Escobar Worlds and Know Ledges Otherwise

Arturo Escobar
WORLDS AND KNOWLEDGES OTHERWISE

1
The Latin American modernity/
coloniality research program
Introduction: Cruzando Fronteras and the borders of thought
c.o.o1c t.c..o , t|c tiucl, o:g:izi:g t|cuc io: t|c !00! llAl o:g:css
cclc|:tcc i: Austc:cu o: !o ul,, soug|t to sig:l, :c :ct|i:|, t|c cvc:
i:c:csi:g :clcv:cc oi |o:cc:s to t|c co:st:uctio: oi oliticl, socil, :c
cultu:l iugi::ics i:ou, :c |out, lti: Auc:ic t t|c cw: oi t|c :cw
uillc::iuu I|c :csc:t c: iocuscs o: |o:cc: t|t is gi:i:g slic:cc i:
:ccc:t ,c:s, :ticul:l, s :csult oi t|c wo:| oi : i:c:csi:gl,
i:tc:co::cctcc g:ou oi :csc:c|c:s i: lti: Auc:ic :c t|c D:itcc ttcs,
wit| sullc: |::c|cs clscw|c:c l u :cic::i:g to t|c co:ccts oi |o:cc:
t|i:|i:g :c |o:cc: cistcuologics ssocitcc wit| l:gc: ciio:t t|t l will
cll |c:c t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, :csc:c| :og:u l u usi:g t|c co:cct
oi :csc:c| :og:u looscl, ;:ot i: st:ict l|tosi: sc:sc, to :cic: to w|t
sccus to |c : cuc:gc:t |ut l:cc, sig:iiic:tl, co|csivc c:scctivc t|t is
iucli:g sc:ics oi :csc:c|cs, uccti:gs, u|lictio:s, :c so io:t| :ou:c
s|:cc cvc: ii cou:sc co:tcstcc sct oi co:ccts l: |cci:g wit| t|c si:it
oi t|c g:ou, l woulc :guc t|t t|is |oc, oi wo:|, still :cltivcl, u:|:ow: i:
t|c l:glis| sc|i:g wo:lc io: :cso:s t|t go |c,o:c l:gugc :c t|t sc|
to t|c |c:t oi t|c :og:u, co:stitutcs :ovcl c:scctivc i:ou lti:
Auc:ic |ut :ot o:l, io: lti: Auc:ic |ut io: t|c wo:lc oi t|c socil :c
|uu: scic:ccs s w|olc l, t|is l co :ot uc: t|t t|c wo:| oi t|is g:ou is
|ust c .... to llcgccl, u:ivc:sl socil :c |uu: scic:ccs, |ut t|t t|t t|c
g:ou scc|s to u|c cccisivc i:tc:vc:tio: i:to t|c vc:, ciscu:sivit, oi t|c
uocc:: scic:ccs i: o:cc: to c:it :ot|c: scc io: t|c :ocuctio: oi
|:owlccgc : ot|c: w, oi t|i:|i:g, o o.o1.o c.c, t|c vc:, ossi|ilit,
oi tl|i:g |out wo:lcs :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc W|t t|is g:ou suggcsts
is t|t : ot|c: t|oug|t, : ot|c: |:owlccgc ;:c :ot|c: wo:lc, i: t|c si:it
oi lo:to Alcg:cs Wo:lc ocil lo:uu,, :c i:cccc ossi|lc
A :oc: co:tcxtuliztio: :c gc:clog, oi t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit,
:csc:c| :og:u ;\ i:ou :ow o:, woulc |vc to wit iutu:c stucics lt
suiiiccs to s,, io: :ow, t|t t|c:c :c :uu|c: oi icto:s t|t coulc lusi|l,
c:tc: i:to t|c gc:clog, oi t|is g:ous t|i:|i:g, i:cluci:g li|c:tio: t|colog,
i:ou t|c 1-o0s :c 1-0s, cc|tcs i: lti: Auc:ic: |iloso|, :c socil
Cultural Studies Vol. 21, Nos. 23 March/May 2007, pp. 179210
ISSN 0950-2386 print/ISSN 1466-4348 online 2007 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals DOI: 10.1080/09502380601162506
scic:cc :ou:c :otio:s oi li|c:tio: |iloso|, :c uto:ouous socil scic:cc
;cg, l::iquc Dusscl, kocolio lusc|, :l:co lls lo:c, l|lo Go:zlcs
s:ov, D:c, ki|ci:o,, ccc:cc:c, t|co:,, t|c cc|tcs o: lti: Auc:ic:
uocc::it, :c ostuocc::it, i: t|c 1-0s, iollowcc |, ciscussio:s o:
|,|:icit, i: :t|:oolog,, couuu:ictio:s :c cultu:l stucics i: t|c 1--0s,
:c, i: t|c D:itcc ttcs, t|c lti: Auc:ic: u|ltc:: tucics g:ou I|c
uocc::it,colo:ilit, g:ou cc:ti:l, ii:cs i:si:tio: i: :uu|c: oi sou:ccs,
i:ou lu:oc: :c :o:t| Auc:ic: c:iticl t|co:ics oi uocc::it, :c
ostuocc::it, to out| Asi: su|ltc:: stucics, |ic: icui:ist t|co:,,
ostcolo:il t|co:,, :c Ai:ic: |iloso|,, u:, oi its ucu|c:s oc:tc
wit|i: uociiicc wo:lc s,stcus c:scctivc lts ui: c:ivi:g io:cc, |owcvc:,
is co:ti:ucc :cilcctio: o: lti: Auc:ic: cultu:l :c oliticl :clit,,
i:cluci:g t|c su|ltc:: |:owlccgc oi cxloitcc :c o:csscc socil g:ous li
ccc:cc:c, t|co:,, li|c:tio: t|colog,, :c :ticito:, ctio: :csc:c| c:
|c sic to |vc |cc: t|c uost o:igi:l co:t:i|utio:s oi lti: Auc:ic: c:iticl
t|oug|t i: t|c twc:tict| cc:tu:, ;wit| ll t|c cvcts t|t u, l, to suc|
o:igi:lit,,, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u cuc:gcs s |ci: to t|is t:citio: As wc
s|ll scc, |owcvc:, t|c:c :c sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs As Wltc: \ig:olo uts
it, \ s|oulc |c scc: s o o.o1.o c.c kt|c: t|: :cw :cigu i:ou
lti: Auc:ic ;s it coulc |vc |cc: t|c csc wit| ccc:cc:c,,, t|c \
:o|cct cocs :ot iit i:to li:c: |isto:, oi :cigus o: cistcucs, to co so
woulc uc: to i:tcg:tc it i:to t|c |isto:, oi uocc:: t|oug|t : t|c
co:t::,, t|c \ :og:u s|oulc |c scc: s : ot|c: w, oi t|i:|i:g t|t :u:s
cou:tc: to t|c g:ct uocc::ist :::tivcs ;|:isti:it,, li|c:lisu, :c
\:xisu,, it loctcs its ow: i:qui:, i: t|c vc:, |o:cc:s oi s,stcus oi t|oug|t
:c :cc|cs tow:cs t|c ossi|ilit, oi :o:cu:occ:t:ic uoccs oi t|i:|i:g
l:t l oi t|c c: :csc:ts : ovc:vicw oi t|c cu::c:t \ l:cscc l
uust cu|sizc t|t t|is is u, ow: :ticul: :cci:g oi t|is g:ous wo:|,
i:ou u, liuitcc c:ggcuc:t wit| it :c u, cqull, liuitcc u:cc:st:ci:g
I|is c: s|oulc |c :cc s :co:t i:ou t|c iiclc, so to sc| l:t ll ccls
wit| oc: :c u::csolvcc qucstio:s ici:g t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u Auo:g
t|csc qucstio:s, l will |ig|lig|t gc:cc:, :tu:c, :c t|c :ccc to t|i:| |out
ltc::tivc cco:ouic iugi::ics
I The modernity/coloniality research program
W|,, o:c u, s|, co t|csc g:ou oi lti: Auc:ic:s :c lti: Auc:ic:ists
iccl t|t :cw u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, is :ccccc Io iull, :ccitc t|c
iuo:t:cc oi t|is qucstio:, it is i:st:uctivc to |cgi: |, ciscussi:g t|c
coui::t tc:cc:cics i: t|c stuc, oi uocc::it, i:ou w|t wc c: cll i:t:
uocc:: c:scctivcs ;t|c tc:u will |ccouc clc: s wc uovc lo:g, l u
vc:, uuc| w:c t|t t|c vicw oi uocc::it, to |c :csc:tcc |clow is tc::i|l,
:til :c co:tcst|lc l u :ot :csc:ti:g it wit| t|c gol oi t|co:izi:g
1 8 0 CULTURAL STUDI ES
uocc::it,, |ut :t|c: i: o:cc: to |ig|lig|t, |, w, oi co:t:st, t|c st:|
ciiic:c:cc t|t t|c \ :og:u oscs i: :cltio: to t|c coui::t i:qui:ics
|out uocc::it, l: t|c lst i:st:cc, t|c gol oi t|is |:ici cxcu:sus i:to
uocc::it, is oliticl li, s uost i:t:uocc:: ciscussio: suggcst, glo|liz
tio: c:tils t|c u:ivc:sliztio: :c :cicliztio: oi uocc::it,, t|c: w|t :c
wc lcit wit| low c: wc t|i:| |out socil c|:gc Docs :cicl ltc:it,
|ccouc iuossi|lc \o:c gc:c:ll,, w|t is |c:i:g to ccvclouc:t :c
uocc::it, i: tiucs oi glo|liztio: ls uocc::it, ii:ll, |ccoui:g u:ivc:s
lizcc, o: is it |ci:g lcit |c|i:c I|c qucstio: is t|c uo:c oig::t |ccusc it
c: |c :gucc t|t t|c :csc:t is uouc:t oi t::sitio: |ctwcc: wo:lc
ccii:cc i: tc:us oi uocc::it, :c its co:oll:ics, ccvclouc:t :c
uocc::iztio:, :c t|c cc:ti:t, t|c, i:stillcc wo:lc t|t |s oc:tcc
l:gcl, u:cc: lu:oc: |cgcuo:, ovc: t|c st two |u:c:cc ,c:s ii :ot
uo:c, :c :cw ;glo|l, :clit, w|ic| is still ciiiicult to scc:ti: |ut w|ic|,
t oositc c:cs, c: |c scc: cit|c: s cccc:i:g oi uocc::it, t|c wo:lc
ovc: o:, o: t|c co:t::,, s cccl, :cgotitcc :clit, t|t c:cousscs u:,
|ctc:ogc:cous cultu:l io:utio:s :c oi cou:sc, t|c u:, s|ccs i:
|ctwcc: I|is sc:sc oi t::sitio: is wcll ctu:cc |, t|c qucstio: ls
glo|liztio: t|c lst stgc oi citlist uocc::it,, o: t|c |cgi::i:g oi
souct|i:g :cw As wc s|ll scc, i:t:uocc:: :c \ c:scctivcs o:
uocc::it, givc vc:, ciiic:c:t :swc: to t|is sct oi qucstio:s
c!c/o!..o.c o |. .o1..o!..o.c c c1..., + ..oc1.. .. c
c1...,
I|c icc oi :cltivcl, si:glc glo|liztio: :occss cu:ti:g out oi icw
coui::t cc:tc:s :cui:s :cvlc:t lt is usciul to :cvicw succi:ctl, |ow t|is
iugc :osc i: t|c uost :ccc:t c:ioc :c w|, it sccus so ciiiicult to ciscl
l:ou |iloso|icl :c sociologicl c:scctivc, t|c :oot oi t|c icc oi :
i:c:csi:gl, ovc:owc:i:g glo|liztio: lics i: vicw oi uocc::it, s cssc:till,
: lu:oc: |c:ouc:o: kccc:t c|llc:gcs to t|is vicw i:ou c:i|c:l
loctio:s |vc qucstio:cc t|c u:cxui:cc ssuutio: iou:c i: t|i:|c:s li|c
l|c:us, Giccc:s, I,lo:, Iou:i:c, l,ot:c, ko:t,, ctc, s uuc| s i: l:t,
lcgcl, :c t|c l::|iu:t c|ool |iloso|c:s |cio:c t|cu t|t uocc::it, c:
|c iull, cxli:cc |, :cic:c:cc to icto:s i:tc::l to lu:oc I|c vicws oi
l|c:us :c Giccc:s |vc |cc: :ticul:l, i:iluc:til, |vi:g givc: :isc to
vc:it|lc gc::c oi |oo|s o: uocc::it, :c glo|liztio: l:ou t|is c:scctivc,
uocc::it, u, |c c|:ctc:izcc s iollows
1 u.c...o!!,, uocc::it, |s icc:tiii|lc tcuo:l :c stil o:igi:s
scvc:tcc:t| cc:tu:, :o:t|c:: lu:oc ;csccill, l::cc, Gc:u:,,
l:gl:c,, :ou:c t|c :occsscs oi kcio:utio:, t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t, :c
t|c l:c:c| kcvolutio: I|csc :occsscs c:,stllizcc t t|c c:c oi t|c
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 1
cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:, ;loucults uocc:: cistcuc, :c |ccuc co:soli
ctcc wit| t|c l:cust:il kcvolutio:
! :c..c!c..o!!,, uocc::it, is c|:ctc:izcc |, cc:ti: i:stitutio:s, :ticu
l:l, t|c :tio: sttc, :c |, souc |sic ictu:cs, suc| s .!..!..., ;t|c
co:ti:uous iccc|c| oi cxc:t |:owlccgc |c| i:to socict,, t::sio:ui:g
it,, t|c 1../.11. oi socil liic i:ou locl co:tcxt :c its i:c:csi:g
cctc:ui:tio: |, t::slocl io:ccs, :c o.... 1.o.o.c, o: t|c
sc:tio: oi scc :c lcc, si:cc :cltio:s |ctwcc: |sc:t ot|c:s
|ccouc uo:c iuo:t:t t|: icc to icc i:tc:ctio: ;Giccc:s 1--0,
! co!o.o!!,, uocc::it, c: |c iu:t|c: c|:ctc:izcc i: tc:us oi t|c
i:c:csi:g :o:itio: oi :cviousl, t|c: io: g::tcc cultu:l |c|
g:ou:cs |, io:us oi cxc:t |:owlccgc li:|cc to citl :c sttc
cui:ist:tivc :tuscs ;l|c:us 1-!, l|c:us ;1-, ccsc:i|cs
t|is :occss s t|c i:c:csi:g :tio:liztio: oi t|c liicwo:lc, ccou:icc
|, u:ivc:sliztio: :c i:civicutio: \occ::it, |:i:gs |out : o:cc: o:
t|c |sis oi t|c co:st:ucts oi :cso:, t|c i:civicul, cxc:t |:owlccgc,
:c cui:ist:tivc ucc|:isus li:|cc to t|c sttc :cc: :c :cso: :c
scc: s t|c iou:ctio: io: cqulit, :c i:cccou, :c c:|lcc |, t|c
l:gugc oi :ig|ts
+ t|.!cc|..o!!,, o:c u, scc uocc::it, i: tc:us oi t|c cuc:gc:cc oi t|c
:otio: oi \: s t|c iou:ctio: io: ll |:owlccgc :c o:cc: oi t|c
wo:lc, sc:tc i:ou t|c :tu:l :c t|c civi:c ; c:vsivc :t|:o
occ:t:isu, loucult 1-!, lciccggc: 1-, l:i||: 1--!, : t|c
ot|c:, uocc::it, is scc: i: tc:us oi t|c t:iuu| oi uct|,sics,
u:cc:stooc s tc:cc:c, cxtc:ci:g i:ou llto :c souc oi t|c :c
oc:tics to Dcsc:tcs :c t|c uocc:: t|i:|c:s, :c c:iticizcc |,
:ictzsc|c :c lciccggc: uo:g ot|c:s t|t ii:cs i: logicl t:ut| t|c
iou:ctio: io: :tio:l t|co:, oi t|c wo:lc s ucc u oi |:ow|lc ;:c
|c:cc co:t:oll|lc, t|i:gs :c |ci:gs ;cg, Vttiuo 1--1, lo: Vttiuo,
uocc::it, is c|:ctc:izcc |, t|c icc oi |isto:, :c its co:oll:,, :og:css
:c ovc:coui:g Vttiuo cu|sizcs t|c logic oi ccvclouc:t t|c
|clici i: c:ctul |cttc:uc:t :c ovc:coui:g s c:ucil to t|c
|iloso|icl iou:ctio:s oi t|c uocc:: o:cc:
: t|c c:iticl sicc, t|c ciscu|ccccc:css oi uocc::it, is scc: to cusc
w|t lul Vi:ilio ;1---, clls glo|l cclocliztio:, i:cluci:g t|c u:gi:
liztio: oi lcc ;t|c |c:c :c :ow oi socil ctio:, i: t|c ccii:itio: oi socil
liic I|c u:cc:sicc oi o:cc: :c :tio:lit, is scc: i: v:ious w,s, i:ou
t|c coui:tio: :c cisc:c|:tuc:t t|t cuc |out wit| sccul:iztio: :c t|c
:ccoui::cc oi i:st:uuc:tl :cso: to t|c :o:uliztio: oi liic :c t|c
ciscili:i:g oi oultio:s As loucult ut it, t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t, w|ic|
ciscovc:cc t|c li|c:tics, lso i:vc:tcc t|c ciscili:cs ;1--, !!!, li:ll,,
uocc::it,s :t|:oocc:t:isu is :cltcc to logocc:t:isu :c |llogocc:t:isu,
ccii:cc |c:c siul, s t|c cultu:l :o|cct oi o:cc:i:g t|c wo:lc cco:ci:g to
:tio:l :i:cilcs i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi ulc cu:occ:t:ic co:scious:css
i: ot|c: wo:cs, |uilci:g : llcgccl, o:cc:cc, :tio:l, :c :ccict|lc wo:lc
logocc:t:isu |s :cc|cc u::ccccc:tcc lcvcls wit| t|c cxt:cuc cco:ouiz
tio: :c tcc|:iiictio: oi t|c wo:lc ;lcii !000, \occ::it, oi cou:sc cic :ot
succccc i: co:stituti:g totl :clit,, |ut c:ctcc totlizi:g :o|cct iucc t
t|c u:iiictio: oi o:cc:s ;sc:tio: |ctwcc: us :c t|cu, :tu:c :c cultu:c,,
lt|oug| i:cvit|l, o:l, :ocuci:g |,|:ics oi t|csc oositcs lo:g t|c w,
;t|us ltou:s cictuu t|t wc |vc :cvc: |cc: uocc::, 1--!,
ls t|c:c logicl :cccssit, to |clicvc t|t t|c o:cc: so s|ctc|il,
c|:ctc:izcc |ovc is t|c o:l, o:c c|lc oi |ccoui:g glo|l lo: uost
t|co:ists, o: ll siccs oi t|c oliticl scct:uu, t|is is cxctl, t|c csc Giccc:s
;1--0, |s ucc t|c :guuc:t uost io:cciull, glo|liztio: c:tils t|c
:cicliztio: :c u:ivc:sliztio: oi uocc::it, :o lo:gc: u:cl, : iii: oi
t|c Wcst, |owcvc:, si:cc uocc::it, is cvc:,w|c:c, t|c t:iuu| oi t|c
uocc:: lics :cciscl, i: its |vi:g |ccouc u:ivc:sl I|is u, |c cll t|c
Giccc:s ciicct .c c c, . c1..., o!! |. o, 1c, ...,|..., o.! |.
.1 c .. :ot o:l, is :cicl ltc:it, cxcllcc io:cvc: i:ou t|c :clu oi
ossi|ilitics, ll wo:lc cultu:cs :c socictics :c :ccuccc to |ci:g
u:iicsttio: oi lu:oc: |isto:, :c cultu:c I|c Giccc:s ciicct sccus
to |c t l,, ci:cctl, o: i:ci:cctl,, i: uost wo:|s o: uocc::it, :c
glo|liztio: t :csc:t :o uttc: |ow v:iousl, quliiicc, glo|l
uocc::it, is |c:c to st, kccc:t :t|:oologicl i:vcstigtio:s oi uocc::it,
t l:gc ;Acu:i 1--o, |vc s|ow: uocc::it, to |c scc: s cc
tc::ito:ilizcc, |,|:icizcc, co:tcstcc, u:cvc:, |ctc:ogc:ous, cvc: uultilc,
o: i: tc:us oi co:vc:si:g wit|, c:ggi:g, l,i:g wit|, o: :occssi:g
uocc::it,, :cvc:t|clcss, i: t|c lst i:st:cc t|csc uocc::itics c:c u |ci:g
:cilcctio: oi cu:occ:tc:cc socil o:cc:, u:cc: t|c ssuutio: t|t uocc::it,
is :ow cvc:,w|c:c, : u|iquitous :c i:cluct|lc socil ict
!
oulc it |c, |owcvc:, t|t t|c owc: oi lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it, s
o...o!o. !c.o! |.c., lics i: t|c ict t|t is |s :ocuccc o...o!o. !c/o!
1.. i: suc| w, t|t it |s su|ltc::izcc ot|c: locl |isto:ics :c t|ci:
co::cso:ci:g ccsig:s li t|is is t|c csc, coulc o:c osit t|c |,ot|csis t|t
:cicl ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, :c :ot |isto:icll, io:ccloscc ossi|ilit, li
so, |ow c: wc :ticultc :o|cct :ou:c t|is ossi|ilit, oulc it |c t|t it is
ossi|lc to t|i:| |out, :c to t|i:| ciiic:c:tl, i:ou, : cxtc:io:it, to t|c
uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu I|t o:c u, c:visio: ltc::tivcs to t|c totlit,
iuutcc to uocc::it,, :c cuu|:tc :ot ciiic:c:t totlit, lcci:g to
ciiic:c:t glo|l ccsig:s, |ut :ctwo:| oi loclglo|l |isto:ics co:st:uctcc
i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi oliticll, c::ic|cc ltc:it, I|is is :cciscl, t|c
ossi|ilit, t|t u, |c glc:cc i:ou t|c wo:| oi g:ou oi lti: Auc:ic:
t|co:ists t|t i: :ci:cti:g uocc::it, t|:oug| t|c lc:s oi colo:ilit, c:ggc i:
qucstio:i:g oi t|c stil :c tcuo:l o:igi:s oi uocc::it,, t|us u:i:cczi:g
t|c :cicl otc:til io: t|i:|i:g i:ou ciiic:c:cc :c tow:cs t|c co:stitutio:
oi ltc::tivc locl :c :cgio:l wo:lcs l: w|t iollows, l :csc:t succi:ctl,
souc oi t|c ui: :guuc:ts oi t|csc wo:|s
!
1|. c1...,.c!c.o!., ...o..| .c.o
I|c co:cctuliztio: oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, is g:ou:ccc i: sc:ics oi
oc:tio:s t|t cisti:guis| it i:ou cst|lis|cc t|co:ics oi uocc::it, ucci:ctl,
ut, t|csc i:clucc t|c iollowi:g ;1, : cu|sis o: locti:g t|c o:igi:s oi
uocc::it, wit| t|c o:qucst oi Auc:ic :c t|c co:t:ol oi t|c Atl:tic itc:
1+-!, :t|c: t|: i: t|c uost couuo:l, ccctcc l:cu:|s suc| s t|c
l:lig|tc:uc:t o: t|c c:c oi t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:,,
+
;!, c:sistc:t ttc:tio:
to colo:ilisu :c t|c u|i:g oi t|c citlist wo:lc s,stcu s co:stitutivc oi
uocc::it,, t|is i:cluccs cctc:ui:tio: :ot to ovc:loo| t|c cco:ou, :c its
co:couit:t io:us oi cxloittio:, ;!, co:scquc:tl,, t|c cotio: oi wo:lc
c:scctivc i: t|c cxl:tio: oi uocc::it,, i: licu oi vicw oi uocc::it, s
: i:t:lu:oc: |c:ouc:o:, ;+, t|c icc:tiiictio: oi t|c coui:tio: oi
ot|c:s outsicc t|c lu:oc: co:c s :cccss:, ciuc:sio: oi uocc::it,, wit|
t|c co:couit:t su|ltc::iztio: oi t|c |:owlccgc :c cultu:cs oi t|csc ot|c:
g:ous, ;., co:cctio: oi cu:occ:t:isu s t|c |:owlccgc io:u oi
uocc::it,colo:ilit, |cgcuo:ic :c:csc:ttio: :c uocc oi |:owi:g
t|t clius u:ivc:slit, io: itscli, :c t|t :clics o: co:iusio: |ctwcc:
|st:ct u:ivc:slit, :c t|c co:c:ctc wo:lc |cgcuo:, cc:ivcc i:ou lu:ocs
ositio: s cc:tc: ;Dusscl !000, +1, Qui|:o !000, .+-,
A :uu|c: oi ltc::tivc :otio:s cuc:gc i:ou t|is sct oi ositio:s ;,
cccc:tc:i:g oi uocc::it, i:ou its llcgcc lu:oc: o:igi:s, i:cluci:g
cc|u:|i:g oi t|c li:c: scquc:cc li:|i:g G:cccc, kouc, |:isti:it, :c
uocc:: lu:oc, ;|, :cw stil :c tcuo:l co:cctio: oi uocc::it, i:
tc:us oi t|c iou:ctio:l :olc oi i: :c lo:tugl ;t|c socllcc ii:st
uocc::it, i:ititcc wit| t|c o:qucst, :c its co:ti:utio: i: :o:t|c::
lu:oc wit| t|c i:cust:il :cvolutio: :c t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t ;t|c scco:c
uocc::it,, i: Dusscls tc:us,, t|c scco:c uocc::it, cocs :ot :clcc t|c
ii:st, it ovc:ls wit| it, u:til t|c :csc:t, ;c, iocus o: t|c c:i|c:liztio:
oi ll ot|c: wo:lc :cgio:s |, t|is uocc:: lu:oc, wit| lti: Auc:ic s t|c
i:itil ot|c: sicc oi uocc::it, ;t|c coui:tcc :c co:cclcc sicc,, :c ;c,
:c:cci:g oi t|c u,t| oi uocc::it,, :ot i: tc:us oi qucstio:i:g oi t|c
cu:cito:, otc:til oi uocc:: :cso:, |ut oi uocc::it,s u:cc:sicc,
:ucl,, t|c iuuttio: oi t|c suc:io:it, oi lu:oc: civiliztio:, coulcc
wit| t|c ssuutio: t|t lu:ocs ccvclouc:t uust |c iollowcc u:iltc:ll,
|, cvc:, ot|c: cultu:c, |, io:cc ii :cccss:, w|t Dusscl tc:us t|c
ccvclouc:tlist illc, ;cg, 1--!, !000, ouc ccitio:l co:scquc:ccs
i:clucc t|c :cvlui:g oi l:cu:| cxc:ic:ccs oi cccolo:iztio:, i:ou t|c
Iuc Au:u :c|cllio: :c t|c 10+ liti: :cvolutio: to t|c 1-o0s :ti
colo:il uovcuc:ts, s sou:ccs oi visio:s io: t|c iutu:c, s ooscc to t|c
co:vc:tio:l sou:ccs suc| s t|c l:c:c| :c Auc:ic: :cvolutio:s, :c, i:
gc:c:l, t|c :ccc to t|c sc:iousl, t|c cistcuic io:cc oi locl |isto:ics :c to
t|i:| t|co:, t|:oug| i:ou t|c oliticl :xis oi su|ltc:: g:ous
I|c ui: co:clusio:s :c, ii:st, t|t t|c :oc: :l,ticl u:it io: t|c
:l,sis oi uocc::it, is uocc::it,colo:ilit, i: suu, t|c:c is :o uocc::it,
wit|out colo:ilit,, wit| t|c lttc: |ci:g co:stitutivc oi t|c io:uc: ;i: Asi,
Ai:ic, lti: Auc:ic:i||c:, cco:c, t|c ict t|t t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ivilcgcc cistcuologicl :c oliticl scc I|c g:ct
u|o:it, oi lu:oc: t|co:ists ;:ticul:l, t|osc ccic:cc:s oi t|c lu:oc:
tc:t o: uocc::it,, s Qui|:o uoc|i:gl, clls t|cu ;!000, .+!,, |vc
|cc: |li:c to t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c t|c su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c
cultu:cs it c:tilcc A iocus o: t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu lso u|cs
visi|lc, |csiccs t|c i:tc::l co:ilicts ;co:ilicts wit|i: owc:s wit| t|c suc
wo:lc vicw,, t|osc t|t t|c lcc t t|c cxtc:io: |o:cc:s oi t|c uocc::
colo:il s,stcu ic, t|c co:ilicts wit| ot|c: cultu:cs :c wo:lc vicws
.
x., c.c o1 |.. c |. c1...,.c!c.!.o, ...o..| .c.o
ouc oi t|c |c, :otio:s t|t u|c u t|c co:cctul co:us oi t|is :csc:c|
:og:u :c t|us t|c c1.. .c!c.o! c.!1 ,. s t|c c:scu|lc oi :occsscs
:c socil io:utio:s t|t c:couss uocc:: colo:ilisu :c colo:il
uocc::itics, lt|oug| it is st:uctu:ll, |ctc:ogc:cous, it :ticultcs t|c ui:
io:us oi owc: i:to s,stcu c!c.o!., c c.. ;Qui|:o,, glo|l
|cgcuo:ic uoccl oi owc: i: lcc si:cc t|c o:qucst t|t :ticultcs :cc
:c l|o:, scc :c colcs, cco:ci:g to t|c :cccs oi citl :c to t|c
|c:ciit oi w|itc lu:oc: colcs cc!c.o! 1...... :c !c/o! .c!c.o!.,
;\ig:olo, w|ic| :cic: to t|c |:owlccgc :c cultu:l ciuc:sio:s oi t|c
su|ltc::iztio: :occsscs ciicctcc |, t|c colo:ilit, oi owc:, t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc |:i:gs to t|c io:c c:sistc:t cultu:l ciiic:c:ccs wit|i: glo|l owc:
st:uctu:cs cc!c.o!., c /.. ;uo:c :ccc:tl, suggcstcc |, :clso: \lco:co
Io::cs i: g:ou ciscussio:s, s t|c o:tologicl ciuc:sio: oi colo:ilt,, o:
|ot| siccs oi t|c c:cou:tc:, |scc o: lcvi:s, Dusscl :c l:o:, it oi:ts t
t|c o:tologicl cxccss t|t occu:s w|c: :ticul: |ci:gs iuosc o: ot|c:s
:c, |c,o:c t|t, t|c otc:til o: ctul ciicctivit, oi t|c ciscou:scs wit|
w|ic| t|c ot|c: :cso:cs to t|c su:cssio: s :csult oi t|c c:cou:tc:
;\lco:coIo::cs !00!, io.c...., s t|c |:owlccgc uoccl t|t
:c:csc:ts t|c locl lu:oc: |isto:icl cxc:ic:cc :c w|ic| |ccuc glo|ll,
|cgcuo:ic si:cc t|c scvc:tcc:t| cc:tu:, ;Dusscl, Qui|:o,, |c:cc t|c
ossi|ilit, oi c.o.c..... |.|. :c cistcuologics lc| oi t|csc :otio:s
:c i: t|cusclvcs :ootcc i: coulcx co:cctuliztio:s t|t :c:csc:t cccccs
oi :csc:c|, cvc: t|us, t|c, :c oi cou:sc cc|t|lc I|c:c :c souc ot|c:
:otio:s, uo:c cculi: to scciiic ut|o:s |ut w|ic| :c gi:i:g cu::c:c,
wit|i: t|c g:ou, t|t it is lso iuo:t:t to i:t:ocucc I|csc i:clucc Dusscls
:otio: oi cxtc:io:it, :c t::suocc::it, :c \ig:olos co:cct oi |o:cc:
t|i:|i:g, lu:itoic |c:uc:cutics, :c lu:ivc:slit,
I|c qucstio: oi w|ct|c: t|c:c is : cxtc:io:it, to t|c uocc::colo:il
wo:lc s,stcu is soucw|t cculi: to t|is g:ou, :c csil, uisu:cc:stooc lt
ws o:igi:ll, :ooscc :c c:ciull, cl|o:tcc |, Dusscl i: |is clssic wo:|
o: li|c:tio: |iloso|, ;1-o, :c :cwo:|cc i: :ccc:t ,c:s l: :o w,
s|oulc t|is cxtc:io:it, |c t|oug|t |out s u:c outsicc, u:touc|cc |, t|c
uocc:: I|c :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, cocs :ot c:til : o:tologicl outsicc, it
:cic:s to : outsicc t|t is :cciscl, co:stitutcc s ciiic:c:cc |, |cgcuo:ic
ciscou:sc I|is :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, :iscs c|icil, |, t|i:|i:g |out t|c t|c:
i:ou t|c ct|icl :c cistcuologicl c:scctivc oi li|c:tio: |iloso|,
i:ucwo:| t|c t|c: s o:csscc, s wou:, s :cill, u:|cc, s
cxcluccc, s oo:, s :tu:c l, cli:g i:ou t|c cxtc:io:it, i: w|ic| s|c
is loctcc, t|c t|c: |ccoucs t|c o:igi:l sou:cc oi : ct|icl ciscou:sc vis
vis |cgcuo:ic totlit, I|is i:tc:clltio: oi t|c t|c: coucs i:ou outsicc
o: |c,o:c t|c s,stcus i:stitutio:l :c :o:utivc i:uc, s : ct|icl
c|llc:gc I|is c|llc:gc uig|t o:l, |c qusii:tclligi|lc t ii:st ;Dusscl
1--o, !.,, givc: t|c ciiiicultics i: cst|lis|i:g uc:i:giul i:tc:clltio: t|t
cxloitcc colcs |vc wit| :cscct to |cgcuo:ic s,stcu ;co:t: l|c:us
:otio: oi couuu:ictio: i:cc oi coui:tio:, I|c:c :c ccg:ccs oi
cxtc:io:it,, i: t|c lst i:st:cc, t|c g:ctc: c|llc:gc coucs i:ou
t|c i:tc:clltio: w|ic| t|c u|o:it, oi t|c oultio: oi t|c l:ct,
loctcc i: t|c out|, :iscs, ccu:ci:g t|ci: :ig|t to livc, t|ci: :ig|t to
ccvclo t|ci: ow: cultu:c, cco:ou,, olitics, ctc . . . I|c:c is :o
li|c:tio: wit|out :tio:lit,, |ut t|c:c is :o .....o! :tio:lit, wit|out
cccti:g t|c i:tc:clltio: oi t|c cxcluccc, o: t|is woulc i:cvc:tc:tl,
|c o:l, t|c :tio:lit, oi 1c.o.c . . . l:ou t|is :cgtcc t|c: cc:ts
t|c :xis oi li|c:tio: s iii:utio: oi t|c lxtc:io:it, :c s o:igi: oi
t|c uovcuc:t oi :cgtio: oi t|c :cgtio:
;Dusscl 1--o, !1, !o, .+,
o
I|is is :cciscl, w|t uost lu:oc: :c lu:oAuc:ic: t|co:ists sccu
u:willi:g to co:sicc: t|t it is iuossi|lc to t|i:| |out t::scc:ci:g o:
ovc:coui:g uocc::it, wit|out :oc|i:g it i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c
colo:il ciiic:c:cc lot| \ig:olo :c Dusscl scc |c:c st:ict liuit to
ccco:st:uctio: :c to t|c v:ious cu:occ:tc:cc c:itiqucs oi cu:occ:t:isu i:
s|o:t, t|csc co:ti:uc to |c t|oug|t |out i:ou wit|i: cu:occ:t:ic ctcgo:ics
;oi, s,, li|c:lisu, \:xisu, ostst:uctu:lisu,, :ot i:ou t|c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g
c:|lcc |, t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc . . . :itiqucs oi uocc::it,, i: s|o:t, :c
|li:c to t|c ;cistcuic :c cultu:l, colo:il ciiic:c:cc t|t |ccoucs t|c iocus
oi uocc::it,colo:ilit,
Dusscls :otio: oi .oc1..., sig:ls t|c ossi|ilit, oi :o:cu:occ:t:ic
:c c:iticl ciloguc wit| ltc:it,, o:c t|t iull, c:|lcs t|c :cgtio: oi t|c
:cgtio: to w|ic| t|c su|ltc:: ot|c:s |vc |cc: su||cctcc, :c o:c t|t cocs
:ot scc c:iticl ciscou:sc s i:t:i:sicll, lu:oc: l:tcg:l to t|is ciio:t is t|c
:cscui:g oi :o:|cgcuo:ic :c silc:ccc cou:tc:ciscou:scs, oi t|c ltc:it, t|t
is co:stitutivc oi uocc::it, itscli I|is is t|c ct|icl :i:cilc oi li|c:tio: oi
t|c :cgtcc t|c:, io: w|ic| Dusscl coi:s t|c tc:u, t::suocc::it,,
ccii:cc s :o|cct io: ovc:coui:g uocc::it, :ot siul, |, :cgti:g it |ut |,
t|i:|i:g |out it i:ou its u:cc:sicc, i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c cxcluccc
ot|c: I::suocc::it, is iutu:co:ic:tcc :o|cct t|t scc|s t|c li|c:tio: oi
ll |uu:it, ;1--o, 1+, | ,, wo:lcwicc ct|icl li|c:tio: :o|cct i:
w|ic| ltc:it,, w|ic| ws :t :c :ccl oi uocc::it,, woulc |c |lc to iul
iill itscli ;!000, +!,, i: w|ic| |ot| uocc::it, :c its :cgtcc ltc:it,
;t|c victius, co:clizc t|cusclvcs i: :occss oi uutul ic:tiliztio: ;1--!,
o, l: s|o:t, t::suocc::it, c::ot |c |:oug|t |out i:ou wit|i:
uocc::it,, |ut :cqui:cs oi t|c ctio: :c t|c i:co:o:tivc solic:it, oi
t|c su|ltc::izcc g:ous, t|c o||ccts oi uocc::it,s co:stitutivc violc:cc
cu|ccccc i:, uo:g ot|c: ictu:cs, t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc, kt|c: t|:
t|c :tio:l :o|cct oi ciscu:sivc ct|ics, t::suocc::it, |ccoucs t|c
cx:cssio: oi : ct|ics oi li|c:tio:
\ig:olos :otio:s oi /c.1.. |.|., /c.1.. ...c!c,, :c !o..c..
|....o.. :c iuo:t:t i: t|is :cg:c I|c, oi:t t t|c :ccc io: |i:c oi
t|i:|i:g t|t uovcs lo:g t|c civc:sit, oi |isto:icl :occsscs ;\ig:olo !001,
-, I|c:c :c, to |c su:c, :o o:igi:l t|i:|i:g t:citio:s to w|ic| o:c c: go
|c| kt|c: t|: :c:ocuci:g Wcstc:: |st:ct u:ivc:sls, |owcvc:, t|c
ltc::tivc is |i:c oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g t|t c:ggcs t|c colo:ilisu oi
Wcstc:: cistcuolog, ;i:ou t|c lcit :c i:ou t|c :ig|t, i:ou t|c c:scctivc
oi cistcuic io:ccs t|t |vc |cc: tu::cc i:to su|ltc:: ;t:citio:l, iol|lo:ic,
:cligious, cuotio:l, ctc, io:us oi |:owlccgc ;!001, 11, kcsituti:g
A:zlcus uct|o: oi t|c |o:cc: i:to t|c coui: oi colo:ilit,, \ig:olo
cuu|:tcs t|c ossi|ilit, oi t|i:|i:g ot|c:wisc, i:ou t|c i:tc:io:
cxtc:io:it, oi t|c |o:cc: I|t is, to c:ggc i: |o:cc: t|i:|i:g is to uovc
|c,o:c t|c ctcgo:ics c:ctcc : iuoscc |, Wcstc:: cistcuolog, ; 11,
I|is is :ot |ust qucstio: oi c|:gi:g t|c co:tc:ts |ut t|c vc:, tc:us oi t|c
co:vc:stio: lt is :ot qucstio: oi :clci:g cxisti:g cistcuologics cit|c:,
t|csc will cc:ti:l, co:ti:uc to cxist :c s suc| will :cui: vi|lc s sccs
oi, :c io:, c:itiquc l:stcc, w|t |c clius is t|c scc io: : cistcuolog,
t|t coucs i:ou t|c |o:cc: :c ius tow:c oliticl :c ct|icl t::sio:u
tio:s ; 11, li:ll,, w|ilc \ig:olo c|:owlccgcs t|c co:ti:ucc iuo:t:cc
oi t|c uo:otoic c:itiquc oi uocc::it, |, Wcstc:: c:iticl ciscou:sc ;c:itiquc
i:ou si:glc, u:iiicc scc,, |c suggcsts t|t t|is |s to |c ut i:to ciloguc
wit| t|c c:itiquc;s, :isi:g i:ou t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, w|ic| co:stitutcs
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g I|c :csult is lu:itoic |c:uc:cutics ; tc:u |c sccui:gl,
cts i:ou l::i|:s citoic |c:uc:cutics,, ossi|ilit, oi t|i:|i:g i:ou
ciiic:c:t sccs w|ic| ii:ll, |:c|s w, i:ou cu:occ:t:isu s solc
cistcuologicl c:scctivc I|is is t|c cou|lc c:itiquc oi uocc::it, i:ou
t|c c:scctivc oi colo:ilit,, i:ou t|c cxtc:io: oi t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc
s,stcu lct it |c clc:, |owcvc:, t|t |o:cc: t|i:|i:g c:tils |ot|
cislccuc:t :c cc:tu:c ;!000, !0,, cou|lc c:itiquc :c ositivc
iii:utio: oi : ltc::tivc o:cc:i:g oi t|c :cl Io suu u,
lo:cc: t|i:|i:g oi:ts tow:cs ciiic:c:t |i:c oi |cgcuo:,, uultilc
o:c As u:ivc:sl :o|cct, civc:sit, llows us to iugi:c ltc::tivcs to
u:ivc:slisu ;wc coulc s, t|t t|c ltc::tivc to u:ivc:slisu i: t|is vicw
is :ot :ticul:isu |ut uultilicit,, I|c Wcst :c t|c :cst i:
lu:ti:gto:s |:sc :oviccs t|c uoccl to ovc:couc, s t|c :cst
|ccoucs t|c sitcs w|c:c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g cuc:gcs i: its civc:sit,, w|c:c
uu:cilizcio: c:ctcs :cw locl |isto:ics :cu|i:g :c :ccti:g
Wcstc:: glo|l ccsig:s . . . :c t::sio:ui:g locl ;lu:oc:, |isto:ics
i:ou w|c:c suc| ccsig:s cuc:gcc . . . l:tc:ccc:cc:cc u, |c t|c
wo:c t|t suuu:izcs t|c |:c| w, i:ou t|c icc oi co!., :c |:i:gs
|out t|c icc oi .c.| w|osc :ticultio: will :cqui:c cistcuologicl
:i:cilcs l cllcc i: t|is |oo| |o:cc: t|i:|i:g :c |o:cc: g:osis, s
:c:ticultio: oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc civc:slit, s u:ivc:sl
:o|cct, w|ic| uc:s t|t colc :c couuu:itics |vc t|c :ig|t to
|c ciiic:c:t :cciscl, |ccusc wc :c ll cquls
;!000, !10, !11,
I|c:c is :o qucstio:, w:itcs \ig:olo ;!000,, .-,, t|t Qui|:o, Dusscl
:c l :c :ccti:g :ot o:l, to t|c io:cc oi |isto:icl iugi::, |ut lso to t|c
ctulit, oi t|is iugi::, toc, I|c co:oll:, is t|c :ccc to |uilc :::tivcs
i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, gc:cc tow:cs t|c sc:c| io:
ciiic:c:t logic ; !!, I|is :o|cct |s to co wit| t|c :c:ticultio: oi glo|l
ccsig:s |, :c i:ou locl |isto:ics, wit| t|c :ticultio: |ctwcc: su|ltc:: :c
|cgcuo:ic |:owlccgc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c su|ltc::, :c wit| t|c
:cui:g oi colo:il ciiic:c:cc tow:cs wo:lcl, cultu:c suc| s i: t|c
Ztist :o|cct, t|t :cus \:xisu, t|i:cwo:lcisu, :c i:cigc:isu,
wit|out |ci:g cit|c: oi t|cu, i: : cxccllc:t cxulc oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g
W|ilc t|c:c is :ot|i:g outsicc oi totlit, . . . totlit, is lw,s :o|cctcc i:ou
givc: locl |isto:,, it |ccoucs ossi|lc to t|i:| oi ot|c: locl |isto:ics
:ocuci:g cit|c: ltc::tivc totlitics o: : ltc::tivc to totlit, ; !!-,
I|csc ltc::tivcs woulc :ot l, o: t|c glo|liztio:civiliztio: coulct
i:|c:c:t to uocc::it,colo:ilit,, t|c, woulc :t|c: |uilc o: o1.o!..o
..ccultu:c :cltio: cc:tc:cc o: t|c locl |isto:ics i: w|ic| colo:il glo|l
ccsig:s :c :cccss:il, t::sio:ucc, t|us t::sio:ui:g lso t|c locl |isto:ics
t|t c:ctcc t|cu D:li|c glo|liztio:, o1.o!..o..c |:i:gs to t|c io:c t|c
u:iiolc locl |isto:ics t|t, i: qucstio:i:g glo|l ccsig:s ;cg, :coli|c:l
glo|liztio:,, iu t io:us oi glo|lit, t|t :isc out oi cultu:cs oi t::sic:cc
t|t go gi:st t|c cultu:l |ouogc:cit, iostc:cc |, suc| ccsig:s I|c civc:sit,
oi o1.o!..o..c is co:t:stcc |c:c wit| t|c |ouogc:cit, oi glo|liztio:,
iui:g t uultilc :c civc:sc socil o:cc:s
l: s|o:t, t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, :oviccs : ltc::tivc
i:ucwo:| io: cc|tcs o: uocc::it,, glo|liztio: :c ccvclouc:t, it is :ot
|ust c|:gc i: t|c ccsc:itio: oi cvc:ts, it is : cistcuic c|:gc oi
c:scctivc l, sc|i:g oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, t|is i:ucwo:| |:i:gs to t|c
io:c t|c owc: ciuc:sio: t|t is oitc: lost i: :cltivistic ciscussio:s oi cultu:l
ciiic:c:cc \o:c :ccc:t cc|tcs o: i:tc:cultu:lit,, io: i:st:cc i: lcuco:s
cu::c:t oliticl :c cultu:l scc:c, cccc:s souc oi t|csc i:sig|ts ;Wls|
!00!, l: s|o:t, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u is i:ucwo:| co:st:uctcc i:ou t|c
lti: Auc:ic: c:i|c:, oi t|c uocc:: colo:il wo:lc s,stcu, it |cls cxli:
t|c c,:uics oi cu:occ:t:isu i: t|c u|i:g oi uocc::it, :c ttcuts to
t::scc:c it li it :cvcls t|c c:| siccs oi uocc::it,, it cocs :ot co it i:ou :
i:t:cistcuic c:scctivc, s i: t|c c:iticl lu:oc: ciscou:scs, |ut i:ou t|c
c:scctivc oi t|c :cccivc:s oi t|c llcgcc |c:ciits oi t|c uocc:: wo:lc
\occ::it,colo:ilit, lso s|ows t|t t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it, is liuitcc
:c cx|ustcc i: its :ctc:ccc u:ivc:slit, l, t|c suc to|c:, it s|ows t|c
s|o:tcoui:gs oi t|c l:gugc oi ltc::tivc uocc::itics i: t|t t|is lttc:
i:co:o:tcs t|c :o|ccts oi t|c :o:uocc::s i:to si:glc :o|cct, losi:g t|c
su|ltc:: c:scctivcs :c su|o:ci:ti:g t|cu, io: cvc: i: t|ci: |,|:icit,
su|ltc:: c:scctivcs :c :ot |out |ci:g o:l, uocc:: |ut :c |ctc:oglossic,
:ctwo:|cc, lu:l l: |ig|lig|ti:g t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc,, lstl,,
uocc::it,colo:ilit, :ot o:l, :ciocuscs ou: ttc:tio: o: t|c ovc:ll ict oi
ccvclouc:t, it :oviccs co:tcxt io: i:tc::cti:g t|c v:ious c|llc:gcs to
ccvclouc:t :c uocc::it, s so u:, :o|ccts t|t :c otc:till,
coulcuc:t:, :c uutull, :ci:io:ci:g lc,o:c lti: Auc:ic, o:c u,
s,, wit| \ig:olo ;!000,, !0-,, t|t t|is :oc| is cc:ti:l, t|co:,
.cc t|c I|i:c Wo:lc, /o c c!, c. |. 1|..1 Pc.!1 . . . I|i:c Wo:lc
t|co:izi:g is lso c. t|c li:st Wo:lc i: t|c sc:sc t|t c:iticl t|co:, is su|suucc
:c i:co:o:tcc i: :cw gcocultu:l :c cistcuologicl loctio:
li:ll,, t|c:c :c souc co:scquc:ccs oi t|is g:ous wo:| io: lti:

Auc:ic: tucics i: t|c D, lu:oc, :c clscw|c:c I|c \ c:scctivc
uovcs w, i:ou vicwi:g lti: Auc:ic s : o||cct oi stuc, ;i: :cltio: to
w|ic| D|scc lti: Auc:ic: tucics woulc |c t|c |:owi:g su||cct,,
tow:cs : u:cc:st:ci:g oi lti: Auc:ic s gco|isto:icl loctio: wit|
:c wit|i: cisti:ct c:iticl gc:clog, oi t|oug|t \occ::it,olo:ilit,
suggcsts t|t glo|liztio: uust |c u:cc:stooc i:ou gco|isto:icl :c
c:iticl lti: Auc:ic: c:scctivc Wit| t|is t|c \ :oc| :ooscs :
ltc::tivc to t|c gc:clog, oi t|c uocc:: socil scic:ccs t|t :c still t|c
iou:ctio: oi lti: Auc:ic: tucics i: t|c D l: t|is w,, to. +....o
:o1.. i:, s,, :o:t| Auc:ic :c lu:oc, :c c....o! :c..o! 1|co| i: lti:
Auc:ic ;w|ic| oiic:s t|c cistcuic g:ou:ci:g io: t|c \ g:ou, cuc:gc s
two .c!..o., /o 1... :cigus
I|is lso uc:s t|t, s : cistcuic

c:scctivc, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u is :ot ssocitcc wit| :ticul:
:tio:litics o: gcog:|icl loctio:s Io occu, t|c locus oi c:u:citio:
c:itcc |, t|c \ :o|cct, i: ot|c: wo:cs, o:c cocs :ot :ccc to |c lti:
Auc:ic: :o: livc i: t|c co:ti:c:t lti: Auc:ic itscli |ccoucs
c:scctivc t|t c: |c :cticcc i:ou u:, sccs, ii it is co:c i:ou
cou:tc:|cgcuo:ic c:scctivcs t|t c|llc:gc t|c vc:, ssuutio: oi lti:
Auc:ic s iull, co:stitutcc o||cct oi stuc,, :cvious to, :c outsicc oi, t|c
oitc: iuc:ilistic ciscou:scs t|t co:st:uct it
II Some trends, open questions, and tasks ahead
o i: l |vc :csc:tcc souc oi t|c ui: li:cs oi i:qui:, :c co:ccts oi t|c
loosc collcctivc l |vc :cic::cc to s t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u l lso iocuscc o:
t|c couuo:l, g:ccc uo: ui: i:tcllcctul sou:ccs oi t|c g:ou c|icil,,
l::iquc Dusscl, A: |l Qui|:o, :c Wltc: \ig:olo \, u:osc |s |cc: to
:ovicc : ovc:vicw oi t|c s|:cc g:ou:c o: w|ic| t|c g:ou |s |cc:
co:stitutcc I|is sto:,, oi cou:sc, lcvcs out uuc| t|t is oi i:tc:cst to t|c
:o|cct, i:cluci:g vlu|lc co:t:i|utio:s |, ot|c: :tici:ts, s wcll s t|c
uost collcctivc sccts oi t|c cu::c:t |sc oi |oi:t i:qui:, I|c:c :c cc:ti:l,
cisg:ccuc:ts :c tc:sio:s uo:g t|c g:ou, w|ic| u|cs io: livcl, cxc|:gcs
:c cc|tcs, |ut : ct|:og:|, oi t|is couuu:it, oi :guuc:ttio: ;s
l:zili: :t|:oologist Gustvo li:s ki|ci:o woulc cll it, will |vc to wit
io: :ot|c: oo:tu:it, lo: :ow, iu:t|c: |:ici c|:ctc:iztio: oi t|c g:ou
uig|t suiiicc, t|is will |c iollowcc |, s|ctc| oi w|t l |clicvc :c souc oc:
qucstio:s, t:c:cs, :c :ouisi:g tc:sio:s
1|. c1...,.c!c.o!., .co
I|c \ :csc:c| :og:u g:ou c: |c tc:ttivcl, c|:ctc:izcc s iollows
;:otc t|is c|:ctc:iztio: is uo:c st:ig|tio:w:c sociolog, oi |:owlccgc
cxc:cisc t|:, s,, : :l,sis oi t|c ciscu:sivc io:utio: |ci:g ucc |, \,
1 lt is l:gcl, i:tc:ciscili::, o:, :t|c:, t::sciscili::, Alt|oug|
|iloso|,, oliticl cco:ou,, :c litc::, t|co:, |vc |cc: slic:t,
ciscili:cs suc| s |isto:,, sociolog, :c :t|:oolog, :c i:c:csi:gl,
iuo:t:t t|c: iiclcs, suc| s icui:ist t|co:, :c oliticl ccolog,,
l:cc, |cgi: to u|c i::ocs i:to t|c :og:u lt is t::sciscili::, to
t|c cxtc:t t|t ciscili::, i:qui:ics :c sct i:to ciloguc wit| t|osc oi
ot|c: iiclcs, souctiucs |, t|c suc ut|o:, lcci:g to :cw io:us oi
i:qui:, I|c:c is : cxlicit ttcut t u:ciscili:i:g t|c socil scic:ccs
(.1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. , scc Wls| . o! !00!, :c t |uilci:g
.c.o . 1...!.o ;st:oGoucz s \c:cict 1--,
! W|ilc ii:ul, :c|o:cc i: lti: Auc:ic, t|c g:ou c::ot |c sic to |c
oi t|c gcog:|icl lti: Auc:ic, |ut :t|c: ucc u oi :ctwo:| oi
sitcs, souc oi w|ic| :c uost st|ilizcc |, :ticul: :cticcs t|: ot|c:s
;cg, t|c sitcs uc:tio:cc i: Quito, logot, Du:|u|cl lill, \cxico
it, :c uo:c :ccc:tl, lc:|clc,, I|is gocs wit| t|c suggcstio: t|t lti:
Auc:ic |c u:cc:stooc uo:c s c:scctivc o: cistcuic scc t|: s
:cgio: lt is : :oc| t|t, gi:, w|ilc it c: |c sic to |vc :oots i:
t|c lti: Auc:ic: cxc:ic:cc, ii:cs sustc::cc glo|ll,, |c:cc t|c cl
to u:, c:iticl t|co:ics, csccill, t|osc cuc:gi:g i:ou siuil: su|ltc::
cistcuic loctio:s I|is ciiic:c:titcs it s|:l, i:ou c:lic: lti:
Auc:ic: :cigus, suc| s ccc:cc:c, :c li|c:tio: t|colog, ;cvc: ii
t|csc lso |c t::s:tio:l ciuc:sio:,
! I|c g:ou c: |c sic to |c couuu:it, oi :guuc:ttio: t|t wo:|s
collcctivcl, o: co:ccts :c st:tcgics, u to cc:ti: oi:t, it c: |c sic
to :cticc t|c c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|i:g it :ooscs, |c:cc t|c cu|sis o:
qucstio:s oi |:owlccgc l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c:c is : cxlicit collcctivc
ciuc:sio: to t|c co:cctul wo:| t|t, lt|oug| :ou:c sct oi io:utivc
co:ccts, is sig:iiic:tl, oc: c:ccc I|is sc:sc oi collcctivit, is
st:c:gt|c:cc |, t|c iccli:g oi t|c :cicl otc:til oi t|c :o|cct t|c
ict t|t w|t is t st|c is :ot o:l, to c|:gc t|c co:tc:t |ut t|c vc:,
tc:us oi t|c co:vc:stio: ;\ig:olo, I|c gol is to c:it :cw io:us oi
:l,sis, :ot to co:t:i|utc to l:cc, cst|lis|cc ;cu:occ:t:ic, s,stcus oi
t|oug|t, :o uttc: |ow c:iticl t|csc uig|t |c I|is coulc |c :cltcc to
w|t lovc:tu: cc ous :tos ;!00!, |s cllcc cistcuologics oi t|c
out| i: |is :l,sis oi t|c Wo:lc ocil lo:uu
+ I|c g:ous :tici:ts tc:c to s|:c oliticl ositio: t|t is sccui:gl,
co:sistc:t wit| t|is :cicl cu|sis, cvc: ii t|ci: :cticc co:ti:ucs to
|vc :iu:, ;ii :ot cxclusivc, sitc i: t|c cccu, ;scc ciscussio:
|clow, At t|is lcvcl, t|c:c c: |c sic to |c t|:cc :ivilcgcc sitcs :c
gc:ts oi :cicl c|:gc su|ltc:: socil cto:s :c uovcuc:ts ;:c to
t|is cxtc:t t|c oliticl :cticc oi t|c g:ous ucu|c:s is scc: s lig:cc
wit| su|ltc:: cto:s,, i:tcllcctulctivists i: uixcc sccs, i:ou :Gs
to t|c sttc, :c t|c u:ivc:sitics t|cusclvcs, to t|c cxtc:t t|t, t|c: to
t|ci: logicl co:clusio:s, t|c \ :oc| is |ou:c to co:stitutc
c|llc:gc to :o:utivc cccuic :cticcs :c c:o:s
o..1.1 o..c, .. c ..c
Io c:c, l woulc li|c to |:icil, s|ctc| out t|:cc :cs t|c iuo:t:cc t|t |vc
:cui:cc l:gcl, outsicc t|c u:vicw oi t|c :o|cct, |ut w|ic| :c oi g:ct
:clcv:cc to t|c vc:, cxc:ic:ccs t|t t|c :o|cct t|co:izcs I|c ii:st, :c
c:|s uost :cssi:g, is gc:cc:, t|c scco:c :tu:c :c t|c c:vi:o:uc:t, t|c
t|i:c t|c :ccc to co:st:uct :cw cco:ouic iugi::ics c|lc oi suo:ti:g
co:c:ctc st:ugglcs gi:st :coli|c:lisu :c ccsig:s io: ltc::tivc cco:o
uics li t|c g:ous ciio:ts c: |c sic to |vc :cui:cc l:gcl, cccuic ;o:
cccuici:tcllcctul,, :c to t|is cxtc:t l:gcl, t t|c lcvcl oi ciscu|ocicc
|st:ct ciscou:sc, t|csc ciuc:sio:s :c li|cl, to cc ilcs| :c |looc, so to
sc|, i:to it ;t|c ilcs| :c |looc oi wouc:s |ocics, :tu:c, :c lcc|scc
cco:ouics, io: i:st:cc,, :c to co:t:i|utc to w:c oii t|c :is|s oi
logocc:t:isu I|is s|oulc lso |c oi co:scquc:cc io: t|c st:tcgics oi
cisscui:tio: oi t|is wo:| i:to :ticul: oliticl :c:s
-
l: ot|c: wo:cs, :
c:ggcuc:t wit| icui:isu :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu woulc |c i:uitiul i: tc:us oi
t|i:|i:g t|c :o:ciscu:sivc sicc oi socil ctio: ;llo:cz !00!, lt woulc |c
cqull, iuo:t:t to t|co:izc iu:t|c: :otio:s t|t :c cc:t:l to t|c g:ou :c
to icui:ist t|co:, li|c, suc| s cistcuolog,, owc:, icc:tit,, su||cctivit,,
gc:c,, :c cvc:,c, liic
A ii:l :c oi otc:til wo:| woulc |c ct|:og:|ics oi uocc::it,
colo:ilit, o:ccivcc wit|i: t|c i:ucwo:| :csc:tcc |c:c, t|csc ct|:og:
|ics woulc voic t|c cistcuologicl t:s oi t|c stucics oi uocc::it, :cvicwcc
i: t|c ii:st :t oi t|c c: I|c, woulc lso |c usciul to scc:ti:i:g i:st:ccs
oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g i:ou t|c g:ou:c u, so to sc|,
io: i:st:cc |, c:ggi:g wit| gc:cc:, ccologicl, o: cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc s
cxli:cc |clow I|is is, |owcvc:, : cistcuologicl :c uct|ocologicl issuc,
:c s suc| it will :ot |c cl|o:tcc uo: iu:t|c: |c:c
Engendering modernity/coloniality
lt is clc: t|t t|c t:ctuc:t oi gc:cc: |, t|c \ g:ou so i: |s |cc:
i:ccqutc i: t|c |cst oi cscs Dusscl ws uo:g t|c vc:, icw ulc lti:
Auc:ic: t|i:|c:s to ciscuss t lc:gt| t|c issuc oi wouc: c:l, o:, s o:c oi
t|c iuo:t:t ctcgo:ics oi cxcluccc ot|c:s \ig:olo |s ic ttc:tio: to
souc oi t|c wo:|s |, |ic: icui:ists, :ticul:l, t|c :otio: oi |o:cc:
l:cs!o .c..o I|csc ciio:ts, |owcvc:, |:cl, gct t t|c otc:til
co:t:i|utio:s oi icui:ist t|co:, to t|c \ i:ucwo:| I|c li::is| t|cologi:
:c icui:ist t|co:ist lli: Vuol |s io:cc:cc t|c icc:tiiictio: oi t|is
silc:cc, :ticul:l, i: co::cctio: wit| Dusscls wo:| s li|c:tio: t|colog,
sc|ol: :c ot|c: li|c:tio: t|colog, i:ucwo:|s ;Vuol !000, !00!, !00!, i:
:css, Vuol ;!00!, ii:cs |ociul Dusscls uovc to ccii:i:g t|c o||cct oi
li|c:tio: s t|c t|c: ;uo:c t|: |ust t|c oo:, :c t|us goi:g |c,o:c
clss,, |ut s|c ii:cs lcss c:cou:gi:g t|c t|cologi:s i:|ilit, to icc:tii, t|c
:cc :c gc:cc: ositio: oi t|ci: t|co:izi:g :c to :cso:c to t|c c|llc:gcs
t|t :isc w|c: t|c o||ccts |ccouc su||ccts i: t|ci: ow: :ig|t I|c t|c:, i:
ot|c: wo:cs, is su|suucc i: :cw |i:c oi totlit,, ulccc:tc:cc o:c, t|us
cc:,i:g t|c cxistc:cc oi wouc: i: t|ci: ltc:it, :c ciiic:c:cc
l: uo:c :ccc:t tcxt, :c |uilci:g o: ostcolo:il :c icui:ist t|co:,,
Vuol ;!00!, :c:cws |c: cll io: t|i:g sc:iousl, t|c |ctc:ogc:cit, :c
uultilicit, oi t|c su||cct oi li|c:tio: ;t|colog, :c |iloso|,,, :ucl, t|c
oo: :c, o:c u, cc, t|c su|ltc::, i: t|c \ :o|cct l: ot|c: wo:cs,
s|c is clli:g io: olitics oi :c:csc:ttio: oi t|c oo: :c t|c su|ltc:: t|t
iull, c|:owlccgcs t|is uultilicit,, i: t|c csc oi wouc:, t|is uc:s
cc:cssi:g t|cucs t|t |vc |cc: |sc:t i:ou t|c ciscussio:, suc| s violc:cc
gi:st wouc:, :c:ocuctivc :ig|ts :c scxulit,, :c givi:g coulctc
visi|ilit, to t|c gc:c, oi wouc: l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c su||cct oi t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ot : u:ciiic:c:titcc, gc:cc::cut:l su||cct ;o: ciiic:c:titcc
o:l, i: tc:us oi :cc :c clss,, t|c:c :c ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c w, su|ltc::
g:ous :c o||ccts oi owc: :c su||ccts oi gc:c, Io c|:owlccgc t|is uig|t
c|:gc, to :|:sc, :ot o:l, t|c co:tc:ts |ut lso t|c tc:us oi t|c
co:vc:stio: I|t wouc: :c ot|c: i: :cltio: to uc: :c cc:ti:l, t:ctcc
s suc| |, |llogocc:t:ic socil :c |uu: scic:ccs cc:ti:l, s|oulc |vc
co:scquc:ccs io: c:scctivc cc:tc:cc :cciscl, o: cxtc:io:it, :c
ciiic:c:cc W|t Vuol oi:ts t is t|c ict t|t w|c:cs t|c ciscou:sc oi
t|c ;uostl, ulc still, \ g:ou is illuui:ti:g :c :cicl i: so u:, w,s,
:c s suc| t|c: sc:iousl, |, icui:ists, . !o..!, ..!o1. c. o1 c.
|.c....o! o1 c!...o! .c... I|c:c sccus to |c co:ilict |c:c |ctwcc:
ciscou:sc :c :cticc s i: s wouc: is co:cc::cc li:ll,, t|c icui:ist
ccco:st:uctio: oi :cligious iu:cuc:tlisu, souct|i:g t|t is :ot wcll |:ow:
i: cit|c: icui:ist socil scic:cc o: t|c \ :o|cct, is lso oi :clcv:cc to t|c
c:gc:cc:i:g oi t|c \ :o|cct As |:oc oliticl uovcuc:t, t::s:tio:l
icui:isu;s, is ccvcloi:g :cw :oc|cs to io:uulti:g i:tc:cultu:l c:itc:i
io: |uu: :ig|ts, csccill, wouc:s :ig|ts, :c io: :l,zi:g t|c t:ut| clius
o: w|ic| t|csc :c |scc ;Vuol !00!, :cw wo:|s o: t::s:tio:l icui:isu
ccl wit| :cc, gc:cc: :c cultu:c issucs i: w,s t|t :cso:tc wit| t|c
co:cc::s oi t|c \ :o|cct ;scc cg, |o|t 1--, l|v:i . o! !00!,
I|c:c :c, ctull,, u:, oi:ts oi ctul o: otc:til co:vc:gc:cc
|ctwcc: icui:isu :c t|c t|co:, oi \ ;t|is ciscussio: is |, :o uc:s
cx|ustivc, |ut i:tc:ccc to s|ow souc ossi|lc oi:ts oi co::cctio:, li:st,
t|c, |ot| s|:c t|c :cicl susicio: oi u:ivc:slist ciscou:sc, t t|is lcvcl,
w|t :cccs to |c u:cc:stooc is t|t uocc:: ciscou:sc is lso usculi:ist
ciscou:sc, s icui:ist |iloso|c:s :c oliticl t|co:ist |vc s|ow: si:cc t
lcst t|c ltc 1-0s ;scc, cg, t|c wcll|:ow: collcctio: |, :ic|olso:
;1--0,, I|c:c is co:vc:gc:cc lso t t|c lcvcl oi t|c situtcc c|:ctc: oi ll
|:owlccgc, ,ct i: t|c icui:ist t|co:, vc:sio: ;cg, l:w,s iuous 1-
:ticlc, t|c situtcc |:owlccgc coucs wit| t|c :cliztio: oi t|c :cccss:il,
:til c|:ctc: oi ll c:scctivcs \ i:cluccc l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c
c:iticl su||cct ositio: oi t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, sc|ol: is :ot |c,o:c t|c
sc|ol:s gc:cc: l: :ciusi:g to loctc |iuscli|c:scli wit|i: icui:isu, t|c
sc|ol: is lso uissi:g t|c c|:cc to c:ggc i: : ot|c: t|oug|t, :ot|c:
su||cctivit,, o: su||cctivit, ot|c:wisc Io :|:sc k:|it Gu|, t|c sc|ol:
woulc |c :ccuci:g wouc:s gc:c, to :ot|c: |isto:, wit| :ot|c: ;ulc,
su||cct, |c woulc t|c: |c coulicit wit| t|c :osc oi cou:tc:i:su:gc:c, As
Vuol uts it, i: sc|i:g oi Wltc: \ig:olos :otio:s oi lu:itoic
|c:uc:cutics :c lu:ivc:slit, s gols to |c cu|:ccc, it is cs, to scc
|ow t|is :o|cct |s |cc: :csc:t i: li|c:tio: t|colog, i:ou its
|cgi::i:g . . . |owcvc:, it is lcss clc: |ow li|c:tio: t|cologi:s |vc |cc:
|lc to co:cctulizc :c ciiic:c:titc t|t .c |... . . . :c s|oulc lw,s
|c willi:g to loo| t o:cs ow: t:ut| clius :c ositio:s wit| t|c c:iticl c,cs
oi ot|c:s ;!00!, , lc,o:c li|c:tio: t|colog,, w|t woulc oti:g io:
wouc: |:i:g to t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u i cou:sc, it s|oulc |c clc: t|t
tl|i:g |out wouc: is o:l, :t oi t|c sto:, A gc:cc: c:scctivc ccu:cs
situti:g t|is tl| i: co:tcxts oi owc:, :ticul:l, owc: :cltio:s |ctwcc:
wouc: :c uc:, i:cluci:g owc: :cltio:s wit|i: t|c cccu, Givc: t|c
:cltio:lit, oi gc:cc:, it |s to |c :ccog:izcc t|t t|c su||cct oi t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ot uto:ouous |ut :cltio:l I|is c:ti:s s uuc| to wouc:
s to uc:
At st|c |c:c is t|c ossi|ilit, oi cccc:i:g t|c \ :o|ccts co:cc:: wit|
cistcuolog, t|:oug| : c:ggcuc:t wit| t|c so|istictcc :c oliticll,
ui:ccc cc|tc o: icui:ist cistcuolog, :c ositio:lit, ;cg, Alcoii 1-,
1--1, I|c :otio: oi wouc:s ositio:lit, suggcsts t|t wouc: utilizc t|ci:
su||cct ositio:s io: t|c co:st:uctio: oi uc:i:g i: w,s t|t c::ot |c iull,
scc:ti:cc i:ou :ot|c: c:scctivc I|c cu|sis o: cistcuolog, :c
ositio:lit, is oi cou:sc li:|cc to :cilcctio: o: gc:cc: i:cqulit, : scct
t|t, gi:, is iull, co:sistc:t wit| \ t|co:, lcui:ist ct|:og:|, |s t|c:
o: t|csc c|llc:gcs i: : i:tc:csti:g ci:cctio: |, :ticulti:g t|c :l,sis oi
wouc:s ciscuowc:uc:t wit| tctics oi voici:g, w:iti:g, :c :c:csc:t
tio: ;scc, cg, lc|: s Go:co: 1--., lcsiccs :c |c,o:c t|c uo:c
cst|lis|cc uoccs oi cccuic w:iti:g ;w|ic| :c :cccss:il, c:t:glcc wit|
logocc:t:ic :cticcs,, c: o:c w:itc ciiic:c:tl, |out t|c su||ccts w|osc
:o:cu:occ:t:ic c:scctivcs o:c cxccts to co:t:i|utc |:i:gi:g i:to lig|t
A:c |ow co wc ut ou: w:iti:gs i:to ci:cultio: i: t|osc vc:, sccs w|c:c
t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc is |ci:g :cwo:|cc cil, t|:oug| socil :cticcs l:
coi:g so, icui:ist ct|:og:|, |s t|c: clucs i:ou ostst:uctu:lisu :c
lso i:ou w:iti:gs |, wouc: oi colo: i: t|c D :c clscw|c:c, :ticul:l,
t|c wo:| oi Glo:i A:zlcu :c |c::ic \o:g 1|. i..1. P. co!! uc.,
t|c :ccc:t voluuc i: t|is t:citio: ;A:zlcu s lcti:g !00!,, oscs :cw
c|llc:gcs io: icui:ist t|co:, :c \ t|co:, li|c \ovi:g i:ou victiu|ooc
to gc:c,, :c :ccog:izi:g t|c c:sistc:t co:citio: oi livi:g ...o1c ;|c:cc
t|c :ccc io: |:icgc |uilci:g w|ic| is lso |ouc |uilci:g :c couuu:it,
|uilci:g,, t|c .o!..o i: t|is voluuc :c |o:cc: t|i:|c:s t|t u|c
co::cctio:s io: socil c|:gc, t|c, co so out oi : ct oi will :c : ct oi
lovc, :c s :ouisc to |c :csc:t wit| t|c i: oi ot|c:s wit|out losi:g
t|cusclvcs i: it ;A:zlcu !00!, +, I|ci: tcc|:ologics oi c:ossi:g :c
tcc|:ologics io: :ccog:izi:g owc: :c io: goi:g |c,o:c, io: s|iiti:g to
ot|c: uoccs oi co:scious:css :c |ci:g, io: :cw |c:uc:cutics oi lovc
;:covl !00!, t:tcgics oi |:owlccgc, w:iti:g :c :c:csc:ttio: :c
gi: cc:t:l to t|is i:tc::tio:list icui:ist :o|cct :ow iocuscc o: gc:c,,
co::cctio:, :c :cco:st:uctio: oi socil, cultu:l :c :tu:l wo:lcs
10
lcsiccs issucs oi owc: :c cistcuolog,, icui:ist t|co:,s co:cc::s wit|
su||cctivit, :c icc:tit, woulc |c c:ucil :cs oi c:ggcuc:t :o co:
tcuo::, t|co:, |s :ciclizcc t|csc co:ccts s uuc| s qucc: t|co:,, t|is
t|co:, |s cloquc:tl, s|ow: t|t t|c co:stituc:t clcuc:ts oi gc:cc: :c scxul
icc:titics :c :cvc: uo:olit|ic, |ut uo:c t|c :csult oi wcvi:gs, ovc:ls,
cisso::ccs, gs :c ossi|ilitics Qucc: :ucs t|c :cicl co:tcsttio: oi t|c
:o:u :c |c:c l u suggcsti:g t|c :o:u oi |ctc:oscxisu, t:i:c|,,
uocc::it,, :c colo:ilit, lt c: |c sic t|t qucc: sig:ls t|c icc:tit, wit|out
cssc:cc : cxccllc:cc, :c it t|us |ccoucs t|c sitc oi |ot| |isto:icl :l,sis :c
iutu:c iugi:i:gs li :ot :cccss:il, lw,s i: ositio: oi su|vc:sivc
cxtc:io:it,, t|c qucc: su||cct s|ows t|t t|c |o:cc:s ;i: t|is csc t|c
|ctc:oscxul :o:u, c: |c :cc:w: so t|t it |ccoucs ossi|lc to c:visio:
icc:titics :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc ;cg, llc:i: 1--., I|c cccssc:tili
ztioo: oi icc:tit, uc:s t|i:g ll icc:titics sc:iousl, lcui:ist icc:titics, s
souc t|co:ists cu|sizc, :c lso co:st:uctcc t|:oug| lcsu:c :c ccsi:c, :c
|c:c lics :ot|c: ossi|ilit, io: c:itiquc oi \: t|c \occ::, to usc Do::
l:w,s |, ;:c ccvstti:g, cx:cssio: t|c \: t|t co:st:ucts |iuscli
s |ot| o||cct :c su||cct oi ll |:owlccgc I|c:c is :o uto:ouous su||cct oi
|:owlccgc, ll |:owlccgc |s :cltio:l ciuc:sio: :c utc:ilit, W|o is
t|c su||cct oi |:owlccgc, :c |owis s|c c:|lcc i: |c: cvc:,c,:css W|o c:
|c c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|c:, :c |ow W|o c: iio:c to |c i: |o:cc: ositio:
:c ositio: oi :csist:cc, :c w|t is t|c scxul :c oliticl cco:ou, t|t
ut|o:izcs t|is :ivilcgc li:ll,, t|c :csc:c|c: too is su||cct oi ccsi:c, :c t|is
too :cccs to |c c|:owlccgcc ;llo:cz !00!,
11
Io sc| |out lti: Auc:ic I|c vc:, ict t|t scxisu co:ti:ucs to |c
o:c oi t|c uost c:vsivc, :c sccui:gl, i:t:ct|lc, :o|lcus i: lti:
Auc:ic: socictics s|oulc |c :cso: c:oug| to c:ggc wit| icui:isu lti:
Auc:ic: icui:ists |vc oi:tcc t t|c ict t|t wouc: :c lso t|c t|c: oi
uocc::it, lc,o:c ciscussio:s oi civisio:s oi l|o: :c cistcuolog,, t|is |s
visi|lc co:scquc:ccs io: t|c :l,sis oi |c, :occsscs oi colo:ilit,, i:cluci:g
:tio: |uilci:g, :cc, :c cu:occ:t:ic t:i:c|l io:utio:s ;scc, cg, ko|s
!001, lt is iitti:g to c:c t|is scctio: wit| |:ici uc:tio: oi t|c sccc| |,
ou:c:tc lstc:, cclivc:cc |cio:c o:g:css i: \cxico it, t t|c c:c oi
to Mo..|o 1.! cc!c. 1. !o 1....o i: \:c| !001 lt ws cxcctcc t|t
u|cou:c:tc \:cos woulc cclivc: t|c sccc|, i:stcc, it ws : l:ci:
wou:, t|c cou:c:tc lstc: Aitc: i:itil |csit:c, :c ciiiicultics i:
i:co:o:ti:g t|c voiccs :c ccu:cs oi wouc: so t|t wouc: wc:c still
co:st:uctcc s sulcuc:ts ;lclustiguigoiti 1--,, it sccucc t|t t|c
Ztist |c ii:ll, ::ivcc t t|c :ccog:itio: oi t|c cc:t:l lcc oi
i:cigc:ous wouc: i: |ot| socict, :c t|c st:ugglc A icw c,s c:lic:, i:
uc|it:, ou:c:tc lstc: |c l:cc, :cic::cc to t|c t:ilc cisc:iui:tio:
co:i:o:tcc |, l:ci: wouc: s l:ci:, wou:, :c oo: l:ggi:g i:
cou|lc c:itiquc i: |c: \cxico it, sccc|, ou:c:tc lstc: ciscusscc t|c
t.,. r.c!o..co..o 1. !o Mo.. , i:tc:ccc to cliui:tc ll cisc:iui:to:,
:cticcs io:u wit|i: :c i:ou wit|out |c so|c t lc:gt| oi t|c io:us oi
cisc:iui:tio: oi wouc: i: cil, liic :isi:g i:ou |oot| t|c couuu:itics :c
t|c :tio:, s wcll s oi t|c i:cigc:ou cultu:l :cticcs t|t :ccc to |c
:csc:vcc l: t|is w,, t|c u:c| ucc visi|lc t|c i:visi|lc, :c :c:csc:t|lc
t|c u::c:csc:t|lc l:ci: wouc: sc|i:g :c ccu:ci:g |cio:c t|c
lw . . . ls it ossi|lc io: t|c lw to |c: t|cu l: w|ic| l:gugc, t|:oug|
w|ic| ciscou:sc co t|c, |vc to u|c clc: w|t t|c, w:t to |c l:ci:, to |c
wouc: :c to |c \cxic: ;lclustcguigoiti !00!, .!, I|c:c :c, gi:,
clc: iulictio:s i:ou t|is cll io: t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, :csc:c|
:og:u I|c c:ucil qucstio: is c: t|c su|ltc:: wou: sc| t|:oug|
\ t|co:izi:g li :ot, w|t is t|c cost oi t|is silc:cc W|t so:t oi t::sltio:s
:c uccitio:s :c t st|c
ouc oi t|c qucstio:s :iscc |c:c coulc csil, cuc:gc i:ou t|c \
i:ucwo:| Io t|is cxtc:t, it woulc |c iuo:t:t io: icui:ists to t|i:| |out
t|c co:t:i|utio:s t|t t|c \ :o|cct coulc u|c to t|co:izi:g gc:cc: :c
ciiic:c:cc lt is t:uc t|t itc: t|c c:itiqucs |, wouc: oi colo: :c t|i:c wo:lc
wouc: i: t|c 1-0s llcgccl, u:ivc:sl icui:isus |vc |cc: uo:c w:c oi t|c
:cc :c cultu:c ciuc:sio:s i: t|c c,:uic oi gc:cc:, |owcvc:, v:ictics oi
cu:occ:t:isu co:ti:uc to |c c:vsivc i: :uu|c: oi icui:ist ositio:s I|c
l:gugc oi colo:il ciiic:c:cc |:i:gs t|is issuc i:to :cw lig|t lt coulictcs,
io: i:st:cc, ssuutio:s |out gc:cc: t|t :c still i:io:ucc |, lu:occ:t:ic
:otio:s oi li|c:tio: :c cqulit,, it uig|t |cl cxli: su|ltc:: colitio:s t|t
co :ot :cccss:il, cu|:cc gc:cc: ccu:cs o: iollow logic oi solic:it, uo:g
wouc: ;|ovc s,, clss :c ct|:ic solic:it,, loo|i:g io:w:c, o:c u, s,
t|t \ co:t:i|utcs to cst|lis| co:vc:stio:s |ctwcc: clss, gc:cc: :c :cc
ct|:icit, i: lti: Auc:ic t|t coulc |c oi g:ct i:tc:cst to icui:ists t|t co :ot
sc| i:ou t|is ositio: I|is :ouisc is l:cc, s|ow: |, t|c icw wo:|s wit|i:
t|c \ g:ou t|t :c l:cc, co:ccivcc i:ou t|is c:scctivc ;:ticul:l,
l:c, c|iw,s wo:| o: :cc :c gc:cc: i: lolivi,, :c |, t|c i:tc:clltio: oi
souc icui:ists, suc| s t|osc :cvicwcc |c:c
Nature and the colonial difference
li|c icui:isu, ccolog, :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu :csc:t t|c \ :o|cct wit|
siuil: c|llc:gcs :c ossi|ilitics lcolog, :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu iul,
ciiic:c:t w,s oi t|i:|i:g ;:cccss:il, :cltio:l, situtcc :c |isto:icl,, w,s
oi :cci:g uocc::it,, : cutc co:cc:: wit| cistcuolog, ;:ticul:l,
c:itiquc oi :ccuctio:ist scic:cc :c logocc:t:ic ciscou:sc,, :c : :ticultio:
oi t|c qucstio: oi ciiic:c:cc ;ccologicl :c cultu:l ciiic:c:cc, t|t c: csil,
|c li:|cc to colo:ilit,, :c vicc vc:s All oi t|csc :c otc:til oi:ts oi
co:vc:gc:cc wit| t|c \ :o|cct, :c souc ucu|c:s oi t|c g:ou |vc
|cgu: to |:oc| t|csc qucstio:s ;cg, o:o:il 1--, lsco|: 1---, l:cc:
!00!, l:vi:o:uc:tlisus o:ic:ttio: tow:cs socil uovcuc:ts c: lso |c
scc: s s|:cc scct wit| t|c \ :o|cct \o:c is ,ct to |c co:c, |owcvc:
I|c:c is, ctull,, : o:goi:g ciio:t t ccvcloi:g lti: Auc:ic:
oliticl ccolog, i:ucwo:| t|t siuil:l, u:o:ts to ccvclo u:iquc
gcooliticl c:scctivc o: t|c qucstio: oi :tu:c, t|c |:ici couuc:ts |clow
:c u:oscl, w:ittc: i:ou t|is v:tgc oi:t
1!
Io |cgi: wit|, oliticl
ccolog, u:cc:sco:cs t|c civiliztio:l c|:ctc: oi t|c cu::c:t c:vi:o:uc:tl
c:isis, t|is c:isis is, |lu:tl, ut, is c:isis oi uocc::it,, to t|c cxtc:t t|t
uocc::it, |s iilcc to c:|lc susti:|lc wo:lcs lt is lso .... c |co| , to
t|c cxtc:t t|t logocc:t:ic t|oug|t |s iuclcc t|c ccologicll, ccst:uctivc
:cticcs oi uocc::it, ;lcii !000, loii !00!, ;As souc icui:ists co:vi:
ci:gl, :guc, t|c coui:tio: oi wouc: :c :tu:c :c t t|c |sis oi t|c
uocc:: t:i:c|l :o|cct c:ctcc |, illogocc:t:ic t|oug|t, lt is ciiiicult io:
t|osc :ot ccustoucc to t|i:|i:g i: ccologicl tc:us to :clizc t|t toc,s
c:vi:o:uc:tl c:isis is :ot o:l, gc:c:lizcc c:isis |ut c:|s t|c cc:t:l
co:t:cictio: :c liuit to citl toc, \o:c :ccil, ccctcc is t|c icc t|t
uocc::it, is st:uctu:cc :ou:c t|c slit |ctwcc: :tu:c :c cultu:c, cvc: ii it
is ::cl, c|:owlccgcc t|t t|is slit uig|t |c cqull, io:utivc oi uocc::it,
t|: t|c civilizccot|c: ;ust|cu, |i::, :tu:c t|c: c:s t t|c ot|c:
sicc oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, wit| cc:ti: :tu:cs ;colo:ilt|i:c wo:lc
:tu:cs, wouc:s |ocics, c:| |ocics, loctcc i: t|c cxtc:io:it, to t|c
Iotlit, oi t|c ulc cu:occ:t:ic wo:lc I|c c:vi:o:uc:tl c:isis t|us sig:ls
t|c liuits oi uocc::, i:st:uuc:tl :tio:lit,, it :cilccts uocc::it,s iilu:c to
:ticultc |iolog, :c |isto:, svc t|:oug| t|c citliztio: oi :tu:c :c
l|o: W|t c:succ ws :cgiuc oi citlist :tu:c t|t su|ltc::izcc ll
ot|c: :ticultio:s oi |iolog, :c |isto:,, oi :tu:c :c socict,, :ticul:l,
t|osc t|t c:ct t|:oug| t|ci: locl uoccls :c :cticcs oi t|c :tu:l
cultu:ll,cst|lis|cc co:ti:uit, ;s ooscc to sc:tio:, |ctwcc: t|c
:tu:l, |uu:, :c suc::tu:l wo:lcs I|csc locl uoccls oi t|c :tu:l :c
t t|c |sis oi c:vi:o:uc:tl st:ugglcs toc, l: t|is w,, t|csc st:ugglc :ccc
to |c scc: s .o!. c. |. 1... c .o!o.o!, ..c!c..o!, o1 ..cc.. 1......
;lcii !000, lsco|: 1---, lt|:occologicl socil uovcuc:ts :c vc:, clc:
|out t|is lc:c lics :ot|c: t,c oi c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|i:g t|t :cccs to |c
t|c: i:to ccou:t
l: uo:c :oscctivc w,, t|c lti: Auc:ic: oliticl ccolog, ciio:t
ttcuts to co:st:uct : ct|ics :c cultu:c oi susti:|ilit,, t|is c:tils t|c
:ct|i:|i:g oi :ocuctio: tow:cs :cw c:vi:o:uc:tl :tio:lit,, :c
ciloguc uo:g io:us oi |:owlccgc tow:cs t|c co:st:uctio: oi :ovcl
c:vi:o:uc:tl :tio:litics I|is ccolog,s ct|icl c:scctivc o: :tu:c, liic,
:c t|c l:ct c:tils qucstio:i:g oi uocc::it, :c ccvclouc:t, i:cccc :
i::ciut|lc i:cictuc:t oi t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc, l, :ivilcgi:g su|ltc::
|:owlccgcs oi t|c :tu:l, t|is oliticl ccolog, :ticultcs i: u:iquc w,s t|c
qucstio:s oi civc:sit,, ciiic:c:cc, :c i:tc:cultu:lit, wit| :tu:c, oi
cou:sc, occu,i:g :olc s cto: :c gc:t At st|c |c:c is cultu:l olitics
oi ciiic:c:cc t|t gocs |c,o:c t|c ccco:st:uctio: oi :t|:oologocc:t:isu, it
ius t t|c cultu:l :c:o:itio: oi :tu:c t|:oug| oliticl st:tcgics suc|
s t|osc oi socil uovcuc:ts Acco:ci:g to t|is g:ou, t|c:c is : cuc:gc:t
lti: Auc:ic: c:vi:o:uc:tl t|oug|t t|t |uilcs o: t|c st:ugglcs :c
|:owlccgcs oi i:cigc:ous, cs:ts, ct|:ic :c ot|c: su|ltc:: g:ous to
c:visio: ot|c: w,s oi |ci:g wit| uultilicit, oi livi:g :c :o:livi:g |ci:gs,
|uu: :c :ot kcsccti:g t|c scciiicit, oi lcc|scc cultu:cs :c colcs,
it ius t t|i:|i:g |out t|c :cco:st:uctio: oi locl :c :cgio:l wo:lcs i:
uo:c susti:|lc w,s
Rethinking the economy, in the concrete
I|c cou|i:cc :occsscs oi uocc::it, :c colo:ilit, c: |c scc: s :o|ccts io:
t|c :cicl :cco:vc:sio: oi |uu: :c |io|,sicl ccologics wo:lc wicc :c
u, sc| |out s,stcutic :o|cct oi cultu:l, ccologicl, :c cco:ouic
:cco:vc:sio: lo:g cu:occ:t:ic li:cs o:vc:scl,, o:c u, co:sicc: t|c :ccc to
|uilc o: .o.... c .o!o.o!, ..c!c..o!, o1 ..cc.. 1...... io: co:c:ctc :o|ccts
oi wo:lc t::sio:utio: io: wo:lcs :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc I|is |cls
givc ilcs| :c |looc to t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c glo|l colo:ilit, W|ilc t|csc
:occsscs |vc to |c cv:ccc t t|c suc tiuc, t|c:c sccus to |c :cssi:g
:ccc to couc u wit| :cw cco:ouic iugi::ics, iugi::ics t|t c:|lc
ciicctivc :c :cticl :csist:cc to t|c sccui:gl, ovc:owc:i:g iugi::, oi t|c
u:|ct s:ctiiicc |, :coli|c:l glo|liztio: ;li:|cluc:ts gc oi t|c totl
u:|ct, lt|:og:|icll,, wc c: iollow i: t|c w|c oi ccologicl :t|:o
ologists cocuuc:ti:g :cticcs oi ccologicl ciiic:c:cc, w|ic|, coulcc wit|
t|c oliticli:tcllcctul st:tcgics oi socil uovcuc:ts, coulc iccc i:to co:c:ctc
:o|ccts oi ltc::tivc ccocultu:l ccsig:s :c wo:lc co:st:uctio: I|co:cti
cll,, wc :c ill cquicc io: t|c ts| l:t oi t|c :swc: lics i: t|c ict t|t
oliticl cco:ou, :l,scs |vc ucc i:visi|lc :cticcs oi cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc,
givc: t|c totlizi:g :c citlocc:t:ic tc:cc:cics oi t|ci: ciscou:scs, t|csc
:l,scs |vc, i: s|o:t, tc:ccc to :ccucc ll cco:ouic io:us to t|c tc:us oi t|c
uc, :ucl,, citl itscli ;Gi|so:G:|u 1--o,
I|t ccolog, :c t|c |oc, :c i:cluct|l, ttc|cc to lcc ;cvc: ii :ot
lcc|ou:c, sccus cs, to ccct lcss clc: is t|t t|i:|i:g |out cco:ouic
ciiic:c:cc :c ltc::tivc cco:ouic iugi::ics s|oulc lso |vc lcc|scc
ciuc:sio: lct us scc w|,, i: w, t|t c:|lcs us to i:t:ocucc lcc|scc
ciuc:sio: to t|c colo:ilit, oi owc: :c t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc llcc, itc:
ll, is t|c sitc oi t|c su|ltc:: : cxccllc:cc, t|c cxcluccc ciuc:sio: oi
uocc::it,s co:cc:: wit| scc, u:ivc:slit,, uovcuc:t, :c t|c li|c lt
woulc t|c: u|c sc:sc to culcc t|c \ :o|cct i: uo:c t|:
uct|o:icl w, I|is oi:t is c:ivc: |ouc |, :o|cct o: Wouc: :c t|c
lolitics oi llcc t|t |:i:gs togct|c: gc:cc:, ccolog, :c cco:ou, i:to o:c
t|co:cticloliticl i:ucwo:|
1!
l: w:iti:g |out t|is :o|cct, ulic G:|u
:c lt|c:i:c Gi|so: i:t:ocucc t|c :otio: oi cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc :c t|c icc
oi culccuc:t, |uilci:g o: t|c cccc:tc:cc :c ciso:g:izcc ;|ut glo|ll,
culccc, oliticl iugi::, oi scco:c wvc icui:isu, i: t|c iollowi:g w,
Wouc: :c t|c lolitics oi llcc ;l:cou:t s lsco|: !00!, |uilcs o:
t|t g:ou:c joi icui:ist olitics, cxtc:ci:g t|c icc oi olitics oi
u|iquit, |, cu|sizi:g its o:tologicl su|st:tc vst sct oi
cis:ticultcc lccs |ousc|olcs, socil couuu:itics, ccos,stcus,
wo:|lccs, o:g:iztio:s, |ocics, u|lic :c:s, u:|: sccs, ciso:s,
:cgio:s, occutio:s :cltcc :logicll, :t|c: t|: o:g:icll, :c
co::cctcc t|:oug| wc|s oi sig:iiictio: li c. :c cvc:,w|c:c, o
co is lw,s soucw|c:c, :c t|osc soucw|c:cs :c w|t t|c :o|cct
is i:tc:cstcc i: lccs |ci:g c:ctcc, st:c:gt|c:cc, ccic:ccc, uguc:
tcc, t::sio:ucc |, wouc: lt is s t|oug| t|c icc:tit, ctcgo:,, wou:,
wc:c to |c cc:csscc t|:oug| co:tcxtuliztio: o: culccuc:t, :c t|c
icui:ist qucstio: |c |ccouc W|t uig|t olitics oi t|c culccuc:t
|c :ot olitics oi t|c ctcgo:,, o: oi icc:tit, c: sc, |ut olitics oi
t|c :ocuctio: oi su||ccts :c lccs A olitics oi |ccoui:g i: lcc
;Gi|so:G:|u !00!,
l:ou : \ c:scctivc, it c: |c sic t|t lcc |c:c sc:vcs s :
cistcuic c:scctivc t|t c: |c occuicc |, u:, su||ccts I|c Wouc: :c
t|c lolitics oi llcc :o|cct i:cccc ius t ssc:ti:g logic oi ciiic:c:cc :c
ossi|ilit, gi:st t|c |ouogc:izi:g tc:cc:cics oi glo|liztio: :c oliticl
cco:ou,, it scc|s to u|c visi|lc l:cscc oi cultu:l, ccologicl :c
cco:ouic ciiic:c:ccs, to t|is cxtc:t, t|c:c is cc:ti: co:vc:gc:cc |c:c
|ctwcc: t|c :o|ccts oi icui:isu, ccolog,, :c ltc::tivc cco:ouics :c t|is
co:vc:gc:cc is :ticultcc :ou:c t|c olitics oi lcc l u :ot :gui:g t|t
t|is is t|c o:l, scc oi co:vc:gc:cc io: :o|ccts oi icui:ist, cco:ouic, :c
ccologicl iutu:cs l u :gui:g io: ciloguc |ctwcc: t|c \ :o|cct :c
:o|ccts suc| s t|osc :cvicwcc i: t|is scctio: I|c :otio: oi lcc|scc
;lt|oug|, gi:, :ot lcc|ou:c, :cticcs oi icc:tit,, :tu:c, :c cco:ou,
llows us to go |c,o:c vicw oi su|ltc:: lccs s |ust su|suucc i: glo|l
logic o: s sitc i: glo|l :ctwo:|, u:|lc to g:ou:c :, sig:iiic:t
:csist:cc, lct lo:c : ltc::tivc co:st:uctio: At t|c lcvcl oi t|c cco:ou,,
o:c u, :clizc t|t lccs :c :cvc: iull, citlist, |ut :c i:||itcc |,
cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc, wit| t|c otc:til io: |ccoui:g souct|i:g ot|c:, :
ot|c: cco:ou, lt is |out :ct|i:|i:g ciiic:c:cc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c
cco:ou,, :c t|c cco:ou, i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi ciiic:c:cc l, culci:g
t|c \ :o|cct, o:c uig|t t|us |c |lc to li:| glo|l colo:ilit, to :o|ccts
t|t |vc otc:til io: co:c:ctc, :cl t::sio:utio:s I|csc u, t|c lcc i:
co:|u:ctio: wit| socil uovcuc:ts I|is :cvlui:g oi locl olitics uig|t |c
o:c oi uost iuo:t:t co:t:i|utio:s wc c: u|c t :csc:t, i: uouc:t
w|c: :o|oc, sccus to givc :, c:ccc:cc to locl ctio:s
Conclusion
l: |is :ct:oscctivc loo| t c:iticl ciscou:scs o: icc:tit, i: lti: Auc:ic:
|iloso|, :c socil scic:ccs si:cc t|c c:c oi t|c :i:ctcc:t| cc:tu:, to t|c
:csc:t, c...o 1. !o ro.c to.co....oo, :tigo st:oGoucz ;1--o,
co:cluccs t|t ll suc| ciscou:scs oi icc:tit, i:ou Al|c:ci to \:t :c koco
:c to Zc :c koig |vc |cc: coulicit wit| uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio:,
:c |vc t|us uou:tcc to cou:tc:uocc::ist :oosls i: t|c |cst oi cscs l:
ot|c: wo:cs, uost ccou:ts oi icc:tit, i: li|c:tio: ciscou:scs i: |iloso|, :c
ot|c: iiclcs |vc :clicc o: ostulti:g iou:ctio:l ltc:it, :c t::scc:cc:tl
su||cct t|t woulc co:stitutc :cicl ltc::tivc i: :cltio: to : cqull,
|ouogc:izcc uocc::lu:oc::o:t| Auc:ic: t|c: W|ct|c: cli:g
to lti: Auc:ic: i:cigc:ous, ucstizo, ct|olic, :iuo:cilist, :tiiuc:ilist,
o: vitlist icc:titics i: co:t:cisti:ctio: to w|itc, :otcst:t, i:st:uuc:tl,
cisc:c|:tcc, i:civiculist, t:i:c|l, ctc lu:oAuc:ic: icc:tit, t|csc
st:tcgics oi ltc:iztio:, i: st:oGoucz :c|cologicl :l,sis, :c cooucc
to iilu:c Io c|:owlccgc t|c :til, |isto:icl, :c |ctc:ogc:cous c|:ctc: oi
ll icc:titics is to |cgi: to co::cct t|is ilw, :c to |cgi: t|c |ou::c, tow:cs
vicws oi icc:tit, t|t cuc:gc i:ou : .... c.!o.o1o, o: ostl:lig|tuc:t
cistcuc Io t|c cou:tc:uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio:, st:oGoucz
ooscs logic oi t|c |isto:icl :ocuctio: oi ciiic:c:cc
lt :cui:s to |c scc: w|ct|c: t|c \ :o|cct will iull, |,ss t|c
uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio: i:sig|tiull, :l,zcc |, st:oGoucz
o:ccivcc s : cistcuic cccolo:iztio:, t|is :o|cct woulc cc:ti:l, sccu
to go |c,o:c olitics oi :c:csc:ttio: |scc o: icc:tii,i:g : cxclusivc
scc oi c:u:citio: oi o:cs ow: t|t is |li:c to its ow: co:st:uctcc:css, it
woulc lso voic cou:c|c:sivc llcgtio:s oi i:clusio: u:cc: si:glc
uu|:cll ;ll lti: Auc:ic:s,, :c woulc :csist t|c icc t|t t|osc i:cluccc
woulc |c iull, outsicc t|c colo:ilist totlit, uc| c:cus :c i: t|c :occss
oi |ci:g |:co:cc I|c :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g ;o: c:iticl |o:cc:
ositio:i:g, s t|c:i:c Wls| |s :ccc:tl, cllcc it, !00!, sccus to
:ovicc, |, itscli, souc i:su::cc gi:st t|c olcc: logic As wc |vc scc:,
c:ggi:g wit| gc:cc:, c:vi:o:uc:t :c cco:ou, uig|t iio:c iu:t|c:
gu::tccs t|t t|c iuo:t:t i:sig|ts oi t|is g:ou will :ot :u: i:to t|c
t:s ccsc:i|cc |, st:oGoucz :o lo:gc: : |solutc ot|c: i: :cltio: to
uocc::it,, :c so :o lo:gc: co:ccu:cc to t|c c:ctul solitucc oi w|ic|
ctvio lz :c G:c \:qucz wc:c so c:uo:cc, t|c lti: Auc:ic t|t
cuc:gcs i:ou t|c :o|cct so s|ctc|il, :cvicwcc |c:c woulc |owcvc: co:ti:uc
to c:ct olitics oi ciiic:c:cc, :cciscl, |ccusc it |s |ccouc :cwl, w:c
oi t|c co:stitutivc ciiic:c:cc t|t i:||its it :c t|c |isto:, t|t |s :ocuccc
it lc:|s it is i:cccc t|c csc t|t : ot|c: lti: Auc:ic;s, is ossi|lc
Notes
1 I|is c: is :cviscc i:ou vc:sio: :csc:tcc t t|c Ic:cc: o:g:cso
l:tc::cio:l cc lti:ouc:ic:ists c: lu:o, Austc:cu, !o ul,
!00! lt ws :cviousl, u|lis|cc i: coo1..c 1.! cit+ 1o, !1o, i:
!00! I|c titlc, Wo:lcs :c l:owlccgcs t|c:wisc, coucs i:ou
ciscussio: t t|c uccti:g oi t|c ccito:il collcctivc oi t|c |ou::l :.o!o
.. .c :co| ;Du|c D:ivc:sit,, + A:il !00!, I|is |ou::l |s u|lis|cc
:uu|c: oi :ticlcs |, t|c ut|o:s ictu:cc i: t|is tcxt As t|c |ou::l
uovcs i:ou :i:tcc to : clcct:o:ic io:ut, t|c |ou::ls c|:ctc: |s
c|:gcc soucw|t, t|c :cw su|titlc ;t|is c:s titlc, :cccts t|c :cw
o:ic:ttio: l woulc li|c to t|:| A::clics Zoouc:s io: |c: i:itil i:vittio:
to t|c o:g:css :c io: |c: gc:c:ous i:tc:cst i: t|c c: l woulc lso li|c
to t|:| Wltc: \ig:olo, lcu:co kcst:co, uli: llo:cz, :c :clso:
\lco:coIo::cs io: ou: c:ggi:g co:vc:stio:s ovc: t|c !00!0!
cccuic ,c:, :c :tigo st:oGoucz, lli: Vuol, l:c, c|iw,,
t|c:i:c Wls| :c lcizo: lco: io: t|ci: stiuulti:g :ticitio: :c
iccs i: ou: :i:g wo:|s|os, ll i: |cl lill :c Du|c
! Alt|oug| l |vc :ot co:c : cx|ustivc sc:c|, l |clicvc .o.c.....1 vicw
oi uocc::it, is :csc:t i: uost co:cctuliztio:s oi uocc::it, :c
glo|liztio: i: |iloso|,, gcog:|,, :t|:oolog,, :c couuu:ictio:s,
:c o: ll siccs oi t|c oliticl scct:uu \:, oi t|csc wo:|s, to |c su:c,
:c iuo:t:t co:t:i|utio:s to t|c u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it,, ,ct t|ci:
cu:occ:t:isu |s t|co:cticl :c oliticl co:scquc:ccs ouc oi t|csc
wo:|s cxlicitl, c:ggc wit| Giccc:s wo:| :c ccvclo : clcg:t :c
co|c:c:t co:cctuliztio: oi glo|liztio: i:ou t|is c:scctivc ;cg,
Iouli:so: 1---,, ot|c:s iollow uo:c ct|:og:|ic o:ic:ttio: ;cg,
l:glu:c :c lcc| !000, :c l|: !001 io: :cvicws, Acu:i 1--o, lus
t|c wo:|s i:si:cc |, t|is ut|o:s wo:|,, o: cultu:l|isto:icl o:ic:ttio:
;cg, Go:|:, cc !001, ouc ssc:t t|c lu:lit, oi glo|liztio: ;ic,
glo|liztio:s, ,ct go o: to cxli: suc| lu:lit, i: oliticl :c cco:ouic
tc:us, t|i:g io: g::tcc coui::t cultu:l ut:ix ;scc t|c sccil issuc oi
i..o.co! :c..c!c, o: Glo|liztio:s, Vol 1., :uu|c: !, u:c !000,
cg, Wllc:stci: !000, A cu:occ:tc:cc :c cu:occ:t:ic :otio: oi
uocc::it, is lso t l, i: uost oi t|c wo:|s o: t|c lcit, suc| s l:ct
:c :cg:i ;!000, I|csc ut|o:s :ci:tc::cttio: oi t|c lu:oc: |isto:, oi
sovc:cig:t, i: lig|t oi cu::c:t |iooliticl st:uctu:cs oi :ulc, s wcll s t|ci:
cl|o:tio: oi :csist:cc i: t|c Wcstc:: |iloso|, oi iuu:c:cc, :c :ovcl
clcuc:t io: :ct|i:|i:g uocc::it, lowcvc:, t|ci: cu:occ:t:isu |ccoucs
:ticul:l, :o|lcutic i: t|ci: icc:tictio: oi t|c otc:til sou:ccs io:
:cicl ctio:, :c i: t|ci: |clici t|t t|c:c is :o outsicc to uocc::it,
;gi:, l Giccc:s, Io t|c vicw t|t t|c:c is :o outsicc t|c \
c:scctivc cou:tc:oscs :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, to uocc::it,colo:ilit,
:ot c:tc:ti:cc |, :, oi t|c ut|o:s t|t iollow i: t|c t:citio: oi
lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it,
kccc:t :t|:oologicl :ccctio: o: uocc::it, |s lso scc: u|o:
c|:gcs l: t|c D:itcc ttcs, :t|:oolog, oi uocc::it, |s iocuscc gi:
o: |ot| uocc::it, |:oc, :c o: colcs ;l:gcl, :o:cxc:ts,
c:ggcuc:t wit| it I|is :oc| |s |cc: iuo:t:t i: g:ou:ci:g t|c
u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, i: ct|:og:|ic cscs As l|: ;!001, ut it i:
:ccc:t :cvicw, t|c: s w|olc t|csc wo:|s |vc lu:lizcc t|c ccctcc
u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, s |ouogc:ous :occss I|c v:ious w,s i:
w|ic| uocc::it, is lu:lizcc, |owcvc:, :ccc to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t
\ost ciscuss ltc::tivc uocc::itics ;wit| |,|:ic, uultilc, locl,
ctc s ot|c: qulic:s, s cuc:gi:g i:ou t|c c,:uic c:cou:tc: oi
coui::t ;usull, Wcstc::, :c :o:coui::t ;cg, locl, :o:Wcstc::,
:cgio:l, io:us ;cg, l:cc s Wtts 1--!, Gut 1--, iv:u|:is|:: s
Ag:wl c 1---, A:cc s lo:g !000, I|c:c is :o u:icc co:cctio: i:
t|csc wo:|s, |owcvc:, o: w|t cxctl, co:stitutcs uocc::it, kcic:c:ccs
::gc i:ou luccli:c to l:t, Wc|c:, Giccc:s, :c l|c:us l|: is
:ig|t i: s,i:g t|t stti:g t|t uocc::it, is lu:l, :c t|c: s|owi:g
ct|:og:|icll, t|c w,s i: w|ic| it is loclizcc, |s liuittio:s i: tc:us oi
t|co:, lowcvc:, |is cl io: : :t|:oolog, oi uocc::it, |scc o: t|c
t|co:ics oi, s,, lcgcl, Wc|c:, :c l|c:us couou:cs t|c :o|lcu,
givc: t|c cu:occ:t:isu oi uost oi t|csc t|i:|c:s ;scc Dusscl 1--! io: :
:l,sis oi t|c ccc ct|:occ:t:isu oi lcgcl :c l|c:us, w|osc wo:|s
t|c o: souct|i:g oi t|c so:o:it, oi Wg:c:s t:uucts ; 1,, As
ki|ci:o s,s i: |is couuc:t:, to l|:, uocc::it, is su||cct to
i:cigc:iztio:, |ut t|is cocs :ot uou:t to s,i:g t|t it is :tivc
ctcgo:, ;!001, oo-, W|t is lost i: t|csc cc|tcs, it sccus to uc, is
t|c vc:, :otio: oi ciiic:c:cc s |ot| :iu:, o||cct oi :t|:oolog, :c :
:c|o:i:g oi:t io: t|co:cticl co:st:uctio: :c oliticl ctio: l: t|c lst
i:st:cc, t|c liuits oi lu:lizi:g uocc::it, lic i: t|c ict t|t it c:cs u
:ccuci:g ll socil :cticc to |ci:g u:iicsttio: oi lu:oc: cxc:ic:cc
:c will, :o uttc: |ow qulicc l:glu:c :c lcc| ;!000, u|c :cltcc
:guuc:t i: t|ci: c:itiquc oi t|c ct|:og:|ic ccou:ts oi uultilc
uocc::itics, t|c, :guc, co::cctl, i: u, ui:c, t|t t|csc wo:|s :c
i:t:ocucc uct:::tivc oi uocc::it, i: t|c :l,sis, |c it t|c cilcctic,
;lu:oc:, co:c t|t :cui:s i:v:i:t, o: sclisc:vi:g cl to wicc:
co:tcxt o: l:gc: sclc c:scctivc I|c :csult is wc| :cltivisu :c
lu:liztio: oi uocc::itics t|t :cccts t|c ct|:og:|c:s ow: ssuu
tio:s l:glu:c :c lcc|s cll is io: :c:cwcc ttc:tio: to ct|:og:|ic
|:owlccgc s coui: io: scc:ti:i:g t|c vc:, co:tcxts t|t :c :clcv:t to
i:vcstigtio:, |cio:c suc| co:tcxt is iuutcc to t|is o: t|t vc:sio: oi
uocc::it, l:ou t|is c:scctivc, qucstio: :cui:s P|o c|.. |.1 c
|.c....o! o1 c!...o! .!o. .o . c./!, o|. .| |. ..| c |.
.|c.o|.. c c1...,, t|t :c :ot co:sicc:cc |, t|ci: ut|o:s l: s|o:t,
it sccus to uc t|t i: u:, :ccc:t :t|:oologicl wo:|s uocc::it, is, :st,
:ccc:cc i: w, t|t cissolvcs it :c cc:ivcs it oi :, scu|l:cc oi
|isto:icl co|c:c:cc, lct lo:c u:it:,, socil :c cultu:l logic :c t|c:,
scco:c, iou:c ct|:og:|icll, cvc:,w|c:c, lw,s lu:l, c|:gi:g :c
co:tcstcc A :cw |l:cc sccus :cccss:, Aitc: ll, |, o.. . c ..o1, .!!
c o.../. c .o.o!. c..o! o1 ,.o.. ... , wit| co|c:c:t :c io:
u:, totlizi:g logic, |.!. 1.,. c1..., o, ...o .c...c .| o
.c|... .o!o.o! !c.., !. o!c. o .c.. c 1c.o.c
! I|is is vc:, s|ctc|, :csc:ttio: oi t|is g:ous iccs i: t|c |cst oi cscs
l:ocl, sc|i:g, t|is g:ou is ssocitcc wit| t|c wo:| icw cc:t:l
gu:cs, c|ic,, t|c A:gc:ti:c:\cxic: |iloso|c: l::iquc Dusscl, t|c
lc:uvi: sociologist A: |l Qui|:o :c, uo:c :ccc:tl,, t|c A:gc:ti:c:
D scuiotici: :c cultu:l t|co:ist Wltc: \ig:olo I|c:c :c, |owcvc:,
g:owi:g :uu|c: oi sc|ol:s ssocitcc wit| t|c g:ou ;cg, lcg:co l:cc:
i: Vc:czucl, :tigo st:oGoucz, sc: Gu:ciol :c lcu:co
kcst:co i: olou|i, t|c:i:c Wls| i: Quito, Zulu llc:uo i:
A:gc:ti:, o:gc :|i:cs i: lolivi, l:c, c|iw,, lc:::co o:o:il,
kuo: G:osiogcl, o:gc lciv:, A: \:g:it c:v:tcskoc: gucz,
Agust : lo \o:tcs, :clso: \lco:coIo::cs, :c u,scli i: t|c D:itcc
ttcs \o:c looscl, ssocitcc wit| ucu|c:s oi t|c g:ou :c li:c Alcoii
:c lcu:co \c:cict ;ssocitcc wit| Dusscl,, lli: Vuol ;l:stitutc oi
Dcvclouc:t tucics, lclsi:|i,, \:is lclustcguigoiti i: \cxico it,,
:isti: ko|s ;:colou|i, A :uu|c: oi l|D stucc:ts :c :ow
wo:|i:g wit|i: t|c \ :og:u t v:ious u:ivc:sitics i: Quito, \cxico,
:c Du|cD: \, :st co:tct wit| souc oi t|c ucu|c:s oi t|is g:ou
too| lcc i: :cs i: 1--1 t scui:: o: c:iticl t|co:,, w|c:c l uct
l:cc: :c Qui|:o I|is ws iollowcc |, |oi:t scssio: o: Altc::tivcs to
lu:occ:t:isu t t|c 1-- Wo:lc o:g:css oi ociolog, i: \o:t:cl, w|ic|
:csultcc i: collcctivc voluuc ;l:cc: !000, l: uo:c :ccc:t ,c:s, t|c
g:ou |s gt|c:cc :ou:c scvc:l :o|ccts :c lccs t|c l|D l:og:u o:
io1.c 1. !o co!o.o t t|c D:ivc:sicc A:ci: iuo: loliv: i: Quito,
|cccc |, t|c:i:c Wls|, t|c cocto:l l:og:u o: t.o.oc c...c .
+....o lti: t t|c :cw D:ivc:sicc cc l iucc cc \cxico i: \cxico
it,, t|c gcoolitics oi |:owlccgc :o|cct s|:cc |, l:stituto lc:s:
;D:ivc:sicc vc:i:, logot,, t|c D:ivc:sicc A:ci: ;Quito,, :c Du|c
D:ivc:sit, :c D:ivc:sit, oi :o:t| :oli: t |cl lill i: t|c DA, :c
t|c lt|:ic tucics cc:tuc:t t lc:|clc, lo: t|c ui: iccs :csc:tcc
|c:c, scc Dusscl ;j1-. 1-!, 1--!, 1--!, 1--o, !000,, Qui|:o ;1-,
1--!, !000,, Qui|:o s Wllc:stci: 1--!,, \ig:olo ;!000, !001,|,,
l:cc: ;!000,, st:oGoucz ;1--o,, o:o:il ;1--o, 1--,, ko|s ;!001,
littlc oi t|csc cc|tcs |vc |cc: t::sltcc i:to l:glis| cc lcvc:l, :c
vicco, ccs ;1--!, io: souc oi t|csc ut|o:s wo:|s i: l:glis| A voluuc
i: t|is l:gugc |s |cc: :ccc:tl, ccvotcc to Dusscls wo:| u:cc: t|c
ositc titlc, 1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c u.c., ;Alcoii s \c:cict
!000, I|c |ou::l :.o!o .. .c :co|, :ccc:tl, iou:ccc t Du|c
D:ivc:sit,, |s :til iocus o: t|c wo:|s oi t|is g:ou cc csccill, t|c
Vol 1, :o ! issuc oi !000, wit| co:t:i|utio:s |, Dusscl :c Qui|:o
uo:g ot|c:s t|c: collcctivc voluucs l:cc, :ocuccc |, t|c g:ou
i:clucc st:oGoucz s \c:cict ;1--,, st:oGoucz ;!00!,, \ig:olo
;!001,, Wls| . o! ;!00!, A:ot|c: voluuc i: l:glis|, |, G:osiogcl :c
lc v:, is i: :c:tio:
+ I|c c|oicc oi o:igi: oi:t is :ot siulc uttc: oi :cic:c:cc I|c
co:qucst :c colo:iztio: oi Auc:ic is t|c io:utivc uouc:t i: t|c
c:ctio: oi lu:ocs t|c:, t|c oi:t oi o:igi: oi t|c citlist wo:lc
s,stcu, c:|lcc |, golc :c silvc: i:ou Auc:ic, t|c o:igi: oi lu:ocs
ow: co:cct oi uocc::it, ;:c oi t|c :st, l|c:i:, uocc::it,, ltc:
ccliscc wit| t|c ogcc oi t|c scco:c uocc::it,,, t|c i:ititio: oi:t oi
ccicc:tlisu s t|c ovc::c|i:g iugi::, :c sclicc:itio: oi t|c
uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu ;w|ic| su|ltc::izcc c:i|c:l |:owlccgc
:c c:ctcc, i: t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:,, :ic:tlisu s t|c:, I|c sixtcc:t|
cc:tu:, lso sw c:ucil cc|tcs o: t|c :ig|ts oi t|c colc, csccill, t|c
lcglt|cologicl cc|tcs i: lu:c, ltc: su:csscc wit| t|c ciscou:sc oi
t|c :ig|ts oi u: i: t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:, li:ll,, wit| t|c o:qucst :c
colo:iztio:, lti: Auc:ic :c t|c :i||c: cuc:gcc s t|c :st
c:i|c:, oi lu:oc: uocc::it,
. Diiic:c:t ut|o:s cu|sizc ciiic:c:t icto:s i: t|c u|i:g :c iu:ctio:i:g
oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, lo: Qui|:o, io: i:st:cc, t|c |c, :occss i: its
co:stitutio: is t|c colo:il clssictio: :c coui:tio: i: tc:us oi :cc
olo:ilit, is t t|c c:ux oi uocc::it, :cciscl, |ccusc oi t|c c:sistc:cc oi
t|c icc oi :cc I|c scco:c |c, :occss is t|c co:stitutio: oi st:uctu:c oi
co:t:ol oi l|o: :c :csou:ccs Dusscl cu|sizcs t|c o:igi:l violc:cc
c:ctcc |, uocc::it,colo:ilit, ;scc lso ko|s !001,, t|c iuo:t:cc oi
t|c :st ;l|c:i:, uocc::it, io: t|c st:uctu:c oi colo:ilit,, :c oi cou:sc
t|c co:ccluc:t oi t|c :o:lu:oc: ;t|c :cgtio: oi its ltc:it,,,
:ticul:l, lti: Auc:ic s uocc::it,s :st c:i|c:, \ig:olo lso
cls to sou:ccs outsicc l|c:i:Auc:ic io: |is co:cctuliztio: oi
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g, t|c |i:c oi t|i:|i:g t|t |:i:gs |out t|c cc
su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c :tio:lit, \ig:olos :o|cct is t|t
oi co:cucti:g gc:clog, oi locl |isto:ics lcci:g to glo|l ccsig:s, so s
to c:|lc ot|c: ccsig:s i:ou ot|c: locl |isto:ics to cuc:gc i:ou
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g :c t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc ouc oi t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c
cxli:cc |, soucw|t ciiic:c:t i:ucwo:|s, cu|scs :c ius oliticl
cco:ou, io: Qui|:o, |iloso|, oi li|c:tio: io: Dusscl, litc:tu:c :c
cistcuolog, io: \ig:olo lo: uost oi t|csc ut|o:s, |owcvc:, \:xisu
:c t|c qucstio: oi t|c cco:ou, :cui: :uou:t
o Dusscls :otio: oi cxtc:io:, |s scvc:l sou:ccs, c|ic, lcvi:s co:cct oi
t|c co:t:cictio: Iotlit,lxtc:io:it, cuscc |, t|c ct|icl i:tc:clltio: oi
t|c t|c: ;s,, s oo:, lt lso :cs i:si:tio: i: \:xs :otio: oi livi:g
l|o: s :cicl t|c: wit| :cscct to citl Dusscl sclls out |is vicws
t|:oug| t|c usc oi t|c t|co:, oi sccc| cts :c couuu:ictio: ;csccill,
Acls |ut lso l|c:us :c c:lc, A|ovc ll, Dusscl i:t:ocuccs t|c
co:ccts oi lxtc:io:, :c Altc:it, s cssc:til to |is li|c:tio: |iloso|,,
lxtc:io:it, |ccoucs :cgtivit, i:ou w|ic| t|c coui:tio: oi t|c t|c: c:
|c ciscovc:cc I|c:c is clc: oliticl |c:t to Dusscls i:tc:vc:tio:, w|ic|
c: t|us |c scc: s : o:igi:l t|co:, :c :cicliztio: oi t|c wo:| oi
lcvi:s :c ot|c:s lo: \ig:olo, s io: Qui|:o, t|c uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu
loo|s ciiic:c:t i:ou its cxtc:io:it, ;!000, .., \ig:olo |uilcs o: Dusscl
:c lso o: ot|c: sou:ccs, i:ou l:o: :c Wll Du lois to A:zlcu :c
w:itc:s i:ou t|c :i||c: :c t|c \g|:c| suc| s Gliss:t, lc|i, :c
l|ti|i I|co:ics oi cou|lc co:scious:css, cou|lc c:itiquc, : ot|c:
t|i:|i:g, c:cliztio:, :c cultu:cs oi t::sic:cc |ccouc cquivlc:t to |is
ow: :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g \ig:olos t|co:, oi cxtc:io:it, is :cltcc to
Dusscls |ut |s ciiic:c:t cu|sis \ig:olo ciiic:c:titcs |ctwcc: t|c
i:tc:io: |o:cc:s oi t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu ;iuc:il co:icts,
s,, |ctwcc: i: :c l:gl:c, :c its cxtc:io: |o:cc:s ;iuc:il co:icts
wit| cultu:cs |ci:g colo:izcc, cg, |ctwcc: i: :c t|c lsluic wo:lc,
|ctwcc: i: :c t|c Aztccs, o: |ctwcc: t|c l:iti: :c t|c l:ci i: t|c
:i:ctcc:t| cc:tu:,, I|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc |ccoucs visi|lc o:l, i:ou t|c
cxtc:io: oi t|c u:ivc:sl |isto:, oi t|c uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu, it u|cs
ossi|lc |:c|i:g w, i:ou cu:occ:t:isu s cistcuologicl c:scctivc
Wit|out t|is cxtc:io:it, i: w|ic| su|ltc:: |:owlccgcs cwcll, t|c o:l,
ltc::tivc lcit is co:st:t :cci:g oi t|c g:ct t|i:|c:s oi t|c Wcst i: sc:c|
oi :cw w,s to iugi:c t|c iutu:c ;!000, !0!,
\ig:olo ccvclos |is :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g s t|i:|i:g i:ou :ot|c:
lcc, iugi:i:g : ot|c: l:gugc, :gui:g i:ou :ot|c: logic ; !1!, lt is
su|ltc:: |:owlccgc co:ccivcc i:ou t|c |o:cc:s oi t|c colo:iluocc::
wo:lc s,stcu t|t st:ivcs to |:c| w, i:ou t|c coui::cc oi cu:occ:t:isu
lo:cc: t|i:|i:g :cic:s to t|c uouc:ts i: w|ic| t|c iugi::, oi t|c wo:lc
s,stcu c:c|s ;!000, !!,, : cistcuolog, oi :c i:ou t|c |o:cc: ;
.!,, |i:c oi cou|lc c:itiquc ;l|ti|i, t|t is c:iticl oi |ot|
ccicc:tlisucu:occ:t:isu :c oi t|c cxcluccc t:citio:s t|cusclvcs, t|is
|ilit, stcus i:ou its loctio: i: t|c |o:cc:l:cs ;A:zlcu, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g
is : ct|icl w, oi t|i:|i:g |ccusc, i: its u:gi:lit,, it |s :o ct|:ocicl
ciuc:sio: lts iu is :ot to co::cct lics :c tcll t|c t:ut|, |ut to t|i:|
ot|c:wisc, to uovc tow:c : ot|c: logic i: suu to c|:gc t|c tc:us, :ot
|ust t|c co:tc:t oi t|c co:vc:stio: ; 0, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g c:|lcs :cw
vicw oi t|c civc:sit, :c ltc:it, oi t|c wo:lc, o:c t|t cocs :ot ill i:to t|c
t:s oi cultu:list ;cssc:tilist, :|cto:ic |ut :t|c: |ig|lig|t t|c i::ccuci|lc
ciiic:c:ccs t|t c::ot |c :o:itcc |, t|c uo:otoic c:itiquc oi
uocc::it, ;t|c :cicl c:itiquc oi Wcstc:: logocc:t:isu u:cc:stooc s
u:ivc:sl ctcgo:,,, :c t|t cocs :ot co:ccivc oi ciiic:c:cc s :tit|csis i:
sc:c| oi :cv:c|isu lo:cc: t|i:|i:g is coulcuc:t:, to ccco:st:uctio:
;:c to ll c:iticl ciscou:scs oi uocc::it,,, it sccs cccolo:iztio: s
:ticul: |i:c oi ccco:st:uctio: |ut uovcs tow:cs i:guc:tcc, lu:l
:o|cct i:stcc oi :c:ocuci:g t|c |st:ct u:ivc:sls oi uocc::it, ;i:cluci:g
ccuoc:c, :c :ig|ts, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g, :ll,, is : ttcut to uovc |c,o:c
cu:occ:t:isu |, :cvcli:g t|c colo:ilit, oi owc: cu|ccccc i: t|c
gcoolitics oi |:owlccgc :cccss:, stc i: o:cc: to u:co t|c
su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c to loo| io: w,s oi t|i:|i:g |c,o:c t|c
ctcgo:ics oi Wcstc:: t|oug|t ; !!o,
llscw|c:c l |vc i:t:ocuccc t|c :otio: oi o!..o.. c c1..., to :cic:
iugi:c : cxlicit cultu:loliticl :o|cct oi t::sio:utio: i:ou t|c
c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, uo:c sccicll,, : ltc::tivc
co:st:uctio: oi t|c wo:lc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc I|c
ciuc:sio: oi ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, co:t:i|utcs to wc|c:i:g oi
uocc::it, s logocc:t:isu, s souc oi t|c |iloso|c:s oi c:c oi uocc::it,
woulc |vc it ;cg, Vttiuo 1--1,, |ut i:ou ciiic:c:t ositio: Wc s|oulc
|c clc: lso |out w|t t|is co:cct is :ot lt cocs :ot oi:t tow:cs ..o!
:isti:c iutu:c w|c:c ccvclouc:t o: uocc::it, :o lo:gc: cxist, it is
i:tc:ccc :t|c: to i:tuit t|c ossi|ilit, oi .o.. : c: w|c:c ccvclouc:t
:c uocc::it, ccsc to |c t|c cc:t:l o:g:izi:g :i:cilcs oi socil liic
uouc:t w|c: socil liic is :o lo:gc: so c:uctcc |, t|c co:st:ucts oi
cco:ou,, i:civicul, :tio:lit,, o:cc:, :c so io:t| t|t :c c|:ctc:istic oi
lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it, Altc::tivcs to uocc::it, is :ccctio: oi
oliticl ccsi:c, ccsi:c oi t|c c:iticl utoi: iugi:tio:, :ot sttcuc:t
|out t|c :cl, :csc:t o: iutu:c c:ti:g i: t|c c:c|s oi uocc::it,
colo:ilit,, it givcs co:tc:t to t|c lo:to Alcg:c Glo|l ocil lo:uu slog:,
oc|.. c.!1 . c./!. Altc::tivc ccvclouc:t, ltc::tivc uocc::itics, :c
ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, :c :till, co:icti:g |ut otc:till, coulc
uc:t:, :o|ccts :c u, lcc to c:cti:g co:citio:s io: t|c ot|c:s
I|is c:scctivc is t t|c |c:t oi t|c A:cc: tucics Wo:|i:g G:ou
Dcvclouc:t, \occ::it, :c olo:ilit,, t|t Wltc: \ig:olo :c l co
icilitc wit|i: t|c D:Du|c lti: Auc:ic: tucics o:so:tiuu
- l u i:cc|tcc to uli: llo:cz ;Dc:tuc:t oi ocil ls,c|olog,,
D:ivc:sitt Auto:ou cc l:cclo:, Visiti:g c|ol: t |cl lill io:
:i:g !00!, io: t|is oi:t, :c io: couuc:ts |clow o: souc oi t|c
co:t:i|utio:s i:ou t|c sociolog, oi |:owlccgc :c i:ou icui:ist t|co:, i:
socil s,c|olog,, :ticul:l, i: t|c wo:| oi \:got lu|l ouc oi t|c
iccs lso couc i:ou ciscussio:s t uccti:g oi t|c souc oi t|c g:ous
ucu|c:s i: |cl lill :c Du|c i: lc|:u:, !000, icilittcc :ticul:l,
|, l:c, c|iw,s :csc:ttio: :c t|c ciscussio: o: li|c:tio: t|colog,,
:c |, ciscussio:s t lAA o:g:css ;Dlls, \:c| !00!,
10 l t|:| :clso: \lco:co io: |:i:gi:g t|is iuo:t:t |oo| to ou: ttc:tio:
:c sc|i:g c:t|usisticll, |out it i: o:c oi ou: :ccc:t uccti:gs i:
|cl lill :c Du|c
11 I|csc issucs lso cuc:gcc i: co:vc:stio:s wit| uli: llo:cz co:cc::i:g
t|c wo:| oi icui:ist t|co:, i: socil s,c|olog, ;|cl lill, A:il !00!,
1! l u :cic::i:g to t|c collcctivc wo:| oi t|c G:uo cc I:||o cc lcolog
loli ic cst|lis|cc |, lA, :c coo:ci:tcc |, lccto: Aliuo:c i
:ticul: i:tc:cst |c:c :c t|c Mo..c tc. uo i..o 1. !o :o.o/.!.1o1
;l:D\A, !00!,, t www:olcu:cux, :c t|c :ccc:t c:it io: ciscusio:
|, l::iquc lcii ;!00!,
lt s|oulc |c uc:tio:cc t|t t|is iuo:t:t i:ititivc is lso still to |c
c:gc:cc:cc
1! cc t|c Wouc: :c t|c lolitics oi llcc l:o|cct t wwwsici:to:g :c
t|c sccil issuc oi ..!c. ccvotcc to t|c :o|cct, +.;1,, \:c| !00!,
l |vc coo:g:izcc t|is :o|cct wit| Wc:c, l:cou:t, ocict, io: l:tc:
:tio:l Dcvclouc:t cc lso ulic G:|u :c lt|c:i:c Gi|so:s
:o|cct wc| gc, wwwcouuu:it,cco:ouicso:g
References
Alcoii, li:c ;1--1, I|c l:o|lcu oi c|i:g io: t|c:s, c....o! io..,, vol
!0, .!!
* * ;1-, ultu:l lcui:isu vc:sus lostst:uctu:lisu I|c lcc:tit, :isis i:
lcui:ist I|co:,, :. , vol 1!, +0.!o
Alcoii, li:c s \c:cict, lcu:co, ccs ;!000, 1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c
u.c., i..o. o.! t|.!cc|, c t./..o.c l:|u kowu: :c
littclclc
A:zlcu, Glo:i s A:louisc lcti:g, ccs ;!00!, 1|. i..1. P. co!! uc.
ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c :cw Yo:| koutlccgc
A:zlcu, Glo:i ;!00!, l:cicc ;D:,:tu:l |:icgcs, ;D:,sic sccs, i: 1|.
i..1. P. co!! uc. ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c, ccs G A:zlcu
:c A lcti:g, :cw Yo:| koutlccgc, 1.
Acu:i, A:|u: ;1--o, Mc1..., o to.. \i::colis D:ivc:sit, oi \i::csot
l:css
A:cc, Al|c:to s lo:g, :o:u:, ccs ;!000, +|.cc!c,, ..!c., o1
Mc1..... lo:co: koutlccgc
lc|:, kut|, s Go:co:, Dc|o:|, ccs ;1--., Pc. P... co!o.. lc:|clc,
D:ivc:sit, oi liio::i l:css
lclustcguigoiti, \:is ;!00!, I|c olo: oi t|c l:t| l:cigc:ous Wouc:
lcio:c t|c lw, ..!c. , vol +., :o 1, +.!
* * ;1--, Visulizi:g llccs |c loo|s, t|c:cio:c . . . W|o ls, ..!c
. , vol +1, :o !, ++.!
lcvc:l,, o|: s vicco, osc, ccs ;1--!, 1|. tcc1... ./o. . to.
+....o Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css
l|v:i, luuluu, lo::, o|: s lu:i:, l:i,, ccs ;!00!, t... too..
r.io.. Pc., co!o.. o1 ..!c. lo:co: Zcc loo|s
loii, lco::co ;!00!, i! co.1o1c i...o! \c:ic lcito:il I:ott
st:oGoucz, :tigo ;1--o, c...o 1. !o .o.c !o.co....oo l:cclo:
luvill li|:os
* * cc ;!00!, to ....o.o.o..c 1. !o .....o c..o!. . +....o to.o logot
D:ivc:sicc vc:i:
st:oGoucz, :tigo, s \c:cict, lcu:co, ccs ;1--, 1.c.o . 1...!.o,
!o.co....o.c, c.c!c.o!.1o1 , !c/o!..o..c . 1./o. \cxico, Dl
\igucl A:gcl lo::uD:ivc:sit, oi : l::cisco
o:o:il, lc:::co ;1--, 1|. Mo..o! :o. :oo.., Mc., o1 Mc1..., .
...o.!o |icgo D:ivc:sit, oi |icgo l:css
* * ;1--o, lc,o:c ccicc:tlisu Iow:c :o:iuc:il Gco|isto:icl
tcgo:ics, co!o.o! +|.cc!c,, vol 11, :o 1, .!
Dusscl, l::iquc ;!000, lu:oc, \occ::it,, :c lu:occ:t:isu, :.o!o, vol 1,
:o !, +o.+
* * ;1--o, 1|. u1...1. c Mc1..., Atl:tic lig|l:cs, : luu:itics l:css
* * ;1--!, lu:occ:t:isu :c \occ::it,, i: 1|. tcc1... ./o. . to.
+....o, ccs lcvc:l, :c vicco, Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css,
o.o
* * ;1--!, :.v2 i! ..o/....c 1.! o.c logot A:t:oos
* * ;1-!, j1-. i.c1o...c o !o t.!cco 1. !o t./..o..c ;!
lcicio:, logot
lcito:il :ucv Auc:ic
** ;1-o, t.!cc o 1. !o t./..o..c \cxico lcito:il lcicol
l:glu:c, l::i s lcc|, ucs ;!000, lt|:og:|, :c t|c \ct:::tivcs oi
\occ::it,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +1, :o !, !!.!+
lsco|:, A:tu:o ;1---, Aitc: :tu:c tcs to : A:ticssc:tilist loliticl
lcolog,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +0, :o 1, 1!0
llo:cz, uli: ;!00!, :ots so|:c tco: icui:ist , uocc::icccolo:ilicc
Docuuc:to cc t:||o si: u|lic:, D:ivc:sit, oi :o:t| :oli:, |cl
lill, A:il
loucult, \ic|cl ;1--, ...!.. o1 to.| :cw Yo:| Vi:tgc loo|s
** ;1-!, 1|. o.1.. c 1|. :cw Yo:| Vi:tgc loo|s
Go:|:, Dili l, cc ;!001, +!..o.. Mc1..... Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
Gi|so:G:|u, l ;!00!, lolitics oi lui:c, lolitics oi llcc D:u|lis|cc
u:usc:it
* * ;1--o, 1|. i1 c co.o!. (+ P. x. i) xio:c llc|wcll
Giccc:s, A:t|o:, ;1--0, 1|. cc.o... c Mc1..., t:io:c t:io:c
D:ivc:sit, l:css
Gut, A||il ;1--, tc.c!c.o! ..!c. Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css
l|c:us, u:gc: ;1-, 1|. t|.!cc|..o! ..co.. c Mc1..., u|:icgc \lI
l:css
* * ;1-!, t...o.c c... losto: lcco: l:css
llc:i:, Dvic ;1--., :o. tco.oo! 1co.1 o co, uo.c.o|, :cw Yo:|
xio:c D:ivc:sit, l:css
l:w,, Do:: ;1-, itutcc l:owlccgcs I|c cic:cc Qucstio: i: lcui:isu
:c t|c l:ivilcgc oi l:til lc:scctivc, t... :o1.. , vol 1+, :o !,
...--
l:cou:t, Wc:c, s lsco|:, A:tu:o ;!00!, lcc A:ticlc Wouc: :c t|c
lolitics oi llcc, ..!c. , vol +., :o !, 1+
l:ct, \ic|cl s :cg:i, A:to:io ;!000, i... u|:icgc l:v:c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
lciccggc:, \:ti: ;1-, I|c Agc oi t|c Wo:lc lictu:c, i: 1|. o..c
cc.... 1..|c!c,, cc \ lciccggc:, :cw Yo:| l:c: :c kow,
11.1.+
l|:, ocl ;!001, A:t|:oolog, :c \occ::it,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +!,
:o ., o.1o0
l:cc:, lcu:co ;!00!, los cc:cc|os cc :oiccc i:tclcctul c: l gcool tic
ccl s|c: cc l sociccc glo|l, i: i..1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. , ccs
Wls|, l c|iw, :c st:oGoucz, Quito D:ivc:sicc A:ci:A|,
Yl, !10!
* * cc ;!000, to .c!c.o!.1o1 1.! o/.. .o.c....c , .....o c..o!. luc:os
Ai:cs lA
ltou:, l:u:o ;1--!, P. uo. :... i.. Mc1.. u|:icgc l:v:c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
lcii, l::iquc ;!00!, l lcolog lol tic c: Auc:ic lti: D: uo c:
o:st:uccio: ;lo::co: : ciscusio:, lA G:uo cc I:||o c:
lcolog lol tic \:usc:ito si: u|lic:
* * ;!000, :o/.. +/..o! \cxico iglo XXl
\lco:coIo::cs, :clso: ;!00!, luc:io , colo:ilicc ccl sc: l:csc:tcc t
t|c XXlV l:tc::tio:l o:g:css, lti: Auc:ic: tucics Associtio:,
lAA, Dlls, \:c| !!-
\ig:olo, Wltc: ;!001, locl listo:ics :c Glo|l Dcsig:s A: l:tc:vicw wit|
Wltc: \ig:olo, ..co.., vol !!, :o !, !!
* * ;!000, tc.o! u.c...c!c/o! .. l:i:ccto: l:i:ccto: D:ivc:sit, l:css
* * cc ;!001|, co.o!.c , .cc!..o 1.! .cc....c luc:os Ai:cs lcicio:cs
ccl ig:o
:ic|olso:, li:c, cc ;1---, t...tcc1... :cw Yo:| koutlccgc
l:i||:, kiuo: ;1--!, 1|. ccc|.o1... i...... :cw Yo:| :|is loo|s
l:cc, Al: s Wtts, \ic|cl ;1--!, r.c.|. Mc1..., :cw l:u:swic|
kutgc:s D:ivc:sit, l:css
Qui|:o, A: |l ;!000, olo:ilit, oi lowc:, lt|:occ:t:isu, :c lti:
Auc:ic, :.o!o, vol 1, :o !, .!!.0
* * ;1--!, \occ::it,, lcc:tit,, :c Dtoi i: lti: Auc:ic, i: 1|.
tcc1... ./o. . to. +....o, ccs lcvc:l, :c vicco,
Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css, 1+01..
* * ;1-, Mc1...1o1, i1..1o1 , uco . +....o to.o liu ociccc ,
lol tic lcicio:cs
Qui|:o, A: |l s Wllc:stci:, luu:ucl ;1--!, Auc:ic:it, s o:cct, o:
t|c Auc:ics i: t|c \occ:: Wo:lc,stcu, i..o.co! :c..o! :.....
jco.o! , vol 1!+, +.-..-
ko|s, :isti: ;!001, c..!..o.c o1 .c!... r... c r....o.c . :....|
c.o., cc!c/.o \i::colis D:ivc:sit, oi \i::csot l:css
:covl, |cl ;!00!, lo:cwo:c Aitc:l:icgc Icc|:ologics oi :ossi:g, i: 1|.
i..1. P. co!! uc. ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c, ccs G A:zlcu
:c A lcti:g, :cw Yo:| koutlccgc, !1!o
:tos, lovc:tu: cc ous ;!00!, I|c Wo:lc ocil lo:uu Iow:c
ou:tc:lcgcuo:ic Glo|liztio: l:csc:tcc t t|c XXlV l:tc::tio:l
o:g:css, lti: Auc:ic: tucics Associtio:, lAA, Dlls, \:c| !!-
cc lso t |ttwwwccsicuct|ssisu|
|o|t, lll, cc ;1--, 1o!|. ..c Mo!..o!o.o! t... . o 1.oo.co!
+. u|:icgc \lI l:css
iv:u|:is|::, l s Ag:wl, A:u:, ccs ;!00!, r..co! c1..... |.
.o!o.o! c!... c 1..!c. . i1.o t:io:c t:io:c D:ivc:sit, l:css
Iouli:so:, o|: ;1---, c!c/o!..o.c o1 co!o.. |icgo D:ivc:sit, oi |icgo
l:css
Vttiuo, Gi::i ;1--1, 1|. i1 c Mc1..., lltiuo:c o|:s lo|i:s D:ivc:sit,
l:css
Vi:ilio, lul ;1---, tc!... c |. .., Pc. :cw Yo:| cuitcxt;c,
Vuol, lli: ;l: :css, tio: io: t|c loo: :c t|c lxclusio: oi Wouc: I|c
|llc:gc oi lostuocc::isu :c lcui:isu to li|c:tio: I|colog,, i:
o. c. |. Mo.. 1|.c!c..o! o1 o|.. c|o!!.. . tcc1.. o1
tc.c!c.o! Pc.!1 , cc oc:g kicgc:, xio:c xio:c D:ivc:sit, l:css
** ;!00!, kcicl lu:occ:t:isu I|c :isis :c Dct| oi lti: Auc:ic:
li|c:tio: I|colog, :c kccics io: its lu:ovcuc:t, i: i..... |.
tcc1.. r.c. c ro1..o! o.|c1c,, ccs koscu:, kuct|c: s \:io:
G:u, :cw Yo:| I s I l:| l:tc::tio:l, ..
* * ;!00!, kcu|i:g D:ivc:sls I::s:tio:l lcui:isu;s, |llc:gi:g
lu:cuc:tlist lcuuc:isu, 1|.c.,, co!o.., :c...,, vol 1-, :o 1!,
1.1-.
* * ;!000, I|i:|i:g o|.... Dusscl, li|c:tio: I|colog,, :c lcui:isu, i:
1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c u.c.,, ccs l Alcoii :c l \c:cict, l:|u
kowu: :c littlcclc, 1+-10
Wllc:stci:, luu:ucl ;!000, Glo|liztio:, o: t|c Agc oi I::sitio: A lo:g
Ic:u Vicw oi t|c I:|ccto:, oi t|c Wo:lc ,stcu, i..o.co! :c..c!c,,
vol 1., :o !, !+-!o.
Wls|, t|c:i:c ;!00!, lcuco: !00! l:ouiscs :c |llc:gcs l:csc:tcc t
t|c D:Du|c lti: Auc:ic: tucics lu::i:g lssucs c:ics, A:il !.
Wls|, t|c:i:c, c|iw,, l:c,, s st:oGoucz, :tigo, ccs ;!00!,
i..1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. Quito D:ivc:sicc A:ci:A|, Yl

Escobar Worlds and Know Ledges Otherwise

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Escobar Worlds and Know Ledges Otherwise

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arturo Escobar

WORLDS AND KNOWLEDGES OTHERWISE

li:ll,, t|c:c :c souc co:scquc:ccs oi t|is g:ous wo:| io: lti:

I|is lso uc:s t|t, s : cistcuic

You might also like