Toán cao cấp A2

GIO TRNH TON CAO CP A2
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CHNG I: PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
I. TP HP R
N
V HM NHIU BIN
1. R
n
v cc tp con
Vi n l mt s nguyn dng k hiu
n
c dng ch tp hp tt c cc b n s
thc x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) v ta thng gi
n
l khng gian thc n chiu hi b s thc
(x
1
, x
2
,x
n
) c t tn l th ta vit l
P(x
1
, x
2
, x
n
)
V gi n l mt im trong khng gian
n
.
Cho 2 im x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) v y
1
, y
2
, y
n
) trong R
n
, khong cch gia hai im
P v k hiu l d c nh ngha bi:
d(P, Q) =
Khong cch ny tha bt ng thc tam gic sau y
d(P, Q) d R) + d(R, Q)
vi im ty
im x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) cn c vit gn di dng xx
1
, x
2
, x
n
) vi xx
1
, x
2
,
x
n
) v yy
1
, y
2
, y
n
), khong cch gia x v y cn c vit bi
| x y |=

Cho v r l s thc dng tp hp B(P, r) = { | d(P, Q) < r} c
gi l hnh cu m tm bn knh r hay l ln cn bn knh r ca
Tp hp trong
n
c gi l b chn nu c r sao cho , vi l
im
2. Hm nhiu bin
Cho n l mt s nguyn vi n t php tng ng f
n
R c gi l mt hm
n bin Tp hp cc im m f xc nh c gi l min xc nh ca f Ta
k hiu min xc nh ca f l f
V d

1) Hm f
2
R
(x, y) f(x, y)=
L mt hm bin c min xc nh l tp hp tt c cc im x y sao cho
4-x
2
-y
2
>0. Vy f hnh cu m tm bn knh trong
2
.
2) g : R
3
R vi gx y zx
2
+(y+z)/2 l mt hm 3 bin c min xc nh l
D(g)=R
3
.
Ta ch c th biu din hnh hc bng v th cho hm bin z fx y
th ca hm bin ny l tp hp cc im trong khng gian
3
sau y
G(f)={(x, y, f(x, y)) | }
y l mt mt cong trong khng gian chiu vi h ta escartes xyz
V d th ca hm z l na trn ca mt cu tm bn knh
trong khng gian chiu xyz
II. GII HN V TNH LIN TC
1. nh ngha gii hn
Cho hm n bin z f x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) xc nh trn mt ln cn bn knh r ca mt
dim v c th khng xc nh ti Ta ni z f x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) tin v
(hay c gii hn l hi x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) dn n nu vi mi cho trc
tn ti sao cho
0 < d (P, M) < | f L | <
Khi ta vit

Trong trng hp hm bin z f x y th gii hn c th c vit l

Hay c th vit


Tng t nh i vi hm mt bin ta cng c cc nh ngha gii hn v cng v
gii hn v tn nh sau

V d
1).
2).
3).
4).

2. S lin tc
nh ngha hm s z f x
1
, x
2
, x
n
) c gi l lin tc ti im khi:

V d hm fx y lin tc ti mi im x
o
, y
o
) khc
Tng t nh hm mt bin lin tc trn mt on , ta cng c tnh cht t
gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn min ng v b chn
III. O HM V VI PHN
1. o hm ring
n gin cho vic trnh by y ta s xt cc o hm ring ca hm bin i
vi hm n bin th hon ton tng t

nh ngha cho hm bin z f x y o hm ring theo bin x ti im x
o
, y
o
) l
gii hn nu c sau y

v o hm ring theo bin x c k hiu l hay vn tt l f
x
(x
o
, y
o
). Ta
cn c th k hiu o hm ring ny bi z
x
(x
o
, y
o
) hay (x
o
, y
o
).
o hm ring theo bin y ca hm x f x y ti x
o
, y
o
) c nh ngha tng t
bi
=
Nhn xt d thy rng f
x
(x
o
, y
o
) =
T ta c th tnh do hm ring theo bin x ti x
o
, y
o
) bng cch coi y y
o
l hng
s v tnh o hm ca hm mt bin fx y
o
) ti x x
o
. Tng t tnh o hm
ring theo bin y ti x
o
, y
o
) ta tnh o hm ca hm mt bin fx y
o
) ti y y
o
(xem
x = x
o
l hng s

V d
1). Cho z = x
2
y. Tnh z
x
v z
y
Xem y nh hng s v tnh o hm theo bin x ta c z
x
= 2xy.
Tng t xem x nh hng s v tnh o hm theo bin y ta v x
y
=
x
2
.
2) . Tnh z
x
, z
y
v z
x
(4, t ). Xem y nh hng s ta c


Xem x nh hng s ta c

2. o hm ring cp cao
Cc o hm ring z
x
v z
y
ca hm z = f(x,y) c gi l cc o hm ring cp
o hm ring cp ca mt hm l o hm ring cp 1) ca o hm ring cp
ca hm m bin z = f(x, y) c bn o hm ring cp sau y
1)
o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bng cc cch khc nhau
nh sau
2)

o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bi

3)
o hm ring cp ny cn c k hiu bi
4)
cn c k hiu l .


Hon ton tng t ta cng c nh ngha v k hiu cho cc o hm ring
cp cao hn hng hn hay
hay v hai o hm ring cp ny
cn c vit l .

V d
1) z = x
4
+ y
4
2x
3
y
3
. Ta c
z
x
= 4x
3
4xy
3
z
y
= 4y
3
6x
2
y
2
z"
xx
= 12x
2
4y
3
z"
yy
= 12y
2
12x
2
y
z"
xy
= -12y
2
z"
yx
= -12 y
2

2) Xt hm s

Ta c vi x, y) th

YjWi (0, 0) th f(0, 0) = 0.
Do ti x, y)

v
suy ra

Hon ton tng t ta tnh c
ti x y
v

Qua v d trn ta thy cc o hm ring theo cng cc bin nhng khc th t
khng phi bao gi cng bng nhau. Tuy nhin nh Osau y cho ta iu
kin Fic o Kjm ring z"
xy
Yjz"
yx
bng nhau.

nh O: Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm f"
xy
v f"
xy
trong mt ln cn ca im x
0
, y
0
)
th

ch rng nh l trn cng m rng c ra cho cc o hm cp cao hn v nhiu
bin hn
3. Vi phn ton phn
nh ngha:
Hm s z = f(x, y) c gi l kh vi ti x
0
, y
0
) nu s gia ton phn

theo cc s gia A x, A y ca cc bin x, y ti x
0
, y
0
) c th c vit di dng

trong A, B l cc hng s khng ph thuc A x, A y) v o 0, | 0 khi
A x 0, A y 0.

Biu thc c gi l vi phn ca hm s f ti x
0
, y
0
), k hiu l
df(x
0
, y
0
).
nh l:
(i) Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti x
0
, y
0
) th f c o hm ring cp ti v

(ii) Nu f(x, y) c cc o hm ring trn ln cn ca x
0
, y
0
) v f
x
, f
y
lin
tc ti x
0
, y
0
) th f kh vi ti x
0
, y
0
).
Ch rng khi xt cc trng hp c bit f(x, y) = x v g(x, y) = y ta c vi phn dx =
A x v dy = A y. Do cng thc vi phn cp ca f(x, y) cn c vit di dng
df = f
x
.dx + f
y
.dy
v cn c gi l vi phn ton phn ca hm f(x, y).
V d Vi , ta c

vy
Tnh cht: Tng t nh i vi hm mt bin ta c cc tnh cht sau y ca vi
phn
d(f + g) = df + dg
d(f.g) = g.df + f.dg
(vi g = 0).


ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng
Gi s z = f(x, y) kh vi ti x
0
, y
0
). Khi theo nh ngha ca vi phn ta c
th tnh gn ng f(x, y) bi

vi x, y) gn x
0
, y
0
).
V d: Tnh gn ng
Xt hm s f(x, y) = , ta tnh gn ng
A = f(1,02; 1,97) nh sau
f(1,02; 1,97) ~ f(1, 2) + f
x
(1, 2).(1,02 - 1) + f
y
(1, 2).(1,97 - 2)
vi f(1, 2) = = 3

Suy ra

4. Vi phn cp cao
Cho hm bin z fx y
Bn thn cng l mt hm theo bin x y nn ta c
th xt vi phn ca n u dfx y c vi phn th vi phn c gi l vi phn cp
2 ca fx y k hiu l d
2
f (x, y) hay vn tt l d
2
f. Vy
d
2
f = d(df)
Tng qut vi phn cp n nu c ca f c nh ngha bi

Cng thc vi phn cp ca zfx y

Gi thit thm rng cc o hm hn hp lin tc th ta c

v do

hay ta c

Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha mt cch hnh thc vit li cng thc vi phn cp
di dng

Tng t cng thc vi phn cp n ca z fx y c th c vit di dng

v cng thc ny cng ng cho trng hp nhiu bin hn

IV. O HM CA HM HP
1. Trng hp mt bin c lp
Gi s z fx y v x y li l cc hm theo t x xt y yt Vy zt fxt yt
l hm bin theo t o hm ca zt theo bin t c tnh theo cng thc sau y

V d
Tnh nu , trong xcost ysint

Tnh nu trong ycosx

2. Trng hp nhiu bin c lp
Gi s z fxy v x y li l cc hm theo cc bin s t hi tnh cc o hm
ring theo s v t ca hm hp f xst yst ta cng c cc cng thc tng t nh
i vi hm mt bin sau y

V d
Tm v nu z fxy trong x uv v y
Ta c , , v .
Do


Cho z = f(x,y,t), trong x xt y yt
Tnh o hm ca hm hp
z(t) = f (x(t), y(t), t).
Ta c
=
=
V. O HM CA HM N
1. Hm n mt bin
Gi s c mt h thc gia hai bin x y dng
F(x,y) = 0
trong xy l hm bin xc nh trong mt ln cn m ca x
0
, y
0
) v x
0
,
y
0
) = 0. Gi thit rng s l s dng v y duy nht sao cho x
y) D v x y
Nh vy ta c hm s y yx xc nh trn khong x
0
s, x
0
+ s) v tha x yx
= 0 . Hm s y yx ny c gi l hm n theo bin x xc
nh bi phng trnh xy

Trong ton hc ngi ta gi cc nh l hm n l cc nh l khng nh s tn ti
ca hm n v o hm ca n i y l nh l c bn cho hm n mt bin
nh l: Gi s hm xy tha iu kin sau
(i) F lin tc trong hnh trn m tm x
0
, y
0
) bn knh vi x
0
, y
0
)
= 0;
(ii) Tn ti cc o hm ring lin tc trong B(P, v (x
0
, y
0
)
Khi c sao cho phng trnh xy xc nh mt hm n yx kh
vi lin tc trong x
0
s, x
0
+ s) v

.

Nhn xt: Nu tha nhn s tn ti ca hm n v o hm ca n th cng thc
o hm ca hm n trong nnh l trn c th suy ra d dng t cng thc o hm
ca hm hp
0 = F(x, y(x)) = F
x
+ F
y
. y
=> y -
V d Tnh o hm ca hm n ti im
nu xy e
x
.sin y =
Coi y l hm theo x ly o hm phng trnh trn ta c
y + x.y e
x
siny e
x
cosy. y
Ti xy ta c
y ey
Suy ra y
Ghi ch: tnh o hm cp y ca hm n t h thc
0 = Fx y y
ta c th tip tc ly o hm th c
0 = F"
xx
+ F"
xy
.y
yx
+ F"
yy
. yy
y
.y".
T y s rt ra y

2. Hm n 2 bin
Tng t nh trng hp hm n bin vi mt s gi thit th phng trnh

F(x,y) = 0
s xc nh mt hm n z zxy theo bin x y

nh l : Gi s hm xyz tha cc iu kin
(i). F lin tc trong hnh cu m
0
, tm
0
(x
0
, y
0
,z
0
) bn knh v
F(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
) = 0;
(ii) Tn ti cc o hm ring lin tc
x,
F
y
, F
z
trong B(P
0,
v
z
(x
0
,y
0,
z
0
)

Khi tn ti sao cho phng trnh xyz xc nh mt hm n
trong ln cn x
0
,y
0
), s) ca im x
0
, y
0
). Hn na hm n z zxy c cc
o hm ring trong ln cn ny l
; 9;
Ghi ch: nh l ny c th c m rng cho trng hp hm n nhiu bin hn z
= z(x
1
,x
2
,x
n
) xc nh bi phng trnh
F(x
1
,x
2
,x
n
, z) = 0

V d:
Cho hm n z zxy xc nh bi phng trnh e
z
= x + y + z
Tnh z
x
z
x
" v z
xy
".
o hm phng trnh theo bin x ta c
1 + z
x
e
z
. z
x
z
x

Tip tc ly o hm theo x v theo y th c
z
xx
" = e
z
. (z
x
2
+ e
z
. z
xx
" ;
z
xy
" = e
z
. z
y
z
x
e
z
. z
xy
"
Suy ra:
z
xx
" =

z
xy
" =
Tnh z
y
tng t nh vic tnh z
x
ta c
z
y

Do
z
xy
" =

VI. CC TR
1.nh ngha v iu kin cn
Xt hm z fxy im
0
(x,y) c gi l im cc i a phng ca hm
f(x,y) khi c sao cho fxy fx
0
,y
0
) vi mi xy e B(P
0
,
Trng hp ta c
F(x,y) < f(x
0
,y
0
) (x,y) e B(P
0
, \ {P
0
}th ta ni
0
l im cc i a
phng cht ca hm fxy
Khi nim cc tiu a phng c nh ngha hon ton tng t c i a
phng v cc tiu a phng c gi chung l cc tr a phng
nh l: (Fermat)
Nu hm fxy t cc tr a phng ti x
0
,y
0
) v c cc o hm ring ti th
f
x
x
0
,y
0
) = f
y
x
0
,y
0
) = 0.
im m ti cc o hm ring ca f u bng c gi l im dng ca hm
Ch rng nh l trn ch cho ta iu kin cn c cc tr nn im dng cha
chc l im cc tr nh l sau y cho ta iu kin c cc tr

nh l (iu kin ):
Gi s z fxy nhn x
0,
y
0
) l mt im dng v fxy c cc o hm ring cp
lin tc trong mt ln cn ca x
0
, y
0
). t
A = f
xx
"(x
0
,y
0
), B = f
xy
"(x
0
,y
0
), C = f
yy
"(x
0
,y
0
),

v A = B
2
A.C
Khi ta c
(i). Nu A > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti x
0
,y
0
).
(ii). Nu A < 0 th hm s t cc tr cht ti x
0
,y
0
).
Hn na ta c
(x
0
,y
0
) l im cc i khi 0;
(x
0
,y
0
) l im cc tiu khi
(iii). Nu A = 0 th cha kt lun c l hm s fxy c t cc tr ti x
0
,y
0
)
hay khng

T nh l trn ta c th tm cc tr ca hm z fxy theo cc bc sau y
Bc Tnh cc o hm ring
Bc Tm cc im dng bng cch gii h phng trnh sau

Bc ng vi mi im dng x
0
,y
0
), t
A = f
xx
"(x
0
,y
0
), B = f
xy
"(x
0
,y
0
), C = f
yy
"(x
0
,y
0
),
A = B
2
- AC
Xt du ca A v ca kt lun
Lu : c kt lun y v cc tr ta cn phi xt ring trng hp im dng
m ti A = 0 v xt cc im m ti khng tn ti o hm ring cp hay cp
2.

V d:
1) Tm cc tr ca hm s z x
3
+ 3xy
2
15x -12y
Ta c z
x
x
2
+ 3y
2
15,
z
y
xy 12
z
xx
" = 6x, z
xx
" = 6y, z
yy
"= 6x

tm im dng ta gii h phng trnh sau

H phng trnh c nghim cho ta im dng
M
1
(1, 2); M
2
(2, 1); M
3
(-1, -2); M
4
(-2, -1).
Ti
1
(1, 2):
A = z
xx
"(1, 2) = 6
B = z
xy
"(1, 2) = 12 => A = B
2
AC >0
C = z
yy
"(1, 2) = 6
Hm s khng t cc tr ti
1
(1, 2).
Ti
2
(2,1):
A = z
xx
"(2, 1) = 12
B = z
xy
"(2, 1) = 6 => A = B
2
AC <0
C = z
yy
"(2, 1) = 12 A > 0
Hm s t cc tiu ti
2
(2, 1), vi z
min
= z(2, 1) = -28
Ti
3
(-1, -2):
A = z
xx
"(-1, -2) = -6
B = z
xy
"(-1, -2) = -12 => A = B
2
AC >0
C = z
yy
"(-1, -2) = -6
Hm s khng t cc tr ti
3
(-1, -2).
Ti
4
(-2, -1):
9;
Hm s t cc i ti
4
(-2, -1) vi z
max
= z(-2,-1) = 28

2) Kho st cc tr ca hm z x
4
+ y
4
x
2
2xy y
2

Ta c

Gii h phng trnh sau tm im dng

H phng trnh c nghim 3 im dng
P1(0, 0); P2(-1, -1); P3(1,1)
Tnh cc o hm cp

Ti
9;
Ta cha c kt lun v cc tr ti
1
m phi kho st trc tip Ta c z
0, vi th
(n nguyn dng
Vi th . iu ny cho thy rng trong
mi ln cn ca
1
hm s u c gi tr dng v c gi tr m Vy
1
(0, 0)
khng phi l im cc tr
Ti
2
(-1, -1) v
3
(1, 1) ta c -2, C = 10, A =B
2
AC = -96. Suy ra ti
v hm s t cc tiu cht vi

z
min
= z(P
2
) = z(P
3
) = -2

VII. CC TR C IU KIN
1. nh ngha
Xt hm s z ] (x, y), vi iu kin rng buc (x, y) = 0 (*)
Ta ni
] (x, y) t cc i cht ti x
0
, y
0
) vi iu kin
nu x
0
, y
0
) tha v vi mi x y tha kh gn x
0
,y
0
) ta c ] (x, y) < ]
(x
0
, y
0
)
] (x, y) t cc tiu cht ti x
0
, y
0
) vi iu kin (*)
nu x
0
, y
0
) tha v vi mi x y tha kh gn x
0
,y
0
) ta c ] (x, y) > ]
(x
0
, y
0
)
] (x, y) t cc tr cht ti x
0
, y
0
) vi iu kin
nu ] (x, y) t cc i hoc cc tiu ti x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin
2. Phng php nhn t Lagrange
nh l: (iu kin cn ca cc tr c iu kin
Gi s
Cc hm ] (x, y) v (x, y) c o hm ring cp lin tc trong mt ln cn
ca im x
0
,y
0
) vi (x
0
, y
0
) = 0
hay .
Khi nu ] (x, y) t cc tr ti x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (x
0
,y
0
)=0 th tn ti
s thc sao cho:

Hm s xy ) = ] (x, y) + (x,y) c gi l hm Lagrange. nh l sau
y cho ta iu kin ca cc tr c iu kin

nh l: (iu kin ca cc tr c iu kin)

Gi s ] (x, y) v (x,y) c o hm ring cp lin tc trong mt ln cn ca x
0
,y
0
)
vi (x
0
,y
0
) = 0, v x
0
,y
0
, ) l im dng ca hm agrange hi ta c
Nu
xc nh dng trong mt min theo dx dy tha rng buc
v dx
2
+dy
2=
0, th hm ] (x, y) t cc
tiu cht ti x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (x
0
,y
0
) = 0.
Nu d
2
L(x
0
,y
0
, ) xc nh m trong min theo dx dy tha rng buc nh
trn th ] (x, y) t cc i cht ti x
0
,y
0
) vi iu kin (x
0
,y
0
) = 0.
Nu d
2
L(x
0
,y
0
, ) khng xc nh du trong min ni trn th khng c cc
tr c iu kin ti x
0
,y
0
).
T nh l trn ta c th tm cc tr c iu kin theo phng php nhn t agrange
nh sau
Bc p hm agrange
L = ] (x, y) + (x,y) ( e R)
Bc Tnh

v gii h phng trnh sau y tm cc im dng x
0
,y
0
) cng vi
gi tr
0
tng ng

Bc Tnh vi phn cp ca xy

v tnh rng buc
(**)

Vi mi im dng x
0
,y
0
) v =
0
tm c trong bc xt
d
2
L(x
0
,y
0
) (ph thuc dx v dy
Nu vi mi dx dy khng ng thi bng tha rng buc
th hm s t cc tiu c iu kin ti x
0
,y
0
).
Nu vi mi dx dy khng ng thi bng tha rng buc
th hm s t cc i c iu kin ti x
0
,y
0
).
Nu du ca khng xc nh xt theo dx v dy khng ng thi bng
0 tha rng buc th hm s khng t cc tr ti x
0
,y
0
).
V d:
Tm cc tr ca hm z x
2
+ y
2
vi iu kin x y
Lp hm agrange
L(x,y) = x
2
+ y
2
+ (x + y - 4)
Ta c
Tm im dng bng cch gii h

Ta c mt im dng ng vi = -4.
Tnh o hm ring cp ca xy
, ,
d
2
L = 2dx
2
+ 2dy
2
.
Vy d
2
L > 0 ti nn hm s t cc tiu c iu kin ti vi z
min
= z(2,2)
= 8.
Lu : Trong trng hp t h thc
(x,y) = 0
ta c th tnh c bin thin theo bin kia chng hn c th tnh y (x) th bng
cch thay th y (x) vo z ta c th xem z nh hm theo bin x
z = z(x, (x))

Khi c th tm cc tr ca z nh hm theo bin
Xt li v d trn ta thy
x + y = 4 y = 4 x
Suy ra z = x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+ (4-x)
2
.
Xem z l hm bin ta c
zx x 2(4 - x) = 4x 8
zx x = 2
Lp bng bin thin ta c
X - 2 +
Zx - 0 +
Z
8

Vy z x
2
+ y
2
t cc tiu vi iu kin x y ti vi z
min
= 8

VIII. GI TR LN NHT V NH NHT
Cho D c 9
2
. im xy e D c gi l mt im trong ca D khi tn ti mt
hnh cu m ) u cha im thuc D v im khng thuc D . Tp hp cc
im bin ca D c gi l bin ca D. Min D c go l min ng khi D cha
mi im bin ca n
Ta c th tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm ] (x,y) trn mt min ng
v b chn D nh sau
Bc Tnh ] x v ] y ii h phng trnh

tm cc im dng phn trong ca D
Bc Tm cc im ti khng c o hm ring

Bc Tm gi tr ln nht ca ] (x,y) trn bin ca D (lin quan n cc tr
c iu kin
Bc So snh cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc im tm c bc bc
2 vi gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn bin bc rt ra gi tr ln nht
v nh nht ca hm s

V d: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
z = x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y
trn min D gii hn bi x s 0, y s 0, x + y > -3
Ta c
Gii h x = -1, y = -1
Ta tm c im dng -1,-1) e D, vi z-1,-1) = -1
Bin ca min D gm on thng v
Trn bin ta c
x = 0, -3 < y < 0
z = y
2
z y y =
mt im cc tr trn l vi
Tng t
trn c cc tr ti vi
trn c cc tr ti vi .
Ti cc im v ta c

z(0,0) = 0; z(0,-3) = 6; z(-3,0) = 6
Vy gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn bin ca D ln lt l v
So snh cc gi tr z-1, z=6 vi ta suy ra gi tr ln nht ca z l ti -
3) v -3, 0); gi tr nh nht ca z l 1 ti -1, -1).
BI TP CHNG 01
1-Tm min xc nh ca hm s
a)
b)
c)
d)

2-Tnh o hm ring ca hm s
e)
f)
g)
h)
a) Tnh cc o hm ring ti ca hm

b) Tnh cc o hm ring ti ca hm


3-Tnh vi phn ton phn ca hm s
i)
j)

4- Tm vi phn cp ca hm s
k)
l)
m)
n)
5-Cho f(t) l hm mt bin kh vi t z fx
2
-y
2
). Chng t rng hm z tho mn
phng trnh sau

Chng minh
a) vi
b) vi

6- Tm cc tr ca hm s
o)
p)

q)
r)
s)
t)

7-Tm cc tr c iu kin
a) vi iu kin
b) vi iu kin

8- Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
c) trong tam gic gii hn bi cc ng

d) trong hnh gii hn bi cc ng v trc
honh
e) trong hnh gii hn bi cc ng

9-Tm o hm ca hm hp
f) vi trong v
g) v vi trong v

10-Tnh gn ng
h)
i)

11-Tnh o hm y ca hm n yyx xc nh bi cc phng trnh

j)
k)
12-Cho hm n z zx y xc nh bi phng trnh
Tnh v


CHNG II: TCH PHN BI
1. Tch phn kp
I. NH NGHA V CC TNH CHT
1. nh ngha
Cho hm f(x,y) xc nh trong min ng b chn D. Chia min D thnh n mnh ri
nhau D
1
, D
2
, .., D
n
c din tch ln lt l A S
1, A
S
2
,.., A S
n
. Trong mi mnh D
i
, ly
ty mt im M
i
(x
i
, y
i
). Lp tng gi l tng tch phn ca hm f(x,y))

Gi d(D
i
) l khong cch ln nht gia hai im trong D
i
. Nu tn ti gii hn

hu hn khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn im M
i
(x
i
,y
i
), th hm
f(x,y) gi l kh tch trn min D, v S gi l tch phn kp ca hm f(x,y) trn min D,
k hiu

Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn min D, th tch phn kp khng ph thuc vo cch chia min
D. Do ta chia min D bi cc ng thng song song vi cc trc ta hi
A S
i
= A x . A y v dS = dx . dy
V vy c th vit

Ngi ta chng minh c rng m f(x,y) lin tc trn mt min ng b chn D
th kh tch trn min
Tnh cht:
a) (din tch ca D)

b)
c)
d) Nu D = D
1
D
2
, D
1
D
2
= u th

e) Nu f(x,y) s g(x,y) (x,y)e D th
f) Nu m s f(x,y) s M (x,y)e D, m v l hng s th

g) Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min ng b chn D th tn ti im
M(x
0
,y
0
) sao cho
(nh l v gi tr trung bnh
i lng gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(x,y)
trn D.
2. ngha hnh hc
Ta xt bi ton Tm th tch ca vt th O gii hn di bi min Dc (Oxy), gii
hn trn bi mt cong c phng trnh z = f(x,y) > 0 v gii hn xung quanh bi mt
tr c ng sinh song song vi z v ng chun l bin ca

Ta tnh th tch ca O bng phng php gn ng

Chia min D thnh n mnh ri nhau D
1
,D
2
,..,D
n
c din tch A S
1
, A S
2
,..,A S
n
. Ly
mi mnh nh lm y dng hnh tr con c ng sinh song song vi Oz, mt pha
trn gii hn bi mt z = f(x,y).
Xt hnh tr con th i y l D
i
, Ly ty im
i
(x
i
,y
i
). ta c th tch hnh tr con
th i
A V
i
~ f(x
i,
y
i
).A S
i
Th tch gn ng ca O :

Php xp x ny cng chnh xc nu n cng ln v cc mnh D
i
c ng knh cng
nh d(D
i
): ng knh ca D
i
)
Vy

II. CCH TNH TCH PHN KP
1. a v tch phn lp
Nu th


Nu th

V d 1: Xc nh cn ca tch phn vi min D xc nh bi cc
ng
y = 0, y = x, x = 2
y = 0, y = x
2
, x + y = 2
Gii:
C hai cch biu din D:

hoc

Do
C cch biu din D:


V d 2: Tnh , D gii hn bi cc ng y = x 4, y
2
= 2x

Gii: Honh giao im

Do min D c biu din

Vy

2. i bin trong tch phn kp

a. i bin tng qut
Gi s x = x(u,v), y = y(u,v) l hai hm c o hm ring lin tc trn min
ng b chn D
uv
. Gi
Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn D
xy
v nh thc acobi
trn D
uv
th ta c


V d 3: Tnh vi D gii hn bi cc ng

Gii: Cc ng thng vit li
t u = x + y, v = 2x y th

Vy

b. Tch phn kp trong ta cc
Cng thc lin h ta
x = r.cos
y = r.sin
Ta c

Do vy

V d 4: Tnh , vi gii hn bi x 1)
2
+ y
2
s 1, y > 0
Gii:

R rng
Thay x = rcos , y = rsin vo x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1, ta c r cos
Vy
Do

V d 5: Tnh vi l hnh trn x
2
+ y
2
s R
2
.
Gii: Chuyn sang h ta cc ta c

Do

BI TP
1 -Tnh cc tch phn kp
a)
b)
c)

d)
2-Tnh cc tch phn kp
a) , D: 0 s x s 2; x
2
s y s 2x
b) , D: 0 s x s 2; -1 s y s 1
c) , D: xy = 1; y = ; x = 2
3- i th t bin ly tch phn
a)
b)
c)
d)
4- Tnh cc tnh phn
d) , D: ; y = 0
e) , D: y = x; ; y = 0
f) , D: x
2
+ y
2
s 1
g) , D: ; a, b > 0

h) , D:
i) , D: y = x + 1; y = x 3;
5-Tnh din tch min gii hn bi
j) D: y = x
2
; y = x + 2
k) D: y
2
= x; y = 2x x
2
l) D: ; x = 1; y = -1
m) D: y = 2
x
; y = -2x; y = 4

2 Tch phn bi 3
I. NH NGHA V TNH CHT
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ] (x,y,z) xc nh trong min ng gii ni O ca khng gian xyz
Chia min O thnh n min nh c th tch l A V
1
,A V
n
. Ly ty mt im
M
i
(x
i
,y
i
,z
i
) trong min nh th i
Lp tng

Nu gii hn : hu hn khng ph thuc vo cch chia min O ,
v
i
, th ] (x,y,z) gi l kh tch trn min O , v gi l tch phn bi ca hm ]
trn O , k hiu

Tng t nh tch phn kp ta k hiu dxdydz thay cho dV v tch phn bi thng
vit


Ch u ] (x,y,z) = 1 th (th tch ca O ).
2. Tnh cht

Nu th
Nu ] (x,y,z) > g(x,y,z) (x,y,z) e O th
Nu ] (x,y,z) lin tc trong min ng, b chn O th tn ti im x
0
,y
0
,z
0
) e
O sao cho
(nh l v gi tr trung bnh

II. CCH TNH TCH PHN BI 3
1. Tch phn bi 3 trong h ta Descartes
Cho O gii hn bi
Mt trn z
2
(x,y)
Mt di z
1
(x,y)
Xung quanh: mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc z v ng
chun l bin ca min thuc mt phng xy l hnh chiu ca
O xung mt phng xy
Khi

Nu min th

V d 1: Cho min gii hn bi cc mt x y z x y z
Vit tch phn bi theo cc th t
a). dxdydz
b). dxdzdy
c). dydzdx
Gii:
a). Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xy l min

Gii hn trn ca
Gii hn di ca
Vy


b). Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xz l min

Gii hn trn ca
Gii hn di ca
Vy

c). Hnh chiu O ca xung mt phng yz l

Gii hn trn ca O l x -y-2z
Gii hn di ca O l x
Vy

V d 2: Tnh , O l min gii hn bi cc mt
z = x
2
+y
2
; z = 4; x = 0; y = 0.
Gii:


Hnh chiu ca min xung mt phng xy l hnh trn

Mt trn ca z
Mt di ca zx
2
+y
2
.
Vy:

2. Tnh tch phn bi 3 trong h to tr


To tr ca im xyz l b ba s rz vi r l to cc ca hnh chiu
ca xung mt phng xy nh v
Ta lun c r -z
Mi lin h gia to escartes v to tr
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = z
Ta c

V d 3: Tnh vi l min gii hn bi z x
2
+y
2
; z = 4
Gii:
Hnh chiu ca xung mt phng xy l hnh trn x
2
+y
2

Chuyn sang to tr

gii hn bi o r r
2
z
Vy

3. Tnh tch phn bi 3 trong h to cu
To cu ca mt im xyz l b s r), vi r l gc gia trc
Oz v , l gc gia trc x v , vi l hnh chiu ca xung mt
phng xy
Ta c Vi mi im trong khng gian th r
Mi lin h gia to escartes v to cu
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
Cng thc tch phn trong h to cu

V d 1: Tnh vi l min gii hn bi hai mt cu
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1; x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 4.
Chuyn sang h to cu ta c
Min xc nh bi r
Vy

V d 4: Tnh vi l min gii hn bi x
2
+y
2
+z
2
z
Chuyn sang h ton cu ta c

Min xc nh bi r cos ; 0
Vy

3 ng dng ca tch phn bi
I. NG DNG HNH HC
1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
Din tch ca min trong mt phng xy

2. Th tch vt th
Vt th trong khng gian xyz l

Nu gii hn trn bi mt z f
2
(x,y) , gii hn di bi mt z f
1
(x,y) v gii hn
xung quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi z v c ng chun l bin
ca min trong mt phng xy th

V d 1: Tnh th tch phn hnh nn nm trong mt cu x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 4
Gii:

Gi l vt th hnh nn nm trong hnh cu x
2
+y
2
+z
2

Chuyn sang h to cu th

Min gii hn bi r ; 0
Vy

V d 2: Tnh th tch hnh cu c bn knh
Gii:
Ta c th tch hnh cu hnh cu

Hnh cu x
2
+y
2
+z
2

2
Chuyn sang h to cu th
,
V min r
Vy

II. NG DNG C HC

1. Tnh khi lng
a. Khi lng ca vt th c khi lng ring ti im x y z l fx y
z) th

b. Nu bn phng trong mt phng xy v c khi lng ring l fx y th
:

2. Momem qun tnh ca vt th vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) i vi
c. trc x
d. trc y
e. trc z
f. ng thng , r(x, y, z) l khong cch
t im x y z n
g. Mt xy
h. Mt xz
i. Mt yz
j. Gc ta
3. Momen tnh ca vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) i vi
a) Mt xy

b) Mt xz
c) Mt yz
4. Trng tm ca vi khi lng ring (x, y, z) l

BI TP
1- Tnh vi
a) gii hn bi x y z
b) gii hn bi cc mt x y z x y z
2-Tnh
a) , z x
2
+ y
2
; z = 4, x = 0, y = 0 (ly trong min x y
b) , y x
2
, y + z = 1, z = 0.
3- Tnh
a) , z x
2
+ y
2
; x
2
+ y
2
= 4; z = 0.
b) , x
2
+ z
2
= 1, y = 0, y = 1.
c) , , z = x
2
+ y
2
.
d) , gc phn tm th nht ca khi cu n v
e) , x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2; .

f) , x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

2
, x
4-Tnh th tch vt gii hn bi
a) z = x
2
+ 3y
2
, z = 8 x
2
y
2
b) y + z = 2; x = 4 y
2
, cc mt phng ta nm trong gc phn tm th nht
c) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2z, x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
.
d) z = 4 x
2
y
2
, cc mt phng ta nm trong gc phn tm th nht
5- Tnh momen qun tnh i vi cc trc x y z ca khi ch nht ng cht

a) Tm ta trng tm ca vt th ng cht gii hn bi cc mt z x
2
+
y
2
+ z
2
= 4.
b) Tm ta trng tm ca na hnh cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
a
2
, z nu khi
lng ring ti mi im t l vi khong cch t im n gc ta


CHNG III: TCH PHN NG V TCH PHN MT
I. TCH PHN NG LOI MT
1. nh ngha
Cho hm f xc nh trn cung hia cung th nh n phn ty bi cc im
A = Ao < A
1
< n t Ali l di cung ii
-1
v trn cung ii
-1
ly
mt im i ty i n

(Hnh
Lp tng
Nu Sn c gii hn hu hn khi n sao cho max{ Ali

} 0 v i khng ph
thuc vo cch chia cc cung ii
-1
v cch chn cc i th c gi l tch phn
ng loi ca f(M) trn cung v c k hiu l

Vy


Khi ta ni f l kh tch trn cung
Nu cung thuc mt phng xy v f l hm theo bin fxy th dng k hiu

Trong khng gian xyz f l hm fxyz th dng k hiu
ngha thc t:
Xem 1 dy vt cht hnh dng v c mt khi lng l f ph thuc vo im
M trn dy th khi lng ca dy vt cht l
Tch phn ng loi c nhiu ng dng thc t c trnh by mc

2. nh l tn ti
Nu hm f lin tc dc theo cung trn th tch phn ng loi tn ti
3. Cc tnh cht
Tch phn ng loi khng ph thuc hng ca cung ngha
l
Nu f g kh tch trn cung v k l hng s th kfg cng kh tch v

Nu f kh tch trn v l im trn cung
th
Nu f > 0 kh tch trn th

Nu f kh tch trn trn th cng kh tch trn
v
Lu : Nu cung trn tng khc ngha l cung c th chia thnh s hu
hn cung trn v f lin tc trn cung th nh l tn ti v cc tnh cht nu
trn vn ng

4. nh l (v gi tr trung bnh)
Nu f lin tc trn cung trn c di hi tn ti im thuc cung
AB tha
5. Cng thc tnh tch phnng loi 1 trn mt phng
a) Cung c phng trnh tham s :
Cho hm s fxy lin tc trn cung trn , v cung c phng trnh
tham s

Chia [a,b] thnh n on bi cc im
a = to < t
1
< . tn b
Khi cung c chia tng ng thnh n cung bi cc im kxtk
y(tk)), k= 0,1,2n Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ta c

Ly im gia kxtk ytk th c tng tch phn

V phi l tng tch phn xc nh khi qua gii hn ta c

b) Cung c phng trnh: y = y(x), a x b :
Khi t cng thc trn ta c

c) Cung AB c phng trnh ta cc

Nu xem l tham s ta c

Vy

6. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi 1 trong khng gian
Cho hm s fxy z lin tc trn cung trn trong khng gian ung c
phng trnh tham s

Hon ton tng t nh phn a ta c

7. Cc th d

a) Th d 1: Tnh Vi l ng cc cnh tam gic c nh
A(1,0), B(0,1)

(Hnh
Ta c
Trn : y=0, dl = dx nn

Trn : x=0, dl = dy nn

Trn : y= 1-x

Vy

b) Th d 2: Tnh Vi l ng cong c phng trnh

S dng ta cc

Vy

c) Th d 3: Tnh Vi cung c phng trnh x acost y asint z bt
0s t s 3
Xem t l tham s ta c

d) Th d 4:
Tnh vi ng l phn trong gc ta th nht ca giao tuyn
gia mt araboloid elliptic c phng trnh z - x
2
-2y
2
v mt tr parabolic
z = x
2
t im n
Dng tham s t x th ta c

V nm trong gc ta th nht nn ta c phng trnh tham s sau

Do

Vy

8. ng dng ca tch phn ng loi 1
a). Khi lng 1 cung:
Gi s cung vt cht chiu di c khi lng ring ph thuc im trn
dy cung l o (M). Khi vi cung nh ii
+1
, c

Vy
Qua gii hn ta c

b). Moment tnh (moment thu nht), trng tm cung phng :
Cho 1 cung phng thuc mt phng xy c khi lng ring ph thuc
im xy trn dy cung l o (x,y). Theo nh ngha moment trong c hc

ta c cng thc moment ca cung i vi trc x l x v i vi trc y
l y l

T trng tm khi lng ca cung c xc nh bi

Nu cung l ng cht o (x,y) = hng s th o .L (L l chiu di
cung AB), v ta trng tm s l

Cng nh rng khi cung khng ct trc x v quay quanh trc x th
din tch mt trn xoay do cung phng to ra l

T cng thc to trng tm c

Th d 5: Tm trng tm ca na trn vng trn tm bn knh
Gii Xt na vng trn tm o tnh i xng nn trng tm xy phi
nm trn trc y ). Khi na vng trn quay quanh trc x ta c
qu cu c din tch mt cu l S t R
2
, v di na cung trn l
t R. Vy trng tm c tung l

c). Moment tnh (moment th nht), trng tm cung trong khng gian:

Nu cung trong khng gian vi khi lng ring l o (x,y,z) th tng t
trng hp phng ta c khi lng cung v cc moment tnh cung i vi
cc mt ta xy xz yz l

V trng tm khi lng ca cung c cng thc

Nu cung ng cht o =hng s th v

Th d 6: Cho na vng trn bng thp t trong mt phng y
0
z c phng
trnh y
2
+ z
2
= 1, z > 0. Bit khi lng ring l (x,y,z) = 2 z. Hy tm khi
lng v trng tm ca na vng trn

(Hnh
Do na vng trn nm trong mt phng yz nn trng tm c x Ngoi ra do
i xng v c khi lng phn b i xng i qua trc z nn trng tm c
y=0. Phng trnh tham s ca na vng trn l x y cos t z sin t
s t s t
Vy


d). Moment qun tnh (moment th hai)
Ta c cng thc moment qun tnh cung vi khi lng ring o (x,y,z) i
vi cc trc to l

Tng qut moment qun tnh i vi ng thng A c tnh bi

Vi rxyz khong cch t im M(x,y,z) n ng thng A
Khi cung l cung phng ta c cc khi nim v cng thc tng t
e). Din tch mt tr
Cho mt cung trong khng gian vi z > 0 c hnh chiu vung gc xung
mt phng xy l cung Xem mt tr vi ng sinh song song trc z,
ng chun gii hn trn cung gii hn di bi cung gii hn
2 bn bi cc ng thng


(Hnh

Gi s cung c phng trnh z fe AB
Chia cung AB thnh n phn bi cc im o
1
, n
Khi mt tr cng c chia tng ng thnh n mt tr nh v mt tr th i
vi y l cung ii
+1
c din tch c tnh gn ng din tch hnh ch nht
c y l A
i
= AiAi
+1
chiu cao fk vi k e AiAi
+1
l Si A
i
x f(Mi).
Khi din tch mt tr c din tch tnh gn ng l

Qua gii hn ta c
Th d 7: Tnh din tch phn mt tr x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
nm gia mt z v
z= gc x > 0 , y > 0.
Gii: Do mt tr gii hn trn bi ng cong z , gii hn di bi
vng trn x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
trong mt phng xy nn n c phng trnh X cos
t, y = Rsin t , 0 s t s t /2
Vy
Ta c


II. TCH PHN NG LOI HAI
1. nh ngha tch phn ng loi hai trong mt phng
Cho 2 hm xy xy xc nh trn cung thuc mt phng xy hia cung
th nh n phn ty bi cc im o
1
< n vi ixiyi Trn
mi cung

AiAi
+1
ly mt im i xi yi ty v i n v t Axi = x
i+1

xi , Ayi = yi
+1
yi
Lp tng

} 0 vi Ali

l di
cung AiAi
+1
v khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung on ii
-1
v cch chn cc
Mi, th c gi l tch phn ng loi ca f trn cung v c k hiu
l

Vy

2. nh l
Nu cc hm xy xy lin tc trong mt min m cha cung trn tng
khc th tch phn ng loi lun tn ti
3. Tnh cht
a). Do khi i hng cung thnh th trong tng tch phn cc Axi = x
i+1
xi ,
Ayi = yi
+1
yi c thay bng - Axi , -Ayi nn tch phn ng loi b i du Ta
c


Do khi ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn ta quy c hng dng trn
l hng m khi i dc trn th min b chn bi nm pha bn tri ng ngc
li l hng m Tch phn theo hng dng c k hiu l

(hnh

b). Nu xy xy kh tch trn cung , v cung c chia thnh cung
, th cng kh tch trn cung v ta c :

4. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi 2 trn mt phng
a). Cung AB c phng trnh tham s :
Cho hm s xy xy lin tc trong min m cha cung trn . Cung c
phng trnh tham s xxt y yt as t s b, t=a ng vi im v t b ng vi
im
T nh ngha c th coi tch phn l tng ca tch phn ring bit
(gii hn ca tch phn sau

Chia [a,b] thnh n on bi cc im a to t
1
< tn b hi cung
c chia tng ng thnh n cung bi cc im kxtk ytk kn Theo
nh l agrange ta c tha

Ly im gia kxtk ytk th c

Tng t c
Nh vy cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi c tnh thng qua tch phn xc
nh

Nu cung c phng trnh yyx as t s b th ta c

Ch : Cc cng thc trn vn ng khi cung trn tng khc
5. Bi ton c hc dn ti tch phn ng loi 2: cng do mt lc sinh ra trn
mt cung
Xt bi ton tm cng do lc sinh ra dc theo cung .
Nu lc khng i th cng c bit l
Trong trng hp tng qut chia cung bi cc im o
1
< n
B. Trn mi cung ii
-1
ly mt im i ty vi i n u cung
AiAi
+1
kh b th c th xp x l on thng ii
+1
v lc l khng i xp x

bi . Khi cng sinh ra trn cung ii
+1
c xp x bi
. Khi c ii
+1
= Axi + Ayi. v i ii
-1
= P(x,y)
Axi + Q(x,y).Ayi
V nh vy cng sinh ra trn cung c xp x bi tng


} 0 vi Ali

l di
cung AiAi
-1
v khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung on ii
-1
v cch chn cc i
th c gi l tch phn ng loi ca f trn cung v c k hiu l

V phi chnh l tng tch phn ng loi ca cc hm s xy xy dc theo
cung AB. Qua gii hn ta c

T bi ton ny tch phn ng loi cn gi l tch phn cng d rng cn nhiu
bi ton thc t cng dn ti vic tm gii hn v dn ti vic tnh tch phn ng
loi

6. Mt s th d tch phn ng loi 2
Th d 1: Tnh tch phn ng loi vi ung
AB l ng
a). on thng c phng trnh y x s x s 1.
b). ng arabol y x
2
.
Gii:
a). Vi y x s x s 1 th

b). Vi y x
2
, 0 s x s 1 th

V d ny cho thy tch phn ng loi ni chung ph thuc vo cc im u v
cui m cn ph thuc vo ng ni im u v cui
Th d 2: Tnh tch phn ng loi vi l vng trn tm
bn knh c phng trnh xcost ysint s t s 2t
Vy
Th d 3: Tnh cng sinh bi lc dc theo cung : x = t,
y = t
2
, 0s t s 1
Ta c cng sinh ra

7. Tch phn ng loi 2 trong khng gian
Cho hm s xyz xyz xyz lin tc trong min m cha cung trn ,
th tng t nh trn mt phng ta c nh ngha tch phn ng loi hai trong
khng gian

Nu cung c phng trnh xxt y yt z zt as t s b, t=a ng vi im
v t b ng vi im v cc o hm lin tc do cung trn th ta c cng
thc tnh


Cng sinh ra do lc dc theo cung c tnh bi

Th d 4: Tnh tch phn cc hm z x y dc theo cung c phng
trnh x cos t y sin t z = 3t , 0 s t s 2t

8. Lin h gia 2 loi tch phn ng loi 1 v loi 2
Gi s cung c phng trnh tham s xxt y yt z zt as t s b, vi t l
di cung c vect l vect php tuyn
n v hi nu gi o , | , l cc gc ca v i vi cc trc ta x y z
tng ng th
xt cos o , yt cos| , zt cos
Vy tch phn ng loi hai c tnh bng


9. Tch phn ng khng ph thuc tham s ca cung ly tch phn.
Gi s cung c phng trnh tham s rt xt i yt j zt z as t s b, t=a
ng vi im v t b ng vi im goi ra c hm s t (s) lin h gia hai
tham s t s vi o s s s | , a= (o ), b= (| ). Lc cung c phng trnh tham
s s l s r( (s) ).
Vy tch phn ng loi hai ca vect theo cung c tnh bi cng thc

iu ny cho thy tch phn ng khng ph thuc tham s ca cung ly tch phn
III. CNG THC GREEN
1. nh L Green
Cho D l min ng gii ni trong mt phng xy v l ng cong trn tng khc
Cc hm xy xy v cc o hm ring ca chng lin tc trong min m cha
D. Khi cng thc reen sau

Trong tch phn ng loi v tri ly theo hng dng
Ch : Chu tuyn c th bao gm nhiu chu tuyn hi min
gi l a lin v mi min trong chu tuyn i gi l thnh phn lin thng in
gi l n lin nu ch c thnh phn lin thng


(hnh a n lin

(hnh b a lin
Th d 1: Vi xy x y ; Q(x,y) = x. Vi l hnh trn tm bn knh
Bin c phng trnh xcost ysint s t s 2t .
Khi

v

2. ng dng nh L Green tnh din tch phng
Trong cng thc reen ly -y, Q= x, ta c

Vy din tch min bin l

Th d 2: Tnh din tch hnh llipse
Ta bit bin hnh llipse l ng llip phng trnh x acost y bsint s t s 2 t
Theo cng thc reen c

Th d 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng bng tch phn ng trong ta cc
Ta c x r ) cos ; y= r( ) sin
Nn dx dr ) cos - r( ) sin d ; dy= dr ) sin - r( ) sin d
Khi t cng thc reen din tch min l

IV. IU KIN TCH PHN NG LOI 2 KHNG PH
THUC NG LY TCH PHN
Th d cho thy tch phn ng loi hai khng nhng ph thuc vo
cc im m cn ph thuc vo cung ni im nh l sau cho bit iu
kin tch phn ng loi hai ch ph thuc vo cc im u im cui v khng
ph thuc vo cc cung ni im

1. nh l 1
Cho cc hm xy xy v cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc trong
mt min m n lin c mnh sau l tng ng
i) Tch phn khng ph thuc ng trn tng khc ni
ii) Tn ti hm Uxy sao cho biu thc xydx xydy l vi phn ton
phn ca U ngha l dU xydx xydy
iii) trong D
vi) vi mi chu tuyn kn trn tng khc trong
Lu : nh l ny khng th pht trin cho min a lin Th d ta ly l min nh
lin hnh vnh khn nm gia hai vng trn ng tm bn knh
1
, R
2
. Xt tich
phn

Ly im v xem cung ni chng l
1
, C
2
nh hnh

(Hnh

Ta c -C2 ). Trong min ta c tha iii
ca nh l
Nhng


C ngha l tch phn ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn
2. Cch tnh tch phn ca nh l 1
a). Gi s xy (x,y) tha nh l vy tch phn ch ph thuc
v nn c th vit n di dng
Gi s x
0
,y
0
) B(x
1
,y
1
). Khi c th tnh tch phn ng loi theo ng n
gin nht ni im l cc ng gp khc song song vi cc trc ta th d
ly x
1
,y
0
) v ly theo ng

(Hnh
Khi

Th d 1: Tnh
Ta c y x trong ton mt phng xy Theo gi trn ta c


Th d 2: Tnh
Theo ng khng ct ng thng xy ta c

Vy theo gi trn ta c
b). Nu tho nh l v nu tm c hm U tha dU dx dy th
ta c

Tht vy , gi s cung c phng trnh xxt yyt as t s b. Khi y ta
c

Th d 3: Tnh
Ta nhn thy xdy ydx dxy Vy theo nhn xt trn ta c

Th d 4: Tnh
Ta c

Vy

3. Tch phn ng loi 2 trong khng gian
Trong khng gian tng t nh l ta c
3.1 nh L 2 :
Cho cc hm xyz xyz xyz v cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin
tc trong mt min m n lin c mnh sau l tng ng
i) Tch phn khng ph thuc ng trn tng khc trong
D ni
ii) Tn ti hm Uxyz sao cho biu thc xyzdx xyzdy
R(x,y,z)dz l vi phn ton phn ca U ngha l
dU = P(x,y,z)dx + Q(x,y,z)dy + R(x,y,z)dz
iii) Trong D ta c

vi) vi mi chu tuyn kn trn tng khc trong
Ch :
Khi P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) tha nh l v tm c U tha trong iu
kin iii th khi ta c

Nu cha bit hm Uxyz th tch phn ng c th tnh theo cc ng
gp khc song song cc trc ta i s c im x
0
,y
0,
z
0
), B(x
1
,y
1,
z
1
) th
ly thm im x
1
,y
0,
z
0
), D(x
1
,y
1,
z
0
)


(hnh
v khi ta c

Th d 5: Tnh
Ta c yzdx xzdy xydz dxyz
Vy
Th d 6: Tnh
Ta c cc hm excosy yx yz - exsiny, R = xy+z tha iu kin iii
ca nh l v

Nh th p dng nh l tn ti hm U sao cho
U
x
= y, U
y
= x, U
z
= 4

T U
x
= y -> U(x,y,z) = yx+ f(y,z)
Cng vi U
y
= x c U
y
= x + fy x -> f
y
= 0
f khng ph thuc vo y -> f= h(z) -> U(x,y,z) = yz+h(z)
cng vi U
z
= 4 hz h(z) =4z+ C
Vy Uxyz yx z
V nghim U phi tha dU
yx + 4z = C

V. TCH PHN MT LOI 1
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s fxyz xc nh trn mt S hia S thnh n mt con A S
1
, A S
2
, A Sn
khng chng ln nhau v din tch tng ng ca cc mt con cng k hiu l A S
1
, A
S
2
, A Sn . Trong mi mt A Si

ly mt im ixi yi zi bt k p tng tch
phn

Khi cho max {d(A Si) } -> 0 (d(A Si) : ng knh ca mt A Si

), nu tng tch phn
Sn tin ti gi tr hu hn khng ph thuc cch chia mt S v cch ly cc im i
th gii hn gi l tch phn mt loi cn gi l tch phn mt theo din tch ca
hm fxyz trn mt S v k hiu

Khi ta ni f kh tch trn S
Mt S c gi l mt trn nu hm vect php tuyn lin tc v khc
trn S chng minh c rng nu fxyz lin tc trn mt cong trn S th tch
phn mt loi ca fxyz trn S tn ti

2. Tnh cht
T nh ngha ta c cc tnh cht sau

Nu f g kh tch trn S th kfg cng kh tch trn S v

Nu S c thnh phn S S
1
+S
2
th

Din tch mt S c tnh l :
3. Cch tnh tch phn mt loi 1
Gi s mt S c phng trnh z zxy vi hm zxy lin tc v c cc o hm
ring lin tc trong min m cha hnh chiu ca S xung mt phng xy Ta tnh
gn ng A Si bng mnh phng tip xc tng ng chng ta c

Trong A Di l din t ch hnh chiu ca A Si xung mt phng xy h vy ta c
tng tch phn mt loi l

V phi l tng tch phn kp khi qua gii hn ta c

Nh vy tch phn mt loi c biu din dng tch phn kp trn hnh chiu
Khi ly f ta li c cng thc tnh din tch mt cong chng
Th d 1: Tnh S l mt bin vt th O : x
2
+y
2
s z s 1
Vt th O l hnh nn nn S bao gm mt S S S trong S mt
nn S mt y ca hnh nn tuy nhin S S cng c hnh chiu l mt
trn x
2
+ y
2
s 1. V th ta c

Vi mt nn S z


Vi mt y S z ds dxdy cho nn

Vy
Th d 2: Tnh S l cc mt hnh lp phngs x s 1, 0s y s 1, 0s z s 1

(Hnh
Do S l mt ca hnh lp phng nhng xyz trn mt nm trn mt
phng ta xy xz yz nn ta ch cn tch phn trn cc mt a b c trn
(hnh

Mt a z hnh vung s x,y s 1 trong mt xy nn

Tng t ta c

Vy
4. ng dng ca tch phn mt loi 1
Cho mt S c khi lng ring theo din tch l o (x,y,z) ti im xyz hi
Khi lng ca mt S l
Moment tnh i vi cc mt ta ca mt S l

Tm khi lng ca mt S l im c ta

Moment qun tnh i vi trc x y z vi gc v ng thng A l

Trong rxyz l khong cch t im xyz ti ng thng A .
Th d 3: Tm trng tm ca na mt cu tm bn knh a vi khi lng
ring o = hng s


Gi xyz l trng tm ca na mt cu tm bn knh a hi c
phng trnh mt cu l S x y z a z > 0. Do tnh i xng nn x y
=0. ta ch cn tnh z theo cng thc

S l din tch na mt cu bn knh a St a
2
, v l hnh trn bn knh a hnh
chiu ca mt cu trn mt phng xy

Trng tm c ta
VI. TCH PHN MT LOI 2
1. nh ngha mt nh hng
Xem mt cong S l tp hp cc im xyz tha phng trnh xyz
Mt S gi l mt trn khi v ch khi hm xyz c cc o hm ring
x
, F
y
, F
z

lin tc v khng ng thi bng khng hay ni khc l vect radien V F(x,y,z) =
(F
x
, F
y
, F
z
) lin tc v khc trn mt S

Trong trng hp mt S c phng trnh tham s
x=x(u,v) , y=y(u,v) , z=z(u,v)
Xt vect r ruv xuv i yuv j zuv k
Khi mt S gi l trn nu hm ruv kh vi lin tc tc l tn ti cc o hm
ring r
u
, r
v
lin tc v tch r
u A
r
v =
0
rng mt cong S thng cho bi phng trnh z fxy
y l trng hp ring ca dng F(x,y,z) = f(x,y) z = 0 c V
F(x,y,z) = (f
x
, f
y
, -1)
Hoc cng c th xem l trng hp ring ca phng trnh tham s
x= x , y=y, z= f(x,y) c r
x
= (1,0,f
x
) , r
y
= (0,1,f
y
) v r
x
A r
y

= (-f
x
, -f
y
, 1)
V khi mt S l mt trn khi v ch khi cc o hm ring fx fy lin tc v cc
vect V F(x,y,z), r
x
A r
y
lun khc
Mt trn S gi l mt nh hng c hay l mt hai pha nu ti mi im ca S
xc nh c mt vect php tuyn n v , v hm vect l lin tc trn
S. Lu rng vect php tuyn n v c th l , - , v th khi chn
vect xc nh th d chn th ta ni nh hng mt S t S vi vect
php tuyn n v chn c gi l mt nh hung v gi l vect
php tuyn dng ng vi chn ta c pha dng tng ng ca mt S l
pha m khi ng vect hng t chn ti u ha ngc li gi l pha
m
Nh vy mt mt nh hng l mt trn xc nh trng vect php tuyn n v
, v n lun c pha hi khng ni r th hiu l cp ti pha dng ca
mt hi mt S khng kn ni n hng chn ca mt ta s ni pha trn
(hng dng v pha di hng m hi mt S kn ni n hng chn
ca mt ta s ni pha trong hng dng v pha ngoi hng m
Mt mt S nh hng th cng xc nh c lun hng cc ng cong bin ca
n l hng m khi ta ng pha dng ca mt v i theo ng cong th S
lun bn tri nh cho thy mt S nh hng c hai ng bin vi
hng c xc nh


(Hnh
Cng lu c nhng mt khng th nh hng c th d l obius obius
c th to ra bng cch ly mt hnh ch nht bng giy sau vn cong
hnh ch nht cnh gip vi cnh gip gip hi nu ly
vect php tuyn n ti im trn mt l v cho n di chuyn theo l khng
qua bin i mt vng v quay v im ban u th c hng ngc vi lc
bt u di chuyn Vi mt nh hng th ti im khng th c vect php tuyn
ngc hng V th l obius khng th l mt nh hng m ch l mt mt pha

(Hnh
Ta c th m rng khi nim mt nh hng ra trng hp S trn tng khc
Mt trn tng khc gi l mt nh hng c nu c thnh phn trn ca S ni
vi nhau dc ng bin th c nh hng bin ngc nhau hi cc vect
php tuyn hai thnh phn lin nhau s ch cng v pha ca mt S Th d hnh

lp phng gm mt trn ni theo cc cnh t c nh hng dng l mt
ngoi nu n v cc cnh nh hng theo tng mt

(Hnh

2. nh ngha tch phn mt loi 2
Cho cc hm xyz xyz xyz xc nh trn mt nh hng S c vect
php tuyn n v (cos o , cos| , cos ).
Tch phn mt loi

c gi l tch phn mt loi ca cc hm trn mt nh hng S Tch phn
trn c k hiu

3. Cch tnh tch phn mt loi 2: a v tch phn kp
Gi s cn tnh tch phn (1)
Trong S l mt cong c phng trnh zzxy trn hoc trn tng khc vi vect
php tuyn nh hng pha trn pha trn mt cong to vi hng dng trc z
gc nhn
Do v phi ca l gii hn ca tng tch phn mt loi

(2)
Ta cng bit chng (3)
Vi A Si : din tch mnh cong A Si
, A
Di l din tch hnh chiu mnh cong A Si
xung mt phng xy, th vect php tuyn to vi trc z gc nhn nn cos
i
>0 v
A Di ly du dng Thay vo v qua gii hn ta c

Trong l hnh chiu ca S xung mt phng xy
Nu i hng mt S tc cos
i
< 0 v A Di ly du m th

Tng t ta c

Trong
1
, D
2
l cc hnh chiu ca S xung cc mt phng yz xz tng ng chn
du hay du ty theo gc o v | l gc nhn hay gc t
Lu : T cng thc 2) thy rng nu mt S l phn mt tr c cc ng sinh
song song trc z th do cos
i
= 0 , dn ti

Th d 1: Tnh vi S mt pha ngoi gii hn vt th x
2
+ y
2
s R
2
, x>
0, y> 0, 0s z s b


(Hnh
Mt S c hia thnh mt hai y S S hai mt bn SS nm trong cc
mt phng xz y yz x tng ng v mt tr cong S
Ta c
Ba tch phn cui cng v l cc mt tr c ng sinh song song trc z
Trn mt S
1
, do z= 0, nn
Trn mt S
2
, do z=h, nn

Vy

Th d 2: Tnh vi S mt pha ngoi ca na mt cu
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
, z > 0
Ta c


Trong S S
1
+ S
2
v S
1
l phn ng vi y > 0, S
2
l phn ng vi y s 0.
Lu rng khi chuyn v tch phn kp theo na hnh trn trong mt phng xz
th tch phn :
ly du dng v ly du m hm di du tch phn li
l hm chn nn
Tng t ta c
2
=
Vy

Th d 3: Tnh vi S mt pha ngoi ca mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2

Gi S
1
, S
2
l cc na mt cu ng vi z > 0 v z s 0.
Trn S
1
ta c

Trn S
2
ta c v khi a v tch phn kp th ly du m
(do vect php tuyn hng xung di nn


Vy

VII. LIN H GIA TCH PHN KP V TCH PHN NG
LOI HAI: NH L STOKES
Cng thc reen cho ta mi lin h gia tch phn kp v tch phn ng loi hai
trn ng bin ca min ly tch phn ng thc Stokes di y l s m rng
cng thc reen cho trng hp min l mt cong trong khng gian
1. nh l Stokes
Cho mt nh hng S trn tng khc vi bin l chu tuyn trn tng khc v
khng t ct chu tuyn n gin i s l cc hm c cc o hm ring
cp mt lin tc trong mt min m cha S hi ta c

Trong hng ca chu tuyn c ly theo hng dng ng vi mt nh hng
S.
Ch : Cng thc Stokes thng dng dng lin h gia tch phn ng loi hai
v tch phn mt loi mt

vi : vect php tuyn n v ng vi gi ca mt cong S

2. Th d

Tnh tch phn vi l ng trn mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2

v mt phng x y z theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h nu nhn t hng
dng ca trc x
Gi S l hnh trn vi bin l ng trn Theo nh l Stokes ta c

cos o , cos| , cos : l cc cosin ch hng ca vect php tuyn n ca mt phng x
y + z = 0. Ta c
Vy

VIII. CNG THC CHUYN TCH PHN BI BA V TCH
PHN MT THEO BIN : NH L GAUSS OSTROGRATSKI
nh l sau y cho ta cng thc chuyn tch phn bi ba v tch phn mt theo mt
bin ng thc ny c nhiu ng dng trong thc tin tnh ton
1. nh l Gauss Ostrogratski
Cho O l min ng b chn trong khng gian vi bin l mt S trn tng khc S c
th chia thnh hu hn mt trn ho c cc o hm ring cp mt lin tc
trong min m cha O . Khi ta c cng thc auss-Ostrogratski:

Lu : Nh cng thc auss Ostrogratski, ta c th tnh th tnh bng cch tnh tch
phn mt nu ly x y z hi cng thc trn tr thnh

Vy
Vi S l mt bn ca O ly theo pha ngoi

2. Th d
Tnh tch phn Trong S l pha ngoi mt cu
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
.
Theo nh l auss Ostrogratski, ta c

Chuyn qua ta cu ta c

BI TP CHNG 3
I. Tch phn ng loi 1
Tnh cc tch phn ng loi
gc

C : cung ca ni v

6) Tnh tch phn ng ca fxyz x -z
2
theo cung ni im
v theo cc ng sau

7) Tnh
8) Cho Hy tnh khi lng cung
C
9) Cho cung
Tmtrng tm
10) Cho
Tmtrng tm
11) Cho C: x
2
+y
2
= a
2
trong mt phng xy = const. Tm mmen qun tnh
i vi z
12) Cho trong mt phng yz = const.
Tm mmen qun tnh i vi cc trc ta
13) Tm di cung x aet

cos t , y = aet

sint, z = aet t n
B(a,0,a)
(Hng dn ng vi t
1
= - , B vi t
2
= 0 )
14) Tm trng tm ca cung x at-sint), y = a(1-cost) 0 s t s t , = const

II. Tch phn ng loi 2
Tnh cc tch phn ng loi sau y
theo ng thng ni n

: ng gp khc ni

phn parabol y x x
2
nm trn trc x v theo
chiu kim ng h
: Chu tuyn gii hn bi y
2
= x, x
2
= y, Theo chiu ngc
chiu kim ng h
: cung ni v -1,0) theo cc ng sau
- Na trn vng trn x
2
+ y
2
= 1
- ng thng ni
- ng gp khc t qua -1) n

: giao ca y x
2
v z x t im n
cung ca vng trn tm bn knh r nm gc ngc
chiu kim ng h

III. Tnh cng sinh ra bi lc dc theo ng c phng trnh


IV. Cng thc Green
Tnh cc tch phn
C : l bin tam gic xc nh bi x y x y

l bin t gic vi nh -1,0), D(0,1)
C: bin min gii hn y x
2
v y
6) Cho f(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc v
Chng minh vi mi chu tuyn s dng c cng thc
Green

V. ng dng Cng thc Green tnh din tch min phng

2) D gii hn bi y x y x
2
gc
3) D: gii hn bi y x

4) Cho S l din tch min l honh trng tm min gii hn bi
ng cong n gin trn tng khc hng minh rng

5) Cho Iy mmen qun tnh i vi trc y ca min trong bi hng
minh:

VI. Tch phn khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn
Tnh cc tch phn ng loi sau y

Tnh dc theo on thng ni v

8) Kim tra cc biu thc sau c phi l vi phn ton phn u ng l vi
phn ton phn ca hm U th hy tm U


VII. Tch phn mt loi 1
1) Tnh din tch mt parablit x
2
+ y
2
z = 0 ct bi z
2) Tnh din tch phn mt phng x + 2y + 2z = 5 ct bi x y
2
v x - y
2
3) Tnh din tch phn mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2 ct bi nn
4) Tnh din tch phn mt parablit x
2
+ y + x
2
= t ct bi mt phng y
5) Tnh S : mt bin ca lp phng s x,y,z s a
6) Tnh S : mt bin ca hnh hp s x s a , 0 s y s b , 0 s z s c
7) Tnh S : phn mt phng xyz nm gc phn
tm th nht
8) Tnh S : phn mt parablit y
2
+ 4z =16 ct bi mt phng x
= 0, x = 1, z = 0
9) Tm trng tm ca mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
nm gc
10) Tm trng tm ca phn mt y
2
+ z
2
= 9, z > 0 ct bi x x
11) Tm trng tm v mmen qun tnh i vi trc z ca mt x
2
+ y
2
- z
2
= 0
ct bi z z
12) Tm mmen qun tnh z ca mt x
2
+ 4y
2
- z
2
=0, z > 0 ct bi x
2
+ y
2
=
2x
VIII. Tch phn mt loi 2

1) Tnh S : mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
gc phn t th pha ngoi
2) Tnh S : ging bi
3) Tnh S:ging bi
4) Tnh S : phn mt z y
2
gii hn bi x
0,x = 1,z = 0 (pha trong
5) Tnh S : mt ngoi hnh lp phng cho
bi x yz a
6) Tnh S : pha ngoi ca mt chm cu x
2
+y
2
+z
2

ct bi z phn z

IX. nh l Stokes
1) Tnh C: x
2
+ y
2
= 4, z = 0 Nhn t gc theo chiu
ngc chiu kim ng h
2) Tnh

Nhn t hng dng trc x ngc chiu kim ng h
3) Tnh
C:
Nhn t hng dng trc z ngc chiu kim ng h

4) Tnh C : ng bin ca tam gic vi cc nh
(0,1,0),(0,0,1) nhn t gc ngc chiu kim ng h
5) Tnh C : nh bi
6) Tnh C : x
2
+ y
2
= 1, z = 1 Nhn t gc ngc chiu
kim ng h
7) Tnh C: x
2
+ y
2
= 1, z = y+1 nhn t gc ngc
chiu kim ng h
8) Tnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 6z, z = x 3 nhn t gc ngc
chiu kim ng h
9) Tnh C : bin ca tam gic vi cc nh
(2,0,0), (0,3,0), (0,0,6) nhn t gc ngc chiu kim ng h
10) Tnh C: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
,z = y
2
nhn t gc ngc
chiu kim ng h
11) Tnh C: x
2
+ y
2
= 1, z = y
2
Nhn t gc ngc
chiu kim ng h
X. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogratski
Tnh cc tch phn mt loi sau
1) S : pha ngoi mt bin hnh
lp phng -1 x y z
2) S : Pha ngoi ca mt bin ca : x
2
+ y
2

4, 0 z x
2
+ y
2
3) S : phn mt cu tm bn knh
gc pha ngoi

4) S - bin ca min
nm gc gii hn bi x
2
+y
2
= 4 , z = 3 , pha ngoi
5) S : bin ca : 1
pha ngoi
6) S : bin ca : 1
pha ngoi
7) S : bin ca : 1
pha ngoi
8) , pha ngoi tnh bng cng thc
Gauss-Ostrogratski v bng cch tnh trc tip


CHNG IV: PHNG TRNH VI PHN
I. KHI NIM V PHNG TRNH VI PHN
1. Khi nim
Trong ton hc phng trnh vi phn l mt chuyn ngnh pht trin c tm quan
trng v c nhiu ng dng thc t trong cc lnh vc khoa hc k thut kinh t
lm quen vi khi nim phng trnh vi phn ta xem mt s bi ton dn ti vic thit
lp phng trnh vi phn di y
2. Mt s bi ton dn ti phng trnh vi phn
Th d 1: Cho mt vt khi lng m ri t do trong khng kh i s sc cn
khng kh t l vi vn tc ri l vt vo thi thi im t vi h s t l l k Tm
v(t).
Ta c khi vt ri th lc tc dng ln vt gm c lc ht ca tri t l mg v
lc cn ca khng kh l kvt o theo nh lut ewton ta c ma
vi a l gia tc ca vt ri gha l ta c phng trnh

hay
y l phng trnh vi phn tm hm vt

Th d 2: Cho mt thanh kim loi c nung nng n nhit
o
, v c t
trong 1 mi trng rng vi nhit khng i l
o
(v nhit ta ra t thanh
kim loi khng lm thay i nhit mi trng Tm Tt l nhit thanh kim loi
ti thi im t
Theo quy lut ewton tc gim nhit ca thanh kim loi ) t l vi
hiu nhit ca vt th Tt v nhit mi trng
o
. Do ta c Tt -
k( T(t) 30o )
y l phng trnh vi phn tm hm Tt trong k l h s t l v
T(0) = 300 l iu kin ban u ca bi ton
Th d 3: Tm phng trnh y fx ca mt ng cong bit rng tip tuyn ti
mi im s ct trc tung ti im khc c tung bng hai ln tung tip im

Bit rng phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong y fx ti im oxo yo
ti c dng y- yo = f xox - xo )
Giao im ca tip tuyn vi trc tung x c tung l
y
1
= yo - fxo xo
Theo gi thit c y
1
= 2 yo, t c phng trnh yo fxo xo
Vi im oxo yo l bt k nn ta c phng trnh vi phn
3. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn Nghim, nghim tng qut, nghim
ring, nghim k d ca phng trnh.
3.1 nh ngha c bn phng trnh vi phn
Phng trnh vi phn thng gi tt phng trnh vi phn l biu thc lin h gia
mt bin c lp hm phi tm v cc o hm ca n
Nu phng trnh cha nhiu bin c lp cng vi hm ca cc bin ny cn phi
tm v cc o hm ring ca hm theo cc bin th ta gi l phng trnh vi phn
o hm ring gi tt phng trnh o hm ring
Trong chng ny ta ch xt cc phng trnh vi phn thng p hay bc ca
phng trnh vi phn l cp cao nht ca o hm c trong phng trnh Th d cc
phng trnh trong cc bi ton cc th d l cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt
Tng qut phng trnh vi phn cp mt c dng
F(x,y,y
hay y fxy
Trong l hm c lp theo bin v f l hm c lp theo bin
Mt cch tng qut phng trnh vi phn cp n c dng
F(x,y,y y
(n)
)=0
hoc y
(n)
= f(x,y,yy
(n-1)
)
Th d 4:
a) Cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh vi phn cp xy
2
+ siny = 0

b) Cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh vi phn cp y y xy sinx


3.2. Nghim - nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn
3.2.1. Nghim:
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn l mt hm y (x) ( hoc dng u (x,y) = 0 ) m
khi thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c mt ng nht thc hi th ca y
(x) trong mt phng c gi l ng cong tch phn ca phng trnh vi phn
Th d 5: Hm s yx l nghim ca phng trnh
Ngoi ra y x vi hng s bt k cng l nghim ca phng trnh vi
phn ni trn Tuy nhin nu t thm iu kin nghim yxo yo gi l
iu kin u th ch c nghim tha l y ox vi , tc l ch c
ng cong tch phn i qua im oxoyo
3.2.2. Nghim tng qut nghim ring nghim k d
Qua th d trn ta thy nghim ca mt phng trnh vi phn c th c dng y
(x,C) , vi l hng s v ta gi l nghim tng qut
Vi mi o ta c mt nghim l y (x,Co), v gi l mt nghim ring ghim
ring ca phng trnh vi phn l nghim nhn t nghim tng qut khi cho hng s
mt gi tr c th
Tuy nhin c th c nhng nghim ca phng trnh m n khng nhn c t
nghim tng qut v ta gi l nghim k d
Th d 6: phng trnh c nghim tng qut l y sinx nhng y
vn l nghim ca phng trnh nhng khng nhn c nghim tng qut
V mt hnh hc mt nghim tng qut cho ta mt h cc th ca n trong mt
phng v ta gi l h cc ng cong tch phn
4. Bi ton Cauchy - nh l tn ti duy nht nghim
Hai th d sau y cho thy mt phng trnh vi phn c th khng c nghim hoc
khng c nghim tng qut
Th d 7: Phng trnh y
2
= -1 khng c nghim thc
Phng trnh khng c nghim tng qut v ch c duy nht l y

Tuy nhin vi bi ton iu kin u cn gi l bi ton auchy th ta c nh l sau
v s tn ti duy nht nghim

4.1. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim nh l icard
Nu fxy lin tc trong mt min hnh ch nht a s x s b, c s y s d v oxoyo
l im trong ca hi bi ton auchy
tm y tha y fxy tha iu kin yo xo c t nht mt nghim y (x) kh vi
lin tc trn mt khong m cha xo
Ngoi ra nu fy cng lin tc trn c th trn mt khong m cha xo nh hn
th nghim l duy nht
Th d 8: Xem bi ton auchy
C hai nghim l y v (thc ra c nhiu nghim nh vy khng tha
tnh duy nht v khng lin tc trong ln cn im
Th d 9: Xem bi ton auchy
Vi xo = 0 c nghim duy nht l y ox
Vi xo yo = 0 khng c nghim v ng cong tch phn y x khng th i qua
(0, yo) vi yo = 0 . Khi hm khng lin tc ti yo n ti th
bi ton li c v s nghim v tt c cc ng cong tch phn u i qua
II. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1
1. Phng trnh tch bin (hay bin phn ly)
a) L phng trnh vi phn c dng f
1
(x) + f
2
(y).y hay f
1
(x)dx + f
2
(y)dy = 0 (1)
b) Cch gii y tch phn phng trnh th c
hay

Th d 1 : Gii phng trnh vi phn y y
2
). ex
Phng trnh c a v dng

c) Lu
Phng trnh f
1
(x) g
1
(y) dx + f
2
(x) g
2
(y). dy = 0 (2)
Nu g
1
(y)f
2
(x) = 0 th c th a phng trnh trn v dng phng trnh
tch bin bng cch chia v cho g
1
(y)g
2
(x) ta c
(3)
Nu g
1
(y) = 0 th y b l nghim ca u f
2
(x) = 0 th x a l nghim
ca c nghim c bit ny khng cha trong nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh
Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn y
2
- 1) dx - ( x
2
+ 1) y dy = 0
Vi y
2
- 1 = 0 ta c

Ngoi nghim tng qut ny ta nhn thy cn c nghim y v y = -1

2. Phng trnh ng cp cp 1
a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng (4)

T c y xu --> y u xu
Th vo c u xu fu
c th a v dng phng trnh tch bin
(5)
Lu : Khi gii phng trnh ta nhn c nghim tng qut khi fu u = 0. Nu
f(u) u = 0 ti u a th c thm nghim y ax
Th d 3: Gii phng trnh vi phn
t y xu ta c phng trnh

Ngoi ra do fu u tg u = 0 u = kt x, nn ta cn c thm cc nghim y kt
x, vi k 1, 2,

Chia c t v mu ca v phi cho x
2
ta c

t y xu ta c
Ly tch phn ta c

th , ta c
Vi iu kin u x y ta c nghim ring x
3
+ 3xy
2
= 4

b). Ch : phng trnh (6)
c th a v dng phng trnh ng cp nh sau
b1) Nu ng thng a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 , v a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 ct nhau ti
(x
1
, y
1
), th t X x - x
1,
Y = y - y
1
, th phng trnh c a v dng

b2) Nu ng thng a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 , v a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 song song
nhau, khi c nn phng trnh c a v dng
(7)
khi t u , phng trnh tr thnh phng trnh tch bin
Gii h phng trnh
ta c x
1
=1, y
1
=2
t X x - 1
,
Y = y - 2 , th c

t u , ta c

hay l x
2
+ 2xy y
2
+ 2x + 6y = C

3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn
a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng
P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0 (8)
Nu v tri l vi phn ton phn ca mt hm s Uxy ngha l dUxy xy
dx + Q(x,y) dy
(theo chng V th iu kin cn v l )
Khi t ta c dUxy
V th nu yx l nghim ca th do dUxyx cho ta Uxyx
Ngc li nu hm yx tha (9) th bng cch ly o hm ta c
Nh vy Uxy l nghim ca phng trnh

b). Cch gii th nht
Gi s trong tha , ta c U tha
dU(x,y) = P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy

Ly tch phn biu thc , th do y c xem l hng s nn ta c
(10)
trong y l hm bt k theo bin y y o hm biu thc theo bin
y v do , ta c

t phng trnh vi phn ny tm y

Th d 6: Gii phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
) dx + (2xy + cos y) dy = 0
Ta c

, vy s c hm Uxy tha

Ly tch phn h thc th nht theo x ta c

Ly o hm biu thc ny theo y v nh th c yx
Cy xy cos y
Cy cos y
C(y) = sin y + C

Vy c nghim ca phng trnh l
c). Cch gii th hai dng tch phn ng loi
V dUxy xy dx xy dy
(theo theo chng V th iu kin cn v l )
Nn
(11)
Th d 7:
Gii phng trnh x y dx x y
2
+ 3) dy = 0
Ta c

, vy s c hm Uxy tha

S dng cng thc vi xo yo c

Vy ta c nghim ca phng trnh vi phn


4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt
a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng y px y fx
trong px fx l cc hm lin tc
Nu fx ta c y px) y = 0 (12)
Phng trnh gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
b). Cch gii
Vi phng trnh c (13)
Vi phng trnh c th gii bng phng php bin thin hng s tc
l tm nghim ca n dng nhng coi l hm s dng
(14)
Ly o hm thay vo c

hay :
t c
Vy (15)
Cng thc (15) ni chung kh nh nn tt nht l cn nh cc bc tnh ton
ca phng php bin thin hng s lp li

Th d 8: Gii phng trnh y y.cotg x = 2x.sinx
Phng trnh thun nht c nghim

Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng y x sin x
Th vo phng trnh ban u ta c
Cx sin x x cos x C(x) cos x = 2x sin x
Cx x C(x) = x
2
+ C
Vy y x
2
sin x + C sin x
Th d 9: Gii phng trnh xy 3y = x
2
a v dng chun
Nghim tng qut phng trnh thun nht

Tm nghim dng y x x
3
. Th vo phng trnh ban u ta c xx
3

+ 3C(x) x
2
3C(x) x
2
= x

Vy
Ch : Nu coi x l hm s theo bin y th phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi hm s x
c dng
Th d 10: Gii phng trnh
Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm y l bin ta c
:

y li l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh i vi hm x ghim tng qut
ca phng trnh thun nht c dng


Tm nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng , a
vo phng trnh ban u c

Vy x esiny 2siny 2

5. Phng trnh Bernoulli
a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng y px y fx yo , o = 1 (16)
b). Cch gii a v dng y
-o
y px y
1-o
= f(x)
t z y
1-o
, ta c z -o ) y
-o
y nn phng trnh c dng tuyn tnh

hay l z - o )P(x) z = (1-o )f(x)
y l phng trnh ernoulli vi o = hia v cho ta c
Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm y l bin ta c

t , th vo phng trnh trn ta c

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng bng

Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng z x x
2
Th vo ta c

III. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP HAI GIM CP C
1. Cc khi nim c bn v phng trnh cp hai
1.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp hai c dng
F(x,y,yy hay yfxyy
Bi ton auchy ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai l tm nghim ca phng trnh
trn tha iu kin u yxo yo
yxo y
o

y x cosx bit y y
Ta c

Cho x =0 , y =1 => C
2
=1. Cho y ta c
1
= 3. Vy nghim bi ton l

Th d trn cho thy phng trnh vi phn cp thng ph thuc vo hai tham s
C
1
, C
2
, v chng c xc nh nh hai
iu kin u

1.2. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim bi ton auchy
Bi ton y fxyy
y(xo) = yo , yxo y
o
(2)
Nu fxyy theo bin x y y v cc o hm lin tc trong min
chiu O , v xoyo y
o
) l mt im trong O . Khi bi ton auchy c duy nht
mt nghim y (x) xc nh lin tc hai ln kh vi trn mt khong ab cha xo
Hm s ph thuc hai hng s y (x,C
1
, C
2
) gi l nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh vi phn cp hai trong min O ) nu n tha phng trnh vi phn cp hai vi
mi hng s
1
, C
2
(thuc mt tp hp no v ngc li vi mi im xoyo y
o
)
trong O u ti ti duy nht o
1
, Co
2
sao cho y = (x, Co
1
, Co
2
) l nghim ca bi
ton auchy vi iu kin u
Nh vy t nghim tng qut y (x,C
1
, C
2
) cho cc gi tr c th
1
=C
1

2
=C
2
ta
c nghim ring y (x,C
1

2

Lu : Nu nghim tng qut tm ra dng n u (x,y,C
1
,C
2
) = 0 th nghim ring
cng dng n u (x,y,C
1

2

2. Phng trnh cp hai gim cp c
Phng trnh c dng y fx
D dng tm c nghim ca phng trnh ny sau hai ln ly tch phn

Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn y sin x cos x ex
Ta c

3. Phng trnh khuyt y
Phng trnh c dng xyy
Cch gii t p y ta c phng vi phn cp mt xpp gii ra tm p
(x,C1) v khi

Th d 3: Gii phng trnh xy y x
2
t p y py ta c
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ii ra ta c
Qua ta c

4. Phng trnh khuyt x
Phng trnh c dng yyy
Cch gii t p y v coi y l bin v p l hm s theo bin y Ta c

Nh vy ta c phng trnh dng cp
Th d 4: Gii bi ton auchy
yy y
2
= 0, y(1) =2 , y
t , ta c


T y c trng hp
p = 0 , ngha l y ghim ny khng tha iu kin u b
d(py) = 0 yp = C
1
Vy ydx
1
Khi x = 1 , y =2, y cho nn
Ta c
Cho x= 1, y =2 ta c
2
= 1.
Tm li nghim phi tm l

IV. PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH CP HAI
1. Khi nim chung
1.1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai c dng
y pxy qxy fx
vi cc hm s px qx fx xc nh v lin tc trn khong ab hi y vi mi
xo e (a,b) v mi gi tr yo y
o
ta c bi ton auchy iu kin u yxo yo
yxo y
o
c nghim duy nht trn ab
Phng trnh y pxy qxy
c gi l phng trnh thun nht tng ng ca phng trnh

1.2. nh l (V nghim tng qut ca hng trnh khng thun nht
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht c dng y yo yr
trong yo l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng v yr l
nghim ring no ca phng trnh

2. Phng trnh thun nht, nghim tng qut
2.1. nh l
Nu y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht th y
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x)
cng l nghim ca phng trnh
Chng minh: Tht vy ta c
y pxy qxy [
1
y
1

2
y
2
] px [
1
y
1

2
y
2
]y qx [
1
y
1
+
C
2
y
2
]
= C
1
[y
1
pxy
1
qxy
1
] + C
2
[y
2
pxy
2
qxy
2
] =
0 + 0 = 0
(do y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l nghim ca nn biu thc trong [] ca biu thc cui bng
Vy y
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) l nghim ca
2.2. nh ngha
Cc hm y
1
(x), y
2
(x) c gi l c lp tuyn tnh trn khong ab nu khng tn
ti cc hng s o
1
, o
2
khng ng thi bng sao cho
o
1
y
1
(x) + o
2
y
2
(x) = 0 trn ab
(iu ny tng ng vi trn ab
Th d 1:
+ Cc hm y
1
(x) = x , y
2
(x)= x
2
l c lp tuyn tnh
+ Cc hm y
1
(x)= ex, y
2
(x)= 3 ex l ph thuc tuyn tnh
2.3. nh l

Xem cc hm y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l cc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht hi
chng c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau khi v ch khi nh thc sau khc khng

( nh thc trn gi l nh thc Vronski
2.4. nh l (Cu trc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht
Nu cc hm y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l cc nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh thun
nht th
y = C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) vi cc hng s bt k
1
, C
2
s l nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh
Th d 2: Chng t rng phng trnh y 4y = 0 c nghim tng qut y
1
e
2x
+
C
2
e
-2x
Tht vy kim tra trc tip d thy rng y
1
= e
2x
v y
2
= e
-2x
l cc nghim ca
phng trnh trn t khc nn chng c lp tuyn tnh Vy y
C
1
e
2x
+ C
2
e
-2x
l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn
2.5. Bit mt nghim ca tm nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi
n
Gi s y
1
(x), l mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht Khi c th tm
nghim th c lp tuyn tnh vi y
1
(x) dng y
2
(x) = u(x) y
1
(x), trong ux =
const .
Th d 3: Bit phng trnh y 2y y c nghim y
1
= ex. Tm nghim th
hai c lp tuyn tnh vi y
1
(x).
Vic kim tra li y
1
= ex l nghim l d dng Tm y
2
(x) = u(x) ex

y
2
= ex u + ex

u y
2
= ex u + 2ex

u ex

u
Thay vo phng trnh cho c
ex

(u u u - 2ex

(u + u ex

u = 0
2ex

u u u
1
x + C
2

V cn u = const, nn c th ly
1
= 1 , C
2
= 0, ngha l u x y
2
= x ex

Nghim tng qut c dng y
1
ex + C
2
x ex
3. Phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring
gii phng trnh khng thun nht cn phi bit nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh thun nht m ta va tm hiu mc goi ra cn cn tm nghim ring ca
n v c th tm dng ging nh nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tc
l dng y
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) (3)
trong y
1
(x), y
2
(x) c lp tuyn tnh nhng xem
1
, C
2
l cc hm s
1
(x), C
2
(x).
d tm
1
(x), C
2
(x) ta a thm iu kin
C
1
(x) y
1
(x) + C
2
(x) y
2
(x) = 0 (4)
Vi iu kin ly o hm ta c
y
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) (5)
y
1
y
1
( x) + C
2
y
2
x
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) (6)
Thay (3), (5),(6) vo c
C
1
y
1
x
2
y
2
x
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) + p[C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) ] +
q[C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) ] = f(x)
Hay:
C
1
[ y
1
x p
1
y
1
(x) + qC
1
y
1
(x) ] C
2
[ y
2
x py
2
(x) + q

y
2
(x) ] +
C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) = f(x)
Do y
1
, y
2
l nghim ca nn suy ra
C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) = f(x) (7)
Nh vy
1
, C
2
tha h

Th d 4: Gii phng trnh x
2
y xy - y = x
2

a v dng chnh tc
Trc ht xt phng trnh thun nht tng ng


C th tm c nghim ca n l y
1
= x. Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh
vi n c dng y
2
= xu(x)
y
2
= u + xu y
2
= 2u xu
th vo phng trnh thun nht c

y l phng trnh cp hai gim cp c bng cch t p u ta c

Cho nn
Do u = const v ch cn nghim nn chn
1
=1, nn
. Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht
c dng
Vic cn li l cn tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht
bng phng php bin thin hng s dng

Vi
1
, C
2
tha


V ch cn chn nghim ring nn c th chn c th c
1
= 0 , c
2
= 0. vy
, cho nn

v nh vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ban u l

Lu : Nu v phi ca phng trnh vi phn c dng tng ca hm s fx f
1
(x)
+ f
2
(x), th khi c th gii phng trnh vi ring v phi l tng hm f
1
(x), f
2
(x)
tm nghim ring l yr
1
, yr
2
. Cui cng d kim li l nghim ring ca phng trnh
ban u l yr yr
1
, yr
2
(theo nguyn l chng cht nghim
V. PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG
1. Khi nim chung
y
(n)
+ a
1
y
(n-1)
+ a
2
y
(n-2)
+ any fx
trong a
1
, a
2
, an l cc hng s
Trong phn sau ta trnh by k phng trnh cp hai

2. Phng trnh cp hai thun nht
Xt phng trnh y py qy fx
trong p q l hng s
Ta tm nghim ca n dng y ekx
Th vo ta c k
2
+ pk +q) ekx = 0
(k
2
+ pk +q) = 0 (4)

Phng trnh gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh v cng t 4)
cho thy y ekx l nghim ca khi v ch khi k l nghim ca o da vo
vic gii phng trnh bc ny ta c cc kh nng sau
a). Phng trnh c trng c nghim phn bit k
1
,k
2
(A > 0): Khi nghim
y
1
= ek
1x
, y
2
= ek
2x
l nghim ring ca v nn nghim
ring ny c lp tuyn tnh Vy khi nghim tng qut ca s l y
1
ek
1x
+
C
2
ek
2x
b). Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp k A = 0). Khi nghim y
1
= ekx l
1 nghim ring ca v nghim ring th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi n c dng y
u(x).y
1

=
u(x).ekx
y
2
kekx ux uxekx
y
2
k
2
.ekx.u(x) + 2kuxekx ekxux
Th vo phng trnh ta c
(k
2
.u + 2ku u ekx pku u ekx q ekxu
u k pu k
2
+ pk + q)u = 0
Do k l nghim kp ca nn
k = -p/2 2k +p = 0 v k
2
+ pk + q) =0
t u u = C
1
x + C
2
Do ch cn chn nghim nn ly
1
= 1, C
2
=0 , v nh th c y
2
= x ekx
V nghim tng qut ca l y
1
+ C
2
x) ekx
c). Phng trnh c trng c nghim phc lin hip k
1,2
= o | , | = 0 (A < 0).
Khi nghim ca c dng

Khi

cng l nghim ca v nn chng c lp tuyn tnh
T ta c nghim tng qut ca l y
1
cos | x + C
2
sin | x) eo
x

Th d 1: Gii phng trnh y y 4y = 0
Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng
k
2
+ 3k -4 = 0 k
1
=1 , k
2
= -4
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l y
1
ex + C
2
e
-4x

Th d 2: Gii phng trnh y y y
k
2
+ 4k +4 = 0 k
1,2
=2
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l y
1
+ C
2
x)e
2x

Th d 3: Gii phng trnh y y y
k
2
+ 6k +13 = 0 k
1,2
=-3 2 i
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l
y = ( C
1
cos 2x + C
2
sin 2x)e
-3x
3. Phng trnh cp hai khng thun nht v phi c dng c bit
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai h s hng khng thun nht
y py qy fx
Qua vic trnh by tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cp hai thun nht tng
ng v da vo nh l mc th c nghim tng qut ca ta cn tm
c nghim ring ca
Ngoi phng php bin thin hng s trnh by di y trnh by phng php
h s bt nh tm mt nghim ring cho khi v phi c dng c bit thng
gp

3.1 V phi fx eo
x
Pn(x)
trong nx l a thc cp n o l mt s thc
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca dng yr ux nx )
vi nx l a thc cp n c n h s c xc nh bng cch thay vo v
ng nht v ta c n phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm n h s m
u(x) c dng c th l
a). Nu o l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng ux = xeo
x
v khi
yr xeo
x
Qn(x)
b). Nu o l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng ux x
2
eo
x
v khi
yr x
2
eo
x
Qn(x)
c). Nu o khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ux eo
x
v khi
yr eo
x
Qn(x)
Th d 4: Gii phng trnh y -4y y e
2x

k
2
- 4k +3 = 0 c nghim k
1
=1 , k
2
= 3
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l y
1
ex + C
2
e
3x
Mt khc s o = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng nn nghim ring tm
dng yr e
2x
(do Pn(x) =3 a thc bc thay vo phng trnh cho c
4Ae
2x
- 8Ae
2x
+ 3Ae
2x
= 3e
2x
A = -3
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l
y = C
1
ex + C
2
e
3x
3e
2x

Th d 5: Gii phng trnh y y xex e
-x

k
2
+1 = 0 k
1,2
= i
2

nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l yo
1
cos x C
2
sin
x
Do v phi l tng ca hm f
1
= xex , f
2
= 2e
-x
nn ta ln lt tm nghim ring ca
phng trnh ln lt ng vi v phi l f
1
, v f
2
:

+ Vi f
1
= xex th o = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng nx
x nn nghim ring c dng yr
1
= (Ax+B)ex
+ Vi f
2
= 2e
-x
th o = -1 cng khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
Pn(x) = 2 nn nghim ring c dng yr
2
= Ce
-x
Theo nguyn l xp chng nghim ring ca phng trnh cho c tm dng
yr = (Ax+B)ex

+ Ce
-x
yr

xex

- Ce
-x
+ Aex

yr xex

+ Ce
-x
+ 2Aex

Th vo phng trnh cho c
2Axex

+ (2A+2B)ex

+ 2Ce
-x
= xex

+ 2e
-x
T ta c

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l

3.2. V phi fx eo
x
[ Pn(x) cos | x +Qm(x) sin | x ]
Trong nx mx l a thc bc n m tng ng o , | l cc s thc
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca dng
yr = u(x) [ Rs(x) cos | x + Hs(x) sin | x ] (7)
(| = 0 s tng ng trng hp nu trn vi s max {mn} sx sx l a
thc bc s vi s c xc nh bng cch thay vo v ng nht v ta
c cc phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm cc h s m ux c dng c th l :
a). Nu o | l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng ux eo
x
v
khi yr eo
x
[ Rs(x) cos | x + Hs(x) sin | x ]
b). Nu o | khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng ux
xeo
x
v khi
yr = eo
x
[ Rs(x) cos | x + Hs(x) sin | x ]
Th d 6: Gii phng trnh y y sin x

k
2
+1 = 0 c nghim k
1,2
= i
2

nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l yo
1
cos x C
2
sin x
y o = 0, | =1, nn o i| = i l nghim ca phng trnh c trng t khc
do n =m=0, cho nn s Vy nghim tng qut c tm dng yr
x(Acosx+Bsinx)
yr x -Asinx + Bcosx) + (Acosx+Bsinx)
yr -Asinx + Bcosx) + x( -Acosx - Bsinx)
yr yr -2Asinx + 2Bcosx = sinx
-2A = 1, 2B =0 A= -1/2 , B = 0
Vy nghim ring l
V nghim tng qut l


BI TP CHNG 4
I. Chng t rng hm s y = f(x) l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tng
ng
1) xy y y = x
2
; y =1 ; y = c
1
x
2
+ c
2
2)
a) y =
3) x
2
y xy ex
4) yy y
2
- 2y
a) y = 1 ;
b) b) y = tgx
II. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
1. x( y
2
1 )dx - ( x
2
+ 1)ydx = 0
2. (x
2
- xy)dx - (y
2
+ x
2
)dy = 0
3. (x
2
+ 2xy)dx + xydy = 0
4. ycosx - ysinx = sin2x
5. y = xy ylny
6. y - xy = -
7. xy x - )
8. y sinxy sinx-y)
9. y
x-y
, y(-3) = (-5)
10. y ex
+y
+ ex
-y
, y(0) = 0

11. y
12. ycos
2
x + y = tgx
13.
y = x
2
y
4
14. ycosx y sinx
15. (2xy +3)dy y
2
dx = 0 ( coi x l hm s
16. (y
4
+ 2x)y y coi x l hm s
17.
18. ydx + ( x + x
2
y
2
)dy = 0 ( coi x l hm s
III. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp 2 sau:
1) y y
2) y yy
3) y y
2

4) 2(y
2
= (y - 1)y
5) y
2
= 1 + y
2

6) y yey
7) (y + yy y
2
= 0
8) 3y
2
= 4yy y
2
9) yy y
2
= y
2
lny
IV. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy sau:
1) xy y y -3, y
2) 2y y
2
= -1, y(-1) = 2, y
3) yx
2
+ 1) = 2xy y y
4) yy y
2
= 0, y(0) = 1, y

5) y
6)
7) Cho phng trnh , r(0) = R, r vo
Xc nh vo khi t --> th r -->
(bi ton tm vn tc v tr cp hai
V. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai
1)Cc hm sau c c lp tuyn tnh hay khng
a) (x + 1) v x
2
1)
b) x v x
c) lnx v lnx
2
2) Gii phng trnh khi bit mt nghim l y
1

a) y y bit y
1
= cosx
b) x
2
y 2y = 0, bit y
1
= x
2
c) y y 2y = 0, bit y
1
= e
-x
d) 4x
2
y y x bit y
1
=
e) x
2
y - 5xy y bit y
1
= x
3
f) (1-x
2
)y 2xy y bit y
1
= x
3) Tm nghim tng qut phng trnh
xy (2x + 1)y x y
4) Gii phng trnh xy y x
2
5) Gii phng trnh y

Bit mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l
VI. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) y - 2y 3y = 0
2) y y
3) y 2y y
4) y y y y
5) y - 10y y y y
6) y -2y -3y = e
4x
7) y y -2y = cosx 3sinx
8) y 6y y x
2
+2x +1
9) y y sinx y
10) y y = x.cos
2
x
11) y 2y y exsinx
12) y y tgx
13) y y cosx y y
14) y y y

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