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Am & Fm-Lect Pt2 Chap1314 Slice
Am & Fm-Lect Pt2 Chap1314 Slice
ELEC166 Modulation
Types of modulation
Sine wave (carrier) described by 3 parameters: amplitude, frequency and phase. v(t) = A sin (t + ) So can have Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) FM and PM closely related AM radio band ~500 to 1600 kHz FM radio band 88 to 108 MHz
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Time
ELEC166 Modulation
Amplitude modulation
Continuous amplitude modulation (eg AM radio) Information contained in the envelope shape
Voltage Modulating signal
Time
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Amplitude modulation
Modulation by a sine wave: v(t) = AC cos (2 fCt) {1 + m cos (2 fmt)} AC = unmodulated peak carrier amnplitude fC = carrier frequency fm = modulation frequency m = modulation index (degree of modulation) m must be between 0 and 1 If m > 1 get overmodulation (bad distortion)
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Vmin 0
m=
AM spectrum
Modulation produces two new components called sidebands, at frequencies above and below the carrier For a fully modulated carrier (m=1), 2/3 of the power is in the carrier, the rest in the sidebands (Power Ac2 + m2 Ac2) The spacing in frequency between carrier and sidebands is equal to fm (the modulating frequency) Hence a bandwidth of 2 x fm is required to transmit the modulated carrier With a more complicated modulating signal (e.g. voice) the sidebands will be extended, so that a bandwidth of twice the highest modulating frequency present is required
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AM spectrum
Carrier Carrier Carrier
Amplitude Amplitude Amplitude
Lower sideband
Upper sideband
fm fc
Frequency
fm fc
Frequency
fc
Frequency
unmodulated carrier
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AM spectrum
Example: fc = 1000 kHz, fm = 1 kHz
Carrier Carrier Carrier
Amplitude
Amplitude
Lower sideband
Upper sideband
1kHz
1kHz
Amplitude
eg f c = 1000kHz f m = 1kHz
unmodulated carrier
2 X fm(max)
carrier modulated with a range of frequencies
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Frequency modulation
Frequency is wobbled higher and lower by modulating signal
Voltage
Modulating signal
Time
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Frequency modulation
Modulation by a sine wave: v(t) = AC cos {2 fCt - m sin (2 fmt)} AC = unmodulated peak carrier amnplitude fC = carrier frequency fm = modulation frequency m = modulation index (degree of modulation) Modulation index: m =
Frequency modulation
No danger of overmodulation with FM As m increased, uses more bandwidth As m increased, more resistant to noise; S/N ratio improves Commercial FM broadcasting: f = 75 kHz fm = 15 kHz maximum (audio BW) Minimum value of m is 5 Required total bandwidth is approximately 2 (m + 1) fm Hz.
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FM spectrum
Sideband structure is more complicated than for AM; many sidebands produced Complexity depends on m However, spacing between carrier and sidebands (and between adjacent sidebands) is equal to fm, just as for AM Theoretically, an infinite number of sidebands produced, but most of power is contained in first (m+1) sidebands Thus transmission requires a bandwidth of approximately 2 (m+1) fm Hz
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FM spectrum
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Very messy, not simply multiplication of sin and cos functions, rather have terms of the form
cos {m sin (2 fmt)} and sin {m sin (2 fmt)}
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Demodulation
Detection Most AM detectors are very simple and work by following the peaks of the modulated carrier (peak detector) FM detectors use a phase-locked loop (PLL) which uses a feedback loop to lock an oscillator to the exact frequency of the incoming signal The PLL produces a voltage which is proportional to the frequency shift of the signal
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