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Selection
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Recombination
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String 1

String 1

Offspring-A (1 X 2)

String 2

String 2

Offspring-B (1 X 2)

String 3

String 2

Offspring-A (2 X 4)

String 4

String 4

Offspring-B (2 X 4)

Current
Generation t

Intermediate
Generation t

Next
Generation t + 1
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