trng sau y: Glucoza: Axetat Na khng ngm nc: Thch: Nc: 20 g 1000 ml 0,4 g 1,4 g 1g 1g 0,5 g 0,25 g 2g 100ml 100 ml 5g 0,2g 0,05g 0,05g 0,001g 0,5g

g. Mi trng dch tinh bt khoai ty 0,5% (Almeida v Lacaza) Cy nm men ln mi trng trn ri nui cy 370C, sau quan st bo t ti theo tng thi im thch hp. h. Mi trng Kleyn: Natri glutamat (hay asparagin, pepton, glixin): Glucoza: 0,25g 0,062g

NaCl: Natri axeta: KH2PO4: K2HPO4: Biotin (c th khng cn): Dch hn hp I: Thch: Nc:

0,062g 0,5g 0,012 g 0,02g 2 1 ml 2g 100 ml

Cch pha dch hn hp I: MgSO4 - 0,4g; CuSO4 - 0,002g; FeSO4 - 0,2g; MnSO4 - 0,2g; NaCl - 0,4g; nc ct - 100ml). Ch : Quan st bo t ti l c im quan trng trong phn loi, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp kh c th pht hin thy bo t ti. iu ny c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Mi trng sinh bo t ti l khng thch hp. - Chng nghin cu l d tn (heterothalic) hay ng tn (homothalic). - Bo t ti kh pht hin v do ngi lm phn loi cn thiu kinh nghim. - Nm men nghin cu thuc loi khng sinh bo t ti (anascoporogenous). 6. Quan st c tnh nui cy

quan st cc c tnh nui cy ca nm men ngi ta thng cy nm men ln mi trng dch th, mi thng thch nghing v mi trng thch a (hoc dng chai Roux). Cy nm men vo cc ng nghim ng 3ml mi trng mch nha 10-150 Baling (xem phn Quan st hnh thi t bo nm men v o kch thc). Nui cy 250C ri sau 24 gi, 48 gi, 72 gi v 198 gi ly ra quan st. Cn quan st xem nm men c pht trin b mt dch th hay khng. Nu c th chng to thnh vng ph kn, vng ph khng kn hay to thnh mt vng quanh thnh ng nghim. Nm men c lng xung th quan st xem cn c dng xp, dng nhy hay dng rn chc. Quan st xem cht dch vn trong hay tr nn c. Dng tay p kh vo y ng xem cn c ni ln hay khng (nu cn xp th d ni ln, nu cn rn chc th kh ni ln). Dng que cy khu cn, nu cn nhy th d khu ln c tng, nu khng th kh khu. Nu c vng th cn quan st xem b mt vng nh th no, kh hay t, phng mn hay nhn nheo v cng cn quan st xem vng dy hay mng. quan st s pht trin ca nm men trn mi trng thch nghing ta cy nm men ln trng thch - mch nha 12-150 Baling sau t m 25-300C. Quan st ngy nui cy th 3 v th 14. Ch quan st xem b mt ca vt cy l trn nhn hay x x, t bng hay kh, c np nhn hay khng, mu sc th no, mp thng hay mp rng ca v.v... quan st khun lc ta em mi trng thch - mch nha hoc mi trng gelatin - mch nha phn vo cc hp Petri hay bnh Roux, bnh Kolle. Dng que cy c u nhn cy nm men thnh mt chm chnh gia. Trc khi cy cn lm kh b mt (lp thch nn dy khong 5mm). Nui cy 250C trong 14 n 30 ngy. Ly ra quan st khun lc ln. Cn ch miu t: - Kch thc khun lc (v hnh). - Chiu dy khun lc (phi v hnh ct ngang khun lc). - C to thnh nhng vng ng tm hay khng? - C nhng hnh tia phng x hay khng? (t tm n gia hay t gia n mp?)

- Gia khun lc li ln, lm xung hay phng? - B mt trn, nhn, bng, t hay x x, rp, c cu to nhung hay gai, c np nhn hay khng? - Mu sc khun lc. 7. Th nghim xc nh kh nng ln men cc loi ng

Kh nng ln men cc loi ng l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng c s dng phn loi nm men. Trong th nghim ny ngi ta thng s dng mi trng nc chit gi u hay mi trng chit nm men 0,5%. - Cch lm mi trng nc chit gi u: cn 200g gi u thm 1000ml nc. un si 30 pht. Lc ly dch trong ri thm nc cho 1000ml. - Cch lm mi trng nc chit nm men: cn 200g men bia p (hay 100g men bia kh) thm 1000ml nc. Hp bng ni hp p lc trong 15 pht nhit 120 0C. Lc nng qua nhiu lp giy lc. Li lc ngui ti trong. Thm nc cho 1000ml. Cng c th dng cao nm men vi nng s dng l 0,5%. Cch tin hnh: - S dng ng nghim c kch thc 180 x16 mm. t ngc mt ng Durham (50x6mm) (ming ca ng Durham chm y ng nghim). - Phn 10-15ml mi trng c s (0,5% cao nm men) v cha tng ngun ng khc nhau, nng 50mM (tng ng 1%) ring vi rafinoza 100mM (tng ng 2%). Ring ng kim tra l khng c mt ngun ng no. ng i chng l D-glucoza. Cc ng nghim cha mi trng c kh trng sau cy vo 100l (khong 2 git) dung dch huyn ph nm men c mt 107 t bo/ml, 250C sau mt tun. - Quan st vic to CO2 y ng Durham bit nm men c hay khng c kh nng ln men tng ngun ng. C nm men ch c th pht trin b mt dch huyn ph v chng c kh nng ng ho cc ngun ng ny. - Ch : Theo phng php ny mt s trng hp CO 2 to ra thp phi xc nh bng in cc CO2 hay dng p k Warburg. Trong iu kin c qu t lng ng dng lm th nghim cn c th ht mi trng cha ng (v cy nm men) vo nhng micropipet (ht n 1/10ml). u pipet sau c gn bng vaselin ( trn thm vi mt t parafin). Nui cy 25-30 0C v hng ngy quan st xem c bt kh sinh ra hay khng, mc mi trng b y ra xa nhiu hay t. Cc th nghim c tin hnh u tin bng glucoza. Nu nm men c kh nng ln men glucoza th hy lm tip th nghim vi cc loi ng khc. Mi ngy quan st kt qu ln men mt ln, quan st trong 10 ngy lin. 8. Th nghim xc nh kh nng ng ho cc hp cht carbon khc nhau:

y l c im sinh l quan trng dng trong phn loi. C 2 phng php ch yu c dng l phng php nh gi kh nng sinh trng trn mi trng dch th v mi trng c. Tuy nhin cn c th s dng phng php dng con du trn mi trng c. 8.1. Phng php nh gi kh nng sinh trng trn mi trng dch th: - S dng ng nghim c kch thc 100x15mm. Cc ng nghim cha 1,8 ml mi trng nit c s (Nitrogen base) khng c carbon v 0,2 ml ngun carbon 10X. Cc ng th nghim cha

1% ngun carbon nghin cu khc nhau (tng ng 50mM), ng thi lm mt ng nghim kim tra m (khng c ngun carbon no) v mt ng kim tra dng dng ngun carbon l Dglucoza. - 46 ngun carbon gm: glucoza, galactoza, L-sorboza, sucroza, maltoza, xenlobioza, trelaloza, lactoza, melibioza, raffinoza, melezitoza, inulin, tinh bt tan, D-xyloza, L-arabinoza, Darabinoza, D-riboza, L-rhamnoza, D-glucosamin, N-acetyl-D-glucosamin, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, erythritol, ribitol, galactitol, D-mannitol, D-glucitol, a- metyl-D-glucosid, salicin, gluconod-lacton, D-gluconat, 2-ketogluconat, 5-ketogluconat, DL-lactat, succinat, citrat, inositol, hexandecan, saccharat, xylitol, L-arabinitol, propan 1,2 diol, butan 2,3 diol, D-glucuronic acid, Dgalacturonic acid. - Ging gc c chun b trn mi trng thch - pepton - glucoza - cao men - malt qua m. Sau t bo c ly ra v pha trong mi trng nit c s t ti mt t bo l 25x106/ml (hay mt A640 = 1,0). - Sau ly ra 100l cy vo cc ng mi trng chun b sn, sau tnh hay lc tay tng lc (hng ngy). Cng c th lc nghing bng my lc ngang (gc lch 15-40 0) hay lc trn vi cc nm men c lng cao. nh gi s sinh trng thng l dng mt so vi hai ng dng v m bng cch t mt ming ba trng vch mt ng en v t ng sau cc ng nghim so snh. Tuy nhin c th dng phng php so mu so snh vi cc ng chun c v t sinh khi kh (cch ny thng t c dng vi cc t bo nm men c cc t bo kt dnh vi nhau). Th nghim c th ko di trong mt tun hoc c th n 4 tun. 8.2. Sinh trng trn mi trng thch ng nghim c cha 15ml mi trng thch nit c s 45 0C sau thm 0,5 ml dch huyn ph t bo nm men c chun b nh m t trn v lc cho u (trnh to bt). Cc bc phi thao tc nhanh thch khng b ng v nm men khng b cht. Sau ton b ra a Petri v trng 370C sau 30 pht cho ng thch. C th sau p ngc 37 0C trong 90 pht kh mt thch. Sau t t 2-5mg tng loi ng (ngun carbon) nghin cu ln trn b mt thch gn mp a Petri. Thng thng trong mt a dng 3 loi ng khc nhau nh: a thch c chia lm 4 gc, 1 gc khng cho ngun carbon no (tuy nhin phi lm th nghim kim tra c vi D-glucoza). Theo di kt qu sau 48 gi n 1 tun. 8.3. Phng php dng con du a Petri gc cha mi trng malt - cao men - glucoza - pepton - thch cha khong 25 khun lc nm men nghin cu khc nhau. Sau dng con du nhung v trng in ln cc a thch c ngun carbon khc nhau (0,5% = 25 mM) (ch nh du v tr ca cc a khi b nhm ln). Mt ln in t a gc c th in ln 10 a khc nhau bt u l a i chng m (khng cha ngun carbon no) v cui cng l a i chng dng (cha D-glucoza). Ch thch s dng phi l loi thch tt khng cha mt thnh phn carbon d b ng ho no. Theo di th nghim t 48 gi n 1 tun. 9. Th nghim xc nh kh nng ng ho cc ngun nit

C khong 1/4 cc chng nm men c kh nng s dng nitrat v vy y l c im cn cho phn loi. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn khc nhau nh nitrite, ethylamine, L-lysine, sunfat amn,

cadaverine cng cn cho cc th nghim phn loi. Phng php tin hnh th nghim y tng t nh cc nghin cu vi vic s dng cc hp cht carbon trn vi c mi trng dch th v mi trng c nhng y dng mi trng carbon c s (carbon base) v phi nui nm men trn mi trng carbon c s trong 2 ngy trc khi cy vo cc ngun nit. Do nitrit c cho nm men v n d c hnh thnh trong mi trng acid do pH mi trng phi c iu chnh n 6,5. Dng phng php nh gi s sinh trng l ph hp cho vic nghin cu kh nng s dng nitrit v ethylamin. Trong lng nitrogen c dng nn l 25mM (0,05-0,1%). Tuy nhin c th quan st thy s sinh trng mc thp cc ng kim tra (khng c nit) do lng NH3 kh quyn ho tan vo mi trng. 10. Th nghim xc nh kh nng hnh thnh hp cht loi tinh bt: - Chun b dch Lugol nh sau: 5g I2 v 10g KI c pha trong 100ml nc ct. Pha long 5 ln trc khi dng. Lodder v Kreger - van Rij s dng th nghim ny phn bit hai ging nm men Torulopsis (khng hnh thnh hp cht loi tinh bt) v Cryptococcus (hnh thnh hp cht loi tinh bt). Mi trng : (NH4)2SO4: KH2PO4: MgSO4.7H2O: Glucoza: Thch: Nc ct: pH : 1g 1g 0,5 g 10 g 25 g 1000 ml 4,5

Kh trng mi trng nhit 1100C (trong 15 pht) sau phn phi vo cc hp Petri. Trong mi hp Petri cho sn mt git hn dch vitamin hoc dch t phn nm men v trng. Cy nm men v nui cy 250C trong 1-2 tun. Sau dng thuc th Lugol kim tra xem c hnh thnh hp cht loi tinh bt hay khng. Nu c th vt cy s xut hin mu xanh. Phng Tm Phng (Trung Quc) ngh s dng mi trng dch th sau y: (NH4)2SO4: KH2PO4: MgSO4.7H2O: CaCl2.2H2O: NaCl: Cao nm men: Glucoza: Nc: 5g 1g 0,5 g 0,1 g 0,1 g 1g 30 g 1000 g

Phn vo cc bnh tam gic mt lp mi trng cao khong 0,5cm ri kh trng. Cy nm men v nui cy 25-300C trong ba tun, sau dng thuc th Lugol kim tra kh nng sinh tinh bt.

11. Th nghim xc nh nhu cu vitamin cho sinh trng ca nm men: Cc nm men khc nhau c nhu cu khc nhau v vitamin sinh trng. Cc th nghim y nhm kim tra s sinh trng ca chng nm men vng mt tt c hay tng loi vitamin khc nhau. Cch tin hnh nh sau: Th nghim c tin hnh trn mi trng dch th. Mi trng c y cc thnh phn dinh dng tr vitamin (mi trng khng cha ngun vitamin no). Ton b ng nghim th nghim c chia thnh hai l. Mt l khng c mt bt k mt loi vitamin no v mt l thiu tng vitamin ln lt theo th t di y (lng vitamin cho 1 lt mi trng). Acid para-amino benzoic acid: Biotin: Acid folic: Myo - inositol: Acid nicotinic: Pantotenat (Ca): Pyridoxin (HCl): Riboflavin: Tiamin HCl: 200 mg 20 mg 2 mg 10 mg 400 mg 2 mg 400 mg 200 mg 400 mg

Myo - inositol cng c dng cho sinh trng hiu kh nh l ngun carbon). 12. nh gi s sinh trng trn mi trng c nng ng cao Mt s nm men c kh nng sinh trng trn mi trng c nng ng cao so vi cc chng khc. Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau: ng thch nghing c chun b vi cao nm men v thch c lng ng D-glucoza t 50% (W/W). Sau ging nm men c cy vo v kim tra s sinh trng 250C trong 4 tun. Ch trnh cho mi trng b kh bng cch bc bng giy nn (wax-paper). 13. nh gi s pht trin khi c mt Cycloheximit Th nghim tin hnh trong mi trng c cao nm men, ngun nit v D-glucoza nhm nh gi kh nng s dng D-glucoza khi b sung xycloheximit ( c lc v trng) vi nng 0,1% hay 0,01%. Xycloheximit c ch s sinh trng ca Eukaryota bng cc c ch qu trnh sinh tng hp protein riboxom loi 80S. Cc nm men c kh nng chng li c xycloheximit c th c thay i v loi riboxom ny. 14. Xc nh hot tnh phn gii Urea (hay hot tnh Ureaza) Mi trng Christensen:

pepton : NaCl: KH2PO4 : glucoza : thch: nc:

1g 5g 2g 5g 20g 1000ml

un tan mi trng, thm 6ml dung dch phenol (phenol red) c nng 0,2% trong cn. Kh trng mi trng ni hp (1150C/15 pht). i ngui n 500C thm 100ml dung dch urea (dung dch 20% kh trng ring qua mng lc). Phn vo ng nghim thy tinh v trng, lm thch nghing. Sau cy nm men v gi 26 0C trong 7 ngy. Nu nm men c kh nng sinh ureaza phn gii urea th mi trng s chuyn mu xm. Cng c th tin hnh th nghim vi mi trng dch th. 15. Th nghim lm i mu Diazonium blue B (DBB test) Mt ng ging c cy trn mi trng pp ton - cao men - glucoza - malt - thch 10 ngy tui v gi 50C trong vng vi gi. Sau khi dung dch DBB lnh (ice - cold) ln trn. Nu mi trng chuyn sang mu sm trong 2 pht nhit phng, kt qu c coi l dng tnh. Dung dch DBB c gi trong lnh bng (ice - cold) v c dng trong t pht trc khi n mt mu. Chun b dung dch ny bng cch ho tan mui DBB (Brentamine Blue B ca hng ICI Ltd., hay Hoechst AG) trong m Tris HCl 0,1M, trong lnh, pH = 7,0; nng 1mg/ml. Cc mi trng th nghim cha c ghi phn trn 1. Mi trng Acetat (g/l) (M.C. Clary et al., 1959) Acetat natri: D-Glucoza: NaCl: MgSO4.7H2O: Cao nm men: Thch: Kh trng: D-glucoza: Pepton: NaCl: Thch: Kh trng: 9,80 1,00 1,20 0,70 2,50 20 1200C/15 pht 1,0 10,0 5,0 20,0 1200C/15 pht

2. Mi trng thch Gorodkowa (Dodder v Kreger - van Rij, 1952) (g/l)

3. Mi trng cao ng (Lodder v Kreger - van Rij, 1952) Ho tan 12,5g cao ng maize extract) vo 300ml nc 600C sau 1 gi v lc thu ly dch trong. Lng dch thu c thm nc n 300ml. Thm vo 3,8g thch v kh trng 1200C/15 pht (Mi trng ny c sn xut v bn rng ri).

4. Mi trng thch V-8 (Wicketam v cng s, 1946) y l mi trng c chun b t hn dch chit ca mt s loi rau v men bnh m. Bnh A cha 14g thch v 340 ml nc. Bnh B cha 350 ml dch cha V-8 (sn xut t cng ty Campbeoo soup, Camden, N.J. USA) c trn u vi 5g men p c lm tan trong 10ml nc. Bnh B c un si trong 10 pht v ngui, iu chnh pH n pH = 6,8 ti 200C. Bnh A c lm tan thch v trn u vi bnh B v phn vo cc ng nghim kh trng 1200C trong 15 pht. 5. Mi trng pepton - cao men - glucoza (Vander Walt v Codder, 1970) Mi trng dch th c chun b t 5g- cao nm men, 20g- D-glucoza, 10g- pepton trong 1000ml nc. Khng cn iu chnh pH, thanh trng 1200C trong 15 pht. 6. Thnh phn mi trng tng hp (tinh khit v thnh phn ho hc) (Wikerlam v Duta, 1948; Wikerlam, 1951; Barnett v Ingram, 1955; Difco manual of Dehydroted culture media and Keagents). Ngun nit: (NH4)2SO4: L-Asparagin: D-glucoza: Aminoacid L-Histidin: DL-Methionin: DL-Triptophan: Acid P-aminobenzoic: Biotin: Acid folic: Myo-inositol: Acid nicotinic: Pantotenat (Ca): Pyridoxin HCl: Riboflavin: Tiamin HCl: H3BO3: CuSO4.5H2O: KI: FeCl3.6H2O: 10 mg 20 mg 20 mg Cht sinh trng 200 mg 20 mg 2 mg 10 mg 400 mg 2 mg 400 mg 200mg 400 mg Vi lng 500 mg 40 mg 100 mg 200 mg 3,5 g 1,5g Ngun carbon 10 g

MnSO4.4H2O: Na2MoO4.H2O: ZnSO4.7H2O: KH2PO4: K2HPO4: MgSO4.7H2O: NaCl: CaCl2.6H2O:

400 mg 200 mg 400 mg Mui khong 850 mg 150 mg 500 mg 100 mg 100mg

7. Mi trng quan st hnh thi t bo nm men: Cng c th dng mi trng 6 nhng thm 2% thch (W/W) 8. Mi trng nit c s: Nh trn nhng khng c ngun nit (5g (NH4)2SO4), khng c L-asparagin v D-glucoza. 9. Mi trng carbon c s: Nh trn nhng khng c ngun nit, thm 1mg L-Histidin, 2mg DL-metionin, 2mg DLtryptophan. 10. Mi trng khng c vitamin Nh trn nhng khng c 5g (NH2)2SO4, L-asparagin v cc cht sinh trng. Phn loi cc chi nm men

Phn loi cc chi nm men da trn cc ch tiu ch yu l: c im t bo dinh dng, c im sinh sn hu tnh v c im sinh l, nui cy. Sau y l cc c im ch yu ca tng chi c th: I. Cc chi nm men thuc ngnh nm ti. Bo t ti l bo t hu tnh c trng cho Ngnh Nm ti (Ascomycota) . Bo t m l bo t hu tnh c trng cc nm thuc ngnh nm m (Basidiomycota). A. Dng sinh sn hu tnh ( Teleomorph) 1. Ambrosiozyma (5 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, khun ty gi v khun ty tht vi bo t trn ny chi (blastoconidia) , khun ty tht c cc l trn vch ngn, c th nhn thy cc chm nh khi quan st trn knh hin vi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti bo t cm thnh tng m. Ti thng to thnh trn si. Mi ti thng c 1-4 bo t ti dng m. c im sinh l: Ln men : Yu v chm

ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 2. Arxyozyma (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l:

: - (1 loi c) :::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

T bo ny chi a cc, ch hnh thnh khun ty gi Ln men :+ ::::: -/+ :-

Cc ti (asci) cha 1-2 bo t ti hnh cu, x x. ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin Phn ng DBB

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

3. Ascoidea (4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Thng c t bo ny chi v khun ty gi, khun ty tht, bo t chi c th c sinh ra trn cc gai hoc khng Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti (asci) sinh chm hoc tn cng ca khun ty tht. Ti c hnh elip hay hnh kim. Ti mi c hnh thnh bn trong ti c. Mi ti c 16-160 bo t ti hnh m hay elip. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin Phn ng DBB :: -/+ :: -/+ : rt yu ::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

4. Babjevia (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: gi s ng T bo ny chi a cc, khun ty tht him khi to thnh, khun ty

Sinh sn hu tnh: Chi pht trin trong cc ti bo t v vn gn vi t bo m. C 4-30 bo t ti trong sut, hnh cu hay elip. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin 5. Cephaloascus (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, c c khun ty gi v khun ty tht, c bo t trn ny chi (blastoconidia) c sinh ra trn cc gai khc nhau Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc bo t ti thng ng c th nhn hoc x x v trong sut, mu hi nu. Cc ti bo t cm thnh tng m, mi ti cha 4 bo t ti hnh m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin 6. Citeromyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, khng c khun ty tht v khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti c mt bo t (him khi 2), bo t ti hnh cu, x x c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin Phn ng DBB :+ :+ :::::: -/+ :::::::: -/+ :::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

7. Clavispora (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi. Khng c khun ty

Ti cha 1-4 bo t ti hnh chu Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin Phn ng DBB :+ ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

8. Coccidiascus (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo hnh cu hay ovan, khng to khun ty tht v khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti bo t c vch dy, cha 2 bo t ti hnh thon di qun cht dng xon c. c im sinh l: Cha bit, taxon ny mi ch c phn lp t m rui gim Drosophilla. 9. Cyniclomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo hnh ovan di hay hnh tr, thng ny chi nh hay gn nh. i khi c dng khun ty gi. Khng c khun ty tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: Mi ti cha 1-4 bo t ti dng t ovan ti hnh tr. c im sinh l: Nhu cu dinh dng phc tp. Ch sinh trng trong khong nhit t 30 40 C.
0

Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ho lng gelatin 10. Debaryomyces (15 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng:

: yu. :::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi. Khng c khun ty tht.

Sinh sn hu tnh: Mi ti cha 1-4 bo t ti x x hoc nhn, hnh trn hay ovan. C s tip hp gia t bo m v t bo chi. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 11. Dekkera (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, thng c dng t bo hnh cu hay elip, i khi c hnh cung. Khun ty gi c th c nhng khng c khun ty tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: dng cu. c im sinh l: Ti khng tip hp v tr nn d chy, c 1-4 bo t ti dng m hoc Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB :+ : +/::::: +/::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Sinh axit axetic hiu kh t D-glucoza. Sinh trng chm , vng i ngn. 12. Dipodascopsis (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: C th c t bo ny chi, ch c khun ty tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: hnh kim hay tr. Mi ti cha 32-128 bo t ti trong sut, hnh elip hoc hnh thn c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB :::+ :+ :::Ti

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

13. Dipodascus (13 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: hnh elip. c im sinh l: Hnh thnh bo t t, c khun ty tht. Ti hnh kim, tr, elip hay cu. Mi ti cha 4-128 bo t ti trong sut, Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin 14. Endomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khng c khun ty, c th c cc bo t trn ny chi (blastoconidia) Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti c th hnh thnh trn si lng bi (c tip hp). Ti hnh gn cu hay hnh chu. Mi ti cha 4-6 bo t ti hnh m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB : +/::: -/yu :::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Hot ho Ureaza : -

15. Cc chi nm k sinh ging Endomyces 15.1. Helicogonium W. L.White Chi Helicogonium l nm k sinh. Khun lc c dng si phn nhnh. Ti c cha phn ho, th sinh ti l cun lng, phnh theo mt pha sinh ra ti n. Ti dng chu cha 8 bo t ti. Bo t ti trong sut, vch mng, hnh thoi c 1-2 t bo v c chi bn trong ti. 15.2. Myriogonium Cain Chi Myriogonium l nm k sinh. Khun lc dng si phn nhnh. Ti giao t cha phn ho. Ti c sinh ra do cc t bo cui si hp li. Ti dng chu, cha 8 bo t ti, chng tch bit bi vch ngn. Bo t ti trong sut, vch mng, thun di v 1 t bo. 15.3. Phialoascus Redhead & Malloch L chi nm k sinh. Si trong sut , phn nhnh. Ti dng n, bo t ti trong sut, 1 t bo. 15.4. Trichomonacus H.S. Jackson L chi nm k sinh. Ti nm trong m ca vt ch, c sinh ra t cui ca si cha phn ho.

16. Eremothecium (5 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc. C khun ty tht. C hoc khng xut hin khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti khng tip hp. Ti bo t hnh thoi ti hnh tr. Mi ti cha 832 bo t ti cng hnh kim hay hnh thoi. Bo t ti c th c vch ngn gia. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Ha lng gelatin 17. Galactomyces (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Hnh thnh bo t t, c khun ty tht. Ti bo t dng gn cu, trong cha 1 bo t hnh elip. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza :18. Hanseniaspora (6 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi hai cc. C th c khun ty gi. Khng to khun ty tht Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti khng tip hp. Mi ti cha 1-4 bo t ti hnh m hay hnh cu, nhn hay x x, c hoc khng c g gia. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza :Phn ng DBB 19. Issatchenkia (4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Cc t bo ny chi a cc, c khun ty gi, khng c khun ty tht. Mi ti cha 1-4 bo t ti hnh trn, b mt c th x x Ln men :+ ::+ ::::Ha lng gelatin : -/yu ::::Ha lng gelatin : -/+ :::: -/+

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -/+

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza : -/+ Phn ng DBB 20. Kluyveromyces (15 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng:

:::::Ha lng gelatin

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +

Cc t bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi.

Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti bo t c th hoc khng c s tip hp. Mi ti c 1-4 (hoc > 4) bo t ti nhn, hnh van, trn, que hay hnh thn. Bo t ti c phng ra khi chn. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 21. Lipomyces (5 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: ng. Sinh sn hu tnh: elip. c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, khng c khun ty hoc ch c khun ty gi rt s Mi ti c 4-20 bo t ti mu nu hoc h phch, nhn hoc x x, hnh Ln men ng ho nitrat To c cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB Dng nui cy :::+ : +/:::: nht :+ ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : : -/+

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

22. Lodderomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: di. c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, ch c khun ty gi. Cc ti khng tip hp, thun di, bn, mi ti c 1-2 bo t hnh van Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 23. Metschnikowia (10 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c dng trng khuyt hay li lim. C to Ti bo t c dng thun di, mi ti c 1-2 bo t hnh kim. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 24. Nadsonia (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khng to khun ty. T bo ny chi 2 cc. T bo to, hnh qu chanh chu u hay hnh van. :+ :::::::+ ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti c pht trin t s tip hp ca t bo v chi ca n, Mi ti cha 1-2 bo t ti dng trn, x x. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza : +/::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +

Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 25. Pachysolen (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng:

::-

T bo ny chi a cc, rt him khi c khun ty gi

Sinh sn hu tnh: Mi ti hnh thnh t u tn cng ng ph ca mt t bo sinh dng. Mi ti c cha 4 bo t ti dng m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 26. Pichia (91 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi, c th c khun ty gi v khun ty tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti c cha 1-4 (t khi 8) bo t ti nhn trn, hnh m hay sao Th, c hoc khng c ra ng xch o. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 27. Protomyces (6 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: vt m n k sinh. T bo ny a phn cc, Khun ty tht c to thnh trong cc m thc : +/: +/:: -/+ ( 1 loi) :: -/+ :: + (gluco, D-xylose) :+ :::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti bo t cng to bn trong m thc vt ch, cha hng trm cc bo t ti c kh nng bn ra mnh m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat :: +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 28. Saccharomyces (14 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng:

:+ ::: -/+( rt yu) :-

T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi.

Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti kh bn v hnh thnh trc tip t mt t bo lng bi. Mi ti c cha 1-4 (t khi nhiu hn) bo t ti hnh van, trn nhn. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 29. Saccharomycodes (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi ti hai cc. T bo dng di hay hnh qu chanh chu u. i khi c khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Mi ti c 1-4 bo t ti trn nhn, mi bo t c mt rnh hp. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 30. Saccharomycopsis (10 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, c bo t t, c khun ty gi, khun ty tht nhiu v thng sinh bo t trn dng chi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Mi ti c 2-4, him khi l 8 bo t ti, dng m, thn,ovan hay dng hnh cu v c th c mt hay nhiu rnh. B mt c th nhn hoc x x. :+ ::::: -/+(yu) ::+ ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

c im sinh l:

Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB

: +/::: +/:: + ( khng mnh) :-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

31. Saturnispora (4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: trn ng xch o. c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc. C th c khun ty gi. Mi ti c 1-2, him khi l 8 bo t ti c hnh cu. B mt nhn, c rnh Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB ng ho D-xyloza 32. Schizosaccharomyces (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Cc t bo khng ny chi m phn ct. i khi c khun ty tht v thng ngt ra khi gii phng bo t t. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Ti c 2-8 bo t ti dng trn, van hay thn Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin :+ ::+ :::: + (glucose) ::::: +/- ( yu) ::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Lu : Pht trin chm trn mi trng sinh trng tiu chun v vy dng cc th nghim ln men l chnh xc hn khi nh tn.

33. Sporopachydermia (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: xng. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, khng c khun ty, hai loi t bo c dng lp Mi ti c cha 1-4 bo t ti thnh dy, hnh t trn, elp hoc gy. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 34. Stephanoascus (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc. C khun ty gi v khun ty tht cc bo t chi c th c to thnh trn khun ty tht . Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti hnh thnh sau khi c s tip hp gia cc t bo t hai khun ty. Mi ti cha 2-4 bo t ti dng dt n dng m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 35. Torulaspora (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi, c th c khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti kh bn, mi ti c cha 1-4 bo t ti, hnh hi trn, nhn hoc x x. Thng c cu ni gia t bo m v t bo chi. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol :+ ::::::: +/::::::: -/+ (glucose, yu) ::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : ng ha inositol : + (ngun cacbon duy nht)

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 36. Wickerhamia (1 loi)

:::-

Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi ti hai cc, cc t bo hnh ong hay van hoc hnh ko di. Khng c khun ty. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Mi ti c 1-2, him khi l 16 bo t ti, dng m bng chy. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 37. Wickerhamiella (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Sinh sn hu tnh: xng v x x. c im sinh l: T bo ny chi a cc, khng c khun ty. Cc ti bo t c tip hp to ra 1 bo t ti c dng di, khng i Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Ha lng gelatin Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB 38. Williopsis (5 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: c im sinh l: Mi ti c 2-4 bo t ti nhn, dng cu, ovan, c ng rnh gia. Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt : +(glucoza) : +/:::::+ :::::+ ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +

ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 39. Yarrowia (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: to thnh

::: +/ :-

Ny chi a cc, thng c bo t t. Khun ty gi, khun ty tht c

Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti khng tip hp v tan ra khi trng thnh. Mi ti c 1-4 bo t ti dng m hay hnh bn cu, cu hoc hnh sao Th c im sinh l: Ln men ng ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Hot ha lipaza 40. Zygoascus (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc. C c khun ty tht v khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti bo t hnh cu, bn. Xut hin sau khi c s tip hp gia cc si. Trong ti c t 1-4 bo t , dng gn cu hay m. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin 41. Zygosaccharomyces (9 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, i khi c khun ty gi. Khng c khun ty tht. Sinh sn hu tnh: Ti thng bn, c th khng tip hp hoc ch tip hp gia t bo v chi ca n. Mi ti c 1-4 bo t hnh trn hay hnh van, nhn c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat :+ ::+ :::+ ::::::+ :+ :+ Mng trn mi trng dch th : + :-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin Phn ng DBB 42. Zygozyma(4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc, khng to khun ty tht v khun ty gi . Sinh sn hu tnh: Cc ti b tan ra do s ln ca cc t bo n hoc t cu ni ca cc t bo tip hp. C 4 bo t hoc hn trong mt ti, dng di, nhn v mu h phch. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Ha lng gelatin B. Dng sinh sn v tnh (Anamorph) 43. Aciculoconidium (1 loi) T bo dinh dng: T bo ny chi a cc, khun ty tht v gi c to thnh vi cc chui bo t trn dng chi. Cc bo t trn hnh kim ti cc u tn cng si. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat ng ha inositol C cht ging tinh bt Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB 44. Arxula (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Cc t bo chi l bo t trn dng t. C c khun ty tht v khun ty gi c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat ng ha inositol ::+ :+ :::+ ::::::+ : +/:::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

45. Blastobotrys (7 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc, khun ty tht v gi rt nhiu. Chi ny c nhn bit nh s to thnh cc bo t trn dng chi trn cung hoc rng nh. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat ng ha inositol 46. Botryozyma (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc. Ch sinh khun ty gi. c trng ca chi l cc t bo khun ty gi ch i on cui. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol 47. Brettanomyces (5 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc; cc t bo hnh cu n hnh elip. Ch sinh khun ty gi. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Sinh axit axetic :+ : +/::::+ ::::: +/:: +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Sinh trng chm, vng i ngn 47. Candida (163 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc, t bo hnh cu, elip hoc hnh tr, i khi c hnh cung nhn, tam gic hoc hnh li lim. i khi c khun ty gi v khun ty tht. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol : +/: +/:: +/-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : +/-

Ha lng gelatin Hot ho Ureaza 48. Geotrichum(11 loi)

: +/:-

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khng c t bo ny chi.C bo t t (arthroconidia). C khun ty tht ri ra thnh tng t. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat 49. Kloeckera (7 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi 2 cc, cc t bo hnh van hay dng qu chanh chu u, t khi c dng khun ty gi. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat Mng trn mi trng dch th C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza 50. Lalaria (23 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi pha trn hoc gn nh. Mu hi hng, i khi hi vng. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt 51. Myxozyma(8 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ln men Ny chi a cc. i khi c khun ty gi s ng c im sinh l: :ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Ha lng gelatin : +/::+ : +/Mng trn mi trng dch th : :::+ ::::+ ::: +/:-

ng ha inositol : -

Nui cy dng nhy

52. Oosporidium (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc. C khi tn ti dng khun ty gi v khun ty tht. c trng ca chi ny l sinh ni bo t. Mu hng n cam c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat Mng trn mi trng dch th C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol 53. Saitoella (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: c im sinh l: Ny chi a cc. Khng c khun ty. C mu cam n mu . Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza 54. Schizoblastosporion (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: T bo ny chi hai cc t cc t bo hnh van hay hnh tr. i khi c khun ty gi s ng. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB 55. Sympodiomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Ny chi a cc. C khun ty tht v khun ty gi. c trng ca chi l bo t chi trn cung ngn c sinh trc tip t cc t bo nm men. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol :::::+ ::::::::+ ::+ ::::+ ::+

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

Mng trn mi trng dch th

Ho lng gelatin Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB 56. Trigonopsis (1 loi) :-

::-

Sinh sn sinh dng: Cc t bo c hnh tam gic l ch yu, t cc gc mc ra cc chi. Tuy nhin cng c cc t bo hnh van ny chi nhiu pha. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt ng ha inositol Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB ::::::-

Mng trn mi trng dch th : -

II. Cc chi nm men thuc ngnh nm m. Bo t m l bo t hu tnh c trng cc nm thuc ngnh nm m (Basidiomycota). A. Dng sinh sn hu tnh ( Teleomorph) 57. Agaricostibum (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam hi vng, dng b. T bo hnh ellip, c khi dnh vo nhau thnh chui ny chi nh. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qa m synnemata-like. Cc si thiu mu ni. Cc m hnh tr c 4 bo t, vch ngang. L vch n gin. c im sinh l: Ln men ng ha inositol C cht ging tinh bt : ng ho nitrat Hot ho Ureaza Phn ng DBB Xyloza trong t bo 58. Bulleromyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng b n nhy. T bo hnh ellip, hnh gn cu n hnh tr, ny chi cc. i khi c khun ty gi. Bo t m dng i xng trn. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, cc si c mu ni bo. c im sinh l: Ln men :. m dng keo cha 2-4 t ::+ :+ :::ng ho D-glucuronat: +

D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 59. Chionosphaera (1 loi)

:+ :+ :+ ::+ :+ : Q10 :+

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng b n nhy. T bo hnh ellip hoc dng xc xch, ny chi cc. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m dng stilbelloid, sp kh hoc hi sn st, cc si khng c mu ni. m cha 1 t bo hnh chu. L vch n s . c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym 60. Cystofilobasidium (4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam, c hi . T bo hnh trng, hnh trng di. i khi c khun ty gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, i khi si c mu ni. i khi c ni bo t. m cha 1 t bo hnh chu hoc hnh u. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose :+ :+ : Q8 :+ : -/+ :+ :+ :+ :+ :+ :+ : Q10 ::::+ :-

61. Erythrobasidium (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam-. T bo hnh trng, hnh trng di. Chi a cc. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si c gi mu ni. m cha 1 t bo. C l vch n gin c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 62. Fibulobasidium (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu vng xm n vng nu, dng b. T bo hnh gn cu n hnh cu. Bo t bn i xng trn. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m hnh gi, sn st, si c mu ni. m dng keo, thnh chui do pht trin t cc mu ni. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym 63. Filobasidiella (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem trng n kem vng, dng nhy. T bo hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh trng nhn, ny chi mt cc hoc a cc. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si c mu ni. m 1 t bo vi chui bo t hnh u c cung. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB ::+ :+ :+ ::+ ::+ :+ :+ : -/+(yu) :+ :+ : Q9 :+ :+ : Q10(H2) :::+ :::+

Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 64. Filobasidium (5 loi)

:+ : Q10 :+

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng, kem hoc hi hng, dng nhy. T bo hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh elip, hoc hnh trng ko di. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si c mu ni. m 1 t bo hnh chu c cc bo t m khng cung. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 65. Holtermannia (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng hi vng, dng nhy. T bo hnh elip, ny chi mt cc. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m dng san h thng ng, dng sn st v thng to thnh m dy c. Si c mu ni. m dng keo c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza :+ Xylose 66. Leucosporidium (3 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng nhy. T bo hnh trng, hnh trng ko di. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si c mu ni. C bo t (teliospore) Cc m c vch ngang. C l vch th s. c im sinh l: Ln men : -/+ ::+ :+ :+ ::+ :+ : -/+ : -/+ : -/+ :+ : -/+ :+ :+ : Q9 hoc Q10 :+

D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 67. Mrakia (1 loi)

: +/:::+ :+ :+ : Q9 hoc Q10 :-

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng hoc mu kem, dng nhy. T bo hnh trng, hnh trng ko di. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si khng c mu ni. C bo t (teliospore) Cc m l mt t bo hoc c vch ngang. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose Nhit sinh trng 68. Rhodosporidium (10 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng hoc mu cam, hoc hi vng, dng b n nhy. T bo hnh trng, hnh trng ko di. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, i khi si c mu ni. C bo t (teliospore) Cc m c vch ngang. C l vch dng th s. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym :: -/+ ::: -/+ :+ :+ : Q9 hoc Q10 : -/+(glucoza hoc :+ : -/+ :+ :+ :+ :+ : Q9 :+ : di 200C galactoza)

Xylose 69. Sirobasidium (2 loi)

:-

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc hi vng n vng kem, dng nhy. T bo hnh elip n gn cu, ny chi nh. Bo t bn i xng i. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m hnh gi hoc dng thu, dng l khng u, si c mu ni. Cc m dng keo, thng thnh chui. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza ::+ :+ :+ ::+ :+

70. Sporidiobolus (4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu hng n mu hi . T bo t hnh elip n hnh trng ko di v ny chi nh. Bo t bn dng i xng i. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si thng c mu ni. C bo t (teliospore) Cc m thng c vch ngang. Cc l vch dng th s. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 71. Sterigmatosporidium (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng b. T bo t hnh elip n hnh trng ko di v ny chi nh, c cc cung vi vch ngn cui. C si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m, si c mu ni. Bo t o dikaryotic. Dng m l 1 t bo. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ::+ :+ ::: -/+ : -/+ :+ :+ : Q10 :-

C cht ging tinh bt : -

C cht ging tinh bt : + ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 72. Tilletiaria (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu nu hi xm v dai. Si khng c cc mu ni. C bo t o. Bo t bn dng i xng 2 bn. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m. Bo t (teliospore) l cc mu nh mu nu. Cc m thng c vch ngang. Cc l vch nguyn thu. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 73. Tremella (11 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem n mu nu nht, dng nhy. T bo t hnh elip , gn cu n hnh cu v ny chi nh hoc a cc. i khi c si gi. Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m thng dng nh cc l hnh gi to ra. Si thng c mu ni. Cc m thng dng keo. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 74. Trimorphomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Cc khun lc n bi mu hng nht n mu hng nu, dng b. T bo t hnh gn cu, elip, tam gic hoc hnh trng ko di v ny chi nh hoc a cc. Cc khun lc dikaryotic cng tng t nhng t bo nm men c hnh ch H hu ht cc chng. Cc t bo :: -/+ : -/+ : -/+ ::+ :+ : Q10 :+ ::+ ::::+ :+ : Q10 :::+ :+ : Q10 :+

hnh ch H pht trin (synchronously as closely situated) ng b nh dng ng, chng tip hp trc khi thnh thc v gii phng cc t bo ch H mi Sinh sn hu tnh: Qu m nh, hnh gi v thng kt hp vi Arthrinium trn cy tre hoc cc loi c. Si c cc mu ni. Cc m thng dng keo. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Xylose 75. Xanthophyllomyces (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam n mu c hi, dng b. T bo t hnh elip. i khi c si gi v bo t o. Sinh sn hu tnh: Khng c qu m. Khng c si. Cc m thng c to thnh do s tip hp gia 1 t bo v chi ca n. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose B. Dng sinh sn v tnh ( Anamorph) 60. Bensingtonia ( 9 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng, hi hng, son, nu n mu xm, dng b. T bo hnh elip, hnh trng, n hnh trng ko di, thng ny chi nh. Bo t bn i xng 2 bn. C khi xut hin bo t o, si tht v si gi. i khi c cc l vch dng s ng. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB :: -/+ ::: -/+ :+ :+ :+ ::+ ::+ :+ : Q10 :+ ::+ : -/+ : -/+ ::+ :+ :+

Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 61. Bullera (13 loi)

:+ : Q9 :-

Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc t mu trng cam n mu nu, dng b n nhy. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh elip, hnh trng, n hnh trng ko di, thng ny chi nh. Bo t bn i xng trn. C khi xut hin si tht v si gi. i khi c cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 62. Cryptococcus ( 34 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc t mu trng cam n mu nu, thng dng nhy. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh cu, hnh elip, hnh trng, n hnh trng ko di, thng ny 1 chi nh hoc a chi. C khi xut hin si tht v si gi. i khi c cc t bo ging dng bo t o v cc mu ni. i khi c cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 63. Fellomyces( 4 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng b. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh cu, hnh elip, chi c cung. C khi xut hin si tht v si gi. ::+ : +/: +/: -/+ :+ :+ : Q8, Q9 hoc Q10 :+ ::+ : -/+ : -/+ : -/+ :+ :+ : Q9 :+

c im sinh l:

Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose

::+ :+ :+ ::+ :+ : Q10 :+

64. Hyalodendron (1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng n mu kem, b mt nh c rc bt mn. Bo t nh dng chi (blastoconidia) hnh chp ct thnh chui hng ngn. i khi xut hin cc t bo ging nm men hoc ging bo t o. Co cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 65. Itersonilia ( 1 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc dng si mu trng, c lp lng mn bao ph. Si c cc t bo ging bo t o v cc mu ni. Bo t bn i xng 2 bn. Khun lc mu kem vng, dng b. T bo hnh elip n hnh trng ko di, thng c chi nh. C khi xut hin si tht v si gi. C cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose ::+ : -/+ :: +/:+ :+ : Q9 :+ ::+ ::+ :+ : Q9 :+

66. Kockovaella ( 2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam xm n mu vng, b mt t dng kh, b n nhy. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh cu, hnh elip cho n hnh thn, chi c cung. Bo t bn i xng trn. Khng c si tht v si gi. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 67. Kurtzmanomyces (2 loi) Sinh sn sinh dng: Khun lc mu hng nht, dng b. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh cu, hnh trng n hnh tr, chi c cung. C khi xut hin si tht. C cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol C cht ging tinh bt ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 68. Malassezia ( 3 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu nu hi vng, b mt t dng b n kh. T bo hnh gn cu, hnh cu, hnh elip, thng c chi 1 cc. thng khng c cc l vch c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB ::+ :+ :+ :+ :::::+ :+ :+ : Q10 :::+ :+ :::+ :+ : Q10 :+

Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 69. Moniliella ( 4 loi)

:+ : Q9 :-

Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc lc u mu kem, sau chuyn sang mu xm en hoc mu en oliu, b mt nhn mt. Cc chui hng ngn ca cc bo t nh dng chi c to thnh t cc gai nh. i khi xut hin bo t o hnh chu, vch dy.C khi xut hin si gi. T bo hnh elip n hi tr. C l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 70. Phaffia (1 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam n mu c hi, dng b . T bo hnh elip. C th xut hin si gi v bo t o. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 71. Pseudozyma ( 8 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam hng, cam nht hoc nu. C si, khng c cc mu ni. Bo t nh dng chi hnh thoi to chui hng ngn. i khi c bo t o. T bo hnh elip, hnh trng n hnh tr, thng ny chi nh. C th xut hin si gi. C cc l vch siu nh. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ::+ :+ :+ :+ :::+ :+ :+ : Q10 :+ :+ ::+ :+ :+ : Q9 :-

ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 72. Reniforma( 1 loi)

:+ ::+ :+ : Q10 :-

Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng n mu kem, b mt x x hoc kh. T bo hnh thn, thng c cc cung. Khng c si gi v si tht. c im sinh l: Ln men Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 73. Rhodotorula (34 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam n mu , vng, dng b hoc nhy. T bo hnh cu, gn cu, elip, trng hoc trng ko di, thng ny chi nh. C th xut hin si gi v si tht. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 74. Sporobolomyces ( 21 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu cam n mu , hng, vng, dng b n nhy. :: +/:: +/::+ :+ : Q9 hoc Q10 ::::::+ :+ : Q7 :-

T bo hnh cu, gn cu, elip, thn, trng hoc hnh tr, thng ny chi nh hoc him khi a cc. Bo t bn i xng 2 bn. C th xut hin si gi v si tht. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 75. Sterigmatomyces (2 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng hoc mu kem, dng b . T bo hnh cu, gn cu hoc trng, ny chi trn cc cung c vch gia. C th xut hin si gi v si tht. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 76. Sympodiomycopsis (1 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, dng b n nhy . T bo hnh chu ngc, trng hoc trng ko di, With holoblastic-annellidic or holoblasticsympodial budding. Bo t nh dng chi c to thnh theo hng ngn ngn v thnh chui phn nhnh hoc n l. C khi gp bo t o. Xut hin si gi v si tht. C cc l vch n. c im sinh l: Ln men Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB ::+ :+ ::+ :: +/::+/ :+ :+ : Q9 ::: -/+ :: -/+ ::+ :+ : Q10 hoc Q10(H2) :-

C cht ging tinh bt : -

Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 77. Tilletiopsis (6 loi)

:+ : Q10 :+

Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu trng, mu kem, hng, vng n mu nu, c gn hoc lng nhung . T bo t hnh elip n trng ko di, ny chi nh Si khng c cc mu ni. i khi xut hin bo t o. Bo t bn i xng 2 bn. Cc l vch rt nh. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 78. Trichosporon (19 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem, b mt t t n kh . T bo t hnh elip n hnh trng ko di, ny chi nh. Si thng ct di thnh bo t t. i khi c ni bo t hoc bo t o. C cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men :D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose : +/: +/: -/+ : +/:+ :+ : Q9 hoc Q10 :+ :: -/+ : -/+ :::+ :+ : Q10 :-

79. Trichosporonoides ( 5 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu kem sau chuyn thnh mu nu oliu, b mt nhn hoc cerebriform. T bo hnh elip. i khi si b phn ct. Bo t nh dng chi pht trin theo hng ngn. C th xut hin si gi . C cc l vch. c im sinh l: Ln men Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose 80. Tsuchiyaea (1 loi) Sinh trng sinh dng: Khun lc mu ng, dng b . T bo hnh cu, gn cu, trng hoc hnh tr , ny chi trn cc cung c vch ngn gia. c im sinh l: Ln men D-Glucuronate Myo-inositol ng ho nitrat C cht ging tinh bt Phn ng DBB Hot ho Ureaza Coenzym Xylose ::+ :+ :: -/+(yu) :+ :+ : Q9 :+ :+ ::+ :+ :+ : Q9 :-

Hnh nh mt s loi nm men mi c pht hin Vit Nam

Bo t bn v t bo sinh dng ca loi Kockovaella litseae

Bo t bn v t bo sinh dng ca loi Kockovaella calophylli

Bo t bn v t bo sinh dng ca loi Kockovaella cucphuongensis

Bo t bn v t bo sinh dng ca loi Kockovaella vietnamensis

Bo t bn v t bo sinh dng ca loi Bullera hoabinhensis

Nm men 1 Nm men 2 Nm men 3