:

:
http://wndw.net/

2006
2008
2007
2008

.
) (
.
.

.

.

Creative Commons
.Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- :
sa/3.0/


3 ................................................................
7 ......................................................................
1 ............................................................................
5 ...........................................................................
6 ......................................................................................
7 .................................................
7 ....................................................................
9 ...........................................................................................

13 .............
13 ......................................................................................
17 ....................................................................... Polarization
18 .................................................................................
19 .................................................................... Bandwidth
19 ....................................................................................
20 ...........................................................................
27 ............................................................................................
30 ..................................................................................................
32 .............................................................................

33 ...............................................................
33 ....................................................................................
60 ............................................................................
64 .......................................................................802.11
66 ..........................................................OLSR
77 ...........................................................................
80 .............................................................. Link Planning
95 ............................... Traffic Optimization
106 ........................ Internet Link Optimization
111 .............................................................................

 113 .............................................
113 .............................................................................................
115 ..................................................................... Waveguide
118 ..........................................................................
120 .......................................................................
128 ....................................................................................
133 .........................................................Reflector Theory
134 ...................................................................... Amplifiers
136 ........................................................................
148 .................................................................................

155 ..........................................................
155 ....................................................................
157 ...............................................................
159 .................................... DIY
162 .................................................
164 ....................................................

178 ......................................................
179 ....................................................................................
181 .........................................................................
183 ......................................................... Authentication
189 ........................................................................... Privacy
197 .................................................... Network Monitoring
229 ............................................
233 ......................................

239 ...........................................................
239 ....................................................................................
240 .................................................................
246 ....................................................................................
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: 367 .................................................. Merida
380 ......................................................... Chilesincables.org :

 : )!( 390 ............................................

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427 .........................................................



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) .(http://www.wsfii.org/

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.
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Alberto Escudero-Pascual
Loiuse Berthilson IT+46
. IT+46

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600
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Communications Unit Abdus
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.Jim Forster
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. :
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Waterloo
" : .

" . Geekcorps
Geekcorps
.
.Geekcorps
http://www.schoolnet.na/ .Kyle Johnston
.Tomas Krag wire.less.dk

Sebastian Bttrich .2002

. Tactical
(http://www.tacticaltech.org/) Technology Collective
"

" .
(http://www.thewirelessroadshow.org/) Wireless Roadshow

.
Gina Kupfermann
.
.
2005 )
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1995

. 11

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.(http://www.ergomedia.de) Juergen Neumann
1984
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2002 .
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.(http://jessieheavenlotz.com) Jessie Heaven Lotz
.

.(http://greenbits.net/~rlotz/) Richard Lotz

. SeattleWireless
) ( .
.(http://odessablue.com/) Catherine Sharp
.
.Lara Sobel
.
.(http://seattlewireless.net/~mattw) Matt Westervelt
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.

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( 1988 " Manual de Energa Solar
"Fotovoltaica y Cooperacin al Desarrollo
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:
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.OSI

OSI
ISO/IEC 7498-1 Open
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" "ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 :
.http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/

37

OSI layers
.
.
protocol stacks
.TCP/IP
. TCP/IP

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ISO/IEC 7498-1

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( .


)
(.
OSI :

Application

Application Layer

.
HTTP FTP
.SMTP
.

Presentation

MIME
.

Session

Session Layer
.
NetBIOS .RPC

38

Transport

Network

Data Link

Transport Layer
. TCP
UDP .
) (TCP

.
UDP
.
Internet Protocol
.Network Layer
.
.

.
IP
.
ICMP
IP
.
.Internet Layer
Data Link Layer
)



( .
Ethernet Token Ring ATM
).(802.11a/b/g


.
) .Media Access Control (MAC
Ethernet
MAC address
48
.

Physical

39

Physical Layer
OSI
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1 7 7 .

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.
IP
.

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OSI

.
OSI

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TCP/IP

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TCP/IP
) TCP/IP (OSI
.

40

. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP :

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

OSI )
(Application Layer TCP/IP
.
.

TCP/IP

.TCP/IP
TCP/IP
. ) (
) (
) (
) (
) ( .
Please Dont Look In ":

41

"The Attic Physical / Data Link / " :

."Internet / Transport / Application

Internet Protocols
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol
) (TCP ) Internet Protocol (IP
. TCP/IP Internet
protocol suite .TCP/IP
) (IPv4
.

IP
IP
32 8
.
IP 192.168.1.1 10.0.17.1 : .172.16.5.23
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255 ) 255 x 255 x
(4,228,250,625 = 255 x 255
.
.

IP .

.
IP


.

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sub-networks .subnets
. address space
.

42

:3.3 IP

.
10.1.1.2

Subnets
) subnet mask
network mask (netmask IP
.

IP .
.255.255.255.0
. CIDR
) (/
255.255.255.0 ./24 CIDR Classless
Inter-Domain Routing .RFC1518
. /24 8
IP ) 32 24
= 8 ( 256 ) .(256 = 28
) .0 (00000000
.255) broadcast (11111111 254
.

43

) (AND IP.
" "1
" "0 .
) (AND " "1
" ."0
) .( AND

IP
. 255.255.255.0
24 " "1 8 ":"0
0
00000000

255
11111111

255
11111111

255
11111111

10.10.10.10 )
(AND :
00001010.00001010.00001010.00001010
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
-------------------------------------------------------00001010.00001010.00001010.00000000

10.10.10.10:
255.255.255.0:
10.10.10.0:

.10.10.10.0/24
10.10.10.1 10.10.10.254
10.10.10.0 10.10.10.255 .
IP
) 255.254.0.0 /15 (CIDR
131,072 10.0.0.0 .10.1.255.255
512 256

44

10.0.0.0 10.0.0.255 : :
10.0.1.0 10.0.1.255 10.1.255.0
.10.1.255.255
65,536 8192 16 .

.
:
CIDR

/30

255.255.255.252

/29

255.255.255.248

/28

255.255.255.240

16

/27

255.255.255.224

32

/26

255.255.255.192

64

/25

255.255.255.128

128

/24

255.255.255.0

256

/16

255.255.0.0

65 536

/8

255.0.0.0

16 777 216

CIDR .
.
(255.0.0.0) /8
Class A (255.255.0.0) /16 Class B
Class C .(255.255.255.0) /24
CIDR .

45

Global IP Addresses

Globally
routable IP addresses ISPs
) .Regional Internet Registrars (RIRs
.

.
Internet Assigned Numbers
) Authority (IANA http://www.iana.org/ 4
.
16 .
RIRs
.

:3.4 IP
.

46

African Network Information Centre

).(AfriNIC, http://www.afrinic.net/
Asia Pacific Network
.(APNIC, http://www.apnic.net/) Information Centre
American Registry for Internet
.(ARIN, http://www.arin.net/) Numbers

Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry
).(LACNIC, http://www.lacnic.net/

IP
.

.
IP
.
.routing

Static IP Addresses
static IP address
.
DNS
)
(.
IP

.

Dynamic IP Addresses


.

) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP
) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP .

47

DHCP
IP .
IP
. IP
DHCP ) lease
(time .
.

.
.

) (RIPE
.

IP.

Private IP addresses
IP


IP
.
:
192.168.0.0/16 172.16.0.0./12 10.0.0.0/8
.RFC1918

.

RCF1918

.
10.0.0./8 10.2.0.0/16 10.1.0.0/16) B
( .
)
...( .
10.1.2.0/24 10.1.1.0/24) C
( .

48

)
(VPN

.

:3.5 RFC1918
.

.

.
.public addresses
) Network Address Translation (NAT
. .52

Routing
: . IP
.192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3 :
) /24 .(255.255.255.0

MAC .

49

MAC IP
).Address Resolution Protocol (ARP

:3.6 192.168.1.3
MAC .

ARP " :
MAC 192.168.1.2" .

MAC.
: :
192.168.2.3 192.168.2.2 192.168.2.1 .
C
.
ARP
IP MAC MAC
.

50

:3.7 IP.

:
. 192.168.1.4 IP
.192.168.2.4
.

.
192.168.1.4 :
# ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.1.4

:
# ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.2.4

3.8 .
.
192.168.2.4
) 192.168.1.4 ""(
"".

51

:3.8 "" .

. "" ""
""

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MAC
.
" "hop
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default route
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.


.ISP 3.9
.

52

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.OLSR
.

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Network Address Translation
.NAT NAT
.
NAT

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.RC1918
NAT )
( .
.

.
.

53

.


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) VoIP
(VPN .NAT

:3.10 NAT IP
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( ) "" (.
RFC1918
.

NAT
.

54

Internet Protocol Suite

IP
.

IP .
.
) Transmission Control Protocol TCP (6
) User Datagram Protocol UDP (17
) Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP .(1
) (
Internet Protocol Suite .TCP/IP
TCP UDP .Port
IP .
.
.
80 TCP
SMTP 25
TCP . " "
(
) 80
) 80 (
.
.
IP
80 .

) 80 25
( . TCP ) session
(oriented )
( .
UDP )
(connectionless
.
ICMP
message types .
) echo
(request ) routing loop

55

(time exceeded
) destination
.(unreachable

.
.

Ethernet
Ethernet
) .Local Area Network (LAN
ADSL .
.
ether
. .IEEE 802.3
100baseT
100 twisted pair
.RJ-45
) (
.

MAC Addresses
Ethernet
MAC .
IP

broadcast domain

. MAC
.

Hubs
.
) physical layer (

.

56

.
collision
.
) (partition
.
.
)
10base2 (ThinNet
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.

Switches

) (switched .

.
.
.
) (
MAC .
MAC
.
.MAC
MAC
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.

.

.
.

.

57

)
( VLANs
.

.

monitoring port
.



.

:3.11
.

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) MAC

( .

. SNMP

58

telnet ssh
.

Routers and Firewalls

.
ATM
DSL .dial-up
) Cisco (Juniper
.

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firewall
.
.NAT
.
NAT
.

.
Microsoft Windows/ GNU/Linux BSD


.

Cisco .Juniper
.
.

SNMP .

59

:3.12 CSU/DSUs Cable modems DSL

.Ethernet

. VSAT

.
DSL )
.(USB Cable modems
.
) T1 (T3 CSU/DSU
.
.

.

.
ISP
.

60

:3.13 . IP
. .

IP
.
.
.

.Instant Messaging
Ethernet .

.IP

.
.

""
. :

.

.
)

61

(
:

point-to-point
point-to-multipoint
multipoint-to-multipoint

.

.

Point-to-point

.
.

. )
(
.
.
30 .

:3.14 .

.
.

.

62

.

.

. )
(
.

Point-to-multipoint

3 .

.
.

:3.15 VSAT .

.

.
) ( )

( .


3 ""
.

63

.


FM
.

Multipoint-to-multipoint
ad-hoc
.mesh

.

:3.16 .
.

.

.
.
.

.
.
.


.

64

.


.OLSR

.

.


.

.

802.11

)( ) ( .
.

.
802.11a
5
802.11b/g
2.4 .

802.11a 802.11b/g
.

.
802.11b 2 .11


802.11a/b/g :

.1

.2

.3

.4

65

) :Master mode
(infrastructure .
) (SSID
.
)

..( .
.
:Managed mode .client mode

.

.

.
:ad-hoc mode
)( .
.

.
:Monitor mode
) Kismet (
.passive

.
.

.

.

66

:3.17 .ad-hoc

.

.

.

OLSR

infrastructure
)
(Master DSL .
hotspot
) .(managed
GSM
.


!

(
. )

67

.
: )( )( )(
)(
)( . 600
) (802.11b

300
.
ad-hoc

.
.
.
)( )(


.

.

.
.


.
.


.
) ( :


.

.

68

.
.

. )
(OSPF

.

:3.18 )( )( )(
)( )( )(.

OLSRD
Optimized Link State Routing
) Daemon (OLSRD olsr.org
. :
Mac OS X Windows 98, 2000, XP
/ OpenBSD FreeBSD Linux .NetBSD
/ Asus Linksys WRT54G
AccessCube WI500g Pocket PCs
/ Metrix
.Metrix Pebble OLSRD
.
IPv6
.

69

OLSR
INRIA .IETF
olsr.org
Andreas Toennesen UniK
.
OLSRD
Link Quality Extension
.
INRIA
olsr.org
. Link Quality
Extension .

OLSRD
.
.
.proactive routing reactive
routing
.

.


.
.
Freifunk OLSRD 100 .
%30 Linksys
WRT54G 200 .

.

.

OLSRD Hello
.

70

.
) (Topology Control Messages TC Messages
OLSRD
.multipoint relays

.olsrd
.

olsrd

.
.
.
olsrd :
) (HNA
) .(MID
. HNA olsrd


.

olsrd
)
(
.
. )
(
. olsrd HNA
.
HNA .

olsrd
Mac OS X AccessCube OpenWRT/ Debian GNU/Linux
Windows .Metrix Pebble
.
.

71

IP
.
DHCP
DHCP

.
DHCP
IPv6
MAC
Address ) "
IPv6 IPv6
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in large mobile and ad hoc
"networks K. Weniger .(2002 M. Zitterbart
Wiki IPv4
.olsrd
.
255.255.255.255
. olsrd
.
. olsrd
" :
".
.
wlan0 /:
iwconfig wlan0 essid olsr.org mode ad-hoc channel 10 rts 250 frag 256

) ( .
Extended
Service Set Identifier ESSID
Cell-ID .
802.11
Ad-hoc .

.

72

.
Centrino Intel
.
/
.iwconfig :
"wlan0 IEEE 802.11b ESSID:"olsr.org
Mode:Ad-Hoc Frequency:2.457 GHz Cell: 02:00:81:1E:48:10
Bit Rate:2 Mb/s Sensitivity=1/3
Retry min limit:8 RTS thr=250 B Fragment thr=256 B
Encryption key:off
Power Management:off
Link Quality=1/70 Signal level=-92 dBm Noise level=-100 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:28 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:98024 Invalid misc:117503 Missed beacon:0

" "Request to Send RTS

.
.
- RTS/CTS handshaking
.
)
!( )(
.
RTS IP
" ) "Fragmentation Threshold (256
. RTS
TCP.
Fragmentation IP
.

.

.

. IP

.IP .

73

IP netmask
olsrd
.
Windows Mac OS

.

/ BSD /etc/olsrd.conf
.

olsrd.conf

:
no
2
3
2
20

UseHysteresis
TcRedundancy
MprCoverage
LinkQualityLevel
LinkQualityWinSize

""olsrd_dyn_gw.so.0.3

LoadPlugin
{
PlParam
PlParam
PlParam
}

""60
""151.1.1.1
""194.25.2.129

""Interval
""Ping
""Ping

{ "Interface "ath0" "wlan0

Ip4Broadcast 255.255.255.255
}

olsrd.conf
.
olsrd :
olsrd d 2

d 2
.
. ) (

74

embedded
CPU .
:
--- 19:27:45.51 ---------------------------------------------------------------- DIJKSTRA
)192.168.120.1:1.00 (one-hop
)192.168.120.3:1.00 (one-hop
--- 19:27:45.51 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- LINKS
ETX
1.00
1.00

NLQ
1.000
1.000

total
20
20

LQ
lost
1.000 0
1.000 0

IP address
hyst
192.168.120.1 0.000
192.168.120.3 0.000

--- 19:27:45.51 ----------------------------------------------------------- NEIGHBORS

MPRS will
YES
3
YES
6

MPR
NO
NO

SYM
YES
YES

NLQ
1.000
1.000

IP address
LQ
192.168.120.1 1.000
192.168.120.3 1.000

--- 19:27:45.51 ------------------------------------------------------------ TOPOLOGY

ETX
1.00
1.00

ILQ
1.000
1.000

LQ
1.000
1.000

Source IP addr Dest IP addr

192.168.120.1 192.168.120.17
192.168.120.3 192.168.120.17

OLSR Ethernet

OLSR
!
.
ad-hoc .
infrastructure
.
)
( .

.

75

olsrd


olsrd .
olsr

Plugins
olsrd . olsr.org
.
.olsrd_dot_draw

:3.19 .

. olsrd_dot_draw
TCP .2004 graphviz
.

dot_draw
olsrd .
:/etc/olsrd.conf
LoadPlugin
""olsrd_dot_draw.so.0.3
{
"PlParam "accept" "192.168.0.5
"PlParam "port" "2004
}

76

" "accept Topology

) Information (
.localhost " "Port TCP
.
.TCP 2004
telnet localhost 2004

.
dot neato
graphviz .
Bruno Randolf Perl
olsrd
graphviz .ImageMagick
:

http://www.graphviz.org Graphhviz
http://www.imagemagick.org ImageMagick

:
http://meshcube.org/nylon/utils/olsr-topology-view.pl
./olsr-topology-view.pl :
.

Troubleshooting
ping .

olsrd

.
.

.
ping

77

.
ping
olsrd
IP netmask .
Firewall
.UDP 698
!

.DSL
throughput channel capacity
) bandwidth
( .
) (data rate
.
802.11g
54
22 .

.802.11g
22
22
. 22
.
queue .

.
latency .lag

.

78

.
.

IM

< 1 Kbps

1-100 Kbps

.
Spam
.

) ! Yahoo
(Hotmal
.

50-100 Kbps

.
.

)
(
.

96-160 Kbps

streaming audio )
(
.



.

79

VoIP

24-100+ Kbps



.

.

.

)(

64-200+ Kbps

.

.

)BitTorrent
KaZaA
Gnutella
eDonkey
(

0
Mbps

.


.

. 50
2.5 5
. 50
VoIP 5
. 10
802.11g
) half duplex ( .

.

80

oversubscribe )
( .
2 5 .
.

.

.
.

.
ICTP
.
.

.
http://wireless.ictp.trieste.it/simulator/ :

Link Planning

.

.
.link budget

) .(path loss

802.11 :

.Transmit Power
.dBm 30 200
. TX
power
.

81

SeattleWirless
).(http://www.seattlewireless.net/HardwareComparison
.Antenna Gain
.
dBi 12

. Parabolic 19-24 dBi
Omnidirectional 5-12 dBi
Sectoral 12-15 dBi.
.Minimum Received Signal Level
.
(-dBm) dBm
.
) 1 ( .
-75 -95 dBm
.
.Cable Losses

. .

Coaxial
.dB 3 2
.

free space loss attenuation .scattering
.

) ( .
.
.
2.4
:
)Lfsl = 40 + 20 x log(r

Lsfl r .

82

attenuation

.
.
" " .
10 20

10 15
.
.

.
.
multipath .


.
.nulling
antenna diversity
.

.

.
.
.
.
.

.
. 3
4 .

:
)L (dB) = 40 + 10 x n x log(r) + L(allowed

83

.
.


.
.
: )
( . :

+
+
______________________________
=

:

______________________________
=

. )
(-dBm -56dBm .-70dBm

) ( .

.
10 15 20
.

.

84

5
. 10
14
. 100 ) 20 (
-89 30
) 15 ( -82 ).(dBm
2 .

:
dBm 20
dBi 10 +
dB
2dBi 14 +
dB
2___________
=
dB 40

) (
) (
) (
) (
) (

5
:
= dB 113 = 20log(5000) + 40

:
40 dB 113 dB = -73 dB

-73 dB ) -82
(dB
. 9 dB ) 82 dB 73
(dB
.
) (:
15
14 +
2 -

dBm
dBi
dB

) (
) (
) (

 :
dBi 10 +
dB
2___________
= dB 35

85

) (
) (

:
35 dB 113 dB = -78 dB

) 11 dB -89 dB
.(89 dB 78 dB
.

dish 24
) 14 ( 10
.
.

.

Green Bay
Professional Packet Radios Wireless Network Link Analysis
) .(http://my.athenet.net/~multiplx/cgi-bin/wireless.main.cgi
Super Edition PDF
.
. )
( .
Terabeam
).(http://www.terabeam.com/support/calculations/index.php

.
:

86

2.4

)(

100

500

1,000

3,000

5,000

10,000

)(

80

94

100

110

113

120

.
:

)(dBi

+
)(dBi

:


)(dB

+

)(dB

)(dB

=
)(dB

) (:

<

87

) (:

<

.
)
( .
: Green Bay
Professional Packet Radio .RadioMobile

) Green Bay Professional Packet Radio (GBPPR
.
.http://www.qsl.net/n9zia/wireless/page09.html :

.
:
.Wireless Network Link Analysis
http://my.athenet.net/~multiplx/cgi-bin/wireless.main.cgi :

.

.

88

.
11 .

.
.
.

.

. .

. .
) (
.
) (Submit .

.
.

.
GBPPR Super
Edition PDF )
Fresnel Zone Calculator
Distance & Bearing Calculator Decibel
Conversion Calculator( .
.

RadioMobile


Windows /
.Wine

89

RadioMobile digital terrain

elevation model
.
.

.
master/slave
point-to-point .point-to-multipoint

. RadioMobile
20 200 . Digital elevation
) maps (DEM
.
)
(
.
.DEM
) (Google Maps
.

:3.20
.RadioMobile

RadioMobile
:
http://www.cplus.org/rmw/english1.html

RadioMobile /
RadioMobile /
.Wine RadioMobile

90

.
RadioMobile /
:

IBM ThinkPad x31

http://www.ubuntu.com/
Wine 20050725 Ubuntu Universe
)(v5.10

Breezy

Ubuntu

RadioMobile
.http://www.cplus.org/rmw/download.html :Windows
)
DLL
VBRUN60SP6.EXE /( .
MSVBVM60.DLL
Visual Basic 6 )
(Google MSVBVM60.DLL.


.MSVBVM60.DLL
.
Wine :
# wine RMWDLX.exe

RadioMobile .

ISM U-NII
.

. Bluetooth
Microwave
2.4
.

91

.
:

.

.


omnidirectional .

:3.21 .

.
.

.
. )
(
.
.
.
802.11b/g 22 5
.
.

92

)
( .

.

.
12
.
.



.
5.8 900 .
.
2.4
. 802.11a 2.4
5.8 .
) ( 900
. Ronja
) (http://ronja.twibright.com/
.

.
.

.

.

2.4
. .

Repeaters

line of sight .LOS


.

93

.repeaters

.

.
.
) (one-arm repeater

.
.
) (
.
.

.Ethernet
802.11 .
master

.

:3.22 .

.
.

94

.

.
.
.

:3.23
.

:3.24
.
.
.

95

" "

.
""
.

Traffic Optimization

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
How to
.(http://bwmo.net/) Accelerate Your Internet

Web Caching
proxy server )
(
.


.
)
(.
.



.

. )

96

30 (.

.

.Squid .

content
)
filtering ( . Squid
Awstats Webalizer .
Squid /
) http://www.squid-cache.org/ :
/ Debian FreeBSD .(Squid
Squid :
.http://www.deckle.co.za/squid-users-guide/
.Microsoft Proxy Server 2.0
Microsoft ISA Server
Microsoft .
.
.Microsoft ISA Server

.
.
Sawmill
) .(http://www.sawmill.net/
.


) ( .

. Microsoft ISA Server
.WebSense

http://www.microsoft.com/isaserver/
:

http://www.isaserver.org/

97

.
.
:

http://www.antiproxy.com/
.


.
.

:3.25
.

.DHCP


.

98

.
Internet Explorer

.NT domain
Windows 95/98/ME
.
Windows NT/2000/XP
.
. .

Firewall

.
(
)
.3.26

:3.26
.

.
80

99

BoitTorrent .KaZaA

Two Network Cards

.

.

:3.27 .

IP
.
transparent proxying

.


.
Squid :

100

http://www.squid-cache.org/Doc/FAQ/FAQ-17.html
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/TransparentProxy.html

Policy-based routing

Cisco . Cisco
.
Makerere

.

Mirroring a website

) ( .

. - -

.
) (CGI

)
(
.

. rsync

. rsync
wget
/ .
http://xoomer.virgilio.it/hherold/ : Cygwin
.http://www.cygwin.com/ :
:

: /var/www
C:\Inetpub\wwwroot .
:
wget cache=off m http://www.python.org

101

. www.python.org
name-
.based virtual host DNS .

)
(.

wget

. J. J.
Eksteen J. P. L. Cloete CSIR
:
Enhancing International World Wide Web In

.Mozambique Through the Use of Mirroring and Caching Proxies
)
(http://www.isoc.org/inet97/ans97/cloet.htm :
"
) HTML
( .


.

.

.
".
(
)
) (:
wget proxy-on cache=off delete after m http://www.python.org

102

:-m . wget
www.python.org HTML
.
:--proxy-on wget .
.
:--cache=off
.
:--delete after .

.

wget
.
Squid
.Squid
.


.

Cache Hierarchies

.
)( )(
)(
)( . Inter-
) Cache Protocol (ICP Cache
) Array Routing Protocol (CARP .
CARP . Squid
MS ISA Server .CARP
http://squid- :
.docs.sourceforge.net/latest/html/c2075.html
.

Proxy Specifications

.
50
.

103

) SCSI
IDE !( .
.RAID
.
.
Squid RAM
.
1:

) Squid (
10 1
.
50 500
.RAM
128 / 128
.X-Window
256 .


.

.

DNS Caching
DNS

.
)time to live (TTL

.

.
DNS .

IP

.

104

.
)Bind (named
Bind
. Bind
) ( .
Debian RPM .
:Debian
apt-get install bind9

Bind
authoritative zones split
horizon
.DNS
dnsmasq

BSD /
.http://freshmeat.net/projects/dnsmasq/ :
dnsmasq
DNS
.
DHCP
. .
Bind ) 200
( dnsmasq
.
Windows NT
DNS Windows NT :
< Control Panel < Network < Services < Add
.Microsoft DNS Server Windows NT 4
. Knowledge 167234
Base article
.Windows NT :

105

" DNS
.Domain Name System Manager DNS
" "New Server IP

".
Windows 2000
:DNS < Start < Settings
< Control Panel / .Add/Remove Software
/ Add/Remove Windows Components
< Components < Networking Services < Details
) .Domain Name System (DNS
) DNS MMC < Start < Programs
< Administrative Tools .(DNS
Action " "Connect To Computer
" "The following computer: "
"Select Target Computer
.
) (
! .
.
DNS Mirrored Server
) split DNS split
(horizon
.
) (
.

RFC 1918
IP
.

.
Makerere
http://www.makerere.ac.ug/ 172.16.16.21

106

.195.171.16.13
makerere.ac.ug
.

.
DNS :
webserver.makerere.ac.ug
ftpserver.makerere.ac.ug
exchange.makerere.ac.ug
A
172.16.16.21
A
172.16.16.21
A
172.16.16.21

makerere.ac.ug
www CNAME
ftp
CNAME
mail
CNAME
mailserver
webserver
ftpserver

makerere.ac.ug :
_makerere.ac.ug
www A
195.171.16.13
ftp
A
195.171.16.13
mail
A
16.132.33.21
MX
mail.makerere.ac.ug

IP
.RFC 1918


.
IP

IP .

.
.

Internet Link Optimization

22
802.11g

107

.
.


TCP/IP
.VSAT
.

TCP/IP
long fat pipe network
.



.

. 520
140 .

:3.28 520
.

RTT

108

large bandwidth delay product transmission errors

.TCP/IP
TCP/IP

:RFC 1323

window scale ) TCP

64(.
) Selective acknowledgement (SACK
.
timestamps RTT
timeout .

RTT

520 . TCP
TCP/IP .
RTT
TCP
.
TCP/IP

.
TCP congestion control
mode
RTT TCP
.
-

-
. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP


- .

109

TCP Window Size TCP TCP/IP

64.
-

- . 64
\
64 \ 520 ,
123 ) 984 (
.
TCP "
"advertised windows
.
.

- . TCP/IP
64.
TCP
64 )
(.

) (
TCP/IP . TCP
congestion avoidance
. TCP

.
TCP
.
) selective acknowledgement (SACK .

.
TCP/IP 2000
:

110

" Windows 2000

) Selective Acknowledgement (SACK

."TCP
SACK /
Linux BSD .
.

TCP/IP
512
64 984
. 984
"
" .

.


" " .

VPN .

.TCP/IP
)
(
.
:
.http://www.psc.edu/networking/perf_tune.html
)Performance-enhancing Proxy (PEP
) RFC 3135
(http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3135
RFC

1323 .
PEP TCP

111

TCP
.

. TCP
) (
( . PEP
) TCP
.
Squid
.

.


.

How to Accelerate Your Internet
).(http://bwmo.net/

4

RF4
.

.

.

: .
: waveguides
2.4.

Coaxial
HF ) " "coax
" .("of common axis
dialectric
.insulation
. .
.PVC


.
4 .

113

114

.skin effect

:4.1 .

) (
.
attenuation
.dB/m .
.
.

:
" .1 " .
.
.
.

.
" .2 !" .
.

.VHF
.dummy load5

5
.

.3
.4
.5

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.7

115

RG-58
Ethernet CB VHF
.
RG-213
CB .VHF
.
) Heliax
(foam .
LMR .

.
.

.

.
LMR
LMR-400 LMR-600
.
.

.

)
.(time domain reflectometer
.
.

.

.

Waveguide
2
.
. .
Skin effect
.
.

116

.
y x z :

:4.2 Y X Z .

. .mode
.
) TM (Transverse Magnetic
.
) TE (Traverse Electrical
.
TE 10 :
TM 11 .
Dominant Mode
.
0.5
. Y X
.
.
X r
. .

117

2X

3.41r

1.6X

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1.1X

2.8r

.
. :
.loop probe
) (
.
.

.

)
( .
. .

Dielectric

RG-58

0.9 mm

2.95 mm

3.8 mm

4.95 mm

RG-213

2.26 mm

7.24 mm

8.64 mm

10.29 mm

LMR-400

2.74 mm

7.24 mm

8.13 mm

10.29 mm

3/8 LDF

3.1 mm

8.12 mm

9.7 mm

11 mm

.

.

118

.

. .
:BNC
Banyonet Neill Concelman :
Paul Neill .Carl Concelman
.
.
BNC )

RG-58 RG-316 RG-179(
.
10Base2.
:TNC
BNC
12 .
.Threaded Neill Concelman
) :N Neill
(Navy
18 .



.
:SMA .SubMiniature version A

18 . .
:SMB SubMiniature version B
SubMiniature SMA .
4.
:MCX .
SMB
SMB .%30

119

. MCX
6 .
WiFi

.
Pigtail
.
:
:RP-TNC TNC .
) Linksys
.(WRT54G
) U.FL :(MHF U.FL
Hi-rose MHF .
. U.FL MHF
mini-PCI
) N .(TNC
MMCX MicroMate
.
360
.
PCMCIA Cisco .Senao
:MC-Card .MMCX
.
Orinoco Lucent .Avaya
) (
.
.
SMA .BNC
.
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(.

120

:4.3 N .

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) ( .

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.15 .

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.

121

Reciprocity
.
resonant .

.
.
radiation
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:
Input Impedence

.
50 . 50
.
.
Return Loss

) (
. :

SWR
SWR - 1

Return Loss (in dB) = 20log10

.
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2005
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http://www.wifi- :
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) Numerical Electromagnetic Code (version 2
.
.

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.
.
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. .

.
.
.
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.

153

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.
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.http://www.nec2.org/
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5


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159

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.
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.

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164

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/
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/ :

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NAT )
(.
.Transparent bridge

.

/
.
) command line interface (terminal
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165

.Ethernet

Atheros .Prism
5.10 ) Ubuntu Linux
(Breezy Badger HostAP
.MADWiFi
http://hostap.epitest.fi/ : .http://madwifi.org/

/ :

)Wireless Tools (iwconfig, iwlist commands

iptables firewall
) dnsmasq caching
DNS server (DHCP server

CPU
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.
) WEP .(VPN
) (Squid
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NAT 64
.

.

) - USB flash drive
USB Compact Flash CF
IDE CF
IDE IDE .(-

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166

: Masqurading Access
Point

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.3
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.


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.

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Ubuntu Fedora Core
.
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:Master
# iwconfig wlan0 mode Master

wlan0 .

. ad-hoc
.
.
HostAP
MADWiFi .
dnsmasq
.

167

Ubuntu )
:(root
# apt-get install dnsmasq

eth0
.

) root
( :DHCP
# dhclient eth0

IP default
.gateway Master mode
:
# iwconfig wlan0 essid my network mode Master enc off

enc off )
.(WEP .
:WEP
# iwconfig wlan0 essid my network mode Master enc 1A2B3C4D5E

s:
:
# iwconfig wlan0 essid my network mode Master enc s:apple

IP
:
# ifconfig wlan0 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.0.255 up

Masqeurading
NAT
.
:

168

# modprobe ipt_MASQUERADE

.

:
# iptables F

NAT :
# iptables t nat A POSTROUTING o eth0 j MASQUERADE

:
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

) Debian
(Ubuntu /etc/network/options :
ip_forward=no

:
ip_forward=yes

:
# /etc/init.d/network restart

:
# /etc/init.d/networking restart

DHCP

my network IP

169

) 10.0.0.0/24 (.
WEP .

DHCP
.
.dnsmasq
caching DNS server
DHCP
.NAT
DNS
VSAT
.dialup
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http://thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html
.
dnsmasq
./etc/dnsmasq.conf

.
DHCP .
:
=interface

:
interface=wlan0

... wlan0 .
:

170

=#dhcp-range

#
:
dhcp-range=10.0.0.10,10.0.0.110,255.255.255.0,6h

:
# /etc/init.d/dnsmasq start

IP DHCP
.
:

.
:

firestarter Gnome
.Gnome
knetfilter KDE
.KDE
Shorewall
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Shorewall .webmin-shorewall
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iptables .

.

171

:

.
IP .

. DHCP
DHCP
.


.
.


.DHCP
.
.

.


dnsmasq .
.

bridge-utils .
Ubuntu Debian
.Fedora Core
brctl .

Ubuntu Debian
/etc/network/interfaces

IP . IP
netmask .

172

wlan0 .wlan1 wlan0 :

wlan1 office
.repeater
:/etc/network/interfaces
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
address 192.168.1.2
network 192.168.1.0
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255
gateway 192.168.1.1
pre-up ifconfig wlan 0 0.0.0.0 up
pre-up ifconfig wlan1 0.0.0.0 up
pre-up iwconfig wlan0 essid office mode Managed
pre-up iwconfig wlan1 essid repeater mode Master
bridge_ports wlan0 wlan1
post-down ifconfig wlan1 down
post-down ifconfig wlan0 down

wlan0 #
. wlan1
interfaces
Debian /
/etc/network/if- /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/bridge :
.post-down.d/bridge
./usr/share/doc/bridge-utils/ :
)
Fedora Core
/etc/network/interfaces (
:
iface br0 inet static
pre-up ifconfig wlan 0 0.0.0.0
pre-up ifconfig wlan1 0.0.0.0
pre-up iwconfig wlan0 essid
pre-up iwconfig wlan1 essid
pre-up brctl addbr br0
pre-up brctl addif br0 wlan0
pre-up brctl addif br0 wlan1
post-down ifconfig wlan1 down
post-down ifconfig wlan0 down

173

post-down brctl delif br0 wlan0

post-down brctl delif br0 wlan1
post-down brctl delbr br0

:
# ifup v br0

) -v (verbose
.
) Fedora Core
(Debian IP
:
# ifconfig br0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
# route add default gw 192.168.1.1

) (.
brctl
:
# brctl show br0

1 2

/ .

.CD
" " .

/ .

174

.


.
captive portal Chillispot
) Windows domain
server .(RADIUS

.

.
) (.
.

Chillispot
.phpMyPrePaid
Authentication .

.
(
)
. :

OpenWRT

.Freifunk
) (http://openwrt.org/ OLSR
MIPS Linksys WRT54G /
WRT54GS / WAP54G, Siemens SE505 .
Freifunk
.OLSR Freifunk
.x86 Sven Ola Freifunk
.
.http://www.freifunk.net/wiki/FreifunkFirmware :
.Pyramid Linux /
embedded
Pebble Linux .

175

port forwarding WifiDog .OLSR

Metrix Communications LLC Pyramid
Linux :
.http://pyramid.metrix.net/
.m0nowall
.FreeBSD

.XML ) 6(


)
( .
.FreeBSD
.http://www.m0n0.ch/ :

.
) Ubuntu
(Debian .

.
.

Linksys WRT54G
Linksys WRT54G
. RP-TNC
Ethernet
802.11b/g
.

. WRT54G 60 .
2003
WRT54G /

.
(http://openwrt.org/) OpenWRT
.(http://www.freifunk.net/wiki/FreifunkFirmware) Freifunk

176

Linksys 2005
WRT54G RAM Flash
/ )
VxWorks ( .
.
Linksys WRT54GL
WRT54G .
Linksys /
WRT54GS .WAP54G


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/
.

5 6 WRT54G ) 7 .(8
5 6
WRT54G :
.http://www.scorpiontek.org/portal/content/view/27/36/
Linksys
.http://linksysinfo.org/:
DD-WRT
Linksys DD-WRT
) .(http://www.dd-wrt.com/

captive portals QoS .
) (https
SSH .telnet

"
"firmware upgrade .
. DD-WRT
Buffalo Asus La Fonera.

177

http://www.dd-) DD-WRT
(wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Installation
. DD-WRT
root .admin

:5.3 )DD-WRT(v23

6


) (
.
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.
.
.
.

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178

179

.
.

.
)
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.
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. .

.

.


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.

. PVC

.
.

.

Switches

.
.

180

.
.
30 ) ( .
.
.


.

.
UPS

.


.
!

.
UPS
30 .
.
.
.

.
.
.

.

181

.
.

shared medium
""

.

. )
(
.
.

.
) (MAC
.

.MAC

.

denial of
) .service (DoS

2.4 .

disassociation flooding ARP table
.overflows
:

.

.

.

182

.
.

.
.
.war drivers "
"War Games .1983

GPS
.
.


.

.
.
. )
(
NetStumbler .Kismet
http://www.wifimaps.com/ :
http://www.nodedb.com/ .http://www.netstumbler.com/
. :

.

.

.
.

ESSID


.
.
. .
) (Kismet


.

183

.

(http://www.etherpeg.org/) Etherpeg Driftnet
) (http://www.ex-parrot.com/~chris/driftnet/
GIF .JPG

.


.

.

.
.

Authentication
.

.
MAC
. ) 48(
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MAC filtering
MAC .
.
MAC

. ""
.


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.

184

. MAC

.

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closed
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(Netstumbler .
ESSID


.

ESSID
.
Netstumbler

.

.

)
(Kismet ESSID
.
.
.

.

.

185

WEP
Wired Equivilant Privacy
802.11a/b/g .
40 .
.
WEP
. MAC


.
WEP

)
(
.
.

WEP

. WEP
) (

.
WEP .
WEP
)
( .
.
WEP
WEP
. WEP
.
WEP " "

.

186

WEP
WEP .
.
.
WEP :

http://www.isaac.cs.berkeley.edu/isaac/wep-faq.html
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/wireless.pdf
http://www.crypto.com/papers/others/rc4_ksaproc.ps

Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA
WEP . WPA

SSL Certificates
. WPA 802.1X
.RADIUS
)Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP
. WPA
.WEP
WPA ) (
.
.
.
WPA
.WEP
WPA

WEP )
!(.

Captive Portals

.
)
( .

187

.
)
WEP .( MAC

IP
.DHCP IP
.

:6.1 .

.
" "Login
.
.
.

188

:6.2 .

.

:6.3 .

MAC IP .


.

.

.
WEP WPA

.
.
NoCatSplash :
.Chillispot

189

.(http://www.chillispot.org/) Chillispot
.RADIUS

phpMyPrePaid
. phpMyPrePaid
.http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmyprepaid/ :
.(http://www.wifidog.org/) WiFi Dog
) 30( .
Javascript pop-up
.
.(http://m0n0.ch/wall/) m0n0wall
FreeBSD
RADIUS .PHP
.(http://nocat.net/download/NoCatSplash/) NoCatSplash
NoCatSplash
" "Login

.

.

Privacy


.
) (
.

end-to-end
encryption .
WEP WPA )
( .
.

)
POP .(SMTP

190

WEP
.

.
.

:

.
.

.
.
.

.

.
.Public key cryptography
)

(
.


.
.Data encapsulation

IP
DNS .


.

.

.
.

191

SSL
) Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL .

public key cryptography public key
) infrastructure (PKI .
https .SSL
SSL
) certificate
.(authorities CA
. SSL

DNS
. .

master session key
.
. .tunnel

192

:6.4
. .

PKI

) .man-in-the-middle (MITM
.
.

.

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.
PKI .

.PKI

. )
( .

. " "Ignore

.
SSL .
) POP IMAP

(SMTP .SSL
IMAPS POPS SMTP
.SSL/TLS )
(SSL .(http://www.stunnel.org/) Stunnel
SSL .TCP

193

SSH
SSH telnet
scp sftp rcp .ftp SSH
. ) (SSL
.
PKI key fingerprint
cache . SSH
.
SSH
.
SSH
) ( .


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TCP
.
(http://openssh.org/) OpenSSH SSH
.Unix
Windows (http://www.putty.nl/) Putty
.(http://winscp.net/) WinSCP OpenSSH
.(http://www.cygwin.com/) Cygwin
.OpenSSH

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Squid .squid.example.net
) 3128 ( :
ssh -fN -g -L3128:squid.example.net:3128 squid.example.net

fN SSH . g

. OpenSSH
.

194

3128
. .

:6.6 SSH SSH.

SSH SOCKS4 SOCKS5

.Squid

.
ssh -fN -D 8080 remote.example.net

SOCKS4 SOCKS5
.8080
SSH
TCP . SSH

.
ssh -fNCg -L110:localhost:110 -L25:localhost:25 mailhost.example.net

195

C .
.L
root .1024
.SSH

SSH .

OpenVPN
OpenVPN VPN
.SSL
/ GNU/Linux Windows 2000/XP
Mac OS X NerBSD FreeBSD OpenBSD .Solaris
TCP )
DNS (
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OpenVPN .


. OpenVPN
SSL .
OpenVPN :

) SSL (RSA

OpenVPN SSH SSL TCP

. )
( .
VPN
.
VPN

196

.

OpenVPN
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7949 :Linux Journal
.http://openvpn.net/howto.html :

Tor & Anonymizers

.

.

.


.
.
anonymizing
.
.

.


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Privoxy

)(http://tor.eff.org/
Tor
) (http://www.privoxy.org/

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Mac OS Windows/ GNU/Linux
BSD .
Tor Privoxy
) (Linksys WRT54G .

197

Tor TCP

) (onion routing

.
Privoxy Tor
DNS
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google.com ( DNS
google.com IP . Privoxy Tor
SOCKS4a ) (IP
.
Privoxy Tor
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.
:

198

ISP

.

50
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.

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Application Layer
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199

.
SNMP
.
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Wide
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. :

.

.
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MRTG
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SNMP
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200

.
.
.

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.
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.

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. .

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201

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Nagios

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203

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204

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.

.

205

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:

206

MAC
broadcast

Proxy server cache
hits
100
DNS
/ spam
/

) (
Ping time

swap file
zombie processes
system load
UPS

SMART
RAID array status

.
.

207

.
.


.

.
.
)
( .
.

.
Network Detection
. Spot
check
. Ping
. Network
Analyzers
)

( . Trending

real-time monitoring
. throughput testing
intrusion
detection
) / ( .
benchmarking
.

Network Detection

) ( .

.

208

.

.
.

.
.(http://www.netstumbler.com/) Netstumbler
.Windows
.
Netstumbler
.

GPS
. Netstumbler
.
.(http://www.netstumbler.com/) Ministumbler
Netstumbler
Windows Pocket PC
PDA
.
.(http://www.macstumbler.com/) Macstumbler
) Netstumbler
( Mac OS X
.Apple Airport
.(http://sourceforge.net/projects/wellenreiter/) Wellenreiter

/ .GNU/Linux Perl
GTK Prism2, Lucent :
.Cisco

Spot Check Tools

.
.
.
: .

209

ping
) Mac OS X Windows
/ GNU/Linux (BSD .ping
ICMP
.

ping
.
) (http://www.yahoo.com/ ping :
$ ping yahoo.com
PING yahoo.com (66.94.234.13): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 66.94.234.13: icmp_seq=0 ttl=57 time=29.375 ms
64 bytes from 66.94.234.13: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=35.467 ms
64 bytes from 66.94.234.13: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=34.158 ms
^C
--- yahoo.com ping statistics --3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 29.375/33.000/35.467/2.618 ms

control-C .

) Time To Live (TTL
.
ping
DNS .DNS
IP .
:
$ ping 216.231.38.1
PING 216.231.38.1 (216.231.38.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 216.231.38.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=126 time=12.991 ms
64 bytes from 216.231.38.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=126 time=14.869 ms
64 bytes from 216.231.38.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=126 time=13.897 ms
^C
--- 216.231.38.1 ping statistics --3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 12.991/13.919/14.869/0.767 ms

.
IP

210

.
ping
.
traceroute mtr
) .(http://www.bitwizard.nl/mtr/ traceroute ping
) tracert .(Windows
traceroute
:
$ traceroute -n google.com
traceroute to google.com (72.14.207.99), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.15.6.1 4.322 ms 1.763 ms 1.731 ms
2 216.231.38.1 36.187 ms 14.648 ms 13.561 ms
3 69.17.83.233 14.197 ms 13.256 ms 13.267 ms
4 69.17.83.150 32.478 ms 29.545 ms 27.494 ms
5 198.32.176.31 40.788 ms 28.160 ms 28.115 ms
6 66.249.94.14 28.601 ms 29.913 ms 28.811 ms
7 172.16.236.8 2328.809 ms 2528.944 ms 2428.719 ms
***8

n traceroute DNS
.
.

.
) My TraceRoute (mtr ping traceroute .

ping .traceroute
]My traceroute [v0.69
tesla.rob.swn (0.0.0.0) (tos=0x0 psize=64 bitpatSun Jan 8 20:01:26 2006
Keys: Help Display mode Restart statistics Order of fields quit
Packets Pings
Avg Best Wrst StDev
2.0 1.7 2.6 0.4
14.0 12.7 15.5 1.3
11.7 10.7 14.0 1.6
34.7 28.7 38.1 4.1

Snt Last
4 1.9
4 15.5
4 11.0
4 36.0

Loss%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

Host
1. gremlin.rob.swn
2. er1.sea1.speakeasy.net
3. 220.ge-0-1-0.cr2.sea1.speakeasy.
4. fe-0-3-0.cr2.sfo1.speakeasy.net

 :
2.4
1.4
4.1
1.9
4.1

33.0
93.0
99.2
93.4
99.2

29.6 27.9
91.0 89.7
93.1 90.8
91.0 89.3
93.1 90.8

27.9
89.7
91.2
89.3
91.2

4
4
4
4
3

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

211

5. bas1-m.pao.yahoo.com
6. so-1-1-0.pat1.dce.yahoo.com
7. ae1.p400.msr1.dcn.yahoo.com
8. ge5-2.bas1-m.dcn.yahoo.com
9. w2.rc.vip.dcn.yahoo.com

.
control-C .
root .mtr

.

Protocol Analyzers

.



.802.11 )(
:
Kismet
) .(http://www.kismetwireless.net/
/ Mac OS X GNU/Linux /
OpenWRT
.

PCAP .Ethereal Kismet

Netstumbler .GPS

. Kismet

.

212

:6.12 Kismet Nokia 770

.
KisMAC
) .(http://kismac.binaervarianz.de/
Mac OS X Kismet
.
PCAP .Ethereal
) AirportExtreme (

.USB
tcpdump
) .(http://www.tcpdump.org/ command line

.
wireshark
link layer


.

213

tcpdump wireshark

. tcpdump
) Unix/ BSD GNU/Linux
.(Mac OS X Windows
WinDump :
.http://www.winpcap.org/windump/
Wireshark
) .(http://www.ethereal.com/ Ethereal
Unix
Windows " ".

Wireshark
.

.
Wireshark
.TCP

214

:6.13 Ethereal) Wireshark (

.

OSI . Wireshark
IP

.
.

Trending Tools


( .
)
.
.
.
MRTG
) .(http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg/
) Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG
SNMP
.
) .(Mozilla

MRTG
SNMP
(.
) IP

:6.14 MRTG .

215

RRDtool
) .(http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/rrdtool/ RRD
) (Round-Robin Database
.
RRDtool RRD
.
)
( .

RRDtool
.
) shell (Perl . RDDtool

. RDDtool
.MRTG
RDDtool / GNU/Linux
.http://oss.oetiker.ch/rddtool/ :

:6.15 RDDtool
.

ntop
.http://www.ntop.org/ ntop
.
. RDDtool
.

. /
Mac OS X BSD GNU/Linux .Windows

216

ntop :

)
MAC(.
.
.
.NetFlow
.
.P2P
.
API PHP Perl .Python

ntop http://www.ntop.org/ :

/ GNU/Linux RedHat Debian
.Ubuntu

.

217

:6.16 ntop
.

ntop

.
Cacti
.http://www.cact.net/ RDDtool
.MySQL
PHP
SNMP
.

Cacti
.

.

:6.17 Cacti
.

218

NetFlow
IP
.Cisco :

Cisco IOS NetFlow

IP

Denial of Service .

.
Cisco NetFlow
UDP CPU
SNMP
.
NetFlow
.
.
NetFlow
ntop NetFlow ) Flowc
(.
NetFlow
. NetFlow
SNMP .Cisco
:
.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetFlow
Flowc
.http://netcad.kiev.ua/flowc/
) NetFlow ( . Flowc
MySQL

.
HTML .

219

:6.18 .Flowc

.

Nagios ) .(226
SmokePing
.http://oss.oetiker.ch/smokeping/ SmokePing
.Perl

. SmokePing RRDtool
.

SmokePing

. SmokePing ) MRTG (214
) Cacti (217
. SmokePing
.
6.19 SmokePing .

220

:6.19 SmokePing .

EtherApe
.http://etherape.sourceforge.net/ EtherApe

.
) wireskark (tcpdump
.tcpdump

EtherApe ntop
.

iptarf
.http://iptarf.seul.org/ .
ncurses .
iptarf
TCP UDP
ICMP OSPF
IP .
.

iptarf
.

221

:6.20 iptarf .

Argus
.http://qosient.com/argus/ "
"Audit Record Generation and Utilization System
.

Argus :
Argus
jitter


. Argus
. Argus
: Push Pull
. Argus
.

222

Argus : Master Collector

client
. Argus BSD/ GNU/Linux
Unix.
NeTraMet
.http://freashmeat.net/projects/netramet/ NeTraMet
.
Argus :
SNMP .

Ethernet IP
. NeTraMet DOS
Unix / .BSD

Throughput Testing


.
)
http://www.dslreports.com/stest (http://speedtest.net
.

.
.

223

:6.21 ) (SpeedTest.net
.

ttcp
.http://ftp.arl.mil/pub/ttcp/
.Unix

:
node_a$ ttcp -r s
node_b$ ttcp -t -s node_a
ttcp-t: buflen=8192, nbuf=2048, align=16384/0, port=5001 tcp -> node_a
ttcp-t: socket
ttcp-t: connect
ttcp-t: 16777216 bytes in 249.14 real seconds = 65.76 KB/sec +++
ttcp-t: 2048 I/O calls, msec/call = 124.57, calls/sec = 8.22
ttcp-t: 0.0user 0.2sys 4:09real 0% 0i+0d 0maxrss 0+0pf 7533+0csw

UDP
TCP TCP
.
.

224

kilobyte kilobit
8 .
.
. ) ttcp ping
(traceroute .
iperf
ttcp http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/.
.
ttcp
iperf .
:
node_a$ iperf s
node_b$ iperf -c node_a
-----------------------------------------------------------Client connecting to node_a, TCP port 5001
)TCP window size: 16.0 KByte (default
-----------------------------------------------------------[ 5] local 10.15.6.1 port 1212 connected with 10.15.6.23 port 5001
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 5] 0.0-11.3 sec 768 KBytes 558 Kbits/sec

5001
control-C .
.
ttcp iperf
) IPv6

( .
bing
.http://fgouget.free.fr/bing/index-en.shtml

ICMP
.
.

225

bing

ICMP .

.

Realtime

.

.
.
Snort
.http://www.snort.org sniffer
.

.
CGI
SMB OS fingerprinting
. Snort
.

Snort
. Snort
.
Snort
.
http://snort.org/docs/
.
Apache: mod_security
.http://www.modsecurity.org/
.
.Web application firewall ModSecurity

Apache

226

).(http://www.apache.org/
mod_security
. GoRoot
:
http://gotroot.com/tiki-index.php?page=mod_security+rules



.
.
Nagios
.http://www.nagios.org/
.
SMS

. Nagios /
GNU/Linux BSD
.

Nagios
.

. ) ping (209
nmap

Nagios
.
Nagios


.

227

:6.22 Nagios .

Zabbix
.http://www.zabbix.org/
Cacti .Nagios MySQL

)
SNMP ( .
.GNU General Public License

.
.
Driftnet Etherpeg
)
GIF (JPEG .

. Etherpeg

228

http://www.etherpeg.org/ : Driftnet :
.http://www.ex-parrot.com/~chris/driftnet/

:6.23 Etherpeg .

ngrep
GNU grep

IPv4 IP6
Token Ring FDDI SLIP PPP IGMP ICMP UDP TCP .
ngrep regular expression matches
.
ngrep .
) GET HTTP
( :
# ngrep q GET

BPF

229

GET POST
tcpdump .snoop
80 :
# ngrep q `GET|POST`port 80

ngrep
.spam
ngrep .http://ngrep.sourceforge.net/ :

.
.
:

)
(

) excessive broadcasts
open email relays
(

)
(

.
.beseline

baseline

.

.
.

230

.
.
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(baseline
.


.
.

:6.24
.

6.24 delay pools

)( .
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.

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.
.

231

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.
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16:30 .
3:00 .

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) (
) 30
( .
)
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232

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:6.28 16 .

6.29
.
.

233

:6.29
.

)
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.outbound traffic
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( .
.
.


) (

.

:6.30 .
.
.

234

.

.
peer-to-peer
.

.

6.31 .

:6.31
.

.

.

.
.
%95 %5

235

.
%95 .

:6.32 .

MRTG .Cacti
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945 .

RAM CPU

.

.


.
. )
(
.

Windows Task Manager

236

Ctrl + Alt + Del

Performance / GNU/Linux BSD
top . MRTG ) RRDtool
(215 .

:6.33 RRDtool
.

.


.


.
quota
. ) Nagios (226

237

.

. %60
.
.
.


. trashing
. processes

.


.

.

7


.standalone photovoltaic systems ""
.

.

) .(photovoltaic soalr energy )
(thermal solar energy
.

.
(G) irradiance
) .(W/m2
.

" "
.
.

.
239

240

. ) peak sun hours (PSH
. " "
1000 .
PSH 4
4000 ) ( .
.
)

(http://www.solar4power.com/solar-power-global-maps.html
.
.

.
4-3
6 100 .

.

.
.


.


.

:
solar panel batteries regulator .load

.
.

241

.
).Direct Current (DC

.converter
DC/DC converters
) DC/AC converters
(inverters
.AC

.
)( .

. solar module
.photovoltaic generator

.

.

242

:7.1 .

crystalline silicon monocrystalline
.polycrystalline amorphous silicon
) -6
(%8
.
silicon ribbon
.thin film photovoltaics
.

.
.
.accumulator
. maintenance-free lead-
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(regulated lead acid VRLA
.

243

:7.2 200 . .

.
.
.

) NiCd
NiMh (Li-ion
. \
.

) solar power charge

(regulator
overcharging overdischarging
.
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) ( .

244

:7.3 30.

)( )(
.
.

) (
)( .
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.
.
DC/DC converters
.
.

245

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load

.

.
.

.

. .

.

246

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) ( .
.

:7.6 .

247

.
32 64
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.
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.

248

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:
.
.
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)
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249

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.
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.


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solar panel array
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)( .
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.

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.

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.

253

70%
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254

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255

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257

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258

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259

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260

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261

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264

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RISC ARM .MIPS
) Soekris (AMD ElanSC520
. ) AMD ElanSC
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AMD Geode ).(20-30%
Linksys WRT54G 5
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265

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268

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.
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.
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.
.

270

1000
25 5
5000 .

.
.
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271

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) ( .
N number of days of autonomy
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272

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309

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340

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406

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 :

.
.http://wndw.net/ :

Cushcraft
http://www.cushcraft.com/comm/support/technical-
papers.htm
http://www.freeantennas.com
http://hyperlinktech.com Hyperlink Tech
Psanada Networks LLC
http://www.wlanparts.com
http://www.superpass.com SuperPass
http://www.nec2.org/ NEC-2
NEC-2
http://www.nittany-scientific.com/nec
USB
http://www.usbwifi.orcon.net.nz

Bing http://fgouget.free.fr/bing/index-en.shtml
Cacti http://www.cacti.net
http://www.dslreports.com/stest
EaKiu http://www.cookwareinc.com/EaKiu/
EtherApe
http://etherape.sourceforge.net/
407

408

NetFlow Flowc
/http://netacad.kiev.ua/flowc
http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf Ipref
http://iptraf.seul.org iptraf
MRTG
http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg
http://www.bitwizard.nl/mtr My TraceRoute
http://www.nagios.org Nagios
Cisco NetFlow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflow
ngrep
http://ngrep.sourceforge.net/

http://wiki.debian.org/Network_Monitoring
http://www.ntop.org Ntop
RRDtool
http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/rrdtool
SmokePing
http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/smokeping
http://www.softperfect.com SoftPerfect
Squid
http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/TransparentProxy-2.html
http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/pub/ttcp ttcp
http://www.wireshark.org/ Wireshark

http://www.antiproxy.com AntiProxy
Anti-spyware
http://www.spychecker.com
http://www.ex-parrot.com/~chris/driftnet Driftnet
http://www.etherpeg.org Etherpeg
OpenVPN
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7949
http://www.lavasoft.de Lavasoft Ad-Aware
GNU/Linux \
http://www.linux.org/apps/all/Networking/Security_/_Admin.html
http://openssh.org OpenSSH

409

OpenVPN
http://openvpn.net/howto.html
http://www.privoxy.org Privoxy
http://www.putty.nl Windows PuTTY SSH
http://www.sawmill.net Sawmill
WEP
http://www.isaac.cs.berkeley.edu/isaac/wep-faq.html
http://www.stunnel.org Stunnel Universal SSL Wrapper
http://tor.eff.org TOR
RC4
http://www.crypto.com/papers/others/rc4_ksaproc.ps
http://winscp.net Windows SCP
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/wireless.pdf ""
Windows ZoneAlarm
http://www.zonelabs.com

http://squid- Squid
docs.sourceforge.net/latest/html/c2075.html
DHCP DNS Dnsmasq
http://thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html

http://www.isoc.org/inet97/ans97/cloet.htm
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/fluff FLUFF
Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server
http://www.microsoft.com/isaserver
Microsoft ISA
http://www.isaserver.org Server and Firewall

http://www.inasp.info/pubs/bandwidth/index.html

http://www.psc.edu/networking/perf_tune.html
http://planetmy.com/blog/?p=148

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3135
http://squid-cache.org Squid

410

Champaign-Urbana
http://cuwireless.net/download
WRT54G Freifunk OLSR
http://www.freifunk.net/wiki/FreifunkFirmware
http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/roofnet/doku.php MIT Roofnet
http://www.olsr.org OLSR
http://meshcube.org/nylon/utils/olsr-
topology-view.pl
http://drupal.airjaldi.com/node/9 AirJaldi

http://www.dd-wrt.com/ DD-WRT
Prism 2.5 HostAP
http://hostap.epitest.fi
http://m0n0.ch/wall m0nowall
http://madwifi.org Atheros MadWiFi
Metrix Pyramid
http://pyramid.metrix.net/
Linksys OpenWRT
http://openwrt.org
Linksys Tomato
http://www.polarcloud.com/tomato

http://www.chillispot.info/ Chillispot

http://www.qsl.net/n9zia/wireless/page09.html
Mac OS X KisMAC
http://kismac.macpirate.ch/
http://www.kismetwireless.net Kismet
Mac OS X MacStumbler
http://www.macstumbler.com
Windows NetStumbler
http://www.netstumbler.com Pocket PC
NoCatSplash
http://nocat.net/download/NoCatSplash

411

PHPMyPrePaid
http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmyprepaid
RadioMobile
http://www.cplus.org/rmw
Terabeam
http://www.terabeam.com/support/calculations/index.php
/ Wellenreiter
http://www.wellenreiter.net
http://www.wifidog.org WiFiDog
GBPRR
http://my.athenet.net/~multiplx/cgi-bin/wireless.main.cgi

http://www.wifi- DefCon
shootout.com
http://www.w1ghz.org
http://linksysinfo.org Linksys
Linksys WRT54G
http://seattlewireless.net/index.cgi/LinksysWrt54g
http://nocat.net NoCat
http://ronja.twibright.com Ronja
http://seattlewireless.net

http://www.seattlewireless.net/HardwareComparison
Stephen Foskett
http://www.gweep.net/~sfoskett/tech/poecalc.html POE
http://www.waverider.com WaveRider

http://www.accesskenya.com AccessKenya
http://www.blue.co.ke Broadband Access Ltd
http://www.virtualit.biz Virtual IT Outsourcing
http://wire.less.dk wire.less.dk

Association for Progressive
http://www.apc.org/wireless Communications

412

International Network for the

http://www.inasp.info Availability of Scientific Publications
Makerere University
http://www.makerere.ac.ug
Abdus
Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics
http://wireless.ictp.trieste.it
World Summits on Free
http://www.wsfii.org Information Infrastructures

Windows / Cygwin
http://www.cygwin.com
http://www.graphviz.org Graphvis
http://wireless.ictp.trieste.it/simulator
http://www.imagemagick.org ImageMagick
http://www.nodedb.com NodeDB
http://www.ordb.org Open Relay
/ Partition Image
http://www.partimage.org
RFC 1918
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1918
\Rusty Russells
http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networkingconcepts-HOWTO.html
http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu Linux
VoIP
http://www.it46.se/voip4d/voip4d.php
Windows wget
http://xoomer.virgilio.it/hherold
http://www.wifimaps.com WiFiMaps
http://www.metageek.net/ WiSpy

Networks: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition. Matthew 802.11

OReilly Media. ISBN #0-596-10052-3 ,Gast

413

Wireless Network Site Surveying, Cisco Press. ISBN #1- 802.11

587-05164-8
The ARRL Antenna Book, 20th Edition. R. Dean Straw (Editor),
American Radio Relay League. ISBN #0-87259-904-3
The ARRL UHF/Microwave Experimenters Manual. American
Radio Relay League. ISBN #0-87259-312-6
Building Wireless Community Networks, 2nd Edition. Rob
Flickenger, OReilly Media. ISBN #0-596-00502-4
How To Accelerate Your Internet, A free book about bandwidth
http://bwmo.net/ ISBN #978-0-9778093-1-.optimization
Deploying License-Free Wireless Wide-Area Networks. Jack
Unger, Cisco Press. ISBN #1-587-05069-2
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1. W. Richard Stevens, AddisonWesley. ISBN #0-201-63346-9
Wireless Hacks, 2nd Edition. Rob Flickenger and Roger Weeks,
OReilly Media. ISBN #0-596-10144-9

 :

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. :
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B
bandwidth .

.

capacity

. :
capacity channel
.throughput
battery .

. :
solar panels
regulator load

converter
.inverter
beamwidth .

430

.

.
benchmarking .
.


.
Broadband
.BGAN
.Global Access Network

BNC connnector .BNC

"."quick-connect

.10base2
bridge .

data link
.layer

network layer
.
router
transparent
.bridging firewall
.Bridge-utils
\

802.11d
http://bridge.sourceforge.net/

Broadband Global Access

) .Network (BGAN

. :
Digital Video Broadcast
Very Small
) (DVB-S
).Aperture Terminal (VSAT
broadcast address
.
IP

. MAC


collision
.domain
bypass diodes
.

hot-spots

.

C
.CA
.Certificate Authority

(http://www.cacti.net/) .Cacti

.PHP
Capacity .

.

431

.bandwidth

.CIDR Classless Inter-

.Domain Routing

captive portals .

.


(.
)

CIDR notation .CIDR

.
255.255.255.0 CIDR
/24 :

Cell .

.


2.

circular
polarization
.


.
:
horizontal
polarization
vertical

.polarization

cetrifiate authority
.
. :
Public Key
) Infrastructure (PKI .SSL

channel capacity .

. :
bandwidth
throughput
.data rate
channel .
.
802.11
22
5 .
.

Class A , B , C networks
A B .C
IP
:
) Class A 16 (
) Class B 65000(
255) Class C( .

CIDR


.
CIDR
.notation

432

Classless
Inter-Domain
Routing CIDR


.
. :
.Class A, B and C networks

client .

.managed mode


. :
access point
.mesh
closed network .

SSID
.
coax .

.
.
collision .


.

.
conductor .

. :
dielectric .insulator

.connectionless protocol
)
(UDP
.


. session :
.oriented protocol
consistent platform
.


.
constructive interference
.


.
. :
.destructive interference

controls .
NEC2

:

.structure
converter .
DC

. :
.inverter
.CPE
Customer Premises
.Equipment

.cron
Unix
. .at
Customer Premises
Equipment .
)
( .

D
data link layer
.
OSI TCP/IP .

.
.MAC

data rate .



.
54
802.11g

20 .
: .throughput
.dB .decibel
.DC
.Current

Direct

DC/AC Converter
.

.
: .inverter

433

DC/DC Converter
.

. :
linear conversion
switching

.conversion

) Decibel (dB .

.

) dBi (
) dBm
1 (.

default
gateway
.


.




.

default route .

.
)Denial of Service (DoS
.



.

434

depreciation .

.
destructive
interference
.


. :
.constructive interference
.DHCP
Dynamic Host
.Configuration Protocol

dielectric .
.
)Digital Elevation Map (DEM
.

.
Radio
Mobile
.
Digital Video Broadcast
) (DVB-S .

. :
Broadband Global Access
) Network (BGAN Very Small
).Aperture Terminal (VSAT
dipole antenna
)( .
.

) Direct Current (DC

.
.

. :
.Alternating Current
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum DSSS
.
.802.11b
directional antenna
.
.

. :
omnidirectional

antenna
.sectoral antenna

directivity .


.
diversity . :
.antenna diversity
.DNS :
.Domain Name Service
DNS caching
.



.
.

.Dnsmasq

DNS
DHCP
:

http://thekelleys.org/uk/
Domain
Name
Service
) (DNS .

IP .

Dominant mode .

.
.DoS
.Denial of Service
.DSSS
Direct Sequence
.Spread Spectrum DSSS
.DVB-S
Digital Video Broadcast
).(DVB-S
Dynamic
Host
Configuration
Protocol
) (DHCP
.
IP .

435

E
eavesdropper .

.
edge .
.


.
electromagnetic spectrum
.
.


.
electromagnetic
wave
.


. :
.mechanical wave
elevation .
.inclination
end span injectors
.
Power over
Ethernet
.

436

. :
.mid span injector
end-to-end encryption
.
.

data later encryption

) (.

.EtherApe

:

http://etherape.sourceforge.n
et/

\
http://www.fs- :
security.com/
filter .

netfilter
\ .

.
firewall .

.


.

.Ethereal .Wirehark
Extended
Service
Set

Identifier
)(ESSID
.

.802.11
closed
:
.network
external traffic
.
IP
)
(.

F
.Firestarter

flush .

.netfilter
forwarding .




.
.
forwarding loops
.

.


TTL

.

free space loss

.
.
attenuation : .

frequency .

. :
wavelength .Hertz
front-to-back ratio
.
.

full duplex .

)

( . .half duplex :
.fwdbuilder
iptables
.
http://www.fwdbuilder.org/

G
gain .
(
)
. :
.decibel
gain transfer .

.

437

gasification .

.
globally routable
.
IP ISP

.

IPv4 4
)
(.

H
half duplex .


) (.
.full duplex :
.Heliax


. :
.coax
Hetrz ) .(Hz

.
) HF (High-Frequency
.
3 30
.

438

.
hop .
.


.
horizontal
polarization
.
.
:
circular
polarization
vertical

.polarization

hot-spot .


)
.(captive portal



.
hub .
.
: .switch
Huygens principle .


.
.Hz .Hertz

.IANA
Internet Assigned
.Numbers Authority
.ICMP
Internet Control

.Message Protocol
.ICP
Inter-Cache

.Protocol

impedence .


.

) 50
(.
inbound traffic .

) (
.
:
.outbound traffic
inclincation .

. :
.azimuth
infrastructrue mode
.
.master mode
insulator .
.dielectric

Inter-Cache Protocol
.

.
Internet Assigned Numbers
) Authority (IANA
.




DNS .
Internet Control Message
Protocol
.
Network layer
.

.TCP/IP
:
.TCP/IP protocol suite

Internet layer .
.network layer
) Internet protocol (IP
.


.
Internet protocol suite
.

.
TCP, IP,

439

ICMP, UDP
TCP/IP
.TCP/IP
Intrusion
Detection
) System (IDS .


.


.

Inverter .

.DC/AC Converter
.IP
.Internet Protocol

.Iproute2
\
GNU/Linux

.
:

http://linux-net.osdl.org/

.Iptables

\

.GNU/Linux
irradiance .


.W/m2

440

ISM band
.

Industrial,
Scientific and Medical


ITU .
isotropic antenna
)( .


.dipole
IV characteristic curve
.IV

.

K
.kneitfilter

\

GNU/Linux
:
http://venom.olterlinux.com/
known good .


.

L
lag .

.latency

) .lambda (
.wavelength
.LAN Local
.Area Network

latency .

.

Round Trip Time
) (RTT

) (
. :
.Round Trip Time
lead-acid batteries
.

. :
stationary

.batteries

lease time .
IP

DHCP
.

.DHCP
) Line of Sight (LOS .


.

linear polar coordiantes

.


.

. :
logarithmic polar
.coordinates
linear conversion
.

.
: switching
.conversion
linear polarization
.

.

.
: vertical
polarization
.horizontal polarization

link budget .

.



.
link layer encryption
.
)
( .

441

:
.end-to-end encryption

link-local .



.



.VPN
listen .
TCP
.
load .
.
: battery
solar panel

regulator

converter
.inverter
)Local Area Network (LAN
. )
(
.

. :
.WAN
logarithmic polar
coordinates
.

442

.
. :
linear
.polar coordiantes
long fat pipe network
.
)
(VSAT

.
TCP/IP
.
.LOS
.Sight

Line Of

M
MAC layer
. data
.link layer
MAC address
.
48
.
link-
.local
MAC filtering
.

MAC .
MAC table
.

.
MAC
table
.
maintenance-free lead acid batteries
.
lead-acid
batteries
)man-in-the-middle (MITM
.



.
managed
hardware
.



SNMP
.

managed mode .


802.11

. :
master mode
ad-hoc mode
.monitor mode

master
browser
.




Network Neighborhood
My Network
.Places

master mode .


802.11
.
: managed
mode ad-hoc
mode monitor
.mode
match condition .


.

MAC address

.
Maximum
Depth
of
) Discharge (DoDmax
.

.
Maximum
Power
Point
) (Pmax .

.

443

.MC-Card

.Lucent/Orinoco/Avaya
mechanical wave
.
.
:
.electromagnetic wave
Media Access Control
layer
.
.data link layer

mesh .


.


.
message types .

ICMP

. .ICMP :
method of the worst
month .




.


.

444

.MHF .U.FL
microfinance
.

.
mid span injector
.
.
: end
.span injector

) mlliwatts (mW .

.
.MITM :
.man-in-the-middle

.MMCX

Senao .Cisco
monitor mode .


802.11

.
: master
mode ad-hoc
mode managed
.mode
monitor por .

.
Multi
Router
Traffic
) Grapher (MRTG

.

.
:
http://oss.oetiker.ch/mrtg/

Multipath .


.
multipoint-to-multipoint
.
.mesh

.mW .milliwatt
) .My TraceRoute (mtr

traceroute
:
.http://www.bitwizard.nl/mtr/
:
traceroute /
.tracert

N
N connector .N

.
.Nagios


.
http://nagios.org/ :
.NAT
Network
Address
.Translation

.Nat
\
GNU/Linux
.
Numerical
.NEC2
.Electromagnetic Code

445

Network address
. IP
.



.IP
Network
Address
) Translation (NAT
.

IP
.

IP


.Voice over IP

.NetBIOS
session layer

.
.SMB :

Network detection
.


.

.Netfilter
\

.GNU/Linux
iptables .
http://netfilter.org/

Network layer .

OSI
TCP/IP
IP
.

.NeTraMet

:
http://freshmeat.net/projects/n
etramet/

Network mask .
.netmask
.Ngrep

.

446

:
http://ngrep.sourceforge.net/
Node .
.
:
.
Nominal
capacity
)(CN
.


) (Ah ).(Wh
) Nominal Voltage (VN
.

12 24.

.ntop

.
http://www.ntop.org/
null .

.
nulling .


.
number
of
days
of
) autonomy (N .


.

Numerical
Electromagnetics
Code
) .(NEC2


.

http://www.nec2.org/

O
.OFDM
Orthogonal
Frequency
.Division Multiplexing
omindirectional
antenna
.

.
: directional

antenna
.sectorial antenna
one-arm repeater
.

. :
.repeater

onion routing .
) (Tor
TCP



.
OR logic )(.

. :
)( .AND logic
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division Multiplexing
OFDM .
OSI network model
.OSI

ISO/IEC
7498-1

. :
.TCP/IP network model

outbound
traffic
.

)
( . :
.inbound traffic

overcharge .

.


.


.
overdischarge .

Maximum
Depth of Discharge
.

447

oversubscribe
.


.

P
packet .

IP
.



.

TCP
.
packet filter .

Internet layer

.


.
partition .

.
)(

.

448

.
passive POE injector
.
.Power over Ethernet

path loss .

.
) Peak Sun Hours (PSH
.
.
photovoltaic generator
.
.solar panel
photovoltaic solar energy
.

. :
thermal
.solar energy
photovoltaic system
.

.


. : battery
solar panel
regulator load

converter
.inverter

physical layer .
OSI
TCP/IP

.
pigtail .


.
.ping


ICMP
.



.
.PKI
.Public Key Infrastructure
.plomb
.
.PoE

Power over
.Ethernet
point-to-multipoint
.

.


.
: point-to-

point
.multipoint-to-multipoint
point-to-point
.
.
point-to-multipoint :

multipoint-to-
.multipoint
Point-to-Point

Protocol
)(PPP
.

)
(
.IP

polar plot .

)(
. :
.rectangular plot
polarization .

.
: circular
polarization
horizontal
polarization

vertical
.polarization
Polarization Mismatch
.


.

449

policy .
netfilter

.


.
port counters .


.



.
power .
.
Power
over
Ethernet
) (PoE
.
) (
. :
end span
injector mid
.span injector

.PPP

Point-to-Point
.Protocol
presentation layer
.
OSI
MIME
.

450

private address space

.
IP
.RFC1918


.NAT
:
10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12
.192.168.0.0/18 :
.NAT

.Privoxy
) (http://www.privoxy.org/

anonymization
.Tor
proactive
routing
.



.
. :
.reactive routing

protocol
analyzer
.

.

.

protocol
stack
.
. : OSI
TCP/IP.

.PSH
.Peak Sun Hours
Public Key Cryptography
.

SSH SSL
.


.
Public Key Infrastructure
) (PKI .


.
:

.certificate authority

Q
quick blow .
(

. :
.slow blow

R
radiation pattern .
:
.antenna pattern
radio .

.

reactive
routing
.

.
: proactive
.routing
realtime monitoring
.


.

Reciprocity .


.
.recombinant batteries
lead-acid

.batteries
rectangular plot
.
. :
.polar plot
Regional
Internet
)Registrars (RIR
.
) 4(
.IANA

)
(
.

451

regulator .




. : :
battery solar
panel load

converter
.inverter
repeater .



.
Request for Comments
) (RFC .

Internet Society

.


IETF
.
:
http://rfc.net/

return loss .


.
: .impedance

452

) reverse polarity (RP

.

. RP-
TNC

RP-
SMA .RP-N
RF transmission line
. )

Heliax
( .
.RIR
Regional Internet

.Registrars
) Round Trip Time (RTT
.


.latency
rogue access points
.



.
Round-Robin
Database
) (RDD .



RDDtool
.

router .

.

.routing
routing .
.

.router
routing table .


.


.

.Network layer :
bridge
.default gateway
.RP Reverse
.Routing

.RP-TNC
TNC
.

.Linksys
.RRD
Round-Robin

.Database

.RRDtool
RRD

.
)

(
.

:

http://oss.oetiker.ch/rddtool/
.rsync
) (http://rsync.samba.org/

.
.RTT
.Round Trip Time

S
.SACK
Selective
.acknowledgement

453

antenna
.omnidirectional antenna
Secure Sockets Layer
) (SSL .

.


public key

cryptography
public key
) infrastructure (PKI
.

https
.SSL
Selective
Acknowledgement
) (SACK .

TCP

.VSAT

scattering .
.
: free

space
loss
.attenuation

Server Message Block

) (SMB .

.
.NetBIOS :

sectoral antenna .

.
180 60 .
: directional

) Service Set ID (SSID

.

Extended Service Set

.Identifier

454

session layer .
OSI
.
session oriented protocol
.
) (TCP


.

. :

.connectionless protocol

shared medium .


.
.Shorewall
) (http://shorewall.net/
netfilters
.iptables
sidelobes .


.
.
signal generator .

.
Simple
Network
Management
Protocol
) (SNMP
.

Application Layer

.

.
site-wide web cache
.




)
.(Squid


. : .Squid

slow blow .
)(
.
: quick
.blow
.SMA
.
.SMB
.Server Message Block

.SmokePing



.

:

http://oss.oetiker.ch/smokep
ing/

.SNMP
Simple Network

.Management Protocol

(http://www.snort.org/) .Snort

. :
Intrusion

.Detection System
.SoC State of
.Charge

solar module .
.solar panel
solar panel .


.
:
regulator

battery
converter
.inverter
solar panel array
.


.
solar
power
charge
regulator
. .regulator
spectrum .
electromagnetic

.spectrum

455

spectrum analyzer
.
. Wi- :
.Spy

speed .
.


. :

bandwidth
capacity .latency
split horizon DNS
.


.



.

spoof .

.
spot check tools
.

ping
.traceroute

.Squid

.
:
http://www.squid-cache.org/

456

.SSID
Extended Service Set
.Identifier
.SSL
.Secure Sockets Layer
standalone
photovoltaic
system
.
. photovoltaic system
) State of Charge (SoC
.

.
stateful inspection
.
.


.


.

connection
.tracking
stationary batteries
.

.



. :
.lead-acid batteries

structure .
NEC2

. :
.controls
.subnet mask
.netmask
subnets .
IP

.netmasks
switch .


. : .hub
switching conversion
.


.
. :
linear

.conversion

T
target .
netfilter

ACCEPT DROP

LOG
.REJECT

.TCP
Transmission
Control
.Protocol
acknowledgement
spoofing .TCP

TCP

TCP window size

.TCP TCP

ACK
. 3000

1500
ACK
.
.TCP/IP
Internet Protocol

.Suite
TCP/IP network model
TCP/IP .
OSI
.

. :
OSI OSI network
.model

.tcpdump

:
http://www.winpcap.org/windu
mp/ WinDump :
.Wireshark

457

Temporal Key Integrity

) Protocol (TKIP
.
WPA

thermal solar energy
.
. :

.photovoltaic solar energy

.thrashing

RAM

.
throughput .


.
throughput testing tools
.

.
) Time To Live (TTL
.

.
TCP/IP
) 64(
.

.

.

458

DNS


Squid

.
.TKIP
Temporal
Key

.Integrity Protocol

TNC connector .TNC

.
.Tor
) (http://www.torproject.org/

.
.traceroute / tracert

ping
.

.traceroute
ICMP
TTL

.
tracepath

.UDP .mtr :
traction batteries .
lead-acid
.batteries

Transmission
Control
) Protocol (TCP
.

Transport
Layer



HTTP
.SMTP
.UDP :
transmission power
.

.
transparent
bridging
firewall
.


.
.IP
: .bridge
transparent cache
.

.


.



. :
site-
wide web cache .Squid

proxy .



.
transport layer .
OSI TCP/IP



TCP .UDP
trending .


.

.
.TTL
.Time To Live

459

.UDP
User Datagram

.Protocol
unintended users
.

.
Unshielded Twisted Pair
) (UTP
.
10bastT 100bastT

.
Useful
Capacity
)(Cu
.

Nominal
Capacity
Maximum
Depth
of
.Discharge

tunnel .

.



.

.VPN

User Datagram Protocol

.

) connectionless
(transport layer

.

.UTP
Unshielded Twisted
).Pair (UTP

.U.FL

.mini-PCI

460

V
valve regulated lead acid
) (VRLA
.
.lead-acid batteries
vertical polarization
.
.

.
: circular
polarization
.horizontal polarization
Very
Small
Aperture
) Terminal (VSAT
.



. Broadband :
Global Access Network
) (BGAN
Digital Video Broadcast
).(DVB-S

video sender .
2.4

.
Virtual Private Network
) (VPN .

) (.

.



. :
.tunnel
) VoIP (Voice over IP
.


.

MSN
Gizmo Skype
Messenger .iChat
.VPN
Virtual Private

.Network
.VRLA
valve
regulated
lead
acid
).(VRLA
.VSAT
Very Small
).Aperture Terminal (VSAT

W
.WAN Wide
.Area Network

war drivers .

.
wavelength .

.

.

).lambda (
.WEP
Wired Equivilant
.Privacy

.Wget
command line
.

http://www.gnu.org/software/
wget/
.Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
)

802.11b

802.11a
.(802.11g Wi-Fi
.Wireless Fidelity
Wi-Fi Protected Access
) (WPA
.

.

.Wi-Spy
2.4
:

http://www.metageek.net/

461

)Wide Area Network (WAN

.
.
leased lines frame relay
DSL
fixed wireless
. :
.LAN

.wiki
.

http://www.wikipedia.org/
.window scale
TCP
RFC 1323
TCP 64.
.WinDump
.tcpdump

:

http://www.winpcap.org/win
dump/
Wired Equivilant Privacy
) (WEP
.
link layer

802.11a/b/g.
.Wireless Fidelity Wi-
.Fi

462

.wireshark

.

http://www.wireshark.org/
.WPA
Wi-Fi
Protected

.Access

Z
.Zabbix

)(http://www.zabbix.org/



.

IDRC
.

.