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C: 044 - 4358 7585
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Thiraikadalodiyum Thuyaram Thedu


Y. Thiruvalluvar
First Edition Dec 2008
Aazhi Release No: 27
Aazhi Publishers,
12, First Main road,
United India Colony, Kodambakkam,
Chennai 600 024, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Tele : 044 - 4358 7585
web: www.aazhipublishers.com
email: aazhieditor@gmail.com
Printed at: Subra Printek, Chennai - 5.
Pages: 152
Paper: 18.6 NS Maplitho
Cover Design: K & O
Price: Rs. 90

ISBN: 978-81-907523-9-8

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in Human Beings O

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SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution
Q ,
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P . A Protocol to prevent, suppress and
punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations convention against transnational organized crime Q ,
A. F
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United Nations convention against transnational organized crime
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4.

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combating trafficking in women and children for
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