7 BV Mathmatic All Chapter PDF

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Aavqi c_g wZxq ZZxq PZz_ cg l mg Ag beg `kg GKv`k Aavqi wkivbvg g~j` I Ag~j` msLv mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ cwigvc exRMwYZxq ivwki b I fvM exRMwYZxq m~vewj I cqvM exRMwYZxq fMvsk mij mgxKiY mgvivj mijiLv wfyR memgZv I m`kZv Z_ I Dcv Digvjv cv 1-15 16-34 35-43 44-61 62-79 80-90 91-105 106-112 113-129 130-144 145-156 152-156
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

ewPgq cKwZi GB ewP Avgiv MYbv I msLvi mvnvh Dcjw Kwi| c~eeZx kwYZ Avgiv ^vfvweK msLv, c~YmsLv I fMvsk mK aviYv cqwQ hv g~j` msLv wnme cwiwPZ| G msLvjvK `yBwU c~YmsLvi AbycvZ cKvk Kiv hvq| msLvRMZ wKQz msLv iqQ hjv `yBwU c~YmsLvi AbycvZ cKvk Kiv hvq bv| Gjv Ag~j` msLv bvg cwiwPZ| G Aavq Avgiv Ag~j` msLvi mv_ cwiwPZ nq Gì cqvM mK AvjvPbv Kie| Aavq kl wkv_xiv g~j` I Ag~j` msLv kbv KiZ cvie| msLviLvq g~j` I Ag~j` msLvi Aevb `LvZ cvie| msLvi eM I eMg~j evLv KiZ cvie| Drcv`K I fvM cwqvi gvag eMg~j wbYq KiZ cvie| msLvi eMg~j cwZjv cqvM Ki eve Rxeb mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
c_g Aavq
12 eM I eMg~j
eM GKwU AvqZ, hvi evjv cii mgvb| eMi evi `N K GKK nj eMi dj ne K K eM GKK ev K2 eM GKK| wecixZfve, eMi dj K2 eM GKK nj, Gi cwZwU evi `N ne K GKK|
z z z z z z
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wP, 9wU gvejK eMvKvi mvRvbv nqQ| mgvb `~iZ cwZwU mvwiZ 3wU Ki 3wU mvwiZ gvej mvRvbv AvQ Ges gvU gveji msLv 3 3 = 32 = 9| GLvb, cZK mvwiZ gveji msLv Ges mvwii msLv mgvb| ZvB wPwU eMvKwZi nqQ| dj 3 Gi eM 9 Ges 9 Gi eMg~j 3|
Kvbv msLvK mB msLv viv Y Kij h Ydj cvIqv hvq Zv H msLvi eM Ges msLvwU Ydji eMg~j|
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
wbPi mviwYwU j Kwi : eMi evi `N (wg.) 1 2 3 5 7
eMi dj (wg2)
1 1 = 1 = 12 2 2 = 4 = 22 3 3 = 9 = 32 5 5 = 25 = 5 2 7 7 = 49 = 7 2
a a = a2
1, 4, 9, 25, 49 msLvjvi ewk njv h, Gjv Kvbv c~YmsLv I Gi wbRi Ydj wnme cKvk Kiv hvq| 1, 4, 9, 25, 49 G aibi msLv eMmsLv|
mvaviYfve GKwU ^vfvweK msLv m , hw` Ab GKwU ^vfvweK msLv n Gi eM n AvKvi cKvk Kiv hvq Ze m eMmsLv| G msLvjvK c~YeMmsLv ejv nq|
2
c~Ye MmsLvi eMgj ~ GKwU ^vfvweK msLv| MmsLv Ges 441 Gi eMgj ~ 21 GKwU ^vfvweK msLv| hgb : 21 Gi eM 212 ev 441 GKwU c~Ye
eMmsLvi ag
wbPi mviwYZ 1 _K 20 msLvi eM jLv nqQ| msLv eMmsLv msLv eMmsLv 1 1 11 121 2 4 12 144 3 9 13 169 4 16 14 196 5 25 15 225 msLv 6 7 8 9 10 eMmsLv 36 49 64 81 100 msLv 16 17 18 19 20 eMmsLv 256 289 324 361 400
mviwYfz eMmsLvjvi GKKi Nii Ajv fvjvfve cheY Kwi| j Kwi h, G msLvjvi GKK vbxq A 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 ev 9| Kvbv eMmsLvi GKK vb 2, 3, 7, ev 8 AwU bB| KvR :
1| GKwU msLvi GKK vbxq 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 njB wK msLvwU eMmsLv ne? 2| wbPi msLvjvi Kvbjv c~YeM msLv? wbYq Ki| 2062, 1057, 23453, 33333, 1068 3| cuvPwU msLv jL hvi GKK vbi A `LB Zv eMmsLv bq ej wmv bIqv hvq|
MwYZ
Gevi mviwY _K GKK vb 1 iqQ Ggb eMmsLv wbB| eMmsLv msLv GKK vbxq A 1 ev 9 nj, 1 1 Gi eMmsLvi GKK vbxq 81 9 A 1 ne 121 11 361 19 GKBfve eMmsLv msLv msLvi GKK vbxq A 3 ev 7 nj Gi eMmsLvi GKK 9 3 vb 9 ne 49 7 169 13 Ges eMmsLv msLv 16 4 GKK vbxq A 4 ev 6 nj, Gi eMmsLvi GKK vb 6 36 6 _vKe 196 14 256 16
KvR :
1| mviwY _K eMmsLvi GKK vb 4 iqQ Gic msLvi Rb wbqg Zwi Ki| 2| wbPi msLvjvi eMmsLvi GKK vbxq AwU KZ ne? 1273, 1426, 13645, 9876474, 99580
wbP eMgj ~ mn KqKwU c~Y eMmsLvi ZvwjKv Ìqv nj : eMmsLv eMgj ~ eMmsLv eMgj ~ eMmsLv 1 1 64 8 225 4 2 81 9 256 9 3 100 10 289 16 4 121 11 324 25 5 144 12 361 36 6 169 13 400 49 7 196 14 441
eMgj ~ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 msLv
g~j` I Ag~j`
eMg~ji wP
eMgj ~ cKvki Rb `yBwU cZxKwP eeZ nq| 25 Gi eMgj ~ evSvZ jLv nq 25 ev (25)2 | Avgiv Rvwb, 5 5 = 25, KvRB 25 Gi eMgj ~ 5|
KvR : KqKwU msLv wbq c~Y eMmsLvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
YbxqKi mvnvh eMg~j wbYq :

Avgiv Rvwb, 16 = 4 4 = 42 16 Gi eMgj ~ 4 16 K gwjK YbxqK weklY Ki cvB 16 = 2 2 2 2 = (2 2) (2 2) cwZ Rvov _K GKwU Ki YbxqK wbq cvB 2 2 = 4
2 16 2 8 2 4 2
16 Gi eMgj ~ = 16 = 4 Avevi, 36 = 6 6 = 62 36 Gi eMgj ~ 6

36 K gwjK YbxqK weklY Ki cvB, 36 = 2 2 3 3 = (2 2) (3 3)
cwZ Rvov _K GKwU Ki YbxqK wbq cvB 2 3 = 6 36 Gi eMgj ~ = 36 = 6 j Kwi : YbxqKi mvnvh Kvbv c~Y eMmsLvi eMgj ~ wbYq Kivi mgq (1) c_g c` msLvwUK gwjK YbxqK weklY KiZ ne| (2) cwZ Rvov GKB YbxqKK GKmv_ cvkvcvwk wjLZ ne| (3) cwZ Rvov GK RvZxq YbxqKi cwieZ GKwU YbxqK wbq wjLZ ne| (4) cv YbxqKjvi avivevwnK Ydj ne wbYq eMgj ~ |
D`vniY 1| 3136 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 2 3136 2 1568 2 784
2 36 2 18 3 9 3
2 392 2 196 2 98 7 49 7
MwYZ
GLvb, 3136
=22222277 = (2 2) (2 2) (2 2) (7 7)
3136 Gi eMgj ~ =
3136 = 2 2 2 7 = 56
KvR : YbxqKi mvnvh 1024 Ges 1849 Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki|
13 fvMi mvnvh eMg~j wbYq

GKwU D`vniY w`q fvMi mvnvh eMgj ~ wbYqi cwZ `Lvbv njv : D`vniY 2| fvMi mvnvh 2304 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki : mgvavb : (1) 2304 msLvwU wjwL : (2) Wvbw`K _K `yBwU Ki A wbq Rvov Kwi| cZK Rvovi Dci iLvwP w`B : (3) fvMi mgq hgb Lvov `vM Ìqv nq, Wvbcvk Z`c GKwU Lvov `vM w`B : (4) c_g RvovwU 23| Gi c~ee Zx eMmsLvwU 16, hvi eMgj ~ 16 ev 4 ; Lvov `vMi Wvbcvk 4 wjwL| GLb 23 Gi wVK wbP 16 wjwL : (5) GLb 23 _K 16 weqvM Kwi :
23 04
23 04 23 04
23 04 4 16
23 04 4 16 7
(6) weqvMdj 7 Gi Wvb cieZx Rvov 04 emvB| 704 Gi evgw`K Lvov `vM (fvMi wP) w`B : (7) fvMdji Nii msLv 4 Gi wY 4 2 ev 8 wbPi Lvov `vMi evgcvk emvB| 8 Ges Lvov `vMi ga GKwU A emvbvi gZv vb ivwL :
23 04 4 16 7 04
23 04 4 16 8 7 04
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
(8) GLb GKwU GK Ai msLv Lu y R ei Kwi hvK 8 Gi Wvbcvk ewmq cv msLvK H msLvwU viv Y Ki 704 Gi mgvb ev Abya 704 cvIqv hvq| G 8 ne| 8 msLvwU fvMdjI 4 Gi Wvbcvk emvB| (9) fvMdji vb cvIqv Mj 48| GwUB wbYq eMgj ~ |
23 04 48 16 88 7 04 7 04 0
2304 = 48
è : fvMi mvnvh eMgj ~ wbYq Kivi mgq msLvi Wvb w`K _K Rvo euvaZ wMq kl Ai Rvo bv _vKj GK Rvov QvovB MY KiZ ne| D`vniY 3| fvMi mvnvh 31684 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| mgvavb :
1 27 216 189 348 2784 2784 0 31684 Gi eMgj ~ = 31684 = 178 wbYq eMgj ~ 178|
KvR : fvMi mvnvh 1444 Ges 10404 Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki|
3 16 84 178
eMmsLv I eMg~j m^ DjL welq :

(1) Kvbv msLvi cwZ Rvov gwjK Drcv`Ki Rb H msLvi eMg ~ j GKwU Ki YbxqK wbZ nq| (2) h msLvi me Wvbw`Ki A A_vr GKK vbxq A 2 ev 3 ev 7 ev 8 Zv c~Ye M bq| (3) h msLvi kl weRvo msLK k~b _vK, H msLv c~Ye M bq| (4) GKK vbxq A 1 ev 4 ev 5 ev 6 ev 9 nj, H msLv c~Ye M nZ cvi| hgb : 81, 64, 25, 36, 49 BZvw` eMmsLv| (5) Avevi msLvi Wvbw`K RvomsLK k~b _vKj H msLv c~Ye M nZ cvi| hgb : 100, 4900 BZvw` eMmsLv | (6) Kvbv msLvi GKK vbxq A _K i Ki evgw`K GK A cici hZwU duvUv Ìqv hvq, Gi eMg ~ ji msLvwU ZZ Awewk|
MwYZ
o
o
hgb,
81 = 9 (GK Awewk, GLvb duvUvi msLv 1 KviY, 8 1 )
100 = 10 (`yB Awewk, GLvb duvUvi msLv 2 KviY, 1 0 0 ) 47089 = 217 (wZb Awewk, GLvb duvUvi msLv 3 KviY, 4 7 0 8 9 )
KvR : 1| 529, 3925, 5041 Ges 4489 msLvjvi eMg~j msLvi GKK vbxq A wbYq Ki|
2| 3136, 1234321 Ges 52900 msLvjvi eMg~j KZ Awewk Zv wbYq Ki|
o
D`vniY 4| 8655 _K Kvb z`Zg msLv weqvM Kij weqvMdj GKwU c~Ym sLv ne? mgvavb :
81 183 5 55 5 49 6 GLvb, 8655 Gi eMgj ~ fvMi mvnvh wbYq KiZ wMq 6 Aewk _vK| myZivs c` msLv _K 6 ev` w`j cv msLvwU c~Y eMmsLv ne| wbYq z`Z g msLv 6
86 55 93
D`vniY 5| 651201 Gi mv_ Kvb z`Z g msLv hvM Kij hvMdj GKwU c~Y eMmsLv ne? mgvavb :
65 12 01 806
1606 64 1 12 01 96 36 15 65
hnZz msLvwUi eMgj ~ wbYq Kivi mgq fvMkl 1565 AvQ| KvRB c` msLvwU c~Y eMmsLv bq| 651201 Gi mv_ Kvbv GKwU z`Z g msLv hvM Kij hvMdj c~Ye M ne Ges ZLb Gi eMgj ~ ne 806 + 1 = 807 807 Gi eM = 807 807 = 651249 wbYq z`Z g msLvwU = 651249 651201 = 48
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
Abykxjbx 11
1| 2| YbxqKi mvnvh eMgj ~ wbYq Ki : (K) 169 (L) 529 fvMi mvnvh eMgj ~ wbYq Ki : (K) 225 (L) 961 (M) 1521 (M) 3969 (N) 11025 (N) 10404
3|
wbPi msLvjvK Kvb z`Z g msLv viv Y Kij Ydj c~Ye M msLv ne? (K) 147 (L) 384 (M) 1470 (N) 23805 wbPi msLvjvK Kvb z`Z g msLv viv fvM Kij fvMdj c~Ye M msLv ne? (K) 972 (L) 4056 (M) 21952 4639 _K Kvb y`Z g msLv weqvM Kij weqvMdj GKwU c~Y eMmsLv ne?
4|
5|
6| 5605 Gi mv_ Kvb z`Zg msLv hvM Kij hvMdj GKwU c~Y eMmsLv ne?
14 `kwgK fMvski eMg~j wbYq

c~Ym sLv ev AL msLvi eMgj ~ fvMi mvnvh hfve wbYq Kiv nqQ, `kwgK fMvski eMgj ~ I mB wbqgB wbYq Kiv nq| `kwgK fMvski `yBwU Ask _vK| `kwgK we`yi evgw`Ki AskK AL ev c~Y Ask Ges `kwgK we`yi Wvbcvki AskK `kwgK Ask ejv nq|
eMg~j Kivi wbqg

(1) AL Ask GKK _K gv^q evgw`K cwZ `yB Ai Dci `vM w`Z nq| (2) `kwgK Ask `kwgK we`yi Wvbcvki A _K i Ki Wvbw`K gv^q Rvovq Rvovq `vM w`Z nq| Gi~c hw` `Lv hvq mekl gv GKwU A evwK AvQ, Ze Zvici GKwU k~b ewmq `yB Ai Dci `vM w`Z nq| (3) mvaviY wbqg eMgj ~ wbYqi cwqvq AL Aski KvR kl Ki `kwgK we`yi cii c_g `yBwU A bvgvbvi AvMB eMg ~ j `kwgK we`y w`Z nq| (4) `kwgK we`yi GK Rvov k~bi Rb eMg ~ j `kwgK we`yi ci GKwU k~b w`Z nq|
MwYZ
D`vniY 1| 26.5225 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| mgvavb :
26 52 25 515
25 101 1 52 1 01 1025 51 25 51 25
D`vniY 2| 0002916 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 0 00 29 16 0054 25 104 416 416 0
wbYq eMgj ~ = 0054
wbYq eMgj ~ = 515

Avmb gvb eMg~j wbYq
D`vniY 3| 9253 Gi eMgj ~ wZb `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| mgvavb :
9 25 30 00 00 30418
9 604 25 30 24 16 6081 1 14 00 60 81 60828 53 19 00 48 66 24 4 52 76
wbYq eMgj ~ = 3042 (cvq)

è : Dcii eMg ~ j `kwgKi ci PZz_ AwU 8 nIqvq ZZxq AwUi mv_ 1 hvM Ki wbYq eMg ~ ji
(wZb `kwgK vb ch) Avmb gvb nj 3042|
Avmb gvb ei Kivi wbqg

(1) `yB `kwgK vb ch eMgj ~ wbYq KiZ nj, wZb `kwgK vb ch eMgj ~ wbYq KiZ ne| (2) wZb `kwgK vb ch eMgj ~ wbYq KiZ nj, msLvi `kwgK we`yi ci Kgc 6wU A wbZ nq| ìKvi nj Wvbw`Ki kl Ai ci cqvRbgZv k~b emvZ nq| GZ msLvi gvbi cwieZb nq bv| (3) eMg ~ j hZ `kwgK vb ch wbYq KiZ ne Gi cii AwU 0, 1, 2, 3 ev 4 nj c~ei Ai mv_ 1 hvM ne bv|
10
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
(4) eMg~j hZ `kwgK vb ch wbYq KiZ ne Gi cii AwU 5, 6, 7, 8 ev 9 nj c~ei Ai mv_ 1 hvM ne|
KvR : 1| 506944 Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki|
2| 712 Gi eMg~j `yB `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki|
15 c~YeM fMvsk
25 50 K jwN AvKvi wjL cvB 32 16 25 25 fMvski je 25 GKwU c~Y eMmsLv Ges ni 16 GKwU c~Y eMmsLv| myZivs GKwU c~YeM GLvb, 16 16
Kvbv fMvski je I ni c~Y eMmsLv ev fMvskK jwN AvKvi cwiYZ Kij hw` Zvi je I ni c~Y eMmsLv nq, Ze H fMvskK c~YeM fMvsk ejv nq|
fMvsk|
16 fMvski eMg~j
fMvski jei eMgj ~ K nii eMgj ~ viv fvM Kij fMvski eMgj ~ cvIqv hvq| ni hw` c~Y eMmsLv bv nq, Ze Yb viv GK c~Ye M Ki wbZ nq|
D`vniY 4|
64 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| 81
mgvavb : fMvskwUi je 64 Gi eMgj ~ = 64 = 8 Ges ni 81 Gi eMgj ~ = 81 = 9
64 8 64 Gi eMgj ~ = = 81 9 81 8 wbYq eMgj ~ = 9 9 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| D`vniY 5| 52 16 9 9 mgvavb : 52 Gi eMgj ~ = 52 = 16 16 9 1 52 Gi eMgj ~ =7 16 4
841 29 1 = =7 16 4 4
MwYZ
11
D`vniY 6| 2 mgvavb : 2
8 Gi eMgj ~ wZb `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| 15
8 Gi eMgj ~ 15
8 = 15 38 = 15 38 15 15 15
= 2
570 23 8747 = 15916 (cvq) = 225 15

wZb `kwgK vb ch eMgj ~ = 1592 (cvq)
46 Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki| 49
KvR : 1| 27 2| 1
4 Gi eMg~j `yB `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| 5
17 g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

1,2,3,4, ........... BZvw` ^vfvweK msLv| msLvjvK fMvsk AvKvi wbgic jLv hvq| 32 6 1 2 1= ,2= ,3= = , ........... BZvw`| 2 2 1 1 Avevi, 01, 15, 203, .......... BZvw` `kwgK msLv| 1 15 203 GLvb, 01 = , 15 = , 203 = hv msLvjvi fMvsk AvKvi| 10 10 100 0 Avevi, 0 = , GKwU fMvsk msLv| 1 Dci ewYZ msLvjv g~j` msLv| AZGe, k~b, mKj ^vfvweK msLv I fMvsk msLv g~j` msLv|
Ag~j` msLv :
2 = 1 4142135............ msLvi `kwgKi ci A msLv wbw` bq| dj fMvsk
AvKvi jLv hvq bv| Abyic bv| Gjv Ag~j` msLv|
3 , 5 , 6, ........... BZvw` msLvjvK fMvsk AvKvi cKvk Kiv hvq
j Kwi : 2 , 3 , 5 , 6, ........... BZvw` Ag~j` msLv Ges 2,3,5,6, .......... BZvw` c~Y eMmsLv bq| myZivs c~Y eMmsLv bq Gic msLvi eMgj ~ Ag~j` msLv|
12 4 49 , msLvjv _K Ag~j` msLv evQvB Ki| 9 7
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
D`vniY 7| 0 12, 25 , 72 , mgvavb : GLvb, 0 12 =
12 3 = ; hv GKwU fMvsk msLv 100 25
25 = 5 2 = 5, hv GKwU ^vfvweK msLv
72 = 2 36 = 2 6 2 = 6 2 ; hv fMvsk AvKvi jLv hvq bv|
Ges
49 72 7 = = = 1 ; hv GKwU ^vfvweK msLv| 7 7 7

49 g~j` msLv Ges 7
0 12, 25 ,
72 Ag~j` msLv|
1 4 , KvR : 1 , 2 25
27 , 1 0563, 32 , 121 msLvjv _K g~j` I Ag~j` msLv ei Ki| 16
18 g~j` I Ag~j` msLvK msLviLvq cKvk

g~j` msLvi msLviLv wbPi msLviLvwU j Kwi :
0 1 2 3 4 5 Dcii msLviLvwUZ Mvp wPwZ AskwU 2 wb`k Ki| Avevi, 0 1 2 Dcii msLviLvwUZ Mvp wPwZ AskwUi Aevb 1 I 2 gvS| Mvp wPwZ AskUyKz 4 fvMi 3 Ask| 3 3 myZivs wPwZ AskwU 1 + ev 1 wb`k Ki| 4 4 Ag~j` msLvi msLviLv : 3 GKwU Ag~j` msLv hLvb, 3 = 1 732 ......... = 1 7 (cvq)| Gevi msLviLvq 1 I 2 Gi gvSi AskK mgvb 10 Ask fvM Ki mg AskwU Mvp Kwi hv cvq 1.7 Z_v
3 wb`k Ki|
0 1 2 3
AZGe Mvp wPwZ AskwU 3 Gi msLviLv| KvR : 3 1| 3, , 1.455 Ges 5 msLvjv msLviLvq `LvI| 2
MwYZ
13
D`vniY 8| Kvbv evMvb 1296wU AvgMvQ AvQ| evMvbi `N I ci Dfq w`Ki cZK mvwiZ mgvb msLK AvgMvQ _vKj cZK mvwiZ MvQi msLv wbYq Ki| mgvavb : evMvbi `N I ci Dfq w`Ki cZK mvwiZ mgvb msLK AvgMvQ AvQ| cZK mvwiZ AvgMvQi msLv ne 1296 Gi eMg~j|
GLb,
12 96 36
9 66 3 96 3 96 0 wbYq AvgMvQi msLv 36 wU|

D`vniY 9| GKwU vDU `jK 9, 10, Ges 12 mvwiZ mvRvbv hvq| Avevi Zvì eMvKviI mvRvbv hvq| H vDU `j Kgc KZRb vDU iqQ| mgvavb : vDU `jK 9, 10 Ges 12 mvwiZ mvRvbv hvq| dj vDU Gi msLv 9, 10 Ges 12 viv wefvR| Gic z`Zg msLv ne 9, 10 Ges 12 Gi j.mv..| GLvb, 2 9, 10, 12 3 9, 5, 6 3, 5, 2
9, 10 Ges 12 Gi j.mv.. = 2 2 3 3 5 = (2 2) (3 3) 5 cv j.mv.. (2 2) (3 3) 5 K eMvKvi mvRvbv hvq bv| (2 2) (3 3) 5 K eMmsLv KiZ nj Kgc 5 viv Y KiZ ne|
9, 10 Ges 12 mvwiZ Ges eMvKvi mvRvbvi Rb vDU Gi msLv cqvRb (2 2) (3 3) (5 5) = 900
wbYq vDU Gi msLv 900|
14
g~j` I Ag~j` msLv
Abykxjbx 12
1|
289 Gi eMgj ~ KZ? 361

(K)
13 19
(L)
17 19
(M)
19 13
(N)
19 17
2|
11025 Gi eMg~j KZ? (K) 15 (L) 1005 (M) 105 (N) 005
wbP Z_ _K 35 bs cki Di `vI : 3| `yBwU wgK msLvi eMi Ai 25| (1) GKwU msLv 12 nj AciwU KZ? (K) 5 (K) 144, 169 (K) eowU 4| (L) 9 (L) 121, 144 (L) QvUwU (M) 11 (M) 169, 196 (M) DfqwU (N) 13 (N) 196, 225 (N) GKwUI bv (2) msLv `yBwUi eM Kx Kx? (3) `yBwU msLvi ga KvbwUi eM _K 25 weqvM Kij weqvMdj GKwU c~Y eMmsLv ne? wbPi Z_jv j Ki :
i. 00001 Gi eMg~j 001 iii. ii.
16 GKwU c~YeM fMvsk 225
3 Gi gvb cvq 2 Gi mgvb

(L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii 5|
GKRb KlK evMvb Kivi Rb 595wU PvivMvQ wKb Avbb| cZKwU PvivMvQi g~j 12 UvKv| (K) PvivMvQjv wKbZ Zuvi KZ LiP nqQ? (L) evMvb cZK mvwiZ mgvb msLK MvQ jvMvbvi ci KqwU PvivMvQ Aewk _vKe? (M) LiPi UvKvi msLv I PvivMvQi msLvi weqvMdji mv_ Kvb z`Zg msLv hvM Kij hvMdj GKwU c~Y eMmsLv ne?
MwYZ
15
6|
eMg~j wbYq Ki : (K) 036 (O) 0000576 (L) 225 (M) 00049 (P) 144841225 (N) 6411024
7| 8|
`yB `kwgK vb ch eMg~j wbYq Ki : (K) 7 (L) 2324 (M) 0036 wbPi fMvskjvi eMg~j wbYq Ki : (K)
1 64
(L)
49 121
(M) 11
97 144
(N) 32
241 324
9|
wZb `kwgK vb ch eMg~j wbYq Ki| (K)
6 7
(L) 2
5 6
(M) 7
9 13
10| 56728 Rb mb _K Kgc KZRb mb mwiq ivLj ev Zvì mv_ Kgc Avi KZRb mb hvM w`j mb`jK eMvKvi mvRvbv hve? 11| Kvbv we`vjqi 2704 Rb wkv_xK cvZwnK mgvek Kivi Rb eMvKvi mvRvbv njv| cZK mvwiZ wkv_xi msLv wbYq Ki| 12| GKwU mgevq mwgwZi hZRb m`m wQj cZK ZZ 20 UvKv Ki Puv`v Ìqvq gvU 20480 UvKv njv | H mwgwZi m`mmsLv wbYq Ki| 13| Kvbv evMvb 1800 wU PvivMvQ eMvKvi jvMvZ wMq 36wU MvQ ewk njv| cZK mvwiZ PvivMvQi msLv wbYq Ki| 14| Kvb z`Zg c~Y eMmsLv 9, 15 Ges 25 viv wefvR? 15| GKwU avbZi avb KvUZ kwgK bIqv njv| cZK kwgKi `wbK gRywi Zvì msLvi 10 Y| `wbK gvU gRywi 6250 UvKv nj kwgKi msLv ei Ki| 16| `yBwU wgK msLvi eMi Ai 37 nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki| 17| Ggb `yBwU z`Zg wgK msLv wbYq Ki hvì eMi Ai GKwU c~Y eMmsLv| 18| GKwU mb`jK 5,6,9 mvwiZ mvRvbv hvq, wK eMvKvi mvRvbv hvq bv| (K) 6 Gi YbxqKjv ei Ki| (L) mbmsLvK Kvb z`Zg msLv viv Y Kij mbmsLvK eMvKvi mvRvbv hve? (M) H `j Kgc KZRb mb hvM w`j mb`jK eMvKvi mvRvbv hve?
wZxq Aavq
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb AbK mgmvi myLxb nB Ges G mKj mgmv AbycvZ I mgvbycvZi aviYv I evLv eenvi Ki mnR mgvavb KiZ cvwi| ZvB AbycvZ I mgvbycvZ m^ aviYv _vKv I cqvMi `Zv ARb Kiv wkv_xì Rb AvekKxq| Abyicfve Avgvì `bw`b Rxeb AbKLvwb RvqMv Ryo AvQ jb`b, hvi mv_ RwoZ jvf-wZ| G cwZ jvf-wZ m^ wkv_xi cwivi vb _vKv Acwinvh| ZvB G Aavq AbycvZ-mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ welqK welqe wevwiZfve Dcvcb Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

eivwk I avivevwnK AbycvZ evLv KiZ cvie| mgvbycvZi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie| mgvbycvZ msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie| HwKK I AbycvZ eenvi Ki eve Rxeb mgq I KvR, bj I PevPv, mgq I `~iZ Ges bKv I vZ welqK mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie| jvf-wZ Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie| jvf-wZ msv mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie| Ki, fvU, Kwgkb I gy`vwewbgq msv `bw`b Rxebi mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
21 eivwkK AbycvZ I avivevwnK AbycvZ

eivwkK AbycvZ : gb Kwi, GKwU evi `N, c I DPZv h_vg 8 m.wg., 5 m.wg. I 6 m.wg. `N, c I DPZvi AbycvZ = 8 : 5 : 6 msc, `N : c : DPZv = 8 : 5 : 6 GLvb wZbwU ivwki AbycvZ Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| Gic wZb ev ZZvwaK ivwki AbycvZK eivwkK AbycvZ ej| avivevwnK AbycvZ : gb Kwi, cy I wcZvi eqmi AbycvZ = 15 : 41 Ges wcZv I `v`vi eqmi AbycvZ = 41 : 65 `yBwU AbycvZK GK Ki cvB, cyi eqm : wcZvi eqm : `v`vi eqm = 15 : 41 : 65 | G aibi AbycvZK avivevwnK AbycvZ ej| GLvb jYxq h, c_g AbycvZi Di ivwk I wZxq AbycvZi c~e ivwk mgvb| c_g AbycvZi Di ivwk I wZxq AbycvZi c~e ivwk mgvb bv nj ZvìK mgvb Ki avivevwnK AbycvZ ei KiZ nq| `yBwU AbycvZK avivevwnK AbycvZ icvii Rb c_g AbycvZi Di ivwk viv wZxq AbycvZi Dfq ivwkK Y KiZ ne Ges wZxq AbycvZi c~e ivwk viv c_g AbycvZi Dfq ivwkK Y KiZ ne|
MwYZ
17
D`vniY 1| 7 : 5 Ges 8 : 9 `yBwU AbycvZ| GìK avivevwnK AbycvZ cKvk Ki | mgvavb : 1g AbycvZ =7:5 weK mgvavb :
= =
7 5 7 8
1g AbycvZ = 7 : 5 = 7 8 : 5 8 = 56 : 40 =
56
5 8 40 = 56 : 40
2q AbycvZ
=8:9=85:95 = 40 : 45
2q AbycvZ
=8:9 = =
8 9
85
45 9 5 = 40 : 45
40
AbycvZ `yBwUi avivevwnK AbycvZ 56 : 40 : 45

KvR :
wbPi AbycvZjvK avivevwnK AbycvZ cKvk Ki : 1| 12 : 17 Ges 5 : 12 2| 3| 23 : 11 Ges 7 : 13 19 : 25 Ges 9 : 17
22 mgvbycvZ
gb Kwi, mvnvM Kvbv `vKvb _K 10 UvKv w`q GKwU wPcmi cvKU Ges 25 UvKv w`q 1 KwR jeY wKbjv| GLvb jeY I wPcm& Gi `vgi AbycvZ = 25 : 10 ev 5 : 2| Avevi, mvnvMì kwYZ wkv_xi msLv 70| Gì ga Qv 50 Rb Ges Qvx 20 Rb| GLvb Qv I QvxmsLvi AbycvZ = 50 : 20 ev 5 : 2| Dfq AbycvZ `yBwU mgvb | AZGi , Avgiv ejZ cvwi, 25 : 10 = 50 : 20| GB AbycvZ 4wU ivwk AvQ| Gi ga 1g ivwk 25, 2q ivwk 10, 3q ivwk 50 Ges 4_ ivwk 20 wnme weePbv Kij Avgiv wjLZ cvwi, 1g ivwk : 2q ivwk = 3q ivwk : 4_ ivwk| PviwU ivwki 1g I 2q ivwki AbycvZ Ges 3q I 4_ ivwki AbycvZ cii mgvb nj, ivwk PviwU GKwU mgvbycvZ Zwi Ki| mgvbycvZi cZK ivwkK mgvbycvZx ej|
18
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
mgvbycvZi 1g I 2q ivwk mgRvZxq Ges 3q I 4_ ivwk mgRvZxq nZ cvi| A_vr 4 wU ivwk mgRvZxq nIqvi cqvRb bB | cZK AbycvZi ivwk `yBwU mgRvZxq njB mgvbycvZ Zwi nq| mgvbycvZi 1g I 4_ ivwkK cvxq ivwk Ges 2q I 3q ivwkK ga ivwk ej| mgvbycvZ = wPi cwieZ :: wPI eenvi Kiv nq| AZGe Avgiv wjLZ cvwi, 25 : 10 :: 50 : 20 | Avevi, 1g ivwk : 2q ivwk = 3q ivwk : 4_ ivwk 1g ivwk ev, 2q ivwk = 3q ivwk 4_ ivwk ev, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk 3q ivwk
j Kwi, mgvbycvZ hw` 2q ivwk I 3q ivwk mgvb nq, Ze 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = (2q ivwk)2 mgvbycvZi 1g I 4_ ivwkK cvxq ivwk ej | mgvbycvZi 2q I 3q ivwkK ga ivwk ej |
D`vniY 2| 3, 6,7 Gi 4_ mgvbycvZx wbYq Ki| mgvavb : GLvb 1g ivwk 3, 2q ivwk 6, 3q ivwk 7
Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk 3q ivwk 3 4_ ivwk = 6 7

2
ev, 4_ ivwk
6 7 ev, 14 31
wbYq 4_ mgvbycvwZK 14
D`vniY 3| 8, 7 Ges 14 Gi 3q ivwk wbYq Ki| mgvavb : GLvb 1g ivwk 8, 2q ivwk 7 Ges 4_ ivwk 14
Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk3q ivwk ev, 8 14 = 7 3q ivwk
3q ivwk
8 142 = 71
= 16
MwYZ
19
KvR :
wbPi Lvwj Ni c~iY Ki (K) : 9 :: 16 : 8 (L) 9 : 18 :: 25 :
wgK mgvbycvZ gb Kwi, 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv I 20 UvKv GB wZbwU ivwk viv 5 : 10 Ges 10 : 20 GB `yBwU AbycvZ bIqv njv| GLvb, 5 : 10 :: 10 : 20| G aibi mgvbycvZK wgK mgvbycvZ ej| 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv I 20 UvKvK wgK mgvbycvZx ej|
wZbwU ivwki 1g I 2q ivwki AbycvZ Ges 2q I 3q ivwki AbycvZ cii mgvb nj, mgvbycvZwUK wgK mgvbycvZ ej| ivwk wZbwUK wgK mgvbycvZx ej| K : L :: L : M mgvbycvZwUi wZbwU ivwk K, L, M K L = ev K M = (L)2 ne| A_vr, 1g I 3q ivwki Ydj wZxq ivwki eMi wgK mgvbycvZx nj, L M mgvb| j Kwi : y 2q ivwkK 1g I 3q ivwki ga mgvbycvZx ev ga ivwk ej| y wgK mgvbycvZi wZbwU ivwkB mgRvZxq|
D`vniY 4| GKwU wgK mgvbycvZi 1g I 3q ivwk h_vg 4 I 16 nj, ga mgvbycvZx I wgK mgvbycvZ wbYq Ki| mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 3q ivwk = (2q ivwk)2 GLvb, 1g ivwk = 4 Ges 3q ivwk = 16 4 16 = (ga ivwk)2 (ga ivwk)2 = 64
ga ivwk = 64 = 8 wbYq wgK mgvbycvZ 4 : 8 :: 8 : 16 Ges wbYq ga mgvbycvZx 8

ivwkK Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk 3q ivwk gb Kwi, 1g, 2q I 3q ivwk h_vg 9, 18, 20| Ze, 9 4_ ivwk = 18 20
4_ ivwk =
2 18 20
91
= 40
4_ ivwk = 40 Gfve mgvbycvZi wZbwU ivwk Rvbv _vKj 4_ ivwk wbYq Kiv hvq| GB 4_ ivwk wbYq Kivi cwZK ivwkK ej|
20
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
D`vniY 5| 5wU LvZvi `vg 200 UvKv nj, 7wU LvZvi `vg KZ? mgvavb : GLvb LvZvi msLv evoj `vgI evoe| A_vr, LvZvi msLvi AbycvZ = LvZvi `vgi AbycvZ 5 : 7 = 200 UvKv : 7wU LvZvi `vg
ev,
40 7 200 UvKv ev, 7wU LvZvi `vg = = 280 UvKv| 5

1
5 200 UvKv = 7 7wU LvZvi `vg
D`vniY 6| 12 Rb jvK GKwU KvR 9 w`b KiZ cvi| GKB nvi KvR Kij 18 Rb KvRwU KZ w`b KiZ cvie? mgvavb : j Kwi, jvKmsLv evoj mgq Kg jvMe, Avevi jvKmsLv Kgj mgq ewk jvMe|
jvKmsLvi mij AbycvZ mgqi e AbycvZi mgvb ne| 12 : 18 = wbYq mgq : 9 w`b
12 2 wbYq mgq = ev, 9 w`b 18 3

ev, wbYq mgq =
2 93 w`b = 6 w`b 31
mgvbycvwZK fvM
gb Kwi, 500 UvKv 3 : 2 AbycvZ eb KiZ ne| GLvb 3 : 2 AbycvZi c~eivwk I Di ivwki hvMdj = 3+2 = 5
AZGe, GKwU Aski cwigvY = c` ivwk
H Aski AvbycvwZK msLv AbycvZi c~e I Di ivwki hvMdj Gfve Dcii cwZZ GKwU ivwkK wewfbfvM wef Kiv hvq| GKwU c` ivwkK GKvwaK wbw` msLvi AbycvZ wef KivK mgvbycvwZK fvM ej|
3 Ask = 300 UvKv 5 2 Ges 2q fvM = 500 UvKvi Ask = 200 UvKv| 5
1g fvM = 500 UvKvi
D`vniY 7| 20 wgUvi KvcoK wZb fvBevb AwgZ, mywgZ I PwZi ga 5 : 3 : 2 AbycvZ fvM Kij cZKi Kvcoi cwigvY KZ ?
MwYZ
21
mgvavb : Kvcoi cwigvY = 20 wgUvi c` AbycvZ = 5 : 3 : 2 AbycvZi msLvjvi hvMdj = 5+3+2 = 10
AwgZ, mywgZ I PwZi Kvcoi cwigvY h_vg 10 wgUvi, 6 wgUvi I 4 wgUvi|

KvR :
1| 2| 3| K : L = 4 : 5, L : M = 7 : 9 nj, K : L : M wbYq Ki| 4800 UvKv Avqkv, wdivRv I Lvw`Rvi ga 4 : 3 : 1 AbycvZ fvM Ki w`j K KZ UvKv cve ? wZbRb Qvi ga 570 UvKv Zvì eqmi AbycvZ fvM Ki Ìqv njv| Zvì eqm h_vg 10, 13 I 15 eQi nj, K KZ UvKv cve?
5 Ask = 10 wgUvi 10 3 Ask = 6 wgUvi mywgZi Ask = 20 wgUvii 10 2 Ask = 4 wgUvi Ges PwZi Ask = 20 wgUvii 10
AwgZi Ask = 20 wgUvii
D`vniY 8| cwbi I Zcbi Avqi AbycvZ 4 : 3| Zcb I iwebi Avqi AbycvZ 5 : 4| cwbii Avq 120 UvKv nj, iwebi Avq KZ? mgvavb : cwbi I Zcbi Avqi AbycvZ 4 : 3 =
Zcb I iwebi Avqi AbycvZ
5 5 3 15 = = = 15 : 12 4 4 3 12
4 4 5 20 = = = 20 : 15 3 3 5 15
cwbii Avq : Zcbi Avq : iwebi Avq = 20 : 15 : 12 cwbii Avq : iwebi Avq = 20 : 12 ev, cwbii Avq iwebi Avq =
20 12
ev, iwebi Avq = cwbii Avq 12 UvKv 20 =
6 120 12 201
UvKv ev 72 UvKv|
iwebi Avq 72 UvKv
22
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
Abykxjbx 21
1| wbPi ivwkjv w`q mgvbycvZ jL : (K) 3 KwR, 5 UvKv, 6 KwR, 10 UvKv (L) 9 eQi, 10 w`b, 18 eQi I 20 w`b (M) 7 m.wg., 15 mK, 28 m.wg. I 1 wgwbU (N) 12wU LvZv, 15wU cwj, 20 UvKv I 25 UvKv (O) 125 Rb Qv I 25 Rb wkK, 2500 UvKv I 500 UvKv 2| wbPi wgK mgvbycvZi cvxq ivwk `yBwU Ìqv AvQ| mgvbycvZ Zwi Ki : (K) 6, 24 3| k~bvb c~iY Ki : (K) 11 : 25 :: (N) 4| : 50 : (L) 7 : (O) :: 8 : 64 (M) 25 : 50 :: 7 : : 125 :: 5 : 25 (L) 25, 81 (M) 16, 49 (N)
5 2 ,1 7 5
(O) 15, 135|
1 1 : :: 3 5
7 10
wbPi ivwkjvi 4_ mgvbycvZx wbYq Ki : (K) 5, 7, 10 (L) 15, 25, 33 (N) 8, 8
(M) 16, 24, 32
1 ,4 2
(O) 5, 45, 7
5| 6|
15 KwR Pvji `vg 600 UvKv nj, Gic 25 KwR Pvji `vg KZ ? GKwU MvgUm dvwiZ `wbK 550 wU kvU Zwi nq | H dvwiZ GKB nvi 1 mvn KZwU kvU Zwi nq ?
7|
Kwei mvnei wZb cyi eqm h_vg 5 eQi, 7 eQi I 9 eQi | wZwb 4200 UvKv wZb cyK Zvì eqm AbycvZ fvM Ki w`jb, K KZ UvKv cve ?
8| 9|
2160 UvKv iwg, Rmwgb I KvKwji ga 1 : 2 : 3 AbycvZ fvM Ki w`j K KZ UvKv cve? wKQy UvKv jvwee, mvwg I wmqvg Gi ga 5 : 4 : 2 AbycvZ fvM Ki Ìqv njv| wmqvg 180 UvKv cj jvwee I mvwg KZ UvKv cve wbYq Ki |
MwYZ
23
10| meyR, Wvwjg I wjsKb wZb fvB| Zvì wcZv 6300 UvKv Zvì ga fvM Ki w`jb| GZ meyR 3 Wvwjgi Ask Ges Wvwjg wjsKbi wY UvKv cvq| cZKi UvKvi cwigvY ei Ki| 5 11| Zvgv, `v I icv wgwkq GK iKgi Mnbv Zwi Kiv njv| H Mnbvq Zvgv I `vi AbycvZ 1 : 2 Ges `v I icvi AbycvZ 3 : 5 | 19 Mvg IRbi Mnbvq KZ Mvg icv AvQ? 12| `yBwU mgvb gvci Mvm kieZ c~Y AvQ| H kieZ cvwb I wmivci AbycvZ h_vg c_g Mvm 3 : 2 I wZxq Mvm 5 : 4 | H `yBwU Mvmi kieZ GK wgkY Kij cvwb I wmivci AbycvZ wbYq Ki | 13| K : L = 4 : 7, L : M = 10 : 7 nj, K : L : M wbYq Ki| 14| 9600 UvKv mviv, gvBgybv I ivBmvi ga 4 : 3 : 1 AbycvZ fvM Ki w`j K KZ UvKv cve ? 15| wZbRb Qvi ga 4200 UvKv Zvì kwY AbycvZ fvM Ki Ìqv njv| Zviv hw` h_vg 6, 7g I 8g kwYi wkv_x nq, Ze K KZ UvKv cve ? 16| mvjvqgvb I mvjgvbi Avqi AbycvZ 5 : 7| mvjgvb I BDmydi Avqi AbycvZ 4 : 5| mvjvqgvbi Avq 120 UvKv nj BDmydi Avq KZ?
23 jvf-wZ
GKRb `vKvb`vi 1 WRb ejcb 60 UvKvq q Ki 72 UvKvq weq Kijb| GLvb `vKvb`vi 12wU ejcb 60 UvKvq q Kijb| dj 1wU ejcbi qg~j 72 UvKvq weq Kijb| dj 1wU ejcbi weqg~j 1wU ejcbi qg~j 5 UvKv I weqg~j 6 UvKv| qg~ji Pq weqg~j ewk nj, jvf nq| jvf = weqg~j qg~j = 6 UvKv 5 UvKv ev 1 UvKv| GLvb `vKvb`vi cwZwU ejcb 1 UvKv Ki jvf Kijb| Avevi gb Kwi, GKRb KjvweZv 1 nvwj Kjv 20 UvKvq q Ki 18 UvKvq weq Kijb| qg~ji Pq weqg~j Kg nj, wZ ev jvKmvb nq| wZ = qg~j weqg~j = (2018) UvKv = 2 UvKv GLvb KjvweZv cwZ nvwjZ 2 UvKv Ki wZ Kijb|
72 UvKv ev 6 UvKv| 12
60 UvKv ev 5 UvKv| Avevi wZwb 12wU ejcb 12
Kvbv wRwbm h g~j q Kiv nq, ZvK qg~j Ges h g~j weq Kiv nq, ZvK weqg~j ej|
24
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
gb Kwi, GKRb Kvco eemvqx gvKUi GKwU `vKvb fvov wbq 5 Rb KgPvix wbqvM w`jb| wZwb `vKvbi fvov, KgPvixì eZb, `vKvbi we`yr wej I Abvb AvbylwK LiP enb Kib| G mKj LiP Zuvi Kvcoi qg~ji mv_ hvM Kiv nq| GB hvMdjKB wewbqvM ej| hw` H Kvco eemvqx gvm 2,00,000 UvKv wewbqvM Ki gvm 2,50,000 UvKvi Kvco weq Kib, Ze Zvi (2,50,000 2,00,000) UvKv ev 50,000 UvKv jvf ne| Avevi hw` gvmkl 1,80,000 UvKvi Kvco weq Ki _vKb Zvnj Zuvi (2,00,000 1,80,000) UvKv ev 20,000 UvKv wZ ev jvKmvb ne| j Kwi :
y
jvf = weqg~j qg~j ev, weqg~j = qg~j + jvf ev, qg~j = weqg~j jvf wZ = qg~j weqg~j ev, qg~j = weqg~j + wZ ev, weqg~j = qg~j wZ
jvf ev wZK Avgiv kZKivq cKvk KiZ cvwi| hgb, Dcii AvjvPbvq 5 UvKvq ejcb wKb 6 UvKvq weq Kivq 1 UvKv jvf nq| A_vr, 5 UvKvq jvf nq 1 UvKv 1
1 10020 = 20 UvKv 100 51
1 5
wbYq jvf 20%| Abyicfve, KjvweZv 20 UvKvi Kjv wKb 18 UvKvq weq Kivq 2 UvKv wZ nqQ| A_vr, 20 UvKvq wZ nq 2 UvKv 1
2 20
100 wbYq wZ 10%
2 1005 ev 10 UvKv 201
MwYZ
25
D`vniY 9| GKRb KgjvweZv cwZkZ Kgjv 1000 UvKvq wKb 1200 UvKvq weq Kijb| Zuvi KZ jvf njv? mgvavb : 100wU Kgjvi qg~j 1000 UvKv 100wU weqg~j 1200 GLvb qg~ji Pq weqg~j ewk nIqvq jvf nqQ|
A_vr, jvf = weqg~j qg~j = 1200 UvKv 1000 UvKv = 200 UvKv wbYq jvf 200 UvKv|
D`vniY 10| GKRb `vKvb`vi 50 KwRi 1 ev Pvj 1600 UvKvq wKbjb| Pvji `vg Kg hvIqvq 1500 UvKvq weq Kib, Zuvi KZ wZ njv? mgvavb : GLvb, 1 ev Pvji qg~j 1600 UvKv Ges 1 weqg~j 1500
qg~ji Pq weqg~j Kg nIqvq wZ nqQ| wZ = qg~j weqg~j = 1600 UvKv 1500 UvKv = 100 UvKv wbYq wZ 100 UvKv|
D`vniY 11| 75 UvKvq 15wU ejcb wKb 90 UvKvq weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ne? mgvavb : GLvb, 15wU ejcbi qg~j 75 UvKv Ges 15wU weqg~j 90 UvKv qg~ji Pq weqg~j ewk nIqvq jvf nqQ|
jvf = weqg~j qg~j = 90 UvKv 75 UvKv = 15 UvKv 75 UvKvq jvf nq 15 UvKv 1
15 75
1 15 10020 75 5
100 AZGe jvf 20%|
ev 20 UvKv
26
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
D`vniY 12| GKRb gvQweZv cwZ nvwj Bwjk gvQ 1600 UvKvq wKb cwZwU gvQ 350 UvKv Ki weq Kijb| Zuvi kZKiv KZ jvf ev wZ njv ? mgvavb : cwZ nvwj ev 4wU Bwjki `vg = 1600 UvKv 400 1600 UvKv = 400 UvKv 1wU = 41 Avevi, 1wU Bwjki weqg~j 350 UvKv GLvb, qg~ji Pq weqg~j Kg nIqvq wZ nqQ|
wZ = qg~j weqg~j = 400 UvKv 350 UvKv = 50 UvKv
400 UvKvq wZ nq 50 UvKv 1
50 400
25 1 5025 1001 ev UvKv ev 12 UvKv 4004 2 2
2
100
wZ 12 %
D`vniY 13| GKev Avyi 2750 UvKvq weq Kivq 450 UvKv wZ njv| H Avyi 3600 UvKvq weq Kij KZ jvf ev wZ nZv? mgvavb : Avyii weqg~j = 2750 UvKv wZ = 450 UvKv qg~j = 3200 UvKv Avevi, weqg~j = 3600 UvKv qg~j = 3200 UvKv jvf = 400 UvKv
1 2
jvf 400 UvKv|

D`vniY 14| GKRb Pv eemvqx GKev Pv cvZv KwR cwZ 80 UvKv wnmve q Kib| me Pv cvZv KwR cwZ 75 UvKv ì weq Kivq 500 UvKv wZ nq| wZwb KZ KwR Pv cvZv q KiwQjb?
MwYZ
27
mgvavb : KwR cwZ Pv cvZvi qg~j 80 UvKv weqg~j 75 UvKv 1 KwR Pv cvZv weq Kij wZ nq 5 UvKv
5 UvKv wZ nq 1 KwRZ 1
1 5
1 500100 500 5 1 = 100 KwRZ
Pv cvZv q KiwQjb 100 KwR|

D`vniY 15| GKRb wWgweZv cwZ WRb wWg 101 UvKv ì 5 WRb Ges 90 UvKv ì 6 WRb wWg wKb KZ ì weq Kij Zuvi WRb cwZ 3 UvKv jvf ne ? mgvavb : 1 WRb wWgi qg~j 101 UvKv
5 101 5 UvKv ev 505 UvKv Avevi, 1 WRb wWgi qg~j 90 UvKv 6 90 6 UvKv ev 540 UvKv (5+6) WRb ev 11 WRb wWgi qg~j (505 + 540) UvKv ev 1045 UvKv 1
1045 11
UvKv ev 95 UvKv
Mo 1 WRb wWgi qg~j 95 UKv WRb cwZ 3 UvKv jvf 1 WRb wWgi weqg~j (95 + 3) UvKv ev 98 UvKv
cwZ WRb wWgi weqg~j 98 UvKv nj WRb cwZ 3 UvKv jvf ne|
D`vniY 16| GKwU QvMj 10% wZZ weq Kiv njv| weqg~j 450 UvKv ewk nj 5% jvf nZv| QvMjwUi qg~j KZ? mgvavb : gb Kwi, QvMjwUi qg~j 100 UvKv
10% wZZ weqg~j (100 10) UvKv ev, 90 UvKv 5% jvf weqg~j (100 + 5) UvKv = 105 UvKv
28
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
5% jvf weqg~j 10% wZZ weqg~j = (105 90) UvKv ev, 15 UvKv
weqg~j 15 UvKv ewk nj qg~j
100 UvKv 100 15
450
100 45030 151
= 3000 UvKv QvMjwUi qg~j 3000 UvKv

D`vniY 17| bvwej wgwi `vKvb _K 250 UvKv ì 2 KwR m`k q Kijv| fvUi nvi 4 UvKv nj, m`k q eve` m `vKvwbK KZ UvKv è?
mgvavb :
1 KwR m`ki `vg 250 UvKv 2 (250 2) UvKv = 500 UvKv
100 UvKvq fvU 4 UvKv
500
4 100 4 500 5 = 20 UvKv 1001
bvwej m`k q eve` `vKvwbK è (500 + 20) UvKv ev 520 UvKv|

jYxq : Kvbv èi qg~ji mv_ wbw` nvi c`vbKZ KiK fvU (VAT) ej| KvR : 1| KYv kvwoi `vKvb wMq 1,200 UvKvq GKwU wmi kvwo I 1,800 UvKvq GKwU w_wcm q Kijv| fvUi nvi 4 UvKv nj, m `vKvwbK KZ UvKv è? 2| BkivK gwbnvwi `vKvb wMq GK WRb cbwmj q Ki `vKvwbK 250 UvKv w`j| fvUi nvi 4 UvKv nj, cwZwU cbwmji `vg KZ? D`vniY 18| bvwmi mvnei g~j eZb 27,650 UvKv| evwlK gvU Avqi c_g GK j Avwk nvRvi AvqKi 0 (k~b) UvKv| cieZx UvKvi Dci AvqKii nvi 10 UvKv nj, bvwmi mvne KZ UvKv AvqKi `b?
MwYZ
29
mgvavb :
1 gvmi g~j eZb 27,650 UvKv 12 (27,650 12) UvKv = 3,31,800 UvKv
KihvM UvKvi cwigvY (3,31,800 1,80,000) UvKv ev 1,51,800 UvKv 100 UvKvq AvqKi 10 UvKv
1,51,800
10 100 1,51,8 10 1,51,800 ev 15,180 UvKv 1001
bvwmi mvne 15,180 UvKv AvqKi `b|

D`vniY 19| c`xc MMwi GKRb eemvqx| eemvwqK cqvRb ZuvK cw_exi wewfb `k gY KiZ nq|
dj ZuvK mv_ Ki BDGm Wjvi wbq hZ nq| hw` 1 BDGm Wjvi = 8150 UvKv nq Ges Zuvi hw` 7000 Wjvi cqvRb nq, Ze evsjv`wk KZ UvKv jvMe?
mgvavb :
1 BDGm Wjvi 8150 UvKv 7000 8150 7000 UvKv = 5,70,50000 UvKv wbYq UvKvi cwigvY = 5,70,500 UvKv|
Abykxjbx 22
1| 2| 3| 4| GKRb `vKvb`vi cwZ wgUvi 200 UvKv ì 5 wgUvi Kvco wKb cwZ wgUvi 225 UvKv ì weq Kij KZ jvf nqQ? GKRb KgjvweZv cwZ nvwj 60 UvKv ì 5 WRb Kgjv wKb cwZ nvwj 50 UvKv ì weq Kij KZ wZ nqQ? iwe cwZ KwR 40 UvKv ì 50 KwR PvDj wKb 44 UvKv KwR ì weq Kij KZ jvf ev wZ ne? cwZ wjUvi wgwfUv `ya 52 UvKvq wKb 55 UvKv ì weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf nq?
30
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
5|
cwZwU PKjU 8 UvKv wnme q Ki 850 UvKv wnme weq Ki 25 UvKv jvf njv, gvU KqwU PKjU q Kiv nqwQj?
6|
cwZ wgUvi 125 UvKv ì Kvco q Ki 150 UvKv ì weq Kij `vKvb`vii 2000 UvKv jvf nq| `vKvb`vi gvU KZ wgUvi Kvco q KiwQjb?
7| 8|
GKwU è 190 UvKvq q Ki 175 UvKvq weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ev &wZ ne ? 25 wgUvi Kvco h g~j q Ki, mB g~j 20 wgUvi Kvco weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ev wZ ne ?
9|
5 UvKvq 8wU AvgjwK q Ki 5 UvKvq 6wU ì weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ev wZ ne ?

4 5
10| GKwU Mvwoi weqg~j MvwowUi qg~ji
Aski mgvb| kZKiv jvf ev wZ wbYq Ki|
11| GKwU è 400 UvKvq weq Kij hZ wZ nq 480 UvKvq weq Kij, Zvi wZbY jvf nq| èwUi qg~j wbYq Ki| 12| GKwU Nwo 625 UvKvq weq Kij 10% wZ nq| KZ UvKvq weq Kij 10% jvf ne ? 13| gvBkv 20 UvKv ì 15 wgUvi jvj wdZv q Kijv| fvUi nvi 4 UvKv| m `vKvwbK 500 UvKvi GKwU bvU w`j| `vKwb ZvK KZ UvKv diZ èb| 14| wg. ivq GKRb miKvix KgKZv| wZwb Zx_vb cwi`kbi Rb fviZ hveb| hw` evsjv`wk 1 UvKv mgvb fviZxq 0.63 iwc nq, Ze fviZxq 3000 iwci Rb evsjv`ki KZ UvKv cqvRb ne ? 15| bxwjg GKRb PvKwiRxwe| Zuvi gvwmK g~jeZb 22,250 UvKv| evwlK gvU Avqi c_g GK j Avwk nvRvi AvqKi 0 (k~b) UvKv| cieZx UvKvi Dci AvqKii nvi 10 UvKv nj bxwjg Ki eve` KZ UvKv cwikva Kib?
24 MwZ welqK mgmv

wi cvwbZ bKvi MwZeM njv Gi cKZ MwZeM| vZw^bx b`xZ bKv h MwZeM Pj Zv bKvi KvhKix MwZeM| vZi AbyK~j Pjj bKvi cKZ MwZeMi mv_ vZi eM hvM Ki KvhKix MwZeM ei Kiv nq| Avevi vZi cwZK~j Pjj bKvi cKZ eM _K vZi eM weqvM Ki bKvi KvhKix eM wbYq Kiv nq| AZGe, vZi AbyK~j bKvi KvhKix MwZeM = bKvi cKZ MwZeM + vZi MwZeM| vZi cwZK~j bKvi KvhKix MwZeM = bKvi cKZ MwZeM vZi MwZeM|
MwYZ
31
D`vniY 20| GKwU bKv wi cvwbZ Nvq 6 wK.wg. hZ cvi| vZi cwZK~j 6 wK.wg. hZ bKvwUi 3 Y mgq jvM| vZi AbyK~j 50 wK.wg. hZ bKvwUi KZ mgq jvMe? mgvavb : bKvwU wi cvwbZ 6 wK.wg. hvq 1 Nvq 1 1 6 vZi cwZK~j 6 wK.wg. hvq 13 Nvq ev 3 Nvq ckgZ, 3 Nvq hvq 6 wK.wg.
ev 2 wK.wg. 3 vZi cwZK~j bKvi KvhKix eM = bKvi cKZ eM vZi eM
vZi eM = bKvi cKZ eM bKvi KvhKix eM
= (6 2) wK.wg. ev 4 wK.wg. cwZ Nvq mvZi AbyK~j bKvi KvhKix eM = bKvi cKZ MwZeM + vZi eM = (6 + 4) wK.wg. ev 10 wK.wg. cwZ Nvq mvZi AbyK~j 10 wK.wg. hvq 1 Nvq 1 1 10 1 505 50 Nvq ev 5 Nvq 10 1 vZi AbyK~j hZ 5 Nv jvMe|
D`vniY 21| GKwU cvwbi Uv 2wU bj AvQ| GKwU bj viv cvwb wfZi cek Ki Ges Ab bj viv cvwb ei nq| 1g bjwU viv Lvwj UvwU c~Y KiZ mgq jvM 40 wgwbU Avi 2q bjwU viv cvwb c~Y UvwU Lvwj nZ mgq jvM 50 wgwbU| GLb `yBwU bj GK Lyj w`j KZ wgwbU UvwU c~Y ne? mgvavb : 1g bj viv UvwU 40 wgwbU cvwb c~Y nq 1 1 Ask 40 Avevi, 2q bj viv UvwU 50 wgwbU Lvwj nq 1 1 Ask 50 1 1 bj `yBwU GK Lyj w`j 1 wgwbU cvwb c~Y ne UvwUi Ask 40 50 54 1 = Ask = Ask 200 200
32 1
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
UvwUi

200
Ask cvwb c~Y nq 1 wgwbU

1 200 wgwbU 1 = 200 wgwbU = 3 Nv 20 wgwbU
wbYq mgq 3 Nv 20 wgwbU|
D`vniY 22| 60 wgUvi `xN GKwU Ubi MwZeM Nvq 48 wK.wg.| ijjvBbi cvki GKwU LuywUK AwZg KiZ UbwUi KZ mgq jvMe ? mgvavb : LuywUwU AwZg KiZ UbwUK wbRi `Ni mgvb `~iZ AwZg KiZ ne| 48 wK.wg. = 48 1000 wgUvi ev 48000 wgUvi UbwU 48000 wg. AwZg Ki 1 Nvq 1 1 60 60 Nvq ev mK 1 48000 48000 1 60 603 603 60 mK 8 480004 2 9 = mK 2 1 = 4 mK 2 1 UbwU 4 mK LuywUwU AwZg Kie| 2
Abykxjbx 23
1|
2|
3|
5 : 4 Ges 6 : 7 Gi avivevwnK AbycvZ KvbwU ? (K) 24 : 30 : 28 (L) 30 : 24 : 28 (M) 28 : 24 : 30 (N) 24 : 28 : 30 GKwU wgK mgvbycvZi 1g I 3q ivwk h_vg 4 I 25 nj, ga mgvbycvZx KvbwU ? (K) 8 (L) 50 (M) 10 (N) 20 3, 5, 15-Gi PZz_ mgvbycvZx KvbwU ? (K) 20 (L) 25 (M) 10 (N) 35
MwYZ
33
4|
GKRb `vKvb`vi GKwU w`qvkjvB e 1.50 UvKvq q Ki 2.00 UvKvq weq Kij Zuvi kZKiv KZ jvf ne ? (K) 20% (L) 15% (M) 25% (N) 33
1 % 3
5|
GKRb KjvweZv cwZ nvwj Kjv 25 UvKv ì q Ki cwZ nvwj 27 UvKv ì weq Kij, Zuvi 50 UvKv jvf nq| m KZ nvwj Kjv q KiwQj ? (K) 25 nvwj (L) 20 nvwj (M) 50 nvwj (N) 27 nvwj wbPi ivwkjv `vM Ub wgj Ki : (K) qg~j weqg~ji Pq ewk nj (L) qg~j weqg~ji Pq Kg nj (M) vZi AbyK~j mgq (N) vZi cwZK~j mgq (K) Kg jvM (L) jvf nq (M) ewk jvM (N) wZ nq
6|
7| 8| 9|
5 Rb kwgK 6 w`b 8 weNv Rwgi dmj DVvZ cvi| 20 weNv Rwgi dmj DVvZ 25 Rb kwgKi KZ w`b jvMe? ^cb GKwU KvR 24 w`b KiZ cvi| iZb D KvR 16 w`b KiZ cvi| ^cb I iZb GK KvRwU KZ w`b kl KiZ cvie? nvweev I nvwjgv GKwU KvR GK 20 w`b KiZ cvi| nvweev I nvwjgv GK 8 w`b KvR Kivi ci nvweev Pj Mj| nvwjgv evwK KvR 21 w`b kl Kij| m~Y KvRwU nvwjgv KZ w`b KiZ cviZ?
10| 30 Rb kwgK 20 w`b GKwU evwo Zwi KiZ cvi| KvR ii 10 w`b ci Lvivc AvenvIqvi Rb 6 w`b KvR e ivLZ nqQ| wbavwiZ mgq KvRwU kl KiZ AwZwi KZRb kwgK jvMe? 11| GKwU KvR K I L GK 16 w`b, L I M GK 12 w`b Ges K I M GK 20 w`b KiZ cvi| K, L I M GK KvRwU KZ w`b KiZ cvie? 12| GKwU PevPvq `yBwU bj AvQ| c_g I wZxq bj viv h_vg 12 Nv I 18 Nvq Lvwj PevPvwU c~Y nq| `yBwU bj GK mv_ Lyj w`j Lvwj PevPvwU KZ Nvq c~Y ne? 13| vZi AbyK ~ j GKwU bKv 4 Nvq 36 wK.wg. c_ AwZg Ki| vZi eM cwZNvq 3 wK.wg. nj, wi cvwbZ bKvi eM KZ?
34
mgvbycvZ I jvf-wZ
14| vZi cwZK~j GKwU RvnvR 11 Nvq 77 wK.wg. c_ AwZg Ki| wi cvwbZ RvnvRi MwZeM cwZNvq 9 wK.wg. nj, vZi MwZeM cwZNvq KZ? 15| ùvo eq GKwU bKv vZi AbyK~j 15 wgwbU 3 wK.wg. Ges vZi cwZK~j 15 wgwbU 1 wK.wg. c_ AwZg Ki| wi cvwbZ bKv I vZi MwZeM wbYq Ki| 16| GKRb KlK 5 Rvov Mi viv 8 w`b 40 ni Rwg Pvl KiZ cvib| wZwb 7 Rvov Mi viv 12 w`b KZ ni Rwg Pvl KiZ cvieb? 17| wjwj GKv GKwU KvR 10 Nvq KiZ cvib| wgwj GKv H KvRwU 8 Nvq KiZ cvib| wjwj I wgwj GK H KvRwU KZ Nvq KiZ cvieb? 18| `yBwU bj viv GKwU Lvwj PevPv h_vg 20 wgwbU I 30 wgwbU cvwb-c~Y Kiv hvq| PevPvwU Lvwj _vKv Aevq `yBwU bj GK mv_ Lyj Ìqv njv| c_g bjwU KLb e Kij PevPvwU 18 wgwbU cvwb-c~Y ne? 19| 100 wgUvi `xN GKwU Ubi MwZeM Nvq 48 wKjvwgUvi| H UbwU 30 mK GKwU mZz AwZg Ki| mZzwUi `N KZ? 20| 120 wgUvi `xN GKwU Ub 330 wgUvi `xN GKwU mZz AwZg Kie| UbwUi MwZeM Nvq 30 wK.wg. nj, mZzwU AwZg KiZ UbwUi KZ mgq jvMe? 21| Rwmg mvne GKRb KUvi| wZwb 2 wK.wg. ivv 30 w`b 2 j UvKvq givgZi Rb KvR cjb| wZwb GB KvRwU Kivi Rb 20 Rb kwgK wbqvM w`jb| wK 12 w`b ci Lvivc AvenvIqvi KviY ZuvK 4 w`b KvR e iL evwK KvR kl KiZ njv| KvR kl `Lv Mj 2,25,000 UvKv LiP njv| GgZvevq wbPi ckjvi Di `vI : (K) 12 w`b ivvi kZKiv KZ Ask mb nqwQj? (L) wbw` mgq evwK KvR Kivq AwZwi KZ Rb kwgK jMwQj? (M) AwZwi kwgKmsLv c` kwgK msLvi kZKiv KZ? (N) KvRwU mb Kivq Zuvi kZKiv KZ wZ njv?
ZZxq Aavq
cwigvc
`bw`b Rxeb Avgiv wewfb cKvii fvMcY eenvi Kwi hvi ga AvQ Pvj, Wvj, wPwb, jeY, djg~j, `ya, Zj, cvwb BZvw`| eemvwqK I eenvwiK Gjvi cwigvc cqvRb nq| c~ei kwYZ Avgiv `N, IRb, dj I mgq cwigvci aviYv cqwQ| `N ev `~iZ cwigvc Kivi Rb Avgiv GKUv wbw` gvci `Ni mv_ Gi Zzjbv Kwi| Zij eZxZ Abvb è IRb w`q cwigvc KiZ nq| wK Zij c`v_i Kvbv AvKvi bB| GwU gvcvi Rb wbw` AvKvii gvcwb eenvi Kiv nq| G Aavq `N, dj, IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci wek` AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
`N cwigvci AvtmK evLv Ges G msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie| IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvc Kxfve Kiv nq Zv evLv KiZ cvie Ges G mwKZ mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie| j eenvi Ki AvqZvKvi I eMvKvi i `N I c cwigvc Ki dj wbYq KiZ cvie| IRb cwigvci wewfb cwigvcK eenvi Ki èvwì IRb cwigvc KiZ cvie| Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci wewfb cwigvcK eenvi Ki hKvbv Zij c`v_i cwigvc KiZ cvie| `bw`b Rxeb AvbygvwbK cwigvc KiZ cvie|
31 `N cwigvc
Avgiv evRvi wMq Kvco, e`ywZK Zvi, iwk BZvw` wKb _vwK| GKUv wbw` gvci `Ni mv_ Zzjbv Ki Gjv q-weq nq| Avevi evwo nZ zj, evRvi ev kb KZ `~i Zv-I Avgvì Rvbvi cqvRb nq| GB `~iZI Avgiv H wbw` gvci `Ni mv_ Zzjbv Ki ei Kwi| GB `NK cwigvci GKK ejv nq|
wewUk cwZZ `N cwigvci GKK wnme MR, dzU, Bw Pvjy AvQ| eZgvb cw_exZ AwaKvsk `k `N cwigvc wnme eeZ nQ gwUK cwZ| cw_exi Di gi _K dvi ivRavbx cvwimi `vwNgv eivei welyeiLv ch `Ni KvwUfvMi GKfvMK 1 wgUvi wnme MY Kiv nq| gwUK cwZZ `N cwigvci GKK nQ wgUvi|
36
cwigvc
cvwUbvg I BwiwWqvg avZzi mswgkY Zwi wgUvii Avmj bgybv cw_exi me `ki Rb Av`k ev vvW ic MY Kiv nq| GwU dvi hv`yNi msiwZ iqQ| wewfb `ki cqvRb Av`k bgybv _K vbxq bgybv Zwi Ki bIqv nq| 1 wgUvi = Di gi _K welyeiLv ch gvU `~iZi 1 KvwU fvMi 1 fvM
j Kwi, 1982 mvj _K evsjv`ki me `N gvcvi Rb, IRb wbYqi Rb Ges Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci Rb AvRvwZK Av`kgvb ev wmg Ae BUvibvkbvj BDwbU MnY Kiv nqQ|
`N cwigvci GKKvewj gwUK cwZ

10 wgwjwgUvi (wg.wg.) 10 mwUwgUvi 10 WwmwgUvi 10 wgUvi 10 WKvwgUvi 10 nvwgUvi = = = = = = 1 mwUwgUvi (m. wg.) 1 WwmwgUvi (Wwm. wg.) 1 wgUvi (wg.) 1 WKvwgUvi (WKv. wg.) 1 nvwgUvi (n. wg.) 1 wKjvwgUvi (wK. wg.) 12 Bw 3 dzU 1760 MR
wewUk cwZ
= = = 1 dzU 1 MR 1 gvBj
gwUK I wewUk cwigvci mK

1 Bw 1 gvBj 1 wgUvi 1 wK. wg.
KvR : 1|
2| 3|
= = = =
254 m. wg. (cvq) 161 wK. wg. (cvq) 3937 Bw (cvq) 062 gvBj (cvq)
`bw`b Rxeb eeZ nq ev KvR jvM Ggb wKQy ei bvg Ki, hvì `N cwigvc KiZ nq| j w`q Zvgvi GKwU eBqi I Uweji `N I c BwZ Ges mwUwgUvi gvc| G nZ 1 Bw mgvb KZ mwUwgUvi Zv wbYq Ki| gvcvi wdZv w`q kwYKi `N I c cwigvc Ki|
MwYZ
37
32 dj cwigvc
dj cwigvci aviYv Avgvì Rxeb LyeB iZcY ~ | emevmi Rb Ni-evwo nZ i Ki wkv cwZvb, nvmcvZvj, miKvwi wewfb feb BZvw` Avgvì LyeB cqvRbxq vcbv| Gjv h Rwgi Dci Zwi KiZ nq Zvi dj Rvbv Avgvì GKv cqvRb| Kvbv wbw` mxgviLv viv Ave vb njv Ges GB i cwigvcK Zvi dj ev Kvwj ej| hKvbv i mvaviYZ `N I c _vK| G Rb dji GKK wnme GK GKK `Ni evwewk GKwU eMi djK aiv nq| dji GKKK eM GKK jLv nq| h eMi evi `N 1 wgUvi, Zvi dj 1 eMwgUvi| Abyic 1 eMdzU, 1 eMmwUwgUvi, BZvwÌ dji GKK wnme eeZ nq|
1 m.wg. 1 m.wg. 1 GKK 1 GKK
Kvbv i dj wbYq KiZ nj, Gi ga KZjv eMGKK AvQ Zv ei KiZ nq| gb Kwi, wbPi eMi cwZevi `N 1 wgUvi| AZGe, Gi dj 1 eMwgUvi| eMwUi cZK evK mgvb 10 Ask wef Ki wecixZ we`yjv cii mshy Kiv njv|
G cZK Aski `N 1 WwmwgUvi| AZGe, 1wU z` eMi dj njv, 1 WwmwgUvi 1 WwmwgUvi = 1 eMWwmwgUvi | `Lv hvQ h, wPwUZ 100wU z` eM iqQ| AZGe, 1 eMwgUvi = 100 eMWwmwgUvi| Z`c, 1 WwmwgUvi `Ni evwewk eM wbq Gi cZK evK 10wU mgvb Ask fvM Ki AvMi gZv mshy Ki `Lvbv hvq h, 1 eMWwmwgUvi = (1010) eMm.wg. ev 100 eMmwUwgUvi| AZGe, 1 eMwgUvi = 10,000 eMmwUwgUvi| j Kwi, 4 wgUvi eM Ges 4 eMwgUvi GK K_v bq| 4 wgUvi eM viv Ggb GKwU eMK evSvq hvi cZK evi `N 4 wgUvi Ges hvi dj (4 4) eMwgUvi ev 16 eMwgUvi| wK 4 eMwgUvi viv Ggb GKwU eMi dj evSvq hvi `N I c wgUvii GKK gc Y Kij 4 nq|
38
cwigvc
wbP KqKwU i dji m~ Ìqv njv :
AvqZ
b l
dj = `N c = lb
mvgvwiK
h l
dj = f~wg DPZv = lh
wfzR
h b
dj =
1 f~wg DPZv 2 1 = (b h) 2
dj cwigvc gwUK I wewUk cwZi mK

wewUk cwZZ
1 eMBw 1 eMdzU 1 eMMR
KvR :
1| j w`q Zvgvi GKwU eBqi I covi Uweji `N mwUwgUvi gc Gi dj wbYq Ki| 2| `jMZfve Zvgiv e, Uwej, ìRv, Rvbvjv BZvwì `N I c ji mvnvh gc dj ei Ki|
vbxq cwZZ
1 eMmwUwgUvi = 0.155 eMBw (cvq) 1 eMwgUvi = 10.76 eMdzU (cvq) 1 ni = 2.47 GKi (cvq)
= 6.45 eMmwUwgUvi (cvq) = 929 eMmwUwgUvi (cvq) = 0.84 eMwgUvi (cvq)
33 IRb cwigvc
cZK ei IRb AvQ| wewfb `k wewfb GKKi mvnvh e IRb Kiv nq|
IRb cwigvci gwUK GKKvewj

10 wgwjMvg (wg. Mv.) 10 mwUMvg 10 WwmMvg 10 Mvg = = = = 1 mwUMvg (m. Mv.) 1 WwmMvg (WwmMv.) 1 Mvg (Mv.) 1 WKvMvg (WKvMv.)
MwYZ
39
10 WKvMvg 10 nvMvg 100 wKjvMvg (K. wR.) 1000 wKjvMvg ev 10 KzBUvj IRb cwigvci GKK : Mvg
= = = =
1 nvMvg (n. Mv.) 1 wKjvMvg (K. wR.) 1 KzBUvj 1 gwUK Ub 1 wKjvMvg ev 1 K.wR. = 1000 Mvg
40 mjwmqvm Zvcgvvq 1 Nb m. wg. we cvwbi IRb 1 Mvg| gwUK cwZZ IRb cwigvci Rb eeZ AviI `yBwU GKK AvQ| AwaK cwigvY ei IRbi Rb G `yBwU GKK eenvi Kiv nq| GKK `yBwU nQ KzBUvj I gwUK Ub| kni I Mvg IRb cwigvci Rb ùvwocvjv I evULviv eenvi Kiv nq| G evULviv 5 Mvg, 10 Mvg, 50 Mvg, 100 Mvg, 200 Mvg, 500 Mvg, 1 K. wR., 2 K. wR., 5 K. wR., 10 K. wR. BZvw` IRbi nq| AbK kni `vMKvUv evj viv IRb cwigvc Kiv nq| GwU `LZ AbKUvB GKwU KwZZ wcivwgWi wbPi Aski gZv hvi Dci è ivLv hvq Ges hvi Mvq GKcvk `qvjNwoi Wvqvji `vMi gZv MvjvKvi iLvq `vM KvUv _vK| IRbi mgnvi wKjvMvgi gvc `vMi cvk msLv emvbv _vK Ges Nwoi wgwbUi KuvUvi gZv GKUv wb`kK KuvUv _vK| gvcvi Rb evji Dci Kvbv è emvjB KuvUvwU h msLvK wb`k Ki m msLvB H ei IRb| GZ cwZ K. wR.K 10 fvM fvM Ki `vM KvUv AvQ|
eZgvb `vMKvUv evj Gi j wWwRUvj evj eeZ nQ| GwU GKwU QvU evi gZv hvi Mvq GK cvk msLvq Mvg IRb c`wkZ nq| Gi mvnvh èi g~jI wbYqi eev AvQ| KviY GB evj KvjKzjUii myweavI _vK| cwZ wKjvMvg èi g~jgvb w`q c`wkZ msLvK KvjKzjUii wbqg Y KijB èi gvU g~j cvIqv hvq| G Rb GB evj eenvi Kiv myweavRbK| Ze ewk cwigvY è IRb KiZ GLbI ùvwocvjv eenvi Kiv nq|
40
cwigvc
KvR : `jxqfve ùvwocvjv A_ev wWwRUvj evj eenvi Ki j, cyK, wUwdbei IRb cwigvc Ki
gwUK cwZZ jL|
34 Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvc

Kvbv Zij c`v_ KZUv RvqMv Ryo _vK Zv Gi AvqZb| GKwU Nbei `N, c, DPZv AvQ| wK Kvbv Zij c`v_i Zv bB| h cv ivLv nq mB cvi AvKvi aviY Ki| G Rb wbw` AvqZbi Kvbv Nbei AvKwZi gvcwb viv Zij c`v_ gvcv nq| G Avgiv mvaviYZ wjUvi gvcwb eenvi Kwi| G gvcwbjv
1 1 , , 1, 2, 3, 4, .... BZvw` wjUvi wewk 4 2
Gjywgwbqvg ev wUb wkU viv Zwi GK cKvii KvbK AvKwZi cv ev wmwjvi AvKwZi gM| Avevi ^Q KuvPi Zwi 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 wgwjwjUvi `vMKvUv Lvov cvI eenvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ `ya I Zj gvcvi DwjwLZ cvjv eenvi Kiv nq|
1 wjUvi gvcwb
1 wjUvi`vM KvUv gM
wP
1 Mvjb
Zv-weZvi myweav_ eZgvb fvRZj evZjRvZ Ki wew nQ| G 1, 2, 5 I 8 wjUvii evZj ewk eeZ nq| wewfb cKvii cvbxq 250, 500, 1000, 2000 wgwjwjUvi ev Abvb AvqZb evZjRvZ Ki wew Kiv nq|
1 wjUvi evZj wP
5 wjUvi evZj
1 Nb mwUwgUviK msc BsiwRZ wm. wm. (Cubic Centimetre) jLv nq| 1 Nb m.wg. (wm.wm.) = 1 wgwjwjUvi 1 Nb Bw = 1639 wgwjwjUvi (cvq)
MwYZ
41
AvqZb cwigvc gwUK GKKvewj

1000 Nb mwUwgUvi (Nb m. wg.) 1000 Nb WwmwgUvi 1000 Nb mwUwgUvi 1 wjUvi cvwbi IRb
KvR :
1| GKwU cvbxqRji cvi aviYgZv KZ wm. wm. Zv cwigvc Ki| 2| wkK KZK wbavwiZ ARvbv AvqZbi GKwU cvi AvqZb Abygvb Ki| Zvici Gi mwVK AvqZb ei Ki fzji cwigvY wbYq Ki|
= = = =
1 Nb WwmwgUvi (N. Wwmwg.) 1 Nb wgUvi (N. wg.) 1 wjUvi 1 wKjvMvg
D`vniY 1| 16 GKi RwgZ 420 gwUK Ub Avjy Drcb nj, 1 GKi RwgZ Kx cwigvY Avjy Drcb nq ? mgvavb :
16 GKi RwgZ Drcb nq 420 gwUK Ub Avjy 1 = 26
420 16
1 g. Ub = 1000 KwR
1 g. Ub ev 26 gwUK Ub 250 KwR Avjy| 4
1 GKi Avjyi Drcv`b 26 gwUK Ub 250 KwR|

D`vniY 2| ivqnvb GK GKi RwgZ avb Pvl Ki 400 KwR avb cqQ| cwZ KwR avb 700 Mvg Pvj nj, m Kx cwigvY Pvj cj?
1 K. wR. avb Pvj nq 700 Mvg 400 700 400 = 280000 Mvg = 280 KwR cv Pvji cwigvY 280 KwR| D`vniY 3| GKwU gvUiMvwo 10 wjUvi wWRj 80 wKjvwgUvi hvq| 1 wKjvwgUvi hZ Kx cwigvY wWRji cqvRb ? mgvavb : 80 wKjvwgUvi hvq 10 wjUvi wWRj
mgvavb :
cqvRbxq wWRji cwigvY 125 wgwjwjUvi|
10 80
1000 wgwjwjUvi ev 125 wgwjwjUvi wWRj 8
42
cwigvc
D`vniY 4| GKwU wfyRvKvi f~wgi `N 6 wgUvi I DPZv 4 wgUvi| wfyRvKvi wUi dj KZ ? mgvavb : wfyRvKvi wUi dj
= =
1 (f~wg DPZv ) 2 1 (6 4) eMwgUvi = 12 eMwgUvi 2
wfyRvKvi wUi dj 12 eMwgUvi|

D`vniY 5| GKwU wfyRvKwZ Rwgi dj 216 eMwgUvi| Gi f~wg 18 wgUvi nj, DPZv wbYq Ki| mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb,
1 f~wg DPZv = wfyRi dj 2 1 18 wgUvi DPZv = 216 eMwgUvi ev, 2 ev, 9 wgUvi DPZv = 216 eMwgUvi
ev, DPZv =
216 wgUvi ev 24 wgUvi 9
DPZv 24 wgUvi|
D`vniY 6| cvomn GKwU cyKzii `N 80 wgUvi I c 50 wgUvi| hw` cyKzii cZK cvoi wevi 4 wgUvi nq, Ze cyKzicvoi dj KZ? 80 wg. mgvavb :
cvo ev` cyKzii `N = {80 (4 2)} wgUvi = 72 wgUvi cvo ev` cyKzii c = {50 (4 2)} wgUvi = 42 wgUvi GLb cvomn cyKzii dj = (80 50) eMwgUvi = 4000 eMwgUvi Ges cvo ev` cyKzii dj = (72 42) eMwgUvi = 3024 eMwgUvi
cyKzicvoi dj = (4000 3024) eMwgUvi = 976 eMwgUvi| cyKzicvoi dj 976 eMwgUvi|
50 wg.
4 wg.
MwYZ
43
Abykxjbx 3
wKjvwgUvi cKvk Ki : (K) 40390 m. wg. (L) 75 wgUvi 250 wg. wg. 2| 5.37 WKvwgUviK wgUvi I WwmwgUvi cKvk Ki : 3| wbP KqKwU wfyRvKvi i f~wg I DPZv Ìqv njv| wfyRvKvi i dj wbYq Ki : (K) f~wg 10wg. I DPZv 6 wg.| (L) f~wg 25 m .wg. I DPZv 14 m. wg.| 4| GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N ci 3 Y| Gi Pvwiw`K GKevi c`wY Kij 1 wKjvwgUvi nuvUv nq| AvqZvKvi wUi `N I c wbYq Ki| 5| cwZ wgUvi 100 UvKv ì 100 wgUvi j^v I 50 wgUvi PIov GKwU AvqZvKvi cvKi Pvwiw`K eov w`Z KZ LiP jvMe ? 6| GKwU mvgvwiK i f~wg 40 wgUvi I DPZv 50 wgUvi| Gi dj wbYq Ki| 7| GKwU NbKi GKavii `N 4 wgUvi| NbKwUi Zjjvi dj wbYq Ki| 8| hvmd Zuvi GK L RwgZ 500 K. wR. 700 Mvg Avjy Drcv`b Kib| wZwb GKB dj wewk 11 L RwgZ Kx cwigvY Avjy Drcv`b Kieb ? 9| ciki 16 GKi RwgZ 28 gwUK Ub avb Drcb nqQ| Zuvi cwZ GKi RwgZ Kx cwigvY avb nqQ ? 10| &GKwU wj wgj GK gvm 20000 gwUK Ub iW Zwi nq| H wgj `wbK Kx cwigvY iW Zwi nq ? 11| GK eemvqx Kvbv GKw`b 20 K. wR. 400 Mvg Wvj weq Kib| G wnmve Kx cwigvY Wvj wZwb GK gvm weq Kieb ? 12| GKL RwgZ 20 K. wR. 850 Mvg mwilv Drcb nj, Abyi~c 7 L RwgZ gvU Kx cwigvY mwilv Drcb ne ? 13| GKwU gMi wfZii AvqZb 15 wjUvi nj, 270 wjUvi KZ gM cvwb ne ? 14| GK eemvqx Kvbv GKw`b 18 K. wR. 300 Mvg Pvj Ges 5 K. wR. 750 Mvg jeY weq Kib| G wnmve gvm wZwb Kx cwigvY Pvj I jeY weq Kib ? 15| Kvbv cwievi `wbK 125 wjUvi `ya jvM| cwZ wjUvi `yai `vg 52 UvKv nj, H cwievi 30 w`b KZ UvKvi `ya jvMe ? 16| GKwU AvqZvKvi evMvbi `N I c h_vg 60 wgUvi, 40 wgUvi| Gi wfZi PZyw`K 2 wgUvi PIov ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj wbYq Ki| 17| GKwU Nii `N, ci 3 Y| cwZ eMwgUvi 7.50 UvKv ì Nii gS KvcU w`q gyoZ gvU 1102.50 UvKv eq nq| NiwUi `N I c wbYq Ki| 1|
PZz_ Aavq
exRMwYZxq ivwki Y I fvM

MwYZi PviwU gwjK cwqv njv hvM, weqvM, Y I fvM| weqvM nQ hvMi wecixZ cwqv Avi fvM nQ Yi wecixZ cwqv| cvwUMwYZ Kej abvZK wPhy msLv eenvi Kiv nq| wK exRMwYZ abvZK I FYvZK Dfq wPhy msLv Ges msLvm~PK cZxKI eenvi Kiv nq| Avgiv l kwYZ wPhy ivwki hvM-weqvM Ges exRMwYZxq ivwki hvM I weqvM m^ aviYv cqwQ| G Aavq wPhy ivwki Y I fvM Ges exRMwYZxq ivwki Y I fvM cwqv m^ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

exRMwYZxq ivwki Y I fvM KiZ cvie| ebx eenvii gvag exRMwYZxq ivwki hvM, weqvM, Y I fvM msv `bw`b Rxebi mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
41 exRMwYZxq ivwki Y
Yi wewbgq wewa : Avgiv Rvwb, 2 3 = 6, Avevi 3 2 = 6
2 3 = 3 2, hv Yi wewbgq wewa|
GKBfve, a, b hKvbv `yBwU exRMwYZxq ivwk nj, a b = b a A_vr, MyY I MyYKi vb wewbgq Kij, Ydji Kvbv cwieZb nq bv|
Yi mshvM wewa :
( 2 3) 4 = 6 4 = 24; Avevi, 2 (3 4) = 2 12 = 24
( 2 3) 4 = 2 (3 4), hv Yi mshvM wewa|

GKBfve, a, b, c hKvbv wZbwU exRMwYZxq ivwki Rb
(a b) c = a (b c), hv Yi mshvM wewa |
42 wPhy ivwki Y
Avgiv Rvwb, 2 K 4 evi wbj 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 = 2 4 nq| GLvb ejv hvq h, 2 K 4 viv Y Kiv nqQ| A_vr, 2 4 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8
MwYZ
45
hKvbv exRMwYZxq ivwk a I b Gi Rb

a b = ab ...............(i )
Avevi, ( 2) 4 = ( 2) + ( 2) + ( 2) + ( 2) = 8 = ( 2 4) A_vr, ( 2) 4 = ( 2 4) = 8 mvaviYfve, ( a ) b = ( a b ) = ab Avevi, a ( b) = ( b) a, Yi wewbgq wewa
.......... .....( ii )
= (b a ) = ( a b ) = ab
A_vr, a (b) = (a b) = ab ...............(iii) myZivs, ( a ) ( b) = {( a ) b} [(iii ) Abyhvqx] = {( a b)} [(ii ) Abyhvqx] = ( ab) = a b [Q x Gi hvMvZK wecixZ x] = ab A_vr, ( a ) ( b) = ab ...............(iv )
j Kwi : * GKB wPhy `yBwU ivwki Ydj (+) wPhy ne|
( +1) ( +1) = ( 1) ( 1) = ( +1) ( 1) = ( 1) ( +1) =
+1 +1 1 1
* wecixZ wPhy `yBwU ivwki Ydj () wPhy ne|
a 2 a 4 = (a a) (a a a a) = a a a a a a = a 6 = a 2 + 4 mvaviYfve, a m a n = a m + n m, n hKvbv ^vfvweK msLv|

GB cwqvK Yi m~PK wewa ejv nq| Avevi, (a3)2 = a3 a3 = a6 = a3 2 = a 6
Yi m~PK wewa : Avgiv Rvwb, a a = a 2 , a a a = a 3 , a a a a = a 4
mvaviYfve, (am )n = a mn
46
Yi eb wewa
Avgiv Rvwb, 2( a + b) = ( a + b) + ( a + b) [Q 2 x = x + x]
= ( a + a ) + (b + b ) = 2a + 2b
Avevi cvki wP nZ cvB,
ABEF AvqZwUi dj
= `N c = BE AB = a 2 = 2 a = 2a Avevi, ECDF AvqZwUi dj = `N c
ABCD AvqZwUi dj
A 2 B a
D 2
= EC CD = b 2 = 2 b = 2b = ABEF AvqZi dj + ECDF AvqZi dj

= 2a + 2b
Avevi, ABCD AvqZi dj = `N c

= BC AB = AB ( BE + EC ) = 2 ( a + b) = 2( a + b) 2( a + b) = 2a + 2b. mvaviYfve, m( a + b + c + ...........) = ma + mb + mc + ........... GB wbqgK Yi eb wewa ejv nq|
43 GKc`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv Y

`yBwU GKc`x ivwki Yi Zvì mvswLK mnMqK wPhy msLvi Yi wbqg Y KiZ nq| Dfqc` we`gvb exRMwYZxq cZxKjvK m~PK wbqg Y Ki Ydj wjLZ nq| Abvb cZxKjv AcwiewZZ Aevq Ydj bIqv nq|
MwYZ
47
D`vniY 1| 5x2 y 4 K 3x2 y3 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : 5x2 y 4 3x2 y3
D`vniY 2| 12a 2 xy 2 K 6ax 3b viv Y Ki| mgvavb : 12 a 2 xy 2 ( 6ax 3b)
= (5 3) ( x 2 x 2 ) ( y 4 y 3 ) = 15x4 y 7 [m~PK wbqg Abyhvqx] wbYq Ydj 15x4 y 7.

D`vniY 3| 7 a 2 b 4 c K 4a 2 c 3d viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( 7 a 2 b 4 c ) 4a 2 c 3d = ( 7 4) ( a 2 a 2 ) b 4 (c c 3 ) d
=12 ( 6) ( a 2 a ) b ( x x 3 ) y 2 = 72 a 3bx 4 y 2 wbYq Ydj 72 a 3bx 4 y 2 .

D`vniY 4| 5a 3bc 5 K 4ab 5 c 2 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( 5a 3bc 5 ) ( 4ab 5c 2 ) = ( 5) (4) (a 3 a ) (b b 5 ) (c 5 c 2 )
= 28a 4b 4 c 4 d wbYq Ydj 28a 4 b 4 c 4 d .

KvR : 1| Y Ki :
= 20a 4 b 6 c 7 wbYq Ydj 20a 4 b 6 c 7 .
(K) 7 a 2 b 5 K 8a 5b 2 viv (M) 9ab 2 x 3 y K 5 xy 2 viv
(L) 10 x 3 y 4 z K 3 x 2 y 5 viv (N) 8a 3 x 4by 2 K 4abxy viv
44 ec`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv Y

ec`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv Y KiZ nj Yi (c_g ivwk) cZK c`K YK (wZxq ivwk) viv Y KiZ nq|
D`vniY 5| 5 x 2 y + 7 xy 2 K 5 x 3 y 3 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : (5 x 2 y + 7 xy 2 ) 5 x 3 y 3 weK cwZ : 5 x 2 y + 7 xy 2 5 x3 y 3 25 x 5 y 4 + 35 x 4 y 5
= (5 x 2 y 5 x 3 y 3 ) + (7 xy 2 5 x 3 y 3 ) = 25 x 5 y 4 + 35 x 4 y 5
[eb wewa Abymvi]
= (5 5) ( x 2 x 3 ) ( y y 3 ) + (7 5) ( x x 3 ) ( y 2 y 3)
wbYq Ydj 25 x 5 y 4 + 35 x 4 y 5
wbYq Ydj 25 x 5 y 4 + 35 x 4 y 5
48
D`vniY 6| 2a 3 b 3 + 3abc K a 4 b 2 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( 2a 3 b 3 + 3abc ) a 4 b 2
= ( 2a 3 a 4b 2 ) (b 3 a 4b 2 ) + (3abc a 4b 2 ) = 2a 7 b 2 a 4b 5 + 3a 5b 3c weK cwZ : 2a 3 b 3 + 3abc a 4b 2 2a 7 b 2 a 4b 5 + 3a 5b 3c wbYq Ydj 2a 7 b 2 a 4 b 5 + 3a 5b 3c .

D`vniY 7| 3 x 2 zy 3 + 4 z 3 xy 2 5 y 4 x 3 z 2 K 6 x 2 y 2 z viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( 3 x 2 zy 3 + 4 z 3 xy 2 5 y 4 x 3 z 2 ) ( 6 x 2 y 2 z )
= ( 3 x 2 zy 3 ) ( 6 x 2 y 2 z ) + ( 4 z 3 xy 2 ) ( 6 x 2 y 2 z ) (5 y 4 x 3 z 2 ) ( 6 x 2 y 2 z ) = {( 3) ( 6) x 2 x 2 y 3 y 2 z z} + {4 ( 6) x x 2 y 2 y 2 z 3 z}
{5 ( 6) x 3 x 2 y 4 y 2 z 2 z}
= 18 x 4 y 5 z 2 + ( 24 x 3 y 4 z 4 ) ( 30 x 5 y 6 z 3 ) = 18 x 4 y 5 z 2 24 x 3 y 4 z 4 + 30 x 5 y 6 z 3
wbYq Ydj 18 x 4 y 5 z 2 24 x 3 y 4 z 4 + 30 x 5 y 6 z 3 .
KvR : 1| c_g ivwkK wZxq ivwk viv Y Ki :
(K) 5a 2 + 8b 2 , 4ab
(L) 3 p q + 6 pq + 10 p q , 8 p q
2 3 3 5 3 2
(M) 2c 2 d + 3d 3c 5cd 2 , 7c 3 d 5 .
45 ec`x ivwkK ec`x ivwk viv Y

ec`x ivwkK ec`x ivwk viv Y KiZ nj Yi cZK c`K YKi cZK c` viv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve Y Ki m`k c`jvK wbP wbP mvwRq wjLZ nq| AZtci wPhy ivwki hvMi wbqg hvM KiZ nq| wem`k c` _vKj mjvK c_Kfve wjLZ nq Ges Ydj emvZ nq|
MwYZ
49
D`vniY 8| 3 x + 2 y K x + y viv Y Ki| mgvavb :
3x + 2 y x+ y
3 x + 2 xy 3 xy + 2 y 2
2
Y YK
3x x y 3x 2 3 xy
2y 2 xy 2y2
x viv Y y viv Y
Ydj
hvM Ki,
3 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2
(3 x + 2 y ) ( x + y ) = 3 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 .
wbYq Ydj 3 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 .
D`vniY 9| a 2 2ab + b 2 K a b viv Y Ki| mgvavb :
a 2 2ab + b 2
ab
a 2a 2b + ab 2
3
a 2b + 2 ab 2 b 3 hvM Ki, a 3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b 3 wbYq Ydj a 3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b 3 .
Y YK a viv Y b viv Y Ydj
Yi wbqg :
(i)
c_g Yi cZK c`K YKi c_g c` viv Y Ki Ydj wjLZ ne| Ggbfve mvwRq wjLZ ne hb Dfq Ydji m`k c`jv wbP wbP co|
(ii) Gici Yi cZK c`K YKi wZxq c` viv Y Ki Ydj ei KiZ ne| G YdjK (iii) cv `yBwU Ydji exRMwYZxq mgwB njv wbYq Ydj|
D`vniY 10| 2 x 2 + 3 x 4 K 3 x 2 4 x 5 viv Y Ki|
2 x 2 + 3x 4 3x 2 4 x 5 6 x 4 + 9 x 3 12 x 2 8 x 3 12 x 2 + 16 x 10 x 2 15 x + 20 hvM Ki, 6 x 4 + x 3 34 x 2 + x + 20
mgvavb :
Y YK
3 x 2 viv Y 4 x viv Y 5 viv Y

Ydj
wbYq Ydj 6 x 4 + x 3 34 x 2 + x + 20 .
50
KvR : 1g ivwkK 2q ivwk viv Y Ki : (K) x + 7, x + 9 (L) a 2 ab + b 2 , 3a + 4b (M) x 2 x + 1, 1 + x + x 2 .
Abykxjbx 41
1g ivwkK 2q ivwk viv Y Ki (1 _K 24) : 1| 3| 5| 7| 9|
3ab, 4a 3
5a 2 x 2 , 3ax 5 y 2abx 2 , 10b 3 xyz 12m 2 a 2 x 3 , 2ma 2 x 2 2 x + 3 y, 5 xy
2| 4| 6| 8|
5 xy, 6az 8a 2b, 2b 2 3 p 2q 3 , 6 p5q 4 7 a 3bx 5 y 2 , 3 x 5 y 3 a 2b 2 x 3 y 3 + 3 xyz, x 4 y
10| 5 x 2 4 xy, 9 x 2 y 2 12| 14| a + b, a b 16| a 2 + b 2 , a + b 18|
11| 2a 2 3b 2 + c 2 , a 3b 2 13| 2a 3b, 3a + 2b 15| x + 1, x 1

2 2
17| a 2 ab + b 2 , a + b 19| x 2 2 xy + y 2 , x y 21| a 2 + ab + b 2 , b 2 ab + a 2 23| x + xy + y , x xy + y

2 2 2 2
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 , x + y
20| x 2 + 2 x 3, x + 3 22| a + b + c, a + b + c 24|
y 2 y + 1, 1 + y + y 2
25| A = x 2 + xy + y 2 Ges B = x y nj, cgvY Ki h, AB = x 3 y 3 . 26| A = a 2 ab + b 2 Ges B = a + b nj, AB = KZ ? 27| 28| `LvI h, ( a + 1)(a 1)(a 2 + 1) = a 4 1. `LvI h, ( x + y )( x y )( x 2 + y 2 ) = x 4 y 4 .
MwYZ
51
wPhy ivwki fvM Avgiv Rvwb, a ( b) = ( a ) b = ab ab a = a ( b) a = b myZivs, ab b = a GKBfve, ab ( a ) = b
46 exRMwYZxq ivwki fvM
ab ( b) = a
ab a ab b ab a ab b
a ( b ) a (a) b = b (a) b = a a ( b ) = b =
= = = = + 1 + 1 1 1
= b = a =b =a
j Kwi :
* GKB wPhy `yBwU ivwki fvMdj (+) wPhy ne| * wecixZ wPhy `yBwU ivwki fvMdj () wPhy ne|
+ 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1
fvMi m~PK wewa
a5 a 2 =
a5 a a a a a = = a a a [je I ni _K mvaviY Drcv`K eRb Ki]| a2 aa = a3 = a5 2 , a 0
mvaviYfve, a m a n = a mn , hLvb m I n ^vfvweK msLv Ges m > n, a 0. GB cwqvK fvMi m~PK wewa ejv nq|
j Kwi :
a 0 nj,
m m
am a a = m = amm = a0 a am m m Avevi, a a = m = 1 a 0 a = 1, ( a 0). Abywmv : a 0 = 1, a 0.
52
47 GKc`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv fvM
GKc`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv fvM KiZ nj, mvswLK mnMK cvwUMwYZxq wbqg fvM Ges exRMwYZxq cZxKK m~PK wbqg fvM KiZ nq|
D`vniY 11| 10a5b7 K 5a 2b3 viv fvM Ki|
10a 5b 7 10 a 5 b 7 = 2 3 mgvavb : 5a 2 b 3 5 a b
= 2 a 5 2 b 7 3 = 2a 3b 4 wbYq fvMdj 2a3b4
D`vniY 12| 40 x 8 y10 z 5 K 8x4 y 2 z 4 viv fvM Ki|
40 x 8 y10 z 5 40 x 8 y10 z 5 mgvavb : = 8x4 y 2 z 4 8 x4 y 2 z 4 = 5 x 8 4 y10 2 z 5 4 = 5 x 4 y 8 z

wbYq fvMdj 5x4 y8 z.
D`vniY 13| 45x13 y9 z 4 K 5x6 y 3 z 2 viv fvM Ki|
45 x13 y 9 z 4 45 x13 y 9 z 4 = mgvavb : 5x6 y3 z 2 5 x6 y3 z 2 = 9 x13 6 y 9 3 z 4 2 = 9 x 7 y 6 z 2

wbYq fvMdj 9x7 y6 z 2
KvR : c_g ivwkK wZxq ivwk viv fvM Ki : (K) 12a 3b 5c , 3ab 2 (M) 35 x 5 y 7 , 5 x 5 y 2 48 ec`x ivwkK GKc`x ivwk viv fvM Avgiv Rvwb, a + b + c GKwU ec`x ivwk|
(L) 28 p 3q 2 r 5 , 7 p 2 qr 3 (N) 40 x10 y 5 z 9 , 8 x 6 y 2 z 5
MwYZ GLb (a + b + c) d
1 d 1 1 1 = a + b + c d d d a b c = + + d d d Avevi, (a + b + c) d a+b+c a b c = = + + d d d d
53
= (a + b + c)
[Yi eb wewa]
D`vniY 14| 10 x 5 y 3 12 x 3 y 8 + 6 x 4 y 7 K 2 x 2 y 2 viv fvM Ki|

10 x 5 y 3 12 x 3 y 8 + 6 x 4 y 7 mgvavb : 2x2 y 2 10 x 5 y 3 12 x 3 y 8 6 x 4 y 7 = + 2x2 y2 2x2 y2 2x2 y 2
= 5 x 52 y 32 6 x 32 y 82 + 3 x 42 y 72 = 5 x 3 y 6 xy 6 + 3 x 2 y 5
wbYq fvMdj 5 x 3 y 6 xy 6 + 3x 2 y 5 .
D`vniY 15| 35a 5b 4 c + 20a 6b8c 3 40a 5b 6 c 4 K 5a 2b 3c viv fvM Ki| mgvavb :
35a 5b 4 c + 20a 6b 8 c 3 40a 5b 6 c 4 5a 2b 3c
= 35a 5b 4c 20a 6b8c 3 40a 5b 6c 4 + 5a 2 b 3 c 5a 2 b 3 c 5a 2b 3c = 7 a 52b 43c11 + 4a 62b83c 31 8a 52b 63c 41 = 7 a 3b + 4a 4b 5c 2 8a 3b 3c 3 [Q c11 = c 0 = 1]
wbYq fvMdj 7a 3b + 4a 4b 5c 2 8a 3b 3c 3 .
KvR : 1| 9 x 4 y 5 + 12 x 8 y 5 + 21x 9 y 6 K 3x 3 y 2 viv fvM Ki|
2| 28a 5b 6 16a 6b8 20a 7 b 5 K 4 x 4 y 3 viv fvM Ki|
54
49 ec`x ivwkK ec`x ivwk viv fvM

ec`x ivwkK ec`x ivwk viv fvM Kivi c_g fvR I fvRK Dfqi ga AvQ Ggb GKwU exRMwYZxq cZxKi NvZi Aatg Abymvi ivwkqK mvRvZ ne| Gici cvwUMwYZi fvM cwqvi gZv wbPi wbqg avc avc fvM KiZ ne| * * * * * fvRi c_g c`wUK fvRKi c_g c` viv fvM Kij h fvMdj nq Zv wbYq fvMdji c_g c`| fvMdji H c_g c` viv fvRKi cZK c`K Y Ki Ydj m`k c` Abyhvqx fvRi wbP ewmq fvR _K weqvM KiZ ne| weqvMdj bZzb fvR ne| weqvMdj Ggbfve wjLZ ne hb Zv AvMi gZv weeP cZxKi Aatg Abymvi _vK| bZzb fvRi c_g c`wUK fvRKi c_g c` viv fvM Kij h fvMdj nq Zv wbYq fvMdji wZxq c`| Gfve gv^q fvM KiZ ne|
D`vniY 16| 6 x 2 + x 2 K 2 x 1 viv fvM Ki| mgvavb : GLvb fvR I fvRK DfqB x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvRvbv AvQ|
2 x 1 ) 6 x2 + x 2 ( 3x + 2 6 x2 3x () (+ ) 4x 2 4x 2 () (+ ) 0
1g avc : 6x 2x = 3x 2q avc : 4x 2x = 2
wbYq fvMdj 3x + 2 . D`vniY 17| 2x2 7 xy + 6 y 2 K x 2 y viv fvM Ki| mgvavb : GLvb ivwk `yBwU x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvRvbv AvQ|
x 2 y ) 2 x 2 7 xy + 6 y 2 ( 2 x 3 y 2 x 2 4 xy ( ) ( + ) 3 xy + 6 y 2 3 xy + 6 y 2 ( + ) ( ) 0 wbYq fvMdj 2x 3 y .
1g avc : 2 x 2 x = 2 x 2q avc : 3 xy x = 3 y
MwYZ
55
D`vniY 18| 16x4 + 36x2 + 81 K 4x2 6x + 9 viv fvM Ki| mgvavb : GLvb ivwk `yBwU x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvRvbv AvQ|
4 x 2 6 x + 9 ) 16 x 4 + 36 x 2 + 81 ( 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9 16 x 4 + 36 x 2 24 x 3
( ) ( ) (+)
1g avc : 16 x 4 4 x 2 = 4 x 2 2q avc : 24 x 3 4 x 2 = 6 x 3q avc : 36 x 2 4 x 2 = 9
24 x 3 + 81 24 x 3 36 x 2 + 54 x
( ) (+) ( )
36 x 2 54 x + 81 36 x 2 54 x + 81
( ) (+) ( )
wbYq fvMdj 4x + 6x + 9.
2
ge : 2q avc bZzb fvRKI x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvwRq jLv nqQ| D`vniY 19| 2x4 + 110 48x K 4x + 11 + x2 viv fvM Ki| mgvavb : fvR I fvRK DfqK x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvwRq cvB,
fvR = 2x4 + 110 48x = 2x4 48x + 110 fvRK = 4 x + 11 + x 2 = x 2 + 4 x + 11
GLb, x 2 + 4 x + 11 ) 2 x 4 48 x + 110 ( 2 x 2 8 x + 10 2 x 4 + 8 x 3 + 22 x 2 8 x 3 22 x 2 48 x + 110 8 x 3 32 x 2 88 x 10 x 2 + 40 x + 110 10 x 2 + 40 x + 110 0

wbYq fvMdj 2x 8x + 10.
2
56
D`vniY 20| x4 1 K x2 + 1 viv fvM Ki| mgvavb : GLvb ivwk `yBwU x Gi NvZi Aatg Abymvi mvRvbv AvQ|
x2 + 1 ) x4 1 ( x2 1 x4 + x2 x2 1 x2 1 0 wbYq fvMdj x2 1. KvR : 1| 2m2 5mn + 2n2 K 2m n viv fvM Ki| 4 2 2 4 2 2 2| a + a b + b K a ab + b viv fvM Ki| 4 4 2 2 2 2 3| 81 p + q 22 p q K 9 p + 2 pq q viv fvM Ki|
Abykxjbx 42
c_g ivwkK wZxq ivwk viv fvM Ki : 1| 45a 4 , 9a 2 3| 30a 4 x 3 , 6a 2 x 5| 36a 3 z 3 y 2 , 4ayz 7| 3a 3b 2 2a 2b 3 , a 2b 2 9| a 3b 4 3a 7b 7 , a 3b 3 11| 15 x 3 y 3 + 12 x 3 y 2 12 x 5 y 3 , 3x 2 y 2 13| 24a 2b 2 c 15a 4b 4 c 4 9a 2b 6 c 2 , 3ab 2 15| 6 x 2 + x 2, 2 x 1
2| 4| 6| 8| 10| 12| 14| 16| 18| 20| 22| 24| 26| 28| 30| 32| 34|
24a 5 , 3a 2 28 x 4 y 3 z 2 , 4 xy 2 z 22 x 3 y 2 z , 2 xyz 36 x 4 y 3 + 9 x 5 y 2 , 9 xy 6a 5b 3 9a 3b 4 , 3a 2b 2 6 x 8 y 6 z 4 x 4 yz + 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 , 2 x 2 y 2 z a 3b 2 + 2a 2b 3 , a + 2b 6 y 2 + 3x 2 11xy, 3x 2 y a 2 + 4axyz + 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 , a + 2 xyz 64 a 3 , a 4 x 4 + 8 x 2 + 15, x 2 + 5 4 a 4 + b 4 5a 2 b 2 , 4 a 2 b 2 x 4 y 4 1, x 2 y 2 + 1 x 2 8abx + 15a 2b 2 , x 3ab a 2bc + b 2ca + c 2 ab, a + b + c 81x 4 + y 4 22 x 2 y 2 , 9 x 2 + 2 xy y 2 x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 , x 2 xy + y 2
17| 19| 21| 23| 25| 27| 29| 31| 33| 35|
x3 + y 3, x + y
16 p 4 81q 4 , 2 p + 3q x 2 8 xy + 16 y 2 , x 4 y x 4 + x 2 + 1, x 2 x + 1 2a 2b 2 + 5abd + 3d 2 , ab + d 1 x6 , 1 x + x2 x 3 y 2 x 2 y 2 + axy, x 2 2 xy + a a 2 x 4ax + 3ax 2 , a + 3x 4 12a 4 + 11a 2 + 2, 3a 2 + 2 a 5 + 11a 12, a 2 2a + 3
MwYZ
57
410 ebxi eenvi

GKwU z ji gvbwRs KwgwU Zvì z ji 10 Rb Mixe wkv_xi Rb `yt KjvY Znwej _K a UvKv eiv Kij| mB UvKv _K cZK wkv_xK cwZwU b UvKv g~ji 2 wU Ki LvZv I cwZwU c UvKv g~ji 1 wU Ki Kjg weZiY Kiv njv| GZ wKQz UvKv D njv| GB UvKvi mv_ AviI d UvKv hvM Ki Zv 2 Rb cwZex wkv_xi ga mgvbfve fvM Ki Ìqv njv| Dci ewYZ Z_jvK exRMwYZxq ivwki gvag cKvk KiZ cvwi :
[{a ( 2b + c ) 10} + d ] 2
GLvb, 1g ebx ( ), 2q ebx { }, 3q ebx [ ] eenvi Kiv nqQ| ebx vcbi wbqg nQ [{()}]| G QvovI ivwkwUZ cwqv wP +, , I eenvi Kiv nqQ| Gic ivwki mijxKiY ' BODMAS ' AbymiY Kiv nq| Avevi, ebxi chvqg 1g, 2q I 3q ebxi KvR KiZ nq|
ebx AcmviY :
j Kwi : b > c
wP `Lv hvq, a + (b c ) = a + b c ebxi AvM + wP _vKj, ebx AcmviY ebxi wfZii c`jvi wPi cwieZb nq bv| Avevi, j Kwi : b > c, a > b c
a b+c a b
a c
bc b
wP `Lv hvq, a (b c ) = a b + c ebxi AvM wP _vKj, ebx AcmviY ebxi wfZii c`jvi wPi cwieZb nq wecixZ wPhy nq|
58
KvR : wbPi ivwkjvi gvb AcwiewZZ iL ebx vcb Ki : ivwk

7+52 75+2 ab+cd abcd
ebxi AvMi wP
ebxi Aevb
ebxhy ivwk
+ +
2q I 3q c` 1g ebxfz 3q I 4_ c` 1g ebxfz
KvR : wbPi ivwkjvi ebx AcmviY Ki : ebxhy ivwk

8 + (6 2)
ebxgy ivwk
8 (6 2) p + q + (r s )
p + q (r s )
D`vniY 21| mij Ki : 6 2{5 (8 3) + (5 + 2)}. mgvavb : 6 2{5 (8 3) + (5 + 2)}. = 6 2{5 5 + 7}

= 6 2{+7} = 6 14 = 8. D`vniY 22| mij Ki : a + {b (c d )}.
mgvavb : a + {b (c d )}
= a + {b c + d } = a + b c + d.
D`vniY 23| mij Ki : a [b {c (d e)} f ] mgvavb : a [b {c (d e)} f ]

= a [b {c d + e} f ] = a [b c + d e f ] = a b+cd +e+ f.
MwYZ
59
D`vniY 24| mij Ki : 3x [5 y {10 z (5 x 10 y + 3z )}]. mgvavb : 3x [5 y {10 z (5 x 10 y + 3z )}]

= 3 x [5 y {10 z 5 x + 10 y 3 z}] = 3 x [5 y {7 z 5 x + 10 y}] = 3 x [5 y 7 z + 5 x 10 y ] = 3 x [5 x 5 y 7 z ] = 3x 5x + 5 y + 7 z = 2 x + 5 y + 7 z = 5 y 2 x + 7 z.
D`vniY 25| 3x 4 y 8 z + 5 Gi ZZxq I PZz_ c` ebxi AvM () wP w`q c_g ebxfz Ki| cieZxZ wZxq c` I c_g ebxfz ivwkK wZxq ebxfz Ki hb ebxi AvM () wP _vK| mgvavb : 3x 4 y 8 z + 5 ivwkwUi ZZxq I PZz_ c` h_vg 8 z I 5. ckv bymvi, 3x 4 y (8 z 5) Avevi, 3x {4 y + (8 z 5)}. KvR : mij Ki : 1| x {2 x (3 y 4 x + 2 y )} 2| 8 x + y [7 x {5 x (4 x 3x y ) + 2 y}]
Abykxjbx 43
1|
3a 2b Ges 4ab 2 Gi Ydj wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) 12 a 2b 2 (L) 12 a 3b 2 (M) 12 a 2 b 3 (N) 12 a 3b 3
2|
20a 6b 3 K 4a 3b viv fvM Kij fvMdj wbPi KvbwU ?

(K) 5a 3b (L) 5a 6 b 2 (M) 5a 3b 2 (N) 5a 3b 3
3|
25 x 3 y = KZ ? 5 xy 3 5x 2 5x2 (N) y2 y2 a = 3, b = 2 nj, (8a 2b) + ( 7 a + 4b) Gi gvb KZ ? (K) 3 (L) 4 (M) 7 (N) 15
(K) 5 x 2 y 2 (L) 5 x 2 y 2 (M)
4|
60
5|
x = 1 nj, x 3 + 2 x 2 1 Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ? (L) 1 (M) 1 (K) 0 10 x 6 y 5 z 4 K 5 x 2 y 2 z 2 viv fvM Kij fvMdj KZ ne ?
(K) 2 x 4 y 2 z 3 (L) 2 x 4 y 3 z 2 (M) 2 x 3 y 3 z 3
(N) 2
6|
(N) 2 x 4 y 3 z 3
7|
4a 4 6a 3 + 3a + 14 GKwU exRMwYZxq ivwk| GKRb wkv_x ivwkwU _K wbPi Z_jv

wjLjv| ( i ) ec`x ivwkwUi PjK a ( ii ) ec`xwUi gvv 4 ( iii ) a 3 Gi mnM 6 Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? (K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
8|
2 eQi c~e eveyji eqm x eQi Ges Zvi gvi eqm 5 x eQi wQj| Zvnj (1) gvi eZgvb eqm KZ ? (L) 5 x eQi (K) x eQi (M) ( x + 2) eQi (N) (5 x + 2) eQi (N) (6 x + 2) eQi (N) 4 x eQi
(2) `yBRbi eZgvb eqmi mgw KZ ? (L) (5 x + 4) eQi (M) (6 x + 4) eQi (K) 6 x eQi (3) `yBRbi eZgvb eqmi cv_K KZ ? (K) (6 x 4) eQi (L) ( 4 x 2) eQi (M) ( x 2) eQi
mij Ki (9 _K 23) :
9| 10| 11| 12| 13|
7 + 2[ 8 {3 ( 2 3)} 4] 5 [ 8 {4 ( 2 3)} + 13] 7 2[ 6 + 3{5 + 2( 4 3)}] x {a + ( y b)} 3 x + ( 4 y z ) {a b ( 2c 4a ) 5a}
14| a + [ 5b {9c + ( 3a 7b + 11c )}]
MwYZ
61
15| a [ 3b {2a ( a 4b)}] 16| {2a (3b 5c )} [ a {2b (c 4a )} 7c] 17| a + [ 6b {15c + ( 3a 9b 13c )}] 18| 2 x [ 4 y {6 z (8 x 10 y + 12 z )}] 19| 3 x 5 y + [ 2 + (3 y x ) + {2 x ( x 2 y )}] 20| 4 x + [ 5 y {9 z + (3 x 7 y + x )}] 21| 20 [{( 6a + 3b) (5a 2b)} + 6] 22| 15a + 2[3b + 3{2a 2( 2a + b)}] 23| [8b 3{2a 3( 2b + 5) 5(b 3)}] 3b 24| ebxi c~e () wP w`q a b + c d Gi 2q, 3q I 4_ c` c_g ebxi wfZi vcb Ki| 25| a b c + d m + n x + y ivwkZ ebxi AvM () wP w`q 2q, 3q I 4_ c` I (+) wP w`q 6 I 7g c` c_g ebxfz Ki| 26| 7 x 5 y + 8 z 9 Gi ZZxq I PZz_ c` ebxi AvM () wP w`q c_g ebxfz Ki| ci wZxq c` I c_g ebxfz ivwkK wZxq ebxfz Ki hb ebxi AvM (+) wP _vK| 27| 15 x 2 + 7 x 2 Ges 5 x 1 `yBwU exRMwYZxq ivwk| (K) c_g ivwk _K wZxq ivwk weqvM Ki| (L) ivwkqi Ydj wbYq Ki| (M) c_g ivwkK wZxq ivwk viv fvM Ki| 28| 2 x + y, 3 x z Ges x 4 y 3 z + 2 wZbwU exRMwYZxq ivwk| (K) c_g I wZxq ivwki hvMdj ei Ki| (L) ZZxq ivwki hvMvZK wecixZ ivwk jL Ges c_g I wZxq ivwki hvMdj _K cv ZZxq ivwk weqvM Ki| (M) mij Ki : 7 + [( 2 x + y ) {(3 x z ) ( x 4 y 3 z + 2) + 10} (N) ZZxq ivwkK c_g ivwk viv Y Ki|
exRMwYZxq m~vewj I cqvM

exRMwYZxq cZxK viv cKvwkZ hKvbv mvaviY wbqg ev wmvK exRMwYZxq m~ ev msc m~ ejv nq| Avgiv wewfb m~ eenvi Ki _vwK| G Aavq c_g PviwU m~ Ges G PviwU m~i mvnvh Abywmv wbYqi cwZ `Lvbv nqQ| G Qvov exRMwYZxq m~ I Abywmv cqvM Ki exRMwYZxq ivwki gvb wbYq I Drcv`K weklY Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| Avevi exRMwYZxq ivwki mvnvh fvR, fvRK, YbxqK, wYZK mK aviYv Ìqv nqQ Ges Kxfve Ab~a wZbwU exRMwYZxq ivwki M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq Kiv hvq Zv AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
cg Aavq
eM wbYq exRMwYZxq m~i eYbv I cqvM KiZ cvie| exRMwYZxq m~ I Abywmv cqvM Ki ivwki gvb wbYq KiZ cvie| exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki Drcv`K weklY KiZ cvie| YbxqK I wYZK Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie| Ab~a wZbwU exRMwYZxq ivwki mvswLK mnMmn M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq KiZ cvie|
5.1 exRMwYZxq m~~vewj

m~ 1| cgvY :
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ( a + b) 2 Gi A_ ( a + b) K ( a + b) viv Y|
= a ( a + b ) + b( a + b ) = a 2 + ab + ba + b 2 = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2
( a + b ) 2 = ( a + b )( a + b )
( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 ab + b 2
`yBwU ivwki hvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM + 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM
MwYZ
63
m~wUi RvwgwZK evLv :
ABCD GKwU eM hvi AB ev = a + b BC ev = a + b

eMwUK a I b viv Ggbfve fvM Kiv nqQ, hLvb PviwU
A a b B
a P R a
b Q S b
D a b C
P, Q, R, S cvIqv MQ|
GLvb P I S eM Ges Q I R AvqZ| Avgiv Rvwb, eMi dj = (`N)2 Ges AvqZi dj = `N c AZGe, P Gi dj = a a = a 2 Q Gi dj = a b = ab R Gi dj = a b = ab S Gi dj = b b = b 2 GLb, ABCD eMi dj = ( P + Q + R + S ) Gi dj
( a + b) 2 = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
Abywmv 1|
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 2ab
Avgiv Rvwb, ( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ev, ( a + b) 2 2ab = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 2ab

ev, ( a + b) 2ab = a + b
2 2 2
[Dfqc _K 2ab weqvM Ki]
a 2 + b 2 = ( a + b) 2 2ab.
D`vniY 1| ( m + n) Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : ( m + n)
2
D`vniY 2| (3 x + 4) Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : (3 x + 4) 2
= ( m) 2 + 2 m n + ( n) 2 = m 2 + 2mn + n 2
= (3 x ) 2 + 2 3 x 4 + ( 4 ) 2 = 9 x 2 + 24 x + 16
64
D`vniY 3| ( 2 x + 3 y ) Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : ( 2 x + 3 y )

2
= ( 2 x ) 2 + 2 2 x 3 y + (3 y ) 2 = 4 x 2 + 12 xy + 9 y 2
D`vniY 4| eMi m~ cqvM Ki 105 Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : (105) 2 = (100 + 5) 2
= (100 ) 2 + 2 100 5 + (5) 2 = 10000 + 1000 + 25 = 11025
1| x + 2 y
KvR : m~i mvnvh ivwkjvi eM wbYq Ki :

2| 3a + 5b
3| 5 + 2a
4| 15
5| 103
m~ 2| cgvY :
(a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2 ( a b) 2 Gi A_ ( a b) K ( a b) viv Y|
= a ( a b ) b( a b ) = a 2 ab ba + b 2 = a 2 ab ab + b 2
( a b) 2 = ( a b)( a b)
( a b) 2 = a 2 2 ab + b 2
`yBwU ivwki weqvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM
j Kwi : wZxq m~wU c_g m~i mvnvhI wbYq Kiv hvq|
Avgiv Rvwb, ( a + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2

{( a + ( b)}2 = a 2 + 2 a ( b) + ( b)2 = a 2 2ab + b 2
[ b Gi cwieZ b ewmq]
Abywmv 2| a 2 + b 2 = (a b ) 2 + 2ab
Avgiv Rvwb, ( a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2

ev, ( a b) 2 + 2ab = a 2 2ab + b 2 + 2ab ev, ( a b) 2 + 2ab = a 2 + b 2
[Dfqc 2ab hvM Ki]
MwYZ
65
a+ b = (a-b) + 2ab
D`vniY 5| p q Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : ( p q )

2
D`vniY 6| (5 x 3 y ) Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : (5 x 3 y ) 2
= ( p)2 2 p q + (q)2 = p 2 2 pq + q 2
D`vniY 7| eMi m~ cqvM Ki 98 Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : (98) 2 = (100 2) 2
= (5 x ) 2 2 5 x 3 y + (3 y ) 2 = 25 x 2 30 xy + 9 y 2
= (100) 2 2 100 2 + ( 2) 2 = 10000 400 + 4 = 9604

KvR : m~i mvnvh ivwkjvi eM wbYq Ki : 2| ax by 3| 95 1| 5 x 3
4| 5 x 6
c_g I wZxq m~i AviI KqKwU Abywmv : Abywmv 3| ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
= a 2 + b 2 2ab + 4ab = ( a b) 2 + 4ab (a + b) 2 = (a b) 2 + 4ab
[Q +2ab = 2ab + 4ab ]
Abywmv 4| ( a b ) 2 = a 2 2 ab + b 2
= a 2 + b 2 + 2ab 4ab
[Q 2ab = +2ab 4ab]
= ( a + b) 2 4ab (a b ) 2 = (a + b ) 2 4ab Abywmv 5| ( a + b) 2 + ( a b) 2 = ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) + ( a 2 2ab + b 2 )
66
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + a 2 2ab + b 2 = 2a 2 + 2b 2 = 2( a 2 + b 2 ) (a + b) 2 + (a b) 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2 )

Abywmv 6| ( a + b) 2 ( a b) 2 = ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) ( a 2 2ab + b 2 )
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 a 2 + 2ab b 2 = 4ab

(a + b) 2 (a b) 2 = 4ab
D`vniY 8| a + b = 7 Ges ab = 9 nj, a 2 + b 2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki| mgvavb : a 2 + b 2 = ( a + b ) 2 2ab D`vniY 9| a + b = 5 Ges ab = 6 nj, ( a b) 2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki| mgvavb : ( a b ) 2 = ( a + b) 2 4ab
= (7 ) 2 2 9 = 49 18 = 31
1
= (5) 2 4 6 = 25 24 =1
1
D`vniY 10| p p = 8 nj, cgvY Ki h, p 2 + 2 = 66 . p 2 mgvavb : p 2 + 1 = p 1 + 2 p 1 Q a 2 + b 2 = ( a b) 2 + 2ab p p p2
= (8) 2 + 2 = 64 + 2 = 66 (cgvwYZ)
weK cwZ :
Ìqv AvQ , p p = 8
MwYZ
67
p p ev, ev,
1 2
= (8 ) 2
[DfqcK eM Ki]
2
1 1 p2 2 p p + p
= 64
1 2 = 64 p2 1 = 64 + 2 ev, p 2 + p2 1 p2 + = 66 (cgvwYZ) p2
p2 +
KvR : 1| a + b = 4 Ges ab = 2 nj, ( a b ) Gi gvb wbYq Ki| 1 1 2 2| a a = 5 nj, `LvI h, a + 2 = 27. a

2
D`vniY 11| a + b + c Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : awi, a + b = p

( a + b + c )2 = {( a + b) + c}2 = ( p + c ) 2 = p 2 + 2 pc + c 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
weK mgvavb :
(a + b + c)2 = {( a + b) + c}2
= ( a + b) 2 + 2 ( a + b) c + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2 2 2 = ( a + b) 2 + 2 ( a + b) c + c 2 [p-Gi gvb ewmq] = a + 2ab + b + 2ac + 2bc + c
KvR : 1| a + b + c Gi eM wbYq Ki, hLvb (b + c ) = m 2| a + b + c Gi eM wbYq Ki, hLvb ( a + c ) = n D`vniY 12| ( x + y z ) Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : awi, x + y = m
68
( x + y z ) 2 = {x + y ) z}2 = (m z )2 = m 2 2 mz + z 2 = ( x + y )2 2 ( x + y ) z + z 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 2 xz 2 yz + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy 2 xz 2 yz
[m-Gi gvb ewmq]
D`vniY 13| 3 x 2 y + 5 z Gi eM wbYq Ki| mgvavb : (3 x 2 y + 5 z ) 2
= {(3 x 2 y ) + 5 z}2 = (3 x 2 y ) 2 + 2 (3 x 2 y ) 5 z + (5 z ) 2 [Q1g ivwk 3x 2 y , 2q ivwk= 5z ] = (3 x ) 2 2 3 x 2 y + ( 2 y ) 2 + 2 5 z (3 x 2 y ) + 25 z 2 = 9 x 2 12 xy + 4 y 2 + 30 xz 20 yz + 25 z 2 = 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 25 z 2 12 xy + 30 xz 20 yz.
D`vniY 14| mij Ki : ( 2 x + 3 y ) 2 2( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x 5 y ) + ( 2 x 5 y ) 2 mgvavb : awi, 2x + 3 y = a Ges 2x 5 y = b c` ivwk = a2 2ab + b2 = (a b)2

= {(2x + 3 y) (2x 5 y)}2 [ a I b Gi gvb ewmq] = {2x + 3 y 2x + 5 y}2 = (8 y)2 = 64 y 2
D`vniY 15| x = 7 Ges y = 6 nj, 16x2 40xy + 25 y2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki| mgvavb : c` ivwk = 16x2 40xy + 25 y2
MwYZ
69
= ( 4 x ) 2 2 4 x 5 y + (5 y ) 2 = (4 x 5 y )2 = ( 4 7 5 6) 2 [ x I y Gi gvb ewmq] = ( 28 30) 2 = ( 2) 2 = ( 2) ( 2) =4

KvR : 1| 3x 2 y z Gi eM wbYq Ki| 2| mij Ki : (5a 7b)2 + 2(5a 7b)(9b 4a) + (9b 4a)2
3| x = 3 nj, 9 x 2 24 x + 16 Gi gvb KZ ?
m~i mvnvh eM wbYq Ki (116) : 2| 5 x 7 1| a + 5 6| 990 5| 55 9| 97 13| a 2b c mij Ki (1724) : 17| ( 2 a + 1)2 4a ( 2 a + 1) + 4 a 2 10| 2 x + y z
Abykxjbx 51
3| 3a 11xy 7| xy 6 y 11| 2a b + 3c 15| bc + ca + ab 4| 5a 2 + 9m 2 8| ax by 12| x 2 + y 2 z 2 16| 2a 2 + 2b c 2
14| 3 x 2 y + z
18| (5a + 3b) 2 + 2(5a + 3b)( 4a 3b) + ( 4a 3b) 2 19| (7 a + b) 2 2(7 a + b)(7 a b) + (7 a b) 2 20| ( 2 x + 3 y )2 + 2( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x 3 y ) + ( 2 x 3 y ) 2 21| (5 x 2) 2 + (5 x + 7) 2 2(5 x 2)(5 x + 7 ) 22| (3ab cd ) 2 + 9(cd ab) 2 + 6(3ab cd )(cd ab) 23| ( 2 x + 5 y + 3 z ) 2 + (5 y + 3 z x )2 2(5 y + 3 z x )( 2 x + 5 y + 3 z ) 24| ( 2a 3b + 4c ) 2 + ( 2a + 3b 4c ) 2 + 2( 2a 3b + 4c )(2a + 3b 4c )
gvb wbYq Ki (2528) : 25| 25 x 2 + 36 y 2 60 xy, hLb x = 4, y = 5
26| 16a 2 24ab + 9b 2 , hLb a = 7, b = 6.
70
27| 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25, hLb x = 2. 28| 81a 2 + 18ac + c 2 , hLb a = 7, c = 67. 29| a b = 7 Ges ab = 3 nj, `LvI h, ( a + b) 2 = 61. 30| a + b = 5 Ges ab = 12 nj, `LvI h, a 2 + b 2 = 1
x 2 1 = 525 x2 32| a + b = 8 Ges a b = 4 nj, ab = KZ ? 33| x + y = 7 Ges xy = 10 nj, x 2 + y 2 + 5 xy Gi gvb KZ ? 1 1 34| m + = 2 nj, `LvI h, m 4 + 4 = 2 m m 2 2 m~ 3| (a + b)(a b ) = a b cgvY : ( a + b)(a b) = a( a b) + b( a b) = a 2 ab + ab b 2 ( a + b)( a b) = a 2 b 2
1 31| x + = 5 nj, cgvY Ki h, x
`yBwU ivwki hvMdj Gì weqvMdj = ivwk `yBwUi eMi weqvMdj
m~ 4| ( x + a )( x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab cgvY : ( x + a )( x + b) = ( x + a ) x + ( x + a )b
= x 2 + ax + bx + ab = x 2 + ( a + b) x + ab A_vr, ( x + a )( x + b) = x 2 + ( a Ges b Gi exRMwYZxq hvMdj) x + ( a Ges b Gi Ydj)

D`vniY 16| m~i mvnvh 3 x + 2 y K 3 x 2 y viv Y Ki| mgvavb : (3 x + 2 y )(3 x 2 y )
= (3 x ) 2 ( 2 y ) 2 = 9x2 4 y2 D`vniY 17| m~i mvnvh ax 2 + b K ax 2 b viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( ax 2 + b)( ax 2 b) = ( ax 2 ) 2 (b) 2 = a2 x4 b2
D`vniY 18| m~i mvnvh 3 x + 2 y + 1 K 3 x 2 y + 1 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : (3 x + 2 y + 1)(3 x 2 y + 1)
MwYZ
71
= {(3 x + 1) + 2 y}{(3 x + 1) 2 y} = (3 x + 1) 2 ( 2 y ) 2 = 9x2 + 6x + 1 4 y2 = 9x2 4 y2 + 6x + 1

D`vniY 19| a + 3 K a + 2 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( a + 3)( a + 2) D`vniY 20| px + 3 K px 5 viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( px + 3)( px 5)
= = = = ( px ) 2 + {3 + ( 5 )} px + 3 ( 5 ) p 2 x 2 + ( 3 5 ) px 15 p 2 x 2 + ( 2 ) px 15 p 2 x 2 2 px 15
= a 2 + (3 + 2 ) a + 3 2 = a 2 + 5a + 6
D`vniY 21| p 2 2r K p 2 3r viv Y Ki| mgvavb : ( p 2 2r )( p 2 3r )
= ( p 2 ) 2 + ( 2r 3r ) p 2 + ( 2r ) ( 3r ) = p 4 5rp 2 + 6r 2 = p 4 5 p 2 r + 6r 2
KvR : 1| ( 2a + 3) K ( 2a 3) viv Y Ki|
2| ( 4 x + 5) K ( 4 x + 3) viv Y Ki| 3| (6 a 7 ) K (6 a + 5) viv Y Ki|
Abykxjbx 52
m~i mvnvh Ydj wbYq Ki : 1| ( 4 x + 3), ( 4 x 3) 3| ( ab + 3), ( ab 3) 5| ( 4 x + 3 y ), ( 4 x 3 y )
2 2 2 2
2| (13 12 p ), (13 + 12 p ) 4| (10 xy ), (10 + xy ) 6| ( a b c ), ( a + b + c )
7| ( x 2 x + 1), ( x 2 + x + 1)
1 5 8| x a , x a 2 2
10| ( a 4 + 3a 2 x 2 + 9 x 4 ), (9 x 4 3a 2 x 2 + a 4 )
1 1 1 1 9| x y , x + y 4 3 4 3
72
11| ( x + 1), ( x 1), ( x 2 + 1)
12| (9a 2 + b 2 ), (3a + b), (3a b)
52 exRMwYZxq ivwki Drcv`K

Avgiv Rvwb, 6 = 2 3. GLvb, 2 I 3 njv 6 Gi `yBwU Drcv`K ev YbxqK| 3 bs m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb, a 2 b 2 = ( a + b)( a b) Zvnj, ( a + b) I ( a b) exRMwYZxq ivwk a 2 b 2 Gi `yBwU Drcv`K ev YbxqK| Kvbv exRMwYZxq ivwk `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki Ydj nj, klv ivwkjvi cZKwUK c_g ivwki Drcv`K ev YbxqK ejv nq| exRMwYZxq wewfb m~ Ges Yi wewbgqwewa, mshvMwewa I ebwewa eenvi Ki exRMwYZxq ivwkK Drcv`K weklY Kiv nq|
D`vniY 22| 20 x + 4 y K Drcv`K weklY Ki| mgvavb : 20 x + 4 y = 4 5 x + 4 y
= 4(5 x + y ) [Yi ebwewa Abyhvqx]

D`vniY 23| ax by + ax by K Drcv`K weklY Ki| mgvavb : ax by + ax by = ax + ax by by
= 2ax 2by = 2( ax by )
D`vniY 24| Drcv`K weklY Ki : 2 x 6 x 2 mgvavb : 2 x 6 x 2 = 2 x(1 3 x ) D`vniY 25| Drcv`K weklY Ki : x 2 + 4 x + xy + 4 y mgvavb : x 2 + 4 x + xy + 4 y
= x ( x + 4) + y ( x + 4) = ( x + 4)( x + y )
j Kwi : `yBwU ivwk Ggbfve wbevPb KiZ ne hb ebwewa cqvM Ki cv ivwk `yBwUi ga GKwU
mvaviY Drcv`K cvIqv hvq|
MwYZ
73
KvR : Drcv`K weklY Ki :

1| 28a + 7b
2
2| 15 y 9 y
2 4 2
3| 5a b 9 a b
2 4 3
4 2
4| 2 a + 3a + 2 ab + 3b
5| x + 6 x + 4 x + 24 x
exRMwYZxq m~i mvnvh Drcv`K weklY : D`vniY 26| Drcv`K weklY Ki : 25 9 x 2 mgvavb : 25 9 x 2 = (5)2 (3 x ) 2 = (5 + 3 x )(5 3 x ) D`vniY 27| 8 x 4 2 x 2 a 2 Drcv`K weklY Ki| mgvavb : 8 x 4 2 x 2 a 2 = 2 x 2 ( 4 x 2 a 2 ) [ebwewa Abyhvqx]
= 2 x 2{( 2 x ) 2 ( a ) 2} = 2 x 2 ( 2 x + a )( 2 x a )
D`vniY 28| Drcv`K weklY Ki : 25( a + 2b ) 2 36( 2 a 5b ) 2 mgvavb : awi, a + 2b = x Ges 2a 5b = y
c` ivwk = 25 x 2 36 y 2
= (5 x ) 2 ( 6 y ) 2 = (5 x + 6 y )(5 x 6 y ) = {5( a + 2b) + 6( 2a 5b)}{5( a + 2b) 6( 2a 5b)} [ x I y Gi gvb ewmq] = (5a + 10b + 12a 30b)(5a + 10b 12a + 30b) = (17 a 20b)( 40b 7 a )
D`vniY 29| Drcv`K weklY Ki : x 2 + 5 x + 6 Q ( x + a )( x + b) mgvavb : x 2 + 5 x + 6
= x 2 + ( 2 + 3) x + 2 3 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)
mgvavb : 4 x 2 4 xy + y 2 z 2
= x 2 + ( a + b) x + ab GLvb, a = 2 Ges b = 3
D`vniY 30| Drcv`K weklY Ki : 4 x 2 4 xy + y 2 z 2
= (2 x)2 2 2 x y + ( y )2 z 2 = (2 x y )2 ( z )2 = ( 2 x y + z )( 2 x y z )
74
D`vniY 31| Drcv`K weklY Ki : 2bd a 2 c 2 + b 2 + d 2 + 2ac mgvavb : 2bd a 2 c 2 + b 2 + d 2 + 2ac
= b 2 + 2bd + d 2 a 2 + 2ac c 2 = (b + d ) 2 ( a c ) 2 = (b + d + a c )(b + d a + c ) = ( a + b c + d )(b a + c + d )

KvR : Drcv`K weklY Ki :
[mvwRq]
= (b 2 + 2bd + d 2 ) ( a 2 2ac + c 2 )
1| a 81b
2 2
2| 25 x 36 y
4 2
3| 9 x ( 2 x + y )
2
4| x + 7 x + 10
5| m + m 30
Abykxjbx 53
Drcv`K weklY Ki : 1| 3| 5| 7| 9| 11| 13| 17|
x 2 + xy + zx + yz
ab( px + qy ) + a 2 qx + b 2 py
2| 4| 6| 8| 12|
a 2 + bc + ca + ab 4x2 y 2 a 2 b 2 49 y 2 a 2 ( x + y)2 y 2 6 y 91
9a 2 4b 2
16 x 4 81 y 4
(2 x 3 y + 5 z ) 2 ( x 2 y + 3z ) 2
10| 4 + 8a 2 + 9a 4 14| 45a 8 5a 4 x 4 16| ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( y 2 + 1) 2 18| a 2 b 2 + 2bc c 2 20| 4 x 2 + 12 xy + 9 y 2 16a 2
2a 2 + 6a 80
p 2 15 p + 56
x 2 + 11x + 30
15| a 2 + 3a 40 19| 144 x 7 25 x 3a 4
53 fvR, fvRK, YbxqK I wYZK

x, y I z wZbwU ivwk| awi, x y =
fvR fvRK
z
fvMdj
MwYZ
75
GLvb GKwU fvM cwqv `Lvbv nqQ| x K fvM Kiv nqQ, ZvB x fvR| Avevi, y viv fvM Kiv nqQ, dj y fvRK Ges z njv fvMdj| hgb, 10 2 = 5 10 fvR GLvb, 2 fvRK 5 fvMdj G 10, 2 Gi GKwU wYZK| Avevi 10, 5 GiI GKwU wYZK|
GKwU ivwk (fvR) Aci GKwU ivwk (fvRK) viv wbtkl wefvR nj, fvRK fvRKi GKwU wYZK ( ( Multiple ) ejv nq| Avi fvRKK YbxqK ev Drcv`K ( Factor ) ej|
54 Mwi mvaviY YbxqK (M.mv..)

cvwUMwYZ _K Avgiv RbwQ,
12 Gi YbxqKjv
18
1, 2 , 3 , 4, 6 , 12 1, 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 18 1, 2 , 3 , 4, 6 , 8, 12, 24
24
12, 18 I 24 Gi mvaviY YbxqKjv 2, 3 I 6 | Gì ga eo YbxqKwU 6 |
12, 18 I 24 Gi M.mv.. 6 | exRMwYZ, xyz Gi YbxqKjv h_vg x , y, z
5 x Gi YbxqKjv h_vg 5, x 3 xp Gi YbxqKjv h_vg 3, x , p xyz, 5 x, 3 xp ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK x ivwkjvi M.mv.. x
h ivwk `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki cZKwUi YbxqK, H ivwkK c` ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK ejv nq| `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki Mwi mvaviY YbxqK (M.mv..) njv Ggb GKwU ivwk hv mvaviY YbxqKjvi ga mePq eo gvbi GKwU ivwk Ges hv viv c` ivwkjv wbtkl wefvR nq|
M.mv.. wbYqi wbqg
(K) cvwUMwYZi wbqg c` ivwkjvi mvswLK mnMi M.mv.. wbYq KiZ ne| (L) exRMwYZxq ivwkjvi gwjK Drcv`K ei KiZ ne| (M) mvswLK mnMi M.mv.. Ges c` ivwkjvi mevP exRMwYZxq mvaviY gwjK Drcv`Kjvi avivevwnK Ydj nQ wbYq M.mv..|
76
D`vniY 32| 8 x 2 yz 2 Ges 10 x 3 y 2 z 3 Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 8 x 2 yz 2 = 2 2 2 x x y z z
10 x 3 y 2 z 3 = 2 5 x x x y y z z z
myZivs, `Lv hvQ mvaviY YbxqKjv 2, x, x, y, z, z. wbYq M.mv.. 2 x x y z z = 2 x 2 yz 2
D`vniY 33| 2(a 2 b 2 ) Ges ( a 2 2ab + b 2 ) Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 1g ivwk = 2(a 2 b 2 ) = 2( a + b)(a b) 2q ivwk = a 2 2ab + b 2 = (a b)(a b) GLvb mvswLK mnM 2 I 1 Gi M.mv.. = 1.
Ges mvaviY gwjK Drcv`K ev YbxqK ( a b) wbYq M.mv.. ( a b)

D`vniY 34| x 2 4, 2 x + 4 Ges x 2 + 5 x + 6 Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 1g ivwk = x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) 2q ivwk = 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2)
= x( x + 2) + 3( x + 2) = ( x + 2)( x + 3) GLvb c` ivwkjvi mvswLK mnM 1, 2 Ges 1 Gi M.mv.. = 1

mvaviY gwjK Drcv`K = ( x + 2) wbYq M.mv.. 1 ( x + 2) = ( x + 2)
KvR : M.mv.. wbYq Ki :
1| 3 x y , 2 x y
2
3q ivwk = x 2 + 5 x + 6 = x 2 + 2 x + 3 x + 6
3
2
2| 3 xy, 6 x y, 9 xy
2 2
3| ( x 25), ( x 5)
4| x 9, x + 7 x + 12, 3 x + 9
55 jwN mvaviY wYZK (j.mv..)

cvwUMwYZ Avgiv Rvwb, 4 Gi wYZKjv nQ 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, ............. 6 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ............. 4 Ges 6 Gi mvaviY wYZK nQ 12, 24, 36 ,............. 4 Ges 6 Gi jwN mvaviY wYZK nQ 12.
MwYZ
77
`yB ev ZZvwaK msLvi j.mv.. nQ Ggb GKwU msLv hv c` msLvjvi mvaviY wYZKjvi ga mePq QvU|
exRMwYZxq ivwki ,
x2 y2 x2 y = y Ges x 2 y 2 xy 2 = x A_vr, x 2 y I xy 2 Gi cZKwU viv x 2 y 2 wbtkl wefvR|

myZivs, x 2 y 2 njv x 2 y I xy 2 Gi GKwU mvaviY wYZK|
Avevi, x 2 y = x x y xy 2 = x y y
GLvb ivwk `yBwUZ x AvQ mevP `yBevi Ges y AvQ mevP `yBevi| j.mv.. = x x y y = x 2 y 2
ge : j.mv.. = mvaviY Drcv`K mvaviY bq Gic Drcv`K|
`yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki mve mKj Drcv`Ki mevP NvZi YdjK ivwkjvi jwN mvaviY wYZK (j.mv..) ejv nq|
j.mv.. wbYqi wbqg
j.mv.. wbYq Kivi Rb c_g mvswLK mnMjvi j.mv.. ei KiZ ne| Gici Drcv`Ki mevP NvZ ei KiZ ne| AZtci Dfqi YdjB ne c` ivwkjvi j.mv..|
D`vniY 35| 4 x 2 y 3 z, 6 xy 3 z 2 Ges 8 x 3 yz 3 Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : ivwkjvi mvswLK mnM 4, 6 I 8 Gi j.mv.. 24 c` ivwkjvi Afy x, y, z Drcv`Kjvi mevP NvZ h_vg x 3 , y 3 I z 3
wbYq j.mv.. 24 x 3 y 3 z 3
D`vniY 36| a 2 b 2 I a 2 + 2ab + b 2 Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 1g ivwk = a 2 b 2 = ( a + b )( a b)
2q ivwk = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = ( a + b ) 2 c` ivwkjvi mve Drcv`Kjvi mevP NvZ ( a b) I ( a + b) 2 wbYq j.mv.. ( a b )( a + b ) 2

D`vniY 37| 2 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 , 4 x 3 y 16 xy 3 Ges 5 x 2 y 2 ( x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 ) Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki| mgvavb : 1g ivwk = 2 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 = 2 xy ( x + 2 y )
2q ivwk = 4 x 3 y 16 xy 3 = 4 xy( x 2 4 y 2 ) = 4 xy( x + 2 y )( x 2 y )
78
3q ivwk = 5 x 2 y 2 ( x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 ) = 5 x 2 y 2 ( x + 2 y ) 2 mvswLK mnM 2, 4 I 5 Gi j.mv.. 20 c` ivwkjvZ mve Drcv`Kjvi mevP NvZ h_vg x 2 , y 2 , ( x + 2 y ) 2 , ( x 2 y ) wbYq j.mv.. 20 x 2 y 2 ( x 2 y )( x + 2 y ) 2
KvR : j.mv.. wbYq Ki : 1| 3 x 2 y 3 , 9 x 3 y 2 I 12 x 2 y 2 3| x 2 + 10 x + 21, x 4 49 x 2
2| 3a 2 + 9, a 4 9 I a 4 + 6a 2 + 9 4| a 2, a 2 4, a 2 a 2
Abykxjbx 54
1| 2| 3| 4|
11 Gi eM KZ ? (K) 22
(L) 101
(M) 111
(N) 121
a 5 Gi eM KvbwU ? (K) a 2 + 10 a + 25 (L) a 2 10 a + 25 (M) a 2 + 5a + 25 (N) a 2 5a + 25 ( 2 x + 3) I ( 2 x 3) Gi Ydj KZ ? (K) 4 x 2 9 (L) 4 x 2 + 12 x 9 (M) 4 x 2 12 x 9 ( x + y ) 2 + 2( x + y )( x y ) + ( x y ) 2 Gi gvb KvbwU ?
(K) 8 x 2 (L) 8 y 2 (M) 4 x 2 (N) 4 y 2 (N) 4 x 2 + 9
5| 6| 7|
a + b = 4 Ges a b = 2 nj, ab Gi gvb KZ ? (L) 8 (M) 12 (K) 3
(N) 16 GKwU ivwk Aci GKwU ivwk viv wbtkl wefvR nj, fvRK fvRKi Kx ejv nq ? (K) fvMdj (L) fvMkl (M) wYZK (N) YbxqK
a, a 2 , a( a + b) Gi jwN mvaviY wYZK KvbwU ?

(K) a (L) a 2 (M) a ( a + b ) (M) a (N) a 2 ( a + b ) (N) b
8|
2a I 3b Gi M.mv.. KZ ? (L) 6 (K) 1
9|
(i ) ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
MwYZ
79
(ii ) 4ab = ( a + b) 2 + ( a b) 2 (iii ) a 2 b 2 = ( a + b)( a b)

Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? (K) i I ii (M) ii I iii (L) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
10| (i ) j.mv.. Gi c~Y ic njv jwN mvaviY wYZK (ii ) j.mv.. wbYqi Rb ivwkjvi mvaviY wYZK wbYq KiZ nq| (iii ) M.mv.. Gi c~Y ic njv Mwi mvaviY wYZK Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? (K) i I ii (M) ii I iii 11| (i ) x 2 16 (L) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
(ii ) x 2 + 3 x 4 `yBwU exRMvwYwZK ivwk
(1) x = 1 nj, (i ) I (ii ) Gi Ai wbPi KvbwU ? (L) 15 (K) 0 (M) 15 (N) 16 (2) ( ii ) Gi Drcv`K wekwlZ ic wbPi KvbwU ? (L) ( x + 1)( x 4) (K) ( x 1)( x + 4) (N) ( x + 1)( 4 x ) (M) ( x + 1)( x + 4) (3) (i ) I (ii ) Gi mvaviY Drcv`K wbPi KvbwU ? (L) ( x 1) (K) ( x 4) (M) ( x + 1) (N) ( x + 4) 12| ( x 3 y xy 3 ) I ( x y )( x + 2 y ) `yBwU exRMwYZxq ivwk| Zvnj, (1) c_g ivwki Drcv`K wekwlZ ic wbPi KvbwU? (K) ( x + y )( x y ) (L) x( x + y )( x y ) (N) xy( x + y )( x y ) (M) y ( x + y )( x y ) (2) exRMvwYwZK ivwk `yBwUi M.mv.. wbPi KvbwU ? (L) ( x y ) (K) ( x + y ) (N) x( x y ) (M) y ( x + y ) (3) exRMvwYwZK ivwk `yBwUi j.mv.. wbPi KvbwU ?
80
(K) x( x + y )( x y ) (M) xy( x y )( x + 2 y )

2 2
(L) y ( x + y )( x y ) (N) xy( x + y )( x + 2 y ) 14| 5ab 2 x 2 , 10 a 2by 2 16| 16 a 3 x 4 y, 40a 2 y 3 x, 28ax 3 18| x 3 y xy 3 , ( x y ) 2 20| a 3 ab 2 , a 4 + 2a 3b + a 2b 2 22| xy y, x 3 y xy, x 2 2 x + 1 24| 5 x 2 y 2 , 10 xz 3 , 15 y 3 z 4 26| (b 2 c 2 ), (b + c ) 2 28| 9 x 2 25 y 2 , 15ax 25ay 30| a 2 7 a + 12, a 2 + a 20, a 2 + 2 a 15 32| x + 5, x 2 + 5 x, x 2 + 7 x + 10
M.mv.. wbYq Ki (13 22) : 13| 3a 3b 2 c, 6ab 2 c 2 15| 3a 2 x 2 , 6axy 2 , 9ay 2 17| a 2 + ab, a 2 b 2 19| x 2 + 7 x + 12, x 2 + 9 x + 20 21| a 2 16, 3a + 12, a 2 + 5a + 4 j.mv.. wbYq Ki (23 32) : 23| 6a 3b 2 c, 9a 4bd 2 25| 2 p 2 xy 2 , 3 pq 2 , 6 pqx 2 27| x 2 + 2 x, x 2 + 3 x + 2 29| x 2 3 x 10, x 2 10 x + 25 31| x 2 8 x + 15, x 2 25, x 2 + 2 x 15 33| a = 2 x 3 Ges b = 2 x + 5 nj-
(K) a + b Gi gvb wbYq Ki| (L) m~i mvnvh a 2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki| (M) m~i mvnvh a I b Gi Ydj wbYq Ki| x = 2 nj, ab = KZ ? 34| x 4 625 Ges x 2 + 3 x 10 `yBwU exRMwYZxq ivwk| Zvnj(K) c_g ivwkK Drcv`K weklY KiZ nj, Kvb m~wU eenvi KiZ ne ? (L) wZxq ivwkK Drcv`K weklY Ki| (M) ivwk `yBwUi M.mv. wbYq Ki| (N) ivwk `yBwUi j.mv.. wbYq Ki|
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
fMvsk A_ fvOv Ask| Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb GKwU m~Y wRwbmi mv_ Gi AskI eenvi Kwi| ZvB fMvsk, MwYZi GKwU Acwinvh welq| cvwUMwYZxq fMvski gZv exRMwYZxq fMvskI jNyKiY I mvaviY niwewkKiY iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivL| cvwUMwYZxq fMvski AbK RwUj mgmv exRMwYZxq fMvski gvag mnR mgvavb Kiv hvq| KvRB wkv_xì exRMwYZxq fMvsk mK my aviYv _vKv cqvRb| G Aavq exRMwYZxq fMvski jNyKiY, mvaviY niwewkKiY Ges hvM I weqvM Dcvcb Kiv nqQ|
l Aavq
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

exRMwYZxq fMvsk Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie| exRMwYZxq fMvski jNyKiY I mvaviY niwewkKiY KiZ cvie| exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM, weqvM I mijxKiY KiZ cvie|
61 fMvsk
Avwei GKwU Avcj mgvb `yBfvM fvM Ki GK fvM Zvi fvB KweiK w`j| Zvnj `yB fvBqi cZK cj AvcjwUi AaK, A_vr
1 1 Ask| GB GKwU fMvsk| 2 2
Avevi aiv hvK, wUbv GKwU ei 4 fvMi 3 fvM Kvjv is Kijv| Zvnj, Zvi is Kiv njv m~Y ewUi
1 3 3 Ask| GLvb , Gjv cvwUMwYZxq fMvsk hvì je 1, 3 Ges ni 2, 4 2 4

4| hw` Kvbv fMvski ay je ev ay ni ev je I ni DfqK exRMwYZxq cZxK ev ivwk viv cKvk Kiv nq, Ze Zv ne exRMwYZxq fMvsk| hgb,
a 5 a 2a a x 2x + 1 , BZvw` exRMwYZxq fMvsk| , , , , , , 4 b b a + b 5x x + 1 x 3
82
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
62 mgZzj fMvsk :
j Kwi, `yBwU mgvb eMvKvi i 1bs wP `yB fvMi GK
1 Ask Kvjv is Kiv nqQ Ges 2bs wP Pvi 2 2 fvMi `yB fvM, A_vr Ask Kvjv is Kiv nqQ| wK `Lv 4
fvM, A_vr hvq, `yB wPi gvU Kvjv is Kiv Ask mgvb| AZGe, Avgiv wjLZ cvwi, 1bs wP 2bs wP
1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 = = ; Avevi, = = 2 23 6 2 2 2 4 5 1 2 3 Gfve, = = = = ........, Gjv cii mgZzj fMvsk| 2 4 6 10 a a c ac GKBfve exRMwYZxq fMvski , = [je I niK c viv Y Ki, c o ] = b b c bc
Avevi,
ac ac c a = = [je I niK c viv fvM Ki, c o ] bc bc c b a ac Ges cii mgZzj fMvsk| b bc

jYxq h, Kvbv fMvski je I niK k~b Qvov GKB ivwk viv Y ev fvM Kij, fMvski gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv|
KvR :
a 2 Ges Gi wZbwU Ki mgZzj fMvsk jL| 5 x
63 fMvski jNyKiY
wbPi Lvwj Nijv c~iY Ki (`yBwU Ki `Lvbv njv) :
9 3 3 3 = = 12 2 23 4
a 2b ab
2
23 24 x3 x
2
=
= x x x =x x x
3x = 6 xy
2mn 4m 2
MwYZ
83
Kvbv fMvski jNyKiYi A_ njv fMvskwUK jwN AvKvi cwiYZ Kiv| G Rb je I niK Gì mvaviY YbxqK ev Drcv`K viv fvM Kiv nq| Kvbv fMvski je I nii ga Kvbv mvaviY YbxqK ev Drcv`K bv _vKj Gic fMvskK jwN AvKvii fMvsk ejv nq|
D`vniY 1| mgvavb :
4a 2bc 6ab 2c
K jNyKiY Ki|
2 2 a a b c 2a . = 2 3 a b b c 3b
4a 2bc 6ab 2c
weK cwZ : D`vniY 2| mgvavb :
4a 2bc 6ab c
2
2abc 2a 2a . [je I nii M.mv.. 2abc ] = 2abc 3b 3b
2a 2 + 3ab 4a 2 9b 2
K jwN AvKvi cwiYZ Ki|

2a 2 + 3ab (2a ) 2 (3b) 2
2a 2 + 3ab 4a 2 9b 2
a a (2a + 3b) = . Q x 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x y ) (2a + 3b)(2a 3b) 2a 3b x2 + 5x + 6 x 2 + 3x + 2
D`vniY 3| jNyKiY Ki :
x 2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 mgvavb : 2 = 2 x + x + 2x + 2 x + 3x + 2
=
x+3 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 2) ( x + 2)( x + 3) = = . x( x + 1) + 2( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1
64 mvaviY niwewk fMvsk

mvaviY niwewk fMvskK mgniwewk fMvskI ej| G c` fMvskjvi ni mgvb KiZ nq|
a m I fMvsk `yBwU weePbv Kwi| fMvsk `yBwUi ni 2b Ges 3n Gi j.mv.. 6bn. 2b 3n
AZGe, `yBwU fMvskiB ni 6bn KiZ ne| GLvb,

a a 3n [Q 6bn 2b = 3n] = 2b 2b 3n 3an = 6bn
84 m m 2b [Q 6bn 3n = 2b] = 3n 3n 2b 2bm . = 6bn 3an 2bm mvaviY niwewk fMvsk `yBwU , . 6bn 6bn
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
Ges
mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cKvk Kivi wbqg :

1| 2| 3| fMvskjvi nii j.mv.. ei KiZ ne| j.mv.. K cZK fMvski ni viv fvM Ki fvMdj ei KiZ ne| cv fvMdj viv mswk fMvski je I niK Y KiZ ne|
a b . , 4x 2x2
D`vniY 4| mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki : mgvavb : ni 4 x Ges 2 x 2 Gi j.mv.. = 4 x 2
a a x = Q 4x2 4x = x 4x 4x x ax = . 4x2 b2 b Ges = 2 Q 4x2 2x2 = 2 2 2x 2x 2 2b = 2. 4x ax 2b mvaviY niwewk fMvsk `yBwU 2 , 2 . 4x 4x
D`vniY 5| mvaviY niwewk fMvsk icvi Ki : mgvavb :
2 5 , 2 a 4 a + 3a 10
2
1g fMvski ni = a 2 4 = ( a + 2)( a 2) 2q fMvski ni = a 2 + 3a 10 = a 2 2 a + 5a 10 = a( a 2) + 5( a 2) = ( a 2)( a + 5)
ni `yBwUi j.mv.. ( a + 2)( a 2)( a + 5)

2 2 ( a + 5) 2 = = [je I niK ( a + 5) viv Y Ki] a 4 ( a + 2)( a 2) ( a + 2)( a 2) ( a + 5)
2
2( a + 5) ( a 4)( a + 5)
2
MwYZ
85
Ges
5 a + 3a 10
2
= =
5 5 ( a + 2) [je I niK ( a + 2) = ( a 2)( a + 5) ( a 2)( a + 5) ( a + 2) viv Y Ki]

5( a + 2) ( a 4)( a + 5)
2
wbYq fMvsk `yBwU
2( a + 5) 5( a + 2) , 2 ( a 4)( a + 5) ( a 4)( a + 5)
2
D`vniY 6| mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cwiYZ Ki :
1 2 3 , , . x2 + 3x x2 + 5x + 6 x2 x 12
mgvavb :
1g fMvski ni = x 2 + 3 x = x( x + 3) 2q fMvski ni = x 2 + 5 x + 6 = x 2 + 2 x + 3 x + 6 = x( x + 2) + 3( x + 2) = ( x + 2)( x + 3) 3q fMvski ni = x 2 x 12 = x 2 + 3 x 4 x 12
ni wZbwUi j.mv.. x( x + 2)(x + 3)(x 4) 1g fMvsk 2q fMvsk = =
= x( x + 3) 4( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x 4)
1 x2 + 3x
= =
( x + 2)( x 4) 1 ( x + 2)( x 4) = x( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x 4) x( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 4)
2 x + 5x + 6
2
3q fMvsk =
3 x x 12
2
2 2 x ( x 4) = ( x + 2)(x + 3) ( x + 2)( x + 3) x ( x 4) 2 x ( x 4) = x ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 4) 3 3 x( x + 2) = = ( x + 3)(x 4) ( x + 3)(x 4) x( x + 2) 3x( x + 2) = x( x + 2)(x + 3)(x 4).
wbYq fMvsk wZbwU h_vg
( x + 2)( x 4) 2 x ( x 4) 3x( x + 2) , , x ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 4) x ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 4) x( x + 2)(x + 3)(x 4).
86
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
KvR :
1| Drcv`K weklY Ki : a 9b , x + x 6.
2 2 2
2| ivwk wZbwUi j.mv.. wbYq Ki : a + 3a, a + 5a + 6, a a 12.

2 2 2
3| mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki :
a b , 2x 4 y
Abykxjbx 61
jwN AvKvi cKvk Ki (1-10) :
a 2b 1| 3 ac
a 2bc 2| ab2c
x3 y 3 z 3 3| 2 2 2 x yz
x2 + x 4| xy + y x2 y 2 9| ( x + y) 2
4a 2b 5| 6a3b
6|
2a 4ab 1 4b2
2a + 3b 7| 4a 2 9b 2
a 2 + 4a + 4 8| a2 4
x 2 + 2 x 15 10| 2 x + 9 x + 20
mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki (11-20) :
11|
a a a b 2x 3 y x y , , 12| 13| 14| , , bc ac 3m 2n ab a+b pq pr

16| 19|
x2 y2 , 15| 2 a 2ab a + 2b
18| 20|
a a+b ab ac 2
2
2 3 , a 4 a(a + 2)
2
17|
c
a b , a 9 a+3
2
a b a + b a(a + b)
x x2 x + x6
2
MwYZ
87
65 exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM, weqvM I mijxKiY

j Kwi : cvwUMwYZ m~Y eMvKvi wUK 1 aiv nj, Gi exRMwYZ
m~Y eMvKvi wUK x aiv nj, Gi Kvjv Ask = x Gi
2 2 = 4 4 1 1 = `vMUvbv Ask = 1 Gi 4 4 2 1 gvU is Kiv Ask = + 4 4 2 +1 3 = = 4 4 4 3 3 mv`v Ask = 1 = 4 4 4

Kvjv Ask = 1 Gi =
2 2x = 4 4 x 1 `vMUvbv Ask = x Gi = 4 4
2x x + 4 4
gvU is Kiv Ask =
=
mv`v Ask = x
2 x + x 3x = 4 4
43 1 = 4 4
3x = 4 4x 3x = = 4
4x 3x 4 4
x 4
j Kwi, cwZwU Nii fMvskjv mvaviY niwewk|
exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM I weqvMi wbqg :

(1) fMvskjvK jwN mvaviY niwewk KiZ ne| (2) hvMdji ni ne jwN mvaviY ni Ges je ne icvwiZ fMvskjvi jei hvMdj| (3) weqvMdji ni ne jwN mvaviY ni Ges je ne icvwiZ fMvskjvi jei weqvMdj|
exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM

x y Ges a a x y x+ y mgvavb : + = a a a
D`vniY 7| hvM Ki :
a b Ges hvM Ki| m n a b an bm mgvavb : + = + m n mn nm an + bm = mn

D`vniY 8|
88
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
D`vniY 9| hvMdj wbYq Ki : mgvavb :
3a b . + 2x 2 y
[mgnii Rb 2 x,2 y Gi j.mv.. 2 xy wbq]
3a b 3a y b x 3ay + bx = + = + 2x 2 y 2 x y 2 y x 2xy
exRMwYZxq fMvski weqvM

a b _K x x a b a b mgvavb : = x x x b 2a D`vniY 11| _K weqvM Ki| 3x 3y 2a b 2a y b x 2ay bx mgvavb : = = 3 xy 3x 3 y 3xy 3xy
D`vniY 10| weqvM Ki : D`vniY 12| weqvMdj wbYq Ki : mgvavb :
1 1 . 2 a+2 a 4
1 1 1 1 1 ( a 2) 1 = = 2 a + 2 a 4 a + 2 ( a + 2)( a 2) ( a + 2) ( a 2) ( a + 2)( a 2) a3 (a 2) 1 a 2 1 = = = . (a + 2)(a 2) (a + 2)(a 2) a 2 4
KvR : wbPi QKwU c~iY Ki :
1 3 + = 5 5 3 2 + = m n 2 5 + = x 2x 3 2 + 2 = m m
4 2 = 5 5 5 1 = ab a 7 2z = xyz xy 5 2 = 2 p 3p
MwYZ
89
exRMwYZxq fMvski mijxKiY :

cwqv wP viv mshy `yB ev ZZvwaK exRMwYZxq fMvskK GKwU fMvsk ev ivwkZ cwiYZ KivB njv fMvski mijxKiY| GZ cv fMvskwUK jwN AvKvi cKvk Kiv nq|
D`vniY 13| mij Ki :
a b . + a+b ab
2
a b a ( a b) + b ( a + b) a 2 ab + ab + b2 mgvavb : = = + a+b ab ( a + b)( a b) (a + b)(a b)
a2 + b2 . = 2 a b2
D`vniY 14| mij Ki : mgvavb :
x+ y y+z . xy yz
x+ y y+z z ( x + y) x ( y + z) zx + zy xy xz = = xy yz xyz xyz
yz xy y( z x) z x = = . xz xyz xyz x y yz zx + xy yz zx
D`vniY 15| mij Ki : mgvavb :
x y y z z x ( x y) z + ( y z) x ( z x) y = + xy yz zx xyz zx yz + xy zx yz + xy 2xy 2 yz 2 y( x z) 2( x z) = = = xz xyz xyz xyz
Abykxjbx 62
1|
ab Gi mgZzj fMvsk wbPi KvbwU ? xy abc (K). xyz

a2b (L). 2 x y
(M).
abz xyz
(N).
a x
90
exRMwYZxq fMvsk
2x + x2 2| Gi jwN AvKvi wbPi KvbwU ? 6x x 1 2+ x (K). (L). (M). 3 6 6

3|
(N).
1+ x 3
4|
2 3 I Gi mgniwewk fMvsk wbPi KvbwU ? 3a 5ab b 10b 9 6 2 3 (K). (L). (M). , , , 15ab 15ab 15ab 15ab 15ab 15ab y x I Gi mvaviY niwewk fMvsk wbPi KvbwU ? yz zx zx 2 y2z x2 y2 x y , , (L). (M). (K). , xyz xyz xyz 2 xyz 2 xyz 2 xyz 2
wbPi Z_jv j Ki : i.
(N).
9a 10a , 2 15a b 15a 2b
x2 y2 (N). , xyz xyz
5|
ac ac + 1 a a 3a ; ii. + = ; +1 = bd bd + 1 2b 4b 4b
(M). i I iii
iii.
3 x 2 x 13 x = y 5y 5y
(N). i, ii I iii
Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mZ ? (K). i I ii (L). ii I iii 6|
3a a a , , 2 wZbwU exRMwYZxq fMvsk| x + 1 2x + 2 x 1
wbPi ckjvi Di `vI : (1) 1g fMvsk _K 2q fMvsk weqvM Kij weqvMdj wbPi KvbwU ? (K).
1 2x + 2
(L).
2a x+2
(M).
a x +1
(N).
a 2( x + 1)
(N). 2( x + 1)
(2) ni wZbwUi j.mv.. wbPi KvbwU ? (K). 2( x 2 1) (L). ( x + 1)3 ( x 1) M. 2( x 2 + 1)
(3) fMvsk wZbwUK mgniwewk fMvsk icvi Kij 2q fMvskwU Kx ne?
MwYZ
91
K.
2( x 1)
2
L.
a ( x 1) 2( x 2 1)
M.
a ( x 1) 2( x + 1)
N.
2a( x 1)
x2 1
hvMdj wbYq Ki (7-12) :
x y 2 1 3a 2b + 8| + 9| + 5x 5x 5 2a 3b 5 4 3 12| 2 + x 4x 5 x +1
7|
weqvMdj wbYq Ki (13-18) :
10|
2 2a a 2a + 11| + x +1 x 2 a+2 a2
2a 4b 7 7 3 2 16| x+3 x+2

13|
mij Ki : (19-24) :
2x 4 y 5a 5a p+q q+r 17| pq qr

14|
15| 18|
a b 8x 4 y 2x
x2 4 y2
x xy + 2 y 2
a a 3a 1 1 21| + x + 2 x2 4 3 6 8 a 2 6a + 5 x y z x y yz zx a 3a 2a 22| + 23| 24| + + + b 2b 3b yz zx xy xy yz zx x x y 25| wZbwU exRMwYZxq fMvsk : , , x + y x 4 y x 2 3 xy 4 y 2

19|
1 a 1
20|
K. 3q fMvski niK Drcv`K weklY Ki| L. 1g I 2q fMvskK mgniwewk fMvsk cKvk Ki| M. fMvsk wZbwUi hvMdj wbYq Ki| 26| wZbwU exRMwYZxq fMvsk :
1 1 1 , 2 , a(a + 2) a + 5a + 6 a 2 a 6
K. 3q fMvski niK Drcv`K weklY Ki| L. 2q I 3q fMvskK mvaviY niwewk fMvsk icvi Ki| M. 2q I 3q fMvski hvMdj _K 1g fMvsk weqvM Ki|
mg Aavq
mij mgxKiY
Avgiv l kwYZ mgxKiY I mij mgxKiY Kx Zv RbwQ Ges evewfwK mgmv _K mgxKiY MVb Ki Zv mgvavb KiZ wkLwQ| mg kwYi G Aavq Avgiv mgxKiY mgvavbi wKQz wewa I Gì cqvM mK Rvbe Ges eve mgmvi wfwZ mgxKiY MVb Ki Zv mgvavb Kiv wkLe| G QvovI G Aavq jLwP mK cv_wgK aviYv Ìqv nqQ Ges mgxKiYi mgvavb jLwP `Lvbv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv mgxKiYi cvi wewa, eRb wewa, AvoYb wewa, cwZmvg wewa evLv KiZ cvie| mgxKiYi wewamg~n cqvM Ki mgxKiY mgvavb KiZ cvie| mij mgxKiY MVb I mgvavb KiZ cvie| jLwP Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie| jLwPi A I myweavRbK GKK wbq we`ycvZb KiZ cvie| jLwPi mvnvh mgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
71 c~e cvVi cybivjvPbv

(1) hvMi I Yi wewbgq wewa :
a, b Gi hKvbv gvbi Rb, a + b = b + a Ges ab = ba

(2) Yi eb wewa :
a, b, c Gi hKvbv gvbi Rb, a(b + c ) = ab + ac, (b + c )a = ba + ca

Avgiv mgxKiYwU j Kwi : x + 3 = 7. (K) mgxKiYwUi AvZ ivwk ev PjK KvbwU? (_) mgxKiYwUi cwqv wP KvbwU? (M) mgxKiYwU mij mgxKiY wK bv? (N) mgxKiYwUi g~j KZ? Avgiv Rvwb PjK, cwqv wP I mgvb wP msewjZ MvwYwZK evKK mgxKiY ej| Avi PjKi GK NvZ wewk mgxKiYK mij mgxKiY ej| mij mgxKiY GK ev GKvwaK PjKwewk nZ cvi| hgb, x + 3 = 7,
2 y 1 = y + 3,
3z 5 = 0,
4x + 3 = x 1,
x + 4 y 1 = 0, 2x y + 1 = x + y BZvw`, Gjv mij mgxKiY|
MwYZ
93
Avgiv G Aavq ay GK PjKwewk mij mgxKiY wbq AvjvPbv Kie| mgxKiY mgvavb Ki PjKi h gvb cvIqv hvq, GK mgxKiYwUi g~j ej| g~jwU viv mgxKiYwU wm nq| A_vr, PjKwUi H gvb mgxKiY emvj mgxKiYwUi `yBc mgvb nq| mgxKiY mgvavbi Rb PviwU ^Ztwm AvQ, Zv Avgiv Rvwb| Gjv njv : (1) cii mgvb ivwki cZKwUi mv_ GKB ivwk hvM Kij hvMdjjv cii mgvb nq| (2) cii mgvb ivwki cZKwU _K GKB ivwk weqvM Kij weqvMdjjv cii mgvb nq| (3) cii mgvb ivwki cZKwUK GKB ivwk viv Y Kij Ydjjv cii mgvb nq| (4) cii mgvb ivwki cZKwUK Ak~b GKB ivwk viv fvM Kij fvMdjjv cii mgvb nq|
KvR :
2x 1 = 0 mgxKiYwUi NvZ KZ ? Gi cwqv wP KvbwU wjL| mgxKiYwUi g~j KZ?
72 mgxKiYi wewamg~n (1) cvi wewa :

mgxKiY-1 cieZx avc
(K)
x 5+5=3+5
[^Ztwm (1)]
x5=3
(L)
mgxKiY-2
x = 3+5
cieZx avc
(K) 4x 3x = 3x + 7 3x
[^Ztwm (2)]
4x = 3x + 7
(L)
4x 3x = 7
mgxKiY-1 G (L) Gi 5 Gi wP cwiewZZ nq evgc _K Wvbc MQ| mgxKiY-2 G (L) Gi 3x Gi wP cwiewZZ nq Wvbc _K evgc MQ| Kvbv mgxKiYi hKvbv c`K GK c _K wP cwieZb Ki Acic mivmwi vbvi Kiv hvq| GB vbviK ej cvi wewa|
94
mij mgxKiY
(2) eRb wewa : ( a ) hvMi eRb wewa : mgxKiY-1
2x + 3 = a + 3
cieZx avc
(K) 2 x + 3 3 = a + 3 3 (L)
mgxKiY-2 7 x 5 = 2a 5
[^Ztwm (2)]
2x = a
cieZx avc
(K) 7 x 5 + 5 = 2a 5 + 5 (L)
[^Ztwm (1)]
7 x = 2a
mgxKiY-1 G (L) Gi Dfqc _K 3 eRb Kiv nqQ| mgxKiY-2 G (L) Gi Dfqc _K 5 eRb Kiv nqQ| Kvbv mgxKiYi Dfqc _K GKB wPhy m`k c` mivmwi eRb Kiv hvq| GK ejv nq hvMi (ev weqvMi) eRb wewa|
( b ) Yi eRb wewa : mgxKiY 4(2x + 1) = 4( x 2) cieZx avc
(K)
4( 2 x + 1) 4( x 2) = 4 4 2x + 1 = x 2
[^Z:wm (4)]
(L)
mgxKiYwUi (L) Gi Dfqc _K mvaviY Drcv`K mivmwi eRb Kiv hvq| GK ejv nq Yi eRb wewa|
(3) AvoYb wewa : mgxKiY
x 5 = 2 3
cieZx avc
(K)
5 x 6= 6 2 3 (L) 3 x = 2 5
[DfqcK ni 2 I 3 Gi j.mv.. 6 viv Y Kiv nqQ]
mgxKiYwUi (L) Gi wjLZ cvwi,
MwYZ
95
evgci je Wvbci ni = evgci ni Wvbci je GK ejv nq AvoYb wewa| (4) cwZmvg wewa : mgxKiY :
2 x + 1 = 5x 8 ev, 5x 8 = 2x + 1
GKB mv_ evgci mejv c` Wvbc I Wvbci mejv c` evgc Kvbv wP cwieZb bv Ki vbvi Kiv hvq| GK ejv nq cwZmvg wewa| DwjwLZ ^Ztwmmg~n I wewamg~n cqvM Ki GKwU mgxKiYK Aci GKwU mnR mgxKiY icvi Ki mekl Zv x = a AvKvi cvIqv hvq| A_vr, PjK x Gi gvb a wbYq Kiv nq|
D`vniY 1| mgvavb Ki : x + 3 = 9. mgvavb :
x+3=9 ev, x = 9 3 ev, x = 6 mgvavb : x = 6
weK wbqg : x + 3 = 9
[cvi Ki]
ev, x + 3 3 = 9 3 [Dfqc _K 3 ev, x = 6 mgvavb : x = 6 weqvM Ki]
D`vniY 2| mgvavb Ki I w cixv Ki : 4 y 5 = 2 y 1. mgvavb :
4 y 5 = 2 y 1. 4 y 2 y = 1 + 5 [cvi Ki] 2y = 4 2y = 2 2
ev, ev, ev, ev,
y = 2 [ Dfqc _K mvaviY Drcv`K 2 eRb Ki]
mgvavb : y = 2
w cixv : c` mgxKiY y Gi gvb 2 ewmq cvB,
evgc = 4 y 5 = 4 2 5 = 8 5 = 3 Wvbc = 2 y 1 = 2 2 1 = 4 1 = 3. evgc = Wvbc mgxKiYwUi mgvavb nqQ|
96
mij mgxKiY
D`vniY 3| mgvavb Ki : mgvavb :
2z z 3 = 3 6 4
ev, ev, ev, ev, ev, ev, ev,
2z z 3 = 3 6 4 4z z 3 = [evgc ni 3, 6 Gi j.mv.. 6 ] 6 4 3z 3 = 6 4 z 3 = 2 4 4 z = 2 (3) [AvoYb Ki] 2 2z = 2 (3) 2z = 3 [Dfqc _K mvaviY Drcv`K 2 eRb Ki]
2z 3 = [DfqcK 2 viv fvM Ki] 2 2 3 ev, z = 2 3 mgvavb : z = . 2 D`vniY 4| mgvavb Ki : 2(5 + x ) = 16. mgvavb : 2(5 + x ) = 16 [eb wewa Abymvi] ev, 2 5 + 2 x = 16 ev, 10 + 2 x = 16 ev, 2 x + 10 10 = 16 10 [Dfqc _K 10 weqvM Ki] ev, 2 x = 6 2x 6 = [DfqcK 2 viv fvM Ki] ev, 2 2 ev, x = 3. mgvavb x = 3
MwYZ
97
3x + 7 5x 4 1 + = x+3 4 7 2 3x + 7 5x 4 1 mgvavb : + = x+3 4 7 2 3x + 7 5x 4 7 + x= ev, [cvi Ki] 4 7 2 7(3 x + 7) + 4(5 x 4) 28 x 7 ev, = [evgc ni 4, 7 Gi j.mv.. 28] 28 2 21x + 49 + 20 x 16 28 x 7 ev, = [eb wewa Abymvi] 28 2 13 x + 33 7 = ev, 28 2 7 13 x + 33 ev, 28 = 28 [DfqcK 28 viv Y Ki] 2 28 ev, 13 x + 33 = 98 ev, 13 x = 98 33 ev, 13 x = 65 13 x 65 ev, = [DfqcK 13 viv fvM Ki] 13 13 ev, x = 5 mgvavb : x = 5
D`vniY 5| mgvavb Ki :
KvR : mgvavb Ki :
1| 2 x 1 = 0 2|
x +1 = 3 2
3| 4( y 3) = 8
Abykxjbx 71
mgvavb Ki :
1| 3| 5| 7|
4x + 1 = 2x + 7 3y + 1 = 7 y 1 17 2 z = 3 z + 2 x 1 = 4 3
2| 4| 6| 8|
5x 3 = 2x + 3 7y 5 = y 1 13 z 5 = 3 2 z x +1 = 3 2
98
mij mgxKiY
9| 11| 13| 15| 17| 19|
x x +5= +7 3 2 y 2 5y 4 = 5 7 7 5 5x 4 x 2 + = + 7 5 5 7 3y + 1 3y 7 = 5 3 2( x + 3) = 10 7(3 2 y ) + 5( y 1) = 34
10| 12| 14| 16| 18| 20|
y y y 1 = 2 3 5 6 2z 1 =5 3 1 y 2 2y 1 + = y 4 3 3 x +1 x 2 x 3 =2 2 3 5 5( x 2) = 3( x 4) ( z 1)( z + 2) = ( z + 4)( z 2)
73 mij mgxKiY MVb I mgvavb

GKRb Zv 3 KwR cvUvwj o wKbZ Pvb| `vKvb`vi x KwR IRbi GKwU eo cvUvwji AaK gvcjb| wK GZ 3 KwRi Kg njv| Aviv 1 KwR Ìqvq 3 KwR njv| Avgiv GLb ei KiZ PvB, m~Y cvUvwjwUi IRb KZ wQj, A_vr x Gi gvb KZ ? G Rb mgmvwU _K GKwU mgxKiY MVb KiZ ne| G mgxKiYwU ne
x + 1 = 3 | mgxKiYwU mgvavb Kij x Gi gvb cvIqv hve| A_vr, 2
oi m~Y cvUvwji IRb Rvbv hve|

KvR : c` Z_ _K mgxKiY MVb Ki (GKwU Ki Ìqv njv) :
c` Z_
1| 2| 3| GKwU msLv x Gi cuvPY _K 25 weqvM Kij weqvMdj ne 190 cyi eZgvb eqm y eQi, wcZvi eqm cyi eqmi PviY Ges Zvì eZgvb eqmi mgw 45 eQi| GKwU AvqZvKvi cyK z ii `N x wgUvi, `N Acv c 3 wgUvi Kg Ges cyKi z wUi cwimxgv 26 wgUvi|
mgxKiY
y + 4 y = 45
D`vniY 7| Anbv GKwU cixvq BsiwRZ I MwYZ gvU 176 bî cqQ Ges BsiwR Acv MwYZ
10 bî ewk cqQ| m Kvb welq KZ bî cqQ?

mgvavb : awi, Anbv BsiwRZ x bî cqQ|
myZivs, m MwYZ cqQ x + 10 bî|
MwYZ
99
ckgZ,
x + x + 10 = 176 ev, 2 x + 10 = 176 ev, 2 x = 176 10 [cvi Ki] ev, 2 x = 166 2 x 166 [DfqcK 2 viv fvM Ki] ev, = 2 2 ev, x = 83 x + 10 = 83 + 10 = 93 Anbv BsiwRZ cqQ 83 bî Ges MwYZ cqQ 93 bî| 1 1 D`vniY 8| kvgj `vKvb _K wKQz Kjg wKbj| mjvi Ask Zvi evbK I Ask Zvi fvBK 3 2 w`j| Zvi KvQ Avi 5 wU Kjg iBj| kvgj KqwU Kjg wKbwQj?
mgvavb : awi, kvgj x wU Kjg wKbwQj|
kvgj Zvi evbK `q x Gi Kjg| kZvbymvi, x ev, ev, ev, ev, ev,
1 1 x x wU ev wU Kjg Ges Zvi fvBK `q x Gi wU ev wU 2 2 3 3
x x + =5 2 3 x x x =5 2 3 6 x 3x 2 x = 5 [evgc ni 2, 3 Gi j.mv.. 6 ] 6 x =5 6 x = 5 6 [AvoYb Ki] x = 30

kvgj 30 wU Kjg wKbwQj|
100
mij mgxKiY
D`vniY 9| GKwU evm Nvq 25 wK.wg. MwZeM XvKvi MveZjx _K AvwiPv cuQvj| Avevi evmwU Nvq
_K AvwiPvi `~iZ KZ?
1 30 wK.wg. MwZeM AvwiPv _K MveZjx wdi Gj| hvZvqvZ evmwUi gvU 5 Nv mgq jvMj| MveZjx 2
mgvavb : gb Kwi, MveZjx _K AvwiPvi `~iZ d wK.wg. |
MveZjx _K AvwiPv hZ mgq jvM
d Nv| 25
d Nv| 30
Avevi AvwiPv _K MveZjx wdi AvmZ mgq jvM hvZvqvZ evmwUi gvU mgq jvMj ckgZ,
d + d Nv| 25 30
d d 1 + =5 2 25 30 6d + 5d 11 ev, = 150 2
75 11 ev, 11d = 150 2 1 ev, d = 75
MveZjx _K AvwiPvi `~iZ 75 wK.wg.|
Abykxjbx 72
wbPi mgmvjv _K mgxKiY MVb Ki mgvavb Ki :
1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7|
Kvb msLvi wYi mv_ 5 hvM Kij hvMdj 25 ne? Kvb msLv _K 27 weqvM Kij weqvMdj 21 ne? Kvb msLvi GK-ZZxqvsk 4 Gi mgvb ne? Kvb msLv _K 5 weqvM Kij weqvMdji 5 Y mgvb 20 ne? Kvb msLvi AaK _K Zvi GK-ZZxqvsk weqvM Kij weqvMdj 6 ne? wZbwU wgK ^vfvweK msLvi mgw 63 nj, msLv wZbwU ei Ki| `yBwU msLvi hvMdj 55 Ges eo msLvwUi 5 Y QvU msLvwUi 6 Yi mgvb| msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|
MwYZ
101
8| 9|
MxZv, wiZv I wgZvi GK 180 UvKv AvQ| wiZvi Pq MxZvi 6 UvKv Kg I wgZvi 12 UvKv ewk AvQ| Kvi KZ UvKv AvQ? GKwU LvZv I GKwU Kjgi gvU `vg 75 UvKv| LvZvi `vg 5 UvKv Kg I Kjgi `vg 2 UvKv ewk nj, LvZvi `vg Kjgi `vgi wY nZv| LvZv I Kjgi KvbwUi `vg KZ?
10| GKRb djweZvi gvU dji
gvU KZjv dj AvQ? 11| wcZvi eZgvb eqm cyi eZgvb eqmi 6 Y| 5 eQi ci Zvì eqmi mgw ne 45 eQi| wcZv I cyi eZgvb eqm KZ? 12| wjRv I wkLvi eqmi AbycvZ 2 : 3 | Zvì `yBRbi eqmi mgw 30 eQi nj, Kvi eqm KZ ? 13| GKwU wKU Ljvq Bgb I mygbi gvU ivbmsLv 58 | Bgbi ivbmsLv mygbi ivbmsLvi wYi Pq 5 ivb Kg| H Ljvq Bgbi ivbmsLv KZ?
1 1 Ask Avcj, Ask Kgjvjey I 40 wU Avg AvQ| Zuvi wbKU 3 2
14| GKwU Ub Nvq 30 wK.wg. eM Pj Kgjvcyi kb _K bvivqYM kb cuQvj| UbwUi eM Nvq 25 wK.wg. nj 10 wgwbU mgq ewk jvMZ| `yB kbi ga `~iZ KZ? 15| GKwU AvqZvKvi Rwgi `N ci wZbY Ges RwgwUi cwimxgv 40 wgUvi| RwgwUi `N I c wbYq Ki|
jLwP
74 vbvi aviYv
dvi weLvZ MwYZwe` ib `KvZ (Rene Descartes : 15961650) : mec_g vbvi aviYv `b| wZwb `yBwU ciiQ`x jîLvi mvc we`yi Aevb evLv Kib| GKwU kwYK GKK Avmbwebvm GKRb wkv_xi Aevb Kv_vq RvbZ nj Abyf~wgK iLv ev kqvb iLv eivei Kv_vq AvQ Ges Dj^ iLv ev Lvov iLv eivei Kv_vq AvQ Zv Rvbv ìKvi| awi, kwYK GKRb wkv_x wjRv ( L )-Gi Aevb RvbZ PvB| wjRvi AevbK GKwU we`y () wnme weePbv Kiv hvq| wP j Kwi, wjRv GKwU wbw` we`y O _K Abyf~wgK iLv OX eivei 3 GKK `~i M we`yZ Ges mLvb _K Dj^ iLv OY Gi mgvivj iLv eivei Dciw`K 2 GKK `~i L we`yZ Aevb KiQ| Zvi G AevbK (3, 2) viv cKvk Kiv nq|
102
mij mgxKiY
75 we`y cvZb
QK KvMR mgvb `~i ciiQ`x mgvivj mijiLv viv QvU QvU eM wef Kiv _vK| QK KvMR Kvbv we`yi Aevb `LvbvK ev Kvbv we`y vcb KivK we`y cvZb ej| we`y cvZbi Rb myweavgZv `yBwU cii j^ mijiLv bIqv nq| wP XOX I YOY iLvq cii j^fve O we`yZ Q` KiQ| O we`yK ejv nq g~jwe`y| Abyf~wgK iLv XOX K
x -A Ges Dj^ iLv YOY K y -A ejv nq|

cavbZ QK KvMRi z`Zg eMi evi `NK GKK wnme aiv nq| mvaviYfve hKvbv we`yi vbvK ( x, y) jLv nq| x -K ejv nq we`ywUi x -vbv ev fzR Ges y -K ejv nq we`ywUi y -vbv ev KvwU| ZB g~jwe`y O Gi vbv ne (0, 0) | g~jwe`y _K x -Ai Wvbw`K abvZK w`K I evgw`K FYvZK w`K| Avevi, g~jwe`y _K y -Ai Dcii w`K abvZK w`K I wbPi w`K FYvZK w`K| dj QKwU Aq viv PviwU fvM wef nqQ| GBfvM PviwU Nwoi KuvUvi N~Ybi wecixZ w`K Abyhvqx 1g, 2q, 3q I 4_ PZzfv M wnme cwiwPZ| c_g PZzfvM hKvbv we`yi x vbv I y vbv DfqB abvZK, wZxq PZzfvM hKvbv we`yi
x vbv FYvZK I y vbv abvZK, ZZxq PZzfvM hKvbv

we`yi x vbv FYvZK I y vbv FYvZK Ges PZz_ PZzfvM hKvbv we`yi x vbv abvZK I y vbv FYvZK| c~ei AbyQ` AvjvwPZ wjRvi Aevb (3, 2) wbYq Kivi Rb c_g x -A eivei Wvbw`K 3 GKK `~iZ hZ ne| Zvici mLvb _K Lvov Dci w`K 2 GKK `~iZ hZ ne| Zv nj wjRvi Aevb
L we`yi vbv ne (3, 2) | Abyi~cfve wP P we`yi vbv (2, 4) |

D`vniY 1| QK KvMR wbPi c_g PviwU we`y vcb Ki Zxi wP
Abyhvqx hvM Ki : (3, 2) (6, 2) (6, 4) (3, 4) | wPwUi RvwgwZK AvKwZ Kx ne?
mgvavb : awi, we`y PviwU h_vg A, B, C, D | A_vr.
A(3, 2), B(6, 2), C(6, 4) Ges D(3, 4) | QK KvMR Dfq A
MwYZ
103
z`Zg eMi cwZ evi `NK GKK awi| A we`ywU vcb KiZ g~jwe`y O _K x -Ai Wvbw`K eivei 3wU QvU eMi evi mgvb `~i wMq Dcii w`K 2wU QvU eMi evi mgvb DV Mj h we`ywU cvIqv hve, Zv A we`y| Abyicfve c` Aewk we`ymg~n vcb Kwi| Zvici
A B C D A Gfve we`yjv hvM Kwi| GZ ABCD wPwU cvIqv Mj| `Lv hvq h, ABCD wPwU GKwU AvqZ|
KvR :
wP _K Zvgiv Q, R, S , T we`yi vbv wbYq Ki|
7.6 jLwP mgxKiYi mgvavb

jLwPi mvnvh mnRB mgxKiYi mgvavb ei Kiv hvq| gb Kwi, 2 x 5 = 0 mgxKiYwU mgvavb KiZ ne| mgxKiYi evgc 2 x 5 ivwkZ x -Gi wewfb gvb emvj ivwkwUi wewfb gvb cvIqv hvq| jLwP cwZwU x K fzR Ges ivwkwUi gvbK KvwU ai GKwU Ki we`y cvIhv hve| we`yjv hvM Ki GKwU mijiLv AwZ ne| mijiLvwU h we`yZ AK Q` Ki, mB we`yi fzRB wbYq mgvavb| Kbbv, x -Gi GB gvbi Rb ivwkwUi gvb 0 nq, hv mgxKiYi Wvbci gvbi mgvb nq| G mgxKiYwUi mgvavb x = |
D`vniY 2| 3 x 6 = 0 mgvavb Ki Ges jLwP mgvavb c`kb Ki| mgvavb : 3 x 6 = 0
Y (6,12) (5, 9)
5 2
ev, 3x = 6 ev,
[cvi Ki]
3x 6 = [DfqcK 3 viv fvM Ki] 3 3 ev, x = 2

mgvavb : x = 2
X O Y (2, 0)
104
mij mgxKiY
jLwP Ab : c` mgxKiY 3 x 6 = 0 x Gi KqKwU gvb wbq 3 x 6 Gi Abyic gvb ei Kwi Ges wbPi QKwU Zwi Kwi :
x
3x 6
( x,3 x 6) ( 2,0)
2 5
6
0 9
(5,9)
(6,12)
12
jLwP Abi Rb wZbwU we`y ( 2, 0), (5, 9) I (6, 12) bIqv njv| gb Kwi, cii j^ XOX I YOY h_vg x -A I y -A Ges 0 g~jwe`y| QK KvMR Dfq A z`Zg eMi GK evi `NK GKK ai ( 2, 0), (5, 9) , (6, 12) we`yjv vcb Kwi| Zvici we`yjv cici mshvM Kwi| jLwP GKwU mijiLv cvB| mijiLvwU x -AK
(2, 0) we`yZ Q` Ki| we`ywUi fzR njv 2 | myZivs c` mgxKiYi mgvavb x = 2 |

D`vniY 3| jLwPi mvnvh mgvavb Ki : 3x 4 = x + 4 mgvavb : c` mgxKiY 3 x 4 = x + 4 x Gi KqKwU gvb wbq 3 x 4 Gi Abyic gvb ei Kwi Ges cvki QK-1 Zwi Kwi :
QK-1
x 0 2 4
3 x 4 Gi jLi Dci wZbwU we`y (0, 4), ( 2, 2) ,

( 4, 8) wbB|
3x 4 4 2 8
( x, 3 x 4) (0, 4) ( 2, 2) ( 4, 8)
Avevi, x Gi KqKwU gvb wbq x + 4 Gi Abyic gvb ei Kwi Ges cvki QK-2 Zwi Kwi : x + 4 Gi jLi Dci wZbwU we`y (0, 4), (2, 2) , (4, 0) wbB| gb Kwi, cii j^ XOX I YOY h_vg x -A I y A Ges 0 g~jwe`y| GLb, QK-1 G cv (0, 4), (2, 2) ,
( 4, 8) we`y wZbwU vcb Kwi Ges Gì cici ms&hvM Kwi|
x 0 2 4
x+4
QK-2
( x, - x + 4)
4
2 0
(0, 4)
(2, 2) (4, 0)
jLwP GKwU mijiLv cvB| Avevi, QK-2G cv (0, 4), (2, 2) ,

(4, 0) we`y wZbwU vcb Kwi I Gì cici mshvM Kwi| GI jLwP GKwU mijiLv cvB|
MwYZ
105
j Kwi, mijiLv `yBwU cii (2, 2) we`yZ Q` KiQ| Q`we`yZ 3 x 4 I x + 4 Gi gvb cii mgvb| myZivs, c` mgxKiYi mgvavb njv (2, 2) we`yZ fzRi gvb, A_vr x = 2 |
KvR : wbPi mgxKiYjvi mgvavbi jLwP AuvK :
1| 2 x 1 = 0 2| 3 x + 5 = 2
Abykxjbx 73
1|
2|
3|
x 1 = mgxKiYi g~j wbPi KvbwU? 2 3 2 1 3 K. L. M. N. 6 3 2 2 x 3 = 0 mgxKiYi g~j wbPi KvbwU? 3 1 K. L. 3 M. 9 N. 9 3 GKwU wfyRi ev wZbwUi `N ( x + 1) m.wg., ( x + 2) m.wg. I ( x + 3) m.wg. ( x > 0) | wfyRwUi cwimxgv 15 m.wg. nj, x Gi gvb KZ? L. 2 m.wg. M. 3 m.wg. N. 6 m.wg. K. 1 m.wg.
Kvb msLvi GK-PZz_vsk 4 Gi mgvb ne? K. 16 L. 12 M. 4 N.
4|
5|
wbPi Z_jv j Ki : i. mgxKiYi Dfqc _K mvaviY Drcv`K eRb Kiv hvq| ii. 2x + 1 = x 3 GKwU wNvZ mgxKiY| iii. x + 2 = 2 mgxKiYi g~j 0 . Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi KvbwU mwVK? L. i I iii M. ii I iii K. i I ii
1 4
N. i, ii I iii
106
mij mgxKiY
6|
7| we`y
KbKi wbKU 8 wU I Kqvi wbKU 12 wU PKjU AvQ| Zvnj wbPi ckjvi Di `vI : (1) Kqv KbKK x wU PKjU w`j Zvì PKjU msLv mgvb ne| m wbPi Kvb mgxKiYwU mwVK? L. 8 = 12 x M. 8 + x = 12 x N. 8 x = x 12 K. 8 + x = 12 (2) x Gi gvb KZ nj Zvì PKjU msLv mgvb ne? L. 4 M. 6 N. 10 K. 2 (3) KbK KqvK KqwU PKjU w`j Kqvi PKjU KbKi PKjUi PviY ne? L. 4 M. 6 N. 10 K. 2 wP _K wbPi QKwU c~iY Ki : (Dfq A z`Zg eMi evi `NK GKK ai) vbv
A B C D O P Q
(4, 3) (2, ) ( , 5) ( , ) ( , ) ( , 0) (0, )
8| wbPi we`yjv QK KvMR vcb Ki ZxiwP Abyhvqx hvM Ki I wPwUi RvwgwZK bvgKiY Ki : (K) (2, 2) (6, 2), (6, 6) (2, 6) (2, 2), (L) (0, 0) (6, 6), (8, 6) (0, 0) 9| mgvavb Ki Ges mgvavb jLwP `LvI : (L) 2 x + 4 = 0 (K) x 4 = 0 (O) 3 x + 4 = 5 x (N) 2x + 1 = x 3 (M) x + 3 = 8
10| GKwU wfyRi wZb evi `N ( x + 2) m.wg. ( x + 4) m.wg. I ( x + 6) m.wg. ( x > 0) Ges wfyRwUi cwimxgv 18 m.wg.| K. c` kZvbyhvqx AvbycvwZK wP AuvK| L. mgxKiY MVb Ki mgvavb Ki| M. mgvavbi jLwP AuvK| 11| XvKv I AvwiPvi gaeZx `~iZ 77 wK.wg.| GKwU evm Nvq 30 wK.wg. eM XvKv _K AvwiPvi c_ iIbv w`j| Aci GKwU evm Nvq 40 wK.wg. eM AvwiPv _K XvKvi c_ GKB mgq iIbv w`j I evm `yBwU XvKv _K x wK.wg. `~i wgwjZ njv| K. evm `yBwU AvwiPv _K KZ `~i wgwjZ ne Zv x Gi gvag cKvk Ki| L. x Gi gvb wbYq Ki| M. Mevb cuQvZ Kvb evmi KZ mgq jvMe?
Ag Aavq
mgvivj mijiLv
`bw`b Rxeb Avgvì Pvicvk hv wKQz `wL I eenvi Kwi Gi wKQz PviKvbv, wKQz MvjvKvi| Avgvì Nievwo, `vjvbKvVv, ìRv-Rvbvjv, LvU-Avjgvwi, Uwej-Pqvi, eB-LvZv BZvw` meB PviKvbv| Gì avijv mijiLv wnme weePbv Kij `Lv hvq h, Giv mg`~ieZx ev mgvivj|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv mgvivj mijiLv I Q`K viv Drcb KvYi ewk evLv KiZ cvie| `yBwU mijiLv mgvivj nIqvi kZ eYbv KiZ cvie| `yBwU mijiLv mgvivj nIqvi kZ cgvY KiZ cvie|
81 RvwgwZK hyw cwZ

cwZv : RvwgwZZ h mKj welqi AvjvPbv Kiv nq, mvaviYfve Zvì cwZv ejv nq| mv` : h cwZvq Kvbv RvwgwZK welq Ab Ki `Lvbv nq Ges hyw viv Abi wbfyjZv cgvY Kiv hvq, GK mv` ejv nq| mvì wewfb Ask: (K) Dcv : mv` hv Ìqv _vK, ZvB Dcv| (L) Ab : mv` hv KiYxq, ZvB Ab| (M) cgvY : hyw viv Abi wbfyjZv hvPvB njv cgvY| Dccv` : h cwZvq Kvbv RvwgwZK welqK hyw viv cwZwZ Kiv nq, GK Dccv` ej| Dccvì wewfb Ask: (K) mvaviY wbePb: G Ask cwZvi welqwU mijfve eYbv Kiv nq| (L) wekl wbePb: G Ask cwZvi welqwU wP viv weklfve `Lvbv nq| (M) Ab: G Ask cwZv mgvavbi ev cgvYi Rb AwZwi Ab KiZ nq| (N) cgvY: G Ask ^Ztwmjv Ges c~e MwVZ RvwgwZK mZ eenvi Ki Dchy hyw viv c vweZ welqwUK cwZwZ Kiv nq| Abywmv : Kvbv RvwgwZK cwZv cwZwZ Ki Gi wmv _K GK ev GKvwaK h bZzb wmv MnY Kiv hvq, GìK Abywmv ejv nq| AvaywbK hywg~jK RvwgwZi AvjvPbvi Rb wKQz gwjK ^xKvh, msv I wPi cqvRb nq|
108
mgvivj mijiLv
RvwgwZZ eeZ wPmg~n

wP A_ wP A_
+ = > <
hvM mgvb eni z`Zi memg mgvivj
KvY j^ wfzR e hnZz myZivs , AZGe
ll
8.2 Q`K
Kvbv mijiLv `yB ev ZZvwaK mijiLvK wewfb we`yZ Q` Kij GK Q`K ej| wP, AB I CD `yBwU mijiLv Ges LM mijiLv mjvK `yBwU wfb we`y P, Q Z Q` KiQ|
LM mijiLv AB I
CD mijiLvqi Q`K| Q`KwU AB I CD mijiLv `yBwUi mv_ gvU
AvUwU KvY Zwi KiQ| KvYjvK 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 viv wb`k Kwi| KvYjvK At I ewnt, Abyi~c I GKvi GB Pvi kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq|
At KvY ewnt KvY Abyi~c KvY Rvov At GKvi KvY Rvov ewnt GKvi KvY Rvov Q`Ki GKB cvki At KvY Rvov
3 , 4 , 5 , 6
1 , 2 , 7 , 8
1 Ges 5 , 2 Ges 6
3 Ges 7 , 4 Ges 8
3 Ges 6 , 4 Ges 5
1 Ges 8 , 2 Ges 7
3 Ges 5 , 4 Ges 6
MwYZ
109
Abyi~c KvYjvi ewk: GKvi KvYjvi ewk:

KvR
(K) kxlwe`y Avjv`v (L) Q`Ki GKB cvk AewZ| (K) kxlwe`y Avjv`v (L) Q`Ki wecixZ cvk AewZ (M) mijiLv `yBwUi ga AewZ|
1|(K) wPi KvYjv Rvovq Rvovq kbv Ki| (L) 3 I 6 Gi Abyi~c KvY `LvI| (M) 4 Gi wecZxc KvY Ges 1 Gi m~iK KvY wb`k Ki|
83 Rvov mgvivj mijiLv

Avgiv RbwQ h, GKB mgZj AewZ `yBwU mijiLv GK AciK Q` bv Kij mjv mgvivj mijiLv | `yBwU mgvivj mijiLv _K hKvbv `yBwU iLvsk wbj, iLvsk `yBwUI cii mgvivj nq| `yBwU mgvivj mijiLvi GKwUi hKvbv we`y _K AciwUi j^`~iZ me`v mgvb| Avevi `yBwU mijiLvi GKwUi hKvbv `yBwU we`y _K AciwUi j^ `~iZ cii mgvb njI iLvq mgvivj| GB j^`~iZK `yBwU mgvivj iLvqi `~iZ ejv nq| j Kwi, Kvbv wbw` mijiLvi Dci AewZ bq Gi~c we`yi ga w`q H mijiLvi mgvivj Ki GKwU gv mijiLv AuvKv hvq|
Dcii wP, AB I CD `yBwU mgvivj mijiLv Ges EF mijiLv mjvK `yBwU we`y P I Q Z Q` KiQ| EF mijiLv AB I CD mijiLvqi Q`K| Q`KwU AB I CD mijiLv `yBwUi mv_ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 gvU AvUwU KvY Zwi KiQ| G KvYjvi ga (K) 1 Ges 5 , 2 Ges 6 , 3 Ges 7 , 4 Ges 8 cii Abyi~c KvY| (L) 3 Ges 6 , 4 Ges 5 njv cii GKvi KvY| (M) 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 At KvY|
110
mgvivj mijiLv
GB GKvi I Abyi~c KvYjvi ga mK iqQ| GB mK ei Kivi Rb `jMZfve wbPi KvRwU Ki:

KvR :
1| ijUvbv GKcv KvMR wPi bvq `yBwU mgvivj mijiLv I Gì GKwU Q`K AuvK| `yB Rvov Abyi~c KvY wPwZ Ki| cwZRvov Abyi~c KvY mgvb wKbv hvPvB Ki| mgvb nqQ wK? 2| `yB Rvov GKvi KvY wPwZ Ki| cwZ Rvov GKvi KvY mgvb wKbv hvPvB Ki| mgvb nqQ wK? 3| mgvivj mijiLvqi Q`Ki GKB cvki At KvY `yBwU cwigvc Ki| KvY `yBwUi cwigvci hvMdj ei Ki| hvMdj Zvgvi mncvVxì ei Kiv hvMdji mv_ Zzjbv Ki| Zvgvì hvMdj mvgvb Kg-ewk 180 nqQ wK?
KvRi djvdj chvjvPbv Ki Avgiv wbPi wmv DcbxZ nB:

`yBwU mgvivj mijiLvi GKwU Q`K viv Drcb cZK Abyic ~ KvY Rvov mgvb ne| `yBwU mgvivj mijiLvi GKwU Q`K viv Drcb cZK GKvi KvY Rvov mgvb ne|
`yBwU mgvivj mijiLvi GKwU Q`K viv Drcb Q`Ki GKB cvki At KvY `yBwU cii
m~iK|
welqwU mnR gb ivLvi Rb j Ki :
Abyi~c KvY Rvov F eY Avi GKvi KvY Rvov Z eY wPwZ|

mgvivj mijiLvi GB wZbwU ag Avjv`vfve cgvY Kiv hvq bv| Gì hKvbv GKwUK mijiLvi msv wnme weePbv Ki evwK `yBwU ag cgvY Kiv hvq|
msv : `yBwU mijiLvi GKwU Q`K viv Drcb I Abyic KvY Rvov mgvb nj iLvq mgvivj|
MwYZ
111
Dccv` 1 `yBwU mgvivj mijiLvK Gì GKwU mijiLv Q` Kij GKvi KvY Rvov mgvb| wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, AB CD Ges PQ Q`K Zvì h_vg E I F we`yZ Q` KiQ| cgvY KiZ ne h, AEF = GKvi EFD |
P A C E B
cgvY : avc : (1) PEB = Abyic EFD (2) PEB = wecZxc AEF AEF = EFD [cgvwYZ]
Q h_v_Zv [mgvivj iLvi msvbymvi Abyic KvY mgvb] [wecZxc KvYq cii mgvb] [(1) I (2) _K]
KvR : 1| cgvY Ki h, `yBwU mgvivj mijiLvi GKwU Q`K viv Drcb Q`Ki GKB cvki A KvYq cii mgvb|
wP, AB ll CD Ges PQ Q`K Zvì h_vg E I
F we`yZ Q` KiQ| myZivs, (K) AEF = GKvi EFD (L) PEB = Abyi~c EFD (M) BEF + EFD = `yB mgKvY|
KvR :
1| GKwU mijiLvi Dci `yBwU we`y bvI| iLvwUi we`y `yBwUZ GKB w`K 60 Gi mgvb `yBwU KvY AuvK| KvYqi AwZ ev `yBwU mgvivj wKbv hvPvB Ki|
KvRi djvdj chvjvPbv Ki Avgiv wbPi wmv DcbxZ nB:

`yBwU mijiLv Aci GKwU mijiLvK Q` Kij hw` Abyic ~ KvYjv cii mgvb nq, Ze H mijiLv `yBwU cii mgvivj| `yBwU mijiLv Aci GKwU mijiLvK Q` Kij hw` GKvi KvYjv cii mgvb nq, Ze H mijiLv `yBwU cii mgvivj| `yBwU mijiLv Aci GKwU mijiLvK Q` Kij hw` Q`Ki GKB cvki At KvY `yBwUi mgw `yB mgKvYi mgvb nq, Ze H mijiLv `yBwU cii mgvivj|
112
mgvivj mijiLv
wP, AB I CD iLvqK PQ iLv h_vg E I F we`yZ Q` KiQ Ges (K) AEF = GKvi EFD A_ev, (L) PEB = Abyi~c EFD A_ev, (M) BEF + EFD = `yB mgKvY| myZivs, AB I CD iLv `yBwU cii mgvivj|
1|
Abykxjbx 8
wP, PQR = 55o , LRN = 90 o Ges PQ ll MR nj, MRN Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ? K. 35o 2| L. 45o M. 55o N. 90o
wP, PQ ll SR , PQ = PR Ges PRQ = 50o nj, LRS Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ? K. 3| L. 50o M. 55o N. 75o
ABC mgwev wfzR f~wg BC Gi mgvivj EF iLv AB Ges AC K E , F we`yZ Q`

KiQ| B = 52 o nj, A + F Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ? K. 76o L. 104o M. 128o N. 156o
4|
AB ll CD ll EF
MwYZ
113
(1) (2)
X Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ?

K. 28o L. 32o M. 45o M. 122o N. 58o N. 148o
Z Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ?
L. 103o K. 58o (3) wbPi KvbwU y z Gi gvb ? 5|
L. 77 o M. 103o N. 122o K. 58o i. GKB iLvi Dci AewZ `yBwU mwbwnZ KvY cii mgvb nZ cvi| ii. wecZxc KvYqi mgwLK GKB mijiLvq AewZ| iii. GKwU iLvi ewnt GKwU we`y w`q H iLvi mgvivj GKvwaK iLv AuvKv hvq|
Dcii Z_i wfwZ wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii 6|
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
o wP, AB llCD, BPE = 60 Ges PQ = PR.
K. L. M.
`LvI h,
1 APE = 60o 2
CQF Gi gvb ei Ki|

cgvY Ki h, PQR GKwU mgev wfzR|
beg Aavq
wfyR
Avgiv RbwQ, wZbwU iLvsk viv Ave i mxgviLvK wfyR ejv nq Ges iLvskjvK wfyRi ev ej| hKvbv `yBwU evi mvaviY we`yK kxlwe`y ejv nq| `yBwU ev kxlwe`yZ h KvY Drcb Ki Zv wfyRi GKwU KvY| wfyRi wZbwU ev I wZbwU KvY AvQ| evf` wfzR wZb cKvi: mgev, mgwev I welgev| Avevi KvYfÌ wfzR wZb cKvi: m~KvYx, jKvYx I mgKvYx| wfyRi ev wZbwUi `Ni mgwK wfyRi cwimxgv ejv nq| Gi AvjvK wfzRi Abvb ewk Ges wfzR msv gwjK Dccv` I Ab welq AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
wfzRi At I ewnt KvY eYbv KiZ cvie| wfyRi gwjK Dccv`jv cgvY KiZ cvie| wewfb kZmvc wfzR AuvKZ cvie| wfzRi ev I KvYi cviwiK mK eenvi Ki RxebwfwK mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie| wfzR i f~wg I DPZv gc dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|
91 wfyRi gagv
cvki wP, ABC GKwU wfyR| A, B, C wfzRwUi wZbwU kxlwe`y| AB, BC , CA wfzRwUi wZbwU ev Ges
A, B, C wZbwU KvY| wfzRwUi hKvbv GKwU ev
BC Gi gawe`y D wbYq Kwi Ges D nZ wecixZ kxlwe`y A ch iLvsk AuvwK| AD, ABC wfzRi GKwU gagv|
wfzRi kxlwe`y _K wecixZ evi gawe`y ch AwZ iLvsk gagv|
MwYZ
115
92 wfyRi DPZv
cvki wP, ABC GKwU wfyR| A kxlwe`y nZ wecixZ ev
BC Gi j^ `~iZB wfzRi DPZv| A nZ BC Gi Dci j^ AM Ab Kwi | AM , ABC wfzRi DPZv| cZK kxlwe`y
nZ wfzRi DPZv wbYq Kiv hvq|
93 wfyRi ewnt I At KvY

Kvbv wfyRi GKwU ev ewaZ Kij h KvY Drcb nq Zv wfyRwUi GKwU ewnt KvY| GB KvYi mwbwnZ KvYwU Qvov wfyRi Aci `yBwU KvYK GB ewnt KvYi wecixZ At KvY ejv nq| cvki wP, ABC Gi BC evK D ch ewaZ Kiv nqQ| ACD wfyRwUi GKwU ewnt KvY|
ABC , BAC I ACB

wfyRwUi wZbwU At KvY| ACB K ACD Gi cwZ mwbwnZ A t KvY ejv nq| ABC I BAC Gi cZKK
ACD Gi wecixZ At KvY ejv nq|

KvR :
1| wfzRi KqwU gagv ? KqwU DPZv? 2| gagv I DPZv wK me`vB wfzRi Afi _vKe? 3| GKwU wfzR AuvK, hvi DPZv I gagv GKB iLvsk| KvYjvK wbq wfzRi GKwU AmvaviY ag iqQ| wbPi wZbwU KvR Kwi Ges djvdj cheY Kwi|
KvR :
1| GKwU wfzR AvuK| Gi KvY wZbwU KU wP (ii) Gi bvq mvRvI| wZbwU KvY wgj GLb GKwU KvY njv| KvYwU mij KvY Ges Gi cwigvc 180 | wfyRi wZbwU KvYi mgw 180|
116
wfyR
2| GKwU wfzR AuvK Ges Gi Abyic AviI `yBwU wfzR AuvK| wfzR wZbwU wPi bvq mvRvI| KvY wZbwU GK mij KvY Zwi Ki wK?
3| h Kvbv wZbwU wfzR Ab Ki| Puv`vi mvnvh cwZwU wfzRi KvYjv cwigvc Ki Ges wbPi mviwYwU c~iY Ki| wfzR KvYi cwigvc
A = B =
C =
KvYjvi hvMdj
A + B + C
ABC
cwZwU KvY wZbwUi hvMdj AvbygvwbK 180 nqQ wK?

94 wfyRi wZb KvYi hvMdj Dccv` 1| wfyRi wZb KvYi mgw `yB mgKvYi mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC GKwU wfyR|
cgvY KiZ ne h, BAC + ABC + ACB = `yB mgKvY

Ab : BC evK D ch ewaZ Kwi Ges BA iLvi mgvivj Ki CE iLv AuvwK|
MwYZ
117
cgvY :
avc (1) BAC = ACE (2) ABC = ECD (3) BAC + ABC = ACE + ECD = ACD (4) BAC + ABC + ACB = ACD + ACB (5) ACD + ACB = `yB mgKvY BAC + ABC + ACB = `yB mgKvY|
Abywmv 1| Abywmv 2| Abywmv 3| Abywmv 4|
h_v_Zv [ BA|| CE Ges AC iLv Zvì Q`K|] [Q GKvi KvY `yBwU mgvb|] [ BA|| CE Ges BD iLv Zvì Q`K|] [Q Abyi~c KvY `yBwU mgvb|] [Dfqc ACB hvM Ki] [mij KvY Dccv`] [cgvwYZ]
wfzRi GKwU evK ewaZ Kij h ewnt KvY Drcb nq, Zv Gi wecixZ At KvYqi mgwi mgvb| wfzRi GKwU evK ewaZ Kij h ewnt KvY Drcb nq, Zv Gi At wecixZ KvY `yBwUi cZKwU Acv eni| mgKvYx wfyRi m~KvYq cii c~iK| mgev wfzRi cZKwU KvYi cwigvY 600.
Abykxjbx 91
1| 2| 3| 4| wP, ABC Gi ABC = 90o , BAC = 48o Ges BD, AC Gi Dci j^| Aewk KvYjvi gvb wbYq Ki| GKwU mgwev wfzRi kxlwe`yZ AewZ KvYwUi gvb 500| Aewk KvY `yBwUi gvb wbYq Ki| cgvY Ki h, PZzfyRi PviwU KvYi mgw Pvi mgKvYi mgvb| `yBwU iLv PQ Ges RS cii O we`yZ Q` Ki| PQ Ges RS Gi Dci h_vg L I
M
Ges
PviwU we`y, hb,
LM RS , EF PQ. cgvY Ki h,
MLO = FEO.
5|
ABC -Gi AC BC ; E , AC Gi ewaZvski Dci hKvbv we`y Ges ED AB.
ED
Ges BC ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| cgvY Ki h, CEO = DBO.
118
wfyR
95 wfyRi ev I KvYi mK
wfzRi ev I KvYi ga mK iqQ| welqwU evSvi Rb wbPi KvRwU Ki|
KvR : 1| hKvbv GKwU KvY AuvK| KvYwUi kxlwe`y _K Dfq evZ mgvb `~iZ `yBwU we`y wPwZ Ki| we`y `yBwU hy Ki| GKwU mgwev wfzR AwZ njv| Puv`vi mvnvh f~wg msjM KvY `yBwU cwigvc Ki| KvY `yBwU wK mgvb ?
hw` Kvbv wfzRi `yBwU ev cii mgvb nq, Ze Gì wecixZ KvY `yBwUI cii mgvb| ciewZ Aavq GB cwZvwUi hywg~jK cgvY Kiv ne| A_vr, ABC wfzR AB = AC nj, ABC = ACB ne | mgwev wfzRi G ewk wewfb hywg~jK cgvY cqvM Kiv nq|
KvR : 1| hKvbv wZbwU wfzR AuvK| ijvii mvnvh cwZwU wfzRi wZbwU evi `N I Puv`vi mvnvh wZbwU KvY cwigvc Ki Ges wbPi mviwYwU c~Y Ki|
wfzR
evi cwigvc
KvYi cwigvc
A = B = C =
evi Zzjbv
KvYi Zzjbv
ABC
AB = BC =
CA =
cwZwU Kvbv `yBwU ev I Gì wecixZ KvYjv Zzjbv Ki| G _K Kx wmv DcbxZ nIqv hvq?
Dccv` 2
Kvbv wfzRi GKwU ev Aci GKwU ev Acv eni nj, eni evi wecixZ KvY z`Zi evi wecixZ KvY Acv eni ne| wekl wbePb: gb Kwi, ABC - G AC > AB.
cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC > ACB.

Ab : AC _K AB Gi mgvb Ki
AD Ask KvwU Ges B, D hvM Kwi|
MwYZ
119
cgvY: avc
h_v_Zv [mgwev wfzRi f~wg msjM KvYq mgvb|] [ewnt KvY wecixZ At KvY `yBwUi cZKwU Acv eni] [ ABD KvYwU ABC Gi GKwU Ask ]
(1) ABD - G AB = AD. ADB = ABD. (2) BDC - G ewnt ADB > BCD ABD > BCD ev ABD > ACB (3) ABC > ABD myZivs, ABC > ACB (cgvwYZ)|
Dccv` 3
Kvbv wfzRi GKwU KvY Aci GKwU KvY Acv eni nj, eni KvYi wecixZ ev z`Zi KvYi wecixZ ev Acv eni| wekl wbePb: gb Kwi, ABC Gi
ABC > ACB cgvY KiZ ne h, AC > AB

cgvY:
avc (1) hw` AC ev AB ev Acv eni bv nq, Ze (i) AC = AB A_ev (ii) AC < AB ne| (i) hw` AC = AB nq, ABC = ACB wK kZvbyhvqx ABC > ACB Zv c` kZweivax| (ii) Avevi, hw` AC < AB nq, Ze
h_v_Zv
[mgwev wfzRi f~wg msjM KvYq mgvb]
[ z`Zi evi wecixZ KvY z`Zi ]
ABC < ACB ne|

wK Zv-I c` kZweivax| (2) myZivs, AC ev AB Gi mgvb ev AB _K z`Zi nZ cvi bv| AC > AB (cgvwYZ)|
120
wfyR
96 wfzRi `yB evi `Ni hvMdj

wfzRi hKvbv `yB evi `Ni mgwi mv_ ZZxq evi `Ni mK iqQ| mKwU Abyavebi Rb `jMZfve wbPi KvRwU Ki|
KvR 1| 15wU wewfb gvci KvwV RvMvo Ki| Gì hKvbv wZbwU w`q GKwU wfzR Zwi Kivi Pv Ki| Zvgiv wK cwZeviB wfzR Zwi KiZ cviQv? KLb cviQv bv Zvi evLv `vI|
2| hKvbv wZbwU wfzR ABC , PQR I XYZ AuvK|
ijvii mvnvh wfzRi evjvi `N gvc Ges wbPi mviwYwU c~iY Ki: wfzR
ABC
wZb evi `N
mZ wKbv
mZ/wg_v
PQR
XYZ
j Kwi, hKvbv wfzRi hKvbv `yB evi `Ni hvMdj Gi ZZxq evi `N Acv ewk| Avgiv AviI j Kwi, hKvbv wfzRi hKvbv `yB evi `Ni weqvMdj Gi ZZxq evi `N Acv Kg|
MwYZ
121
Dccv` 4
wfzRi hKvbv `yB evi `Ni mgw Gi ZZxq evi `N Acv eni| wekl wbePb: gb Kwi, ABC GKwU wfzR| cgvY
KiZ ne h, ABC Gi hKvbv `yB evi `Ni mgw Gi ZZxq evi `N Acv eni| awi, BC wfzRwUi eng ev| Zvnj
AB + AC > BC cgvY KivB h_| Ab : BA K D ch ewaZ Kwi, hb AD = AC nq| C , D hvM Kwi|

cgvY : avc
(1) ADC - G AD = AC .
h_v_Zv [mgwev wfzRi f~wg msjM KvYq mgvb] [ KviY ACD, BCD Gi GKwU Ask] [ eni KvYi wecixZ ev eni ] [ hnZz AC = AD ]
ACD = ADC . ACD = BDC. (2) BCD > ACD.

BCD > BDC. (3) BCD G BCD > BDC. BD > BC . (4) wK BD = AB + AD = AB + AC AB + AC > BC . (cgvwYZ)
Abykxjbx 92
wbPi Z_i wfwZ 1-3 bî cki Di `vI :
wP, ABC Gi BC evK D ch ewaZ Kiv nqQ| CE , ACD Gi mgwLK|
AB ll CE Ges ECD = 60o
122
wfyR
1|
BAC Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU?

K. 30o L. 45o M. 60o N. 120o
2|
ACD Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU?

K. 60o L. 90o M. 120o N. 180o
3|
ABC Kvb aibi wfyR?

K. ~jKvYx L. mgwev M. mgev N. mgKvYx
4. 5|
ABC G A = 70 o , B = 40 o nj ABC Kx aibi wfyR?
K. yjKvYx
L. mgKvYx
M. mgev
N. mgwev
GKwU wfyRi `yBwU ev h_vg 5 m.wg. Ges 4 m.wg. wfyRi Aci evwU wbPi KvbwU nZ cvi? K. 1 m.wg. L. 4 m.wg. M. 9 m.wg. N. 10 m.wg.
6|
mgwev wfyRi mgvb evqK ewaZ Kij Drcb ewnt KvYqi GKwU 120o nj, AciwU KZ? K. 120o L. 90o M. 60o N. 30o
7|
mgKvYx wfyRi m~KvYqi GKwU 40o nj, Aci m~KvYi gvb wbPi KvbwU ? K. 40o L. 45o M. 50o N. 60 o
8|
Kvbv wfyRi GKwU KvY Aci `yBwU KvYi mgwi mgvb nj, wfyRwU Kx aibi ne? K. mgev L. m~KvYx M. mgKvYx N. jKvYx
9|
ABC -G AB > AC Ges B I C Gi mgwLKq cii P we`yZ Q` KiQ| cgvY Ki h, PB > PC.
cgvY Ki h, AD > AB.
10| ABC GKwU mgwev wfzR Ges Gi AB = AC ; BC K hKvbv `~iZ D ch evovbv njv| 11| ABCD PZzfyR AB = AD, BC = CD Ges CD > AD. cgvY Ki h, DAB > BCD.
MwYZ
123
12| ABC - G AB = AC Ges D, BC -Gi Dci GKwU we`y| cgvY Ki h, AB > AD. 13| ABC - G AB AC Ges D, AC -Gi Dci GKwU we`y| cgvY Ki h, BC > BD. 14| cgvY Ki h, mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfyRB eng ev| 15| cgvY Ki h, wfzRi eng evi wecixZ KvY eng| 16| wP, PM QR , QPM = RPM Ges
QPR = 90 o
K. QPM Gi gvb wbYq Ki| L. PQM I PRM Gi gvb KZ? M. PQ = 6 m.wg. nj, PR Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
97 wfyR Ab
cZK wfyRi QqwU Ask AvQ; wZbwU ev Ges wZbwU KvY| wfyRi GB QqwU Aski KqKwU Aci GKwU wfyRi Abyi~c Aski mgvb nj `yBwU wfyR memg nZ cvi| myZivs Kej H Askjv Ìqv _vKj wfyRwUi AvKvi wbw` nq Ges wfyRwU AuvKv hvq| wbPi Dcvjv Rvbv _vKj GKwU wbw` wfyR mnRB AuvKv hvq: (1) wZbwU ev, (2) `yBwU ev I Gì Afy KvY, (3) GKwU ev I Gì msjM `yBwU KvY, (4) `yBwU KvY I Gì GKwUi wecixZ ev, (5) `yBwU ev I Gì GKwU wecixZ KvY, (6) mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfyR I Aci GKwU ev A_ev KvY|
mv` 1
Kvbv wfyRi wZbwU ev Ìqv AvQ, wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi wZbwU ev a, b, c Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
124
wfyR
Ab : (1) hKvbv iwk BD _K a Gi mgvb Ki BC KU wbB| (2) B I C we`yK K` Ki h_vg b Ges c Gi mgvb evmva wbq BC Gi GKB cvk `yBwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvc `yBwU cii A we`yZ Q` Ki|
(3) A, B Ges A, C hvM Kwi| Zvnj ABC -B Dw wfyR| cgvY : Abvbymvi, ABC G BC = a, AC = b Ges
AB = c.
ABC c` evhy wfyR|
KvR : 1| 8 m.wg., 5 m.wg. I 6 m.wg `Ni wZbwU evwewk GKwU wfzR AuvK| 2| 8 m.wg., 5 m.wg. I 3 m.wg `Ni wZbwU evwewk GKwU wfzR Abi Pv Ki|
Zvgvi Pv mdj nqQ wK?
ge : wfyRi `yB evi mgw Gi ZZxq ev Acv eni| ZvB c` evjv Ggb nZ ne h,
hKvbv `yBwUi `Ni mgw ZZxqwUi `N Acv eni nq| ZvnjB wfyRwU AuvKv me ne|
MwYZ
125
mv` 2
Kvbv wfyRi `yBwU ev I Gì Afy KvY Ìqv AvQ, wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi `yBwU ev a I b Ges Zvì Afy KvY C Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
Ab :
(1) hKvbv iwk BD _K a Gi mgvb Ki BC wbB| (2) BC iLvski C we`yZ c` C Gi mgvb BCE AuvwK|
(3) CE iLvsk _K b Gi mgvb Ki CA wbB|

(4) A, B hvM Kwi|
Zvnj ABC -B Dw wfyR| cgvY : Ab Abymvi,
ABC - G BC = a, CA = b Ges ACB = C.

ABC -B wbw` wfyR|
mv` 3
Kvbv wfyRi GKwU ev I Gi msjM `yBwU KvY Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne| gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi GKwU ev a Ges Gi msjM `yBwU KvY
B I C Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|

Ab :
(1) hKvbv iwk BD _K a Gi mgvb Ki BC wbB| (2) BC iLvski B I C we`yZ h_vg CBE = B Ges
BCF = C AuvwK| BE I CF cii A we`yZ Q` Ki|
126
wfyR
(3) A, B I A, C hvM Kwi| Zvnj ABC -B Dw wfyR| cgvY : Ab Abymvi,
ABC - G BC = a, ABC = B Ges ACB = C.

ABC -B wbw` wfyR|
ge : wfyRi wZb KvYi mgw `yB mgKvYi mgvb, ZvB c` KvY `yBwU Ggb nZ ne hb Gì mgw `yB mgKvY Acv QvU nq| GB kZ cvjb Kiv bv nj Kvbv wfyR AuvKv me ne bv|
KvR :
1| 7 m.wg. `Ni ev I 50 I 60 KvYwewk GKwU wfzR AuvK| 2| 6 m.wg. `Ni ev I 140 I 70 KvYwewk GKwU wfzR Abi Pv Ki| Zvgvi Pv mdj nqQ wK? Kb evLv Ki|
mv` 4
Kvbv wfyRi `yBwU KvY Ges Gì GKwUi wecixZ ev Ìqv AvQ, wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi `yBwU KvY A I B Ges A Gi wecixZ ev a Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
Ab :
(1) hKvbv iwk BD _K a Gi mgvb Ki BC wbB| (2) BC iLvski B I C we`yZ B Gi mgvb Ki
CBF I DCE AuvwK|

(3) Avevi CE iLvi C we`yZ Gi h cvk B AewZ Zvi wecixZ cvk A Gi mgvb Ki ECG AuvwK|
CG I BF iLv A we`yZ Q` Ki|

wfzR ABC B Dw wfzR|
MwYZ
127
cgvY : Abvbymvi, ABC = ECD. GB KvY `yBwU Abyi~c
ej BF ll CE ev BA ll CE | GLb BA ll CE Ges AC Gì Q`K| BAC = GKvi ACE = A. GLb ABC G
BAC = A, ABC = B Ges
BC = a. myZivs, ABC wfyRwU kZgZ AwZ njv|
mv` 5
Kvbv wfyRi `yBwU ev Ges Gì GKwUi wecixZ KvY Ìqv AvQ, wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi `yBwU ev b I c Ges b evi wecixZ KvY B Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
Ab :
(1) hKvbv iwk BD AuvwK| (2) B we`yZ c` B Gi mgvb Ki DBE AuvwK|
(3) BE iLv _K c Gi mgvb Ki BA wbB| (4) GLb A we`yK K` Ki b Gi `Ni mgvb evmva wbq GKwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvcwU BD iLvK C I C we`yZ Q` Ki| (5) A, C Ges A, C hvM Kwi| Zvnj ABC Ges ABC -Dfq wfyR c` kZ c~iY Ki AwZ|
cgvY : Abvbymvi, ABC - G BA = c, AC = b Ges ABC = B | Avevi, ABC - G BA = c, AC = b Ges ABC = B | `Lv hvq, ABC Ges ABC DfqB c` kZmg~n c~iY Ki| Zvnj ABC ev ABC -B Dw wfyR|
128
wfyR
mv` 6
Kvbv mgKvYx wfyRi AwZfyR I Aci GKwU ev Ìqv AvQ, wfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU wfyRi AwZfzR a I Aci GK ev b Ìqv AvQ| wfyRwU AuvKZ ne| Ab : (1) hKvbv iwk BD _K b Gi mgvb Ki BC wbB| (2) B we`yZ BE j^ AuvwK| (3) C K K` Ki a Gi mgvb evmva wbq GKwU ePvc AuvwK, hb GwU BE -K A we`yZ Q` Ki|
(4) A I C hvM Kwi| Zvnj ABC -B Dw wfyR|

cgvY : Abvbymvi, AC = a, BC = b Ges ABC =
GK mgKvY| ABC -B wbYq wfyR|
Abykxjbx 93
1| Kvbv wfzRi `yBwU ev Ges Gì GKwU wecixZ KvY Ìqv _vKj, mevwaK KqwU wfzR AuvKv hve? L. 2 M. 3 N. 4 K. 1 Kvb wfzR AuvKv me hLb wZbwU evi `N h_vgL. 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg. 5 m.wg. K. 1 m.wg., 2 m.wg. 3 m.wg. N. 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg. 7 m.wg. M. 2 m.wg., 4 m.wg. 6 m.wg.
i. GKwU wfzRi `yBwU ev Ges Zvì Afy KvY Ìqv _vKj, wfzRwU Au^vKv hvq| ii. `yBwU evi mgw ZZxq ev Acv eni nj, wfzRwU AuvKv hvq| iii. Kvbv wfzRi GKvwaK ~jKvY _vKZ cvi|
2|
3|
MwYZ
129
Dcii Z_ Abymvi wbPi KvbwU mwVK
K. iI i M. i I iii
L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wbPi wP Abymvi 4-5 bî cki Di `vI :
4| 5|
C we`yZ BA iLvi mgvivj iLv AuvKZ nj, Kvb KvYi mgvb KvY AuvKZ ne? L. ACB M. BAC N. CAD K. ABC
CAD Gi mgvb wbPi KvbwU?
K. BAC + ACB M. ABC + ACB + BAC 6| 7| 8| 9|
L. ABC + ACB N. ABC + BAC
GKwU wfzRi wZbwU evi `N Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK| (K) 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg., 6 m.wg (L) 3.5 m.wg., 4.7 m.wg., 5.6 m.wg GKwU wfzRi `yBwU ev I Gì Afy KvY Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK| (K) 3 m.wg., 4 m.wg., 60 (L) 3.8 m.wg., 4.7 m.wg., 45 GKwU wfzRi GKwU ev I Gi msjM `yBwU KvY Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK| (K) 5 m.wg., 30, 45 (L) 4.5 m.wg., 45, 60 GKwU wfzRi `yBwU KvY I c_g KvYi wecixZ ev Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK|
(K) 120, 30, 5 m.wg. (L) 60, 30, 4 m.wg. 10| GKwU wfzRi `yBwU ev I c_g evi wecixZ KvY Ìqv AvQ | wfzRwU AuvK| (K) 5.3 m.wg., 6 m.wg., 60 (L) 4 m.wg., 5 m.wg., 30 11| GKwU mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfzR I Gi msjM evi `N Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK| (K) 7.2 m.wg., 4.5 m.wg. (L) 4.7 m.wg., 3 m.wg. 12| GKwU mgKvYx wfzRi GKwU wbw` ev 5.3 m.wg. Ges GKwU m~KvY 45 Ìqv AvQ| wfzRwU AuvK|
130
wfyR
13| GKB mijiLvq AewZ bq Ggb wZbwU we`y A, B I C . K. we`y wZbwU w`q GKwU wfzR AuvK| L. AwZ wfzRi kxlwe`y _K f~wgi Ici j^ AuvK| M. AwZ wfzRi f~wg, mgKvYx mgwev wfzRi AwZfzR nj, wfzRwU AuvK| 14|
K. wPi wfzRwUi AwZfzR KvbwU? L. AwZfzRi cwigvY mwUwgUvi wbYq Ki Ges ACB Gi mgvb Ki GKwU KvY AuvK| L. GKwU mgKvYx wfzR AuvK, hvi AwZfzR wP AwZ wfzRi AwZfzR Acv 2 m.wg. eo Ges GKwU KvY, ACB Gi mgvb nq| 15| GKwU wfzRi `yBwU ev a = 3 2 m.wg., b = 4 5 m.wg. Ges GKwU KvY B = 30o K. B Gi mgvb GKwU KvY AuvK| L. GKwU wfzR AuvK, hvi `yB ev a I b Gi mgvb Ges Afy B Gi mgvb nq| M. Ggb GKwU wfzR AuvK, hvi GKwU ev b Ges B Gi wecixZ ev .. nq| 16| wfzRi GKwU evi `N 4 m.wg. Ges ev msjM KvY `yBwU 37 o I 46o . K. wfzRi Aci KvYi cwigvY KZ? L. wfzRwU Kx aibi Ges Kb? M. wfzRwU AuvK|
`kg Aavq
memgZv I m`kZv
Avgvì Pviw`K wewfb AvKwZ I AvKvii e `LZ cvB| Gì wKQz e mgvb, Avevi wKQz `LZ GKB iKg, wK mgvb bq| Zvgvì kwYi wkv_xì MwYZ cvVcyKwU AvKwZ, AvKvi I IRb GKB, mjv mew`K w`q mgvb ev memg| Avevi GKwU MvQi cvZvjvi AvKwZ GKB njI AvKvi wfb, cvZvjv `LZ GK iKg ev m`k| dUvMvwdi `vKvb hLb Avgiv g~jKwci AwZwi Kwc PvB Zv g~jKwci e mgvb, eo ev QvU Ki PvBZ cvwi| KwcwU hw` g~jKwci mgvb nq m Kwc `yBwU memg| Avi j wVK iL KwcwU hw` g~jKwci Pq eo ev QvU nq m Kwc `yBwU m`k| GB Aavq Avgiv AZ iZc~Y GB `yB RvwgwZK aviYv wbq AvjvPbv Kie| Avgiv AvcvZZ mgZjxq i memgZv I m`kZv weePbv Kie|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
wewfb RvwgwZK AvKvi I AvKwZ nZ memg Ges m`k AvKvi I AvKwZ wPwZ KiZ cvie| memgZv I m`kZvi ga cv_K KiZ cvie| wfzRi memgZv cgvY KiZ cvie| wfzR I PZyfzRi m`kZv evLv KiZ cvie| memgZv I m`kZvi ewki wfwZ mnR mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
101 memgZv
wbPi mgZjxq wP `yBwU `LZ GKB AvKwZ I AvKvii| wP `yBwU memg wKbv wbwZ nIqvi Rb DcwicvZb cwZ MnY Kiv hvq| G cwZZ c_g wPi GKwU Abyic Kwc Ki wZxqwUi Dci ivwL| hw` wPjv ciiK m~Yi~c AveZ Ki, Ze Giv memg| wP F1, wP F2 Gi memg nj Avgiv
F1 F2 viv cKvk Kwi|
`yBwU iLvsk KLb memg ne? wP `yB Rvov iLvsk AuvKv nqQ| DcwicvZb cwZZ AB Gi Abyic Kwc CD Gi Dci iL `wL h, AB iLvsk CD iLvskK XK w`qQ Ges A I B we`y h_vg
132
memgZv I m`kZv
C I D we`yi Dci cwZZ nqQ| myZivs iLvsk `yBwU memg| GKB KvR wZxq Rvov mijiLvi Rb
Ki `wL h, iLvsk `yBwU memg bq| j Kwi, Kej c_g Rvov iLvski `N mgvb|
`yBwU iLvski `N mgvb nj iLvsk `yBwU memg| Avevi wecixZfve, `yBwU iLvsk memg nj Gì `N mgvb|
`yBwU KvY KLb memg ne? wP 40 `yBwU KvY AuvKv nqQ| DcwicvZb cwZ MnY Ki c_g wPi GKwU Abyic Kwc Ki wZxqwUi Dci ivwL| B we`y Q we`yi Dci Ges BA iwk QP iwki Ici cwZZ nqQ| j Kwi, KvY `yBwUi cwigvc mgvb ej BC iwk QR iwki Dci cwZZ nqQ| A_vr
ABC PQR
`yBwU KvYi cwigvc mgvb nj KvY `yBwU memg| Avevi wecixZfve, `yBwU KvY memg nj Gì cwigvcI mgvb|
102 wfzRi memgZv

GKwU wfzRK Aci GKwU wfzRi Dci vcb Kij hw` wfzR `yBwU meZvfve wgj hvq, Ze wfzR `yBwU memg nq| memg wfzRi Abyi~c ev I Abyi~c KvYjv mgvb| wbPi ABC I DEF memg|
ABC I DEF memg nj Ges A, B, C kxl h_vg D, E , F kxli Dci cwZZ nj

AB = DE, AC = DF , BC = EF .
A = D, B = E , C = F ne| ABC I DEF memg evSvZ ABC DEF jLv nq|

wfzRi memgZv cgvYi Rb Kx Z_ cqvRb ? G Rb `jMZfve wbPi KvRwU Ki:
MwYZ
133
KvR :
1| ABC GKwU wfzR AuvK hb AB = 5 m.wg., BC = 6 m.wg.Ges B = 60 nq| (K) wfyRi ZZxq evi `N Ges Ab KvY `yBwU cwigvc Ki| (L) Zvgvì cwigvcjv Zzjbv Ki| Kx `LZ cvQ?
Dccv` 1 (ev-KvY-ev Dccv`)

hw` `yBwU wfzRi GKwUi `yB ev h_vg AciwUi `yB evi mgvb nq Ges ev `yBwUi Afy KvY `yBwU cii mgvb nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU memg nq| wekl wbePb: gb Kwi,
ABC I DEF G AB = DE, AC = DF Ges Afy BAC = Afy EDF cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC DEF
cgvY : avc (1) ABC K DEF Gi Dci Ggbfve vcb Kwi hb A we`y D we`yi Dci I AB ev DE ev eivei Ges DE evi h cvk F AvQ C we`y Hcvk co| GLb AB = DE ej B we`y AekB E we`yi Dci coe| (2) hnZz BAC = EDF Ges AB ev DE evi Dci co, myZivs AC ev DF ev eivei coe| (3) AC = DF ej C we`y AekB F we`yi Dci coe| (4) GLb B we`y E we`yi Dci Ges C we`y F we`yi Dci co ej BC ev AekB EF evi mv_ cyivcywi wgj hve|
h_v_Zv [ evi memgZv ]
[ KvYi memgZv ] [ evi memgZv ] [ `yBwU we`yi ga w`q GKwU gv mijiLv Ab Kiv hvq ]
AZGe, ABC , DEF Gi Dci mgvcwZZ ne|
ABC DEF (cgvwYZ)
134
memgZv I m`kZv
D`vniY 1| wP, AO = OB, CO = OD. cgvY Ki h, AOD BOC . cgvY : AOD Ges BOC G AO = OB, CO = OD Ìqv AvQ Ges Zvì Afy AOD = Afy BOC [wecZxc KvY cii mgvb]| AOD BOC [ev-KvY-ev Dccv`] (cgvwYZ)
Dccv` 2
hw` Kvbv wfzRi `yBwU ev cii mgvb nq, Ze Gì wecixZ KvY `yBwUI cii mgvb ne| wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC wfzR AB = AC | cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC = ACB | Ab : BAC Gi mgwLK AD AuvwK hb Zv BC K D we`yZ Q` Ki| cgvY : ABD Ges ACD G (1) AB = AC (c`) (2) AD mvaviY ev Ges (3) Afy BAD = Afy CAD (Abvbymvi) myZivs, ABD ACD [ev-KvY-ev Dccv`] ABD = ACD A_vr, ABC = ACB (cgvwYZ)
Abykxjbx 101
1| wP, CD, AB Gi j^ mgwLK, cgvY Ki h ADC BDC . 2| wP, CD = CB Ges DCA = BCA cgvY Ki h, AB = AD
3| wP, BAC = ACD Ges AB = DC cgvY Ki h, AD = BC , CAD = ACB Ges ADC = ABC . 4| cgvY Ki h, mgwev wfzRi f~wgK Dfqw`K ewaZ Kij Drcb ewnt KvY `yBwU cii mgvb|
MwYZ
135
5|
wP, AD = AE, BD = CE Ges AEC = ADB cgvY Ki h, AB = AC
6|
wP, ABC Ges DBC `yBwU mgwev wfyR| cgvY Ki h, ABD = ACD
7| 8|
cgvY Ki h, mgwev wfzRi f~wgi cvwe`y _K wecixZ evqi Dci AwZ gagvq mgvb| cgvY Ki h, mgev wfzRi KvYjv cii mgvb|
Dccv` 3 (ev-ev-ev Dccv`)

hw` GKwU wfzRi wZb ev Aci GKwU wfzRi wZb evi mgvb nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU memg ne| wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABC Ges DEF G AB = DE, AC = DF Ges BC = EF , cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC DEF .
cgvY : gb Kwi, BC Ges EF ev h_vg ABC Ges DEF Gi eng evq| GLb ABC K DEF Gi Dci Ggbfve vcb Kwi, hb B we`y E we`yi Dci Ges BC ev Gi mgvb EF ev eivei Ges EF iLvi h cvk D we`y AvQ, A we`yK Gi wecixZ cvk vcb Kwi| gb Kwi, G we`y A we`yi bZzb Aevb| hnZz BC = EF , C we`y F we`yi Dci coe| myZivs GEF ne ABC Gi bZzb Aevb| A_vr, EG = BA, FG = CA I EGF = BAC. D, G hvM Kwi|
136
memgZv I m`kZv
avc AZGe, EDG = EGD AZGe, FDG = FGD . (2) FGD G FG = FD
h_v_Zv [Dccv`-2] [Dccv`-2]
(1) EGD G EG = ED [KviY EG = BA = ED ]
[ev-KvY-ev Dccv`] (3) myZivs, EDG + FDG = EGD + FGD ev, EDF = EGF A_vr, BAC = EDF AZGe, ABC I DEF - G AB = DE, AC = DF Ges Afy BAC = Afy EDF ABC DEF (cgvwYZ)|
Dccv` 4 (KvY-ev-KvY Dccv`)

hw` GKwU wfyRi `yBwU KvY I KvY msjM ev h_vg Aci GKwU wfyRi `yBwU KvY I KvY msjM evi mgvb nq, Ze wfyR `yBwU memg ne| wekl wbePb: gb Kwi, ABC I DEF -G B = E , C = F Ges KvY msjM BC ev = Abyi~c EF ev| cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC DEF . cgvY : avc h_v_Zv (1) ABC K DEF Gi Dci Ggbfve vcb Kwi hb, B we`y [ evi memgZv ] E we`yi Dci BC ev EF ev eivei Ges EF iLvi h cvk D AvQ A we`y hb Hcvk co| hnZz BC = EF , AZGe C we`y F we`yi Dci AekB coe| [ KvYi memgZv ] (2) Avevi, B = E ej, BA ev DE ev eivei coe Ges C = F ej, CA ev FD ev eivei coe| (3) BA Ges CA evi mvaviY we`y A, BD I FD evi mvaviY we`y D Gi Dci coe| A_vr, ABC, DEF Gi Dci mgvcwZZ ne|
ABC DEF (cgvwYZ)
MwYZ
137
D`vniY 1| cgvY Ki h, Kvbv wfyRi wkitKvYi mgwLK hw` f~wgi Dci j^ nq, Ze wfyRwU
mgwev|
wekl wbePb : wP, ABC Gi wkitKvY A -Gi mgwLK AD f~wg BC Gi D we`yZ j^|
cgvY KiZ ne h, AB = AC.

cgvY : ABD Ges ACD G
BAD = CAD [Q AD , BAC Gi mgwLK] ADB = ADC [Q AD , BC Gi Dci j^]

Ges AD mvaviY ev| myZivs ABD = ACD [Dccv` 4] GZGe, AB = AC [cgvwYZ]
Dccv` 5 (mgKvYx AwZfzR-ev Dccv`)

`yBwU mgKvYx wfyRi AwZfyRq mgvb nj Ges GKwUi GK ev AciwUi Aci GK evi mgvb nj, wfyRq memg ne|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCI DEF mgKvYx wfyRq
AwZfyR AC =AwZfyR DF Ges AB = DE. cgvY KiZ ne h, ABC DEF
138
memgZv I m`kZv
cgvY : avc
h_v_Zv [ evi memgZv ]
(1) ABC K DEF Gi Dci Ggbfve vcb Kwi hb, B we`y E we`yi Dci, BA ev ED ev eivei Ges C we`y ED Gi h cvk
F we`y AvQ Gi wecixZ cvk co|

awi, G we`y C we`yi bZzb Aevb| hnZz AB = DE, A we`y D we`yi Dci coe| dj DEG ne ABC Gi bZzb Aevb| myZivs, DG = AC = DF , DEG = DEF = ABC = GK mgKvY Ges DGE = ACB | (2) hnZz DEF + DEG = 1 mgKvY + 1 mgKvY = 2 mgKvY, GEF GKwU mijiLv| GLb, hnZz DGF - G DG = DF DFG = DGF ev DFE = DGF myZivs DFE = ACB (3) GLb, ABC I DEF -G ABC = DEF [Q cZK GK mgKvY] ACB = DFE Ges AB ev = Abyi~c DE ev| myZivs, ABC DEF (cgvwYZ) [Dccv` 2]
[KvY-ev-KvY Dccv`]
Abykxjbx 102
1|
ABC G AB = AC Ges O, ABC Gi Afi Ggb GKwU we`y hb OB = OC ev

cgvY Ki h, AOB = AOC.
2| 3|
ABC Gi AB I AC evZ h_vg D I E Ggb `yBwU we`y hb BD = CE Ges BE = CD . cgvY Ki h, ABC = ACB.
wP, ABC - G AB = AC, BD = DC Ges BE = CF | cgvY Ki h, EDB = FDC
MwYZ
139
4|
wP, ABC -G AB = AC Ges
BAD = CAE | cgvY Ki h,
AD = AE
5| 6|
ABCD PZzfyR AC , BAD Ges BCD Gi mgwLK| cgvY Ki h, B = D.

wP, ABCD PZzfyRi AB Ges
CD cii mgvb I mgvivj Ges AC I BD KY `yBwU O we`yZ Q` KiQ| cgvY Ki h, AD = BC.

7| cgvY Ki h, mgwev wfyRi f~wgi cvwe`y&q _K wecixZ evi Dci AwZ j^q cii mgvb| 8| cgvY Ki h, Kvbv wfyRi f~wgi cv we`yq _K wecixZ evi Dci AwZ j^q hw` mgvb nq, Ze wfyRwU mgwev| 9|
ABCD PZzfyRi AB = AD Ges B = D = GK mgKvY|

cgvY Ki h, ABC ADC .
103 m`kZv
wbPi wPjv GKB wPi QvU-eo AvKvi| Gì wewfb Aski AvKvi GKB, wK Abyi~c `yB we`yi `~iZ mgvb bq| wPjvK m`k wP ejv nq|
140
memgZv I m`kZv
KvR :
1| (K) wPi PZzfyR `yBwU wK m`k ej gb nq? KvY ev
A B C D
E F G H
AB = BC = CA = AD =
EF = FG = GH = EH =
(L) wP `yBwUi KvYjv gc mviwYwU c~iY Ki| KvYjvi ga Kvbv mK AvQ wK ? (M) wP `yBwUi Abyi~c evjv gc mviwYwU c~iY Ki| evjvi ga Kvbv mK AvQ wK ? 2| ABC wfzRK LMN ewaZ Ki wfzRwU AuvKv nqQ|
(K)Abyic ~ KvYjv wb`k Ki Ges cwigvc Ki| (L)Abyic ~ evjv wb`k Ki Ges cwigvc Ki AbycvZ ei Ki| AbycvZjv wK mgvb ?
m`k wP GKB AvKwZi wK AvKvi mgvb bvI nZ cvi| m`k wPi AvKvi mgvb nj Zv memg wP cwiYZ nq| myZivs memgZv m`kZvi wekl i~c| `yBwU wfzR ev efzR m`k nj
Abyi~c KvYjv mgvb| Abyi~c evjv mgvbycvwZK|
m`k wPi evjvi AbycvZ viv g~j wPi Zzjbvq Ab wPi eab A_ev mvPb evSvq|
MwYZ
141
104 m`k wfzR

`yBwU m`k wfzRi Abyic ~ KvYjv mgvb Ges Abyi~c evjv mgvbycvwZK| `yBwU wfzR m`k nIqvi Rb b~bZg kZ ei Kwi|
KvR : 1| wZb-Pvi Rbi `j MVb Ki wbPi KvRjv Ki :
1| (K) LMN wfzRwU AuvK, hvi LM = 2 m.wg., MN = 3 m.wg., LN = 2.5 m.wg.| G wfzRwU wK Abb? (L) XYZ wfzRwU AuvK, hvi XY = 6 m.wg., YZ = 9 m.wg., XZ = 7.5 m.wg.| (M) LMN I XYZ wfzRi Abyi~c evjvi AbycvZ mgvb wK ? (N) LMN I XYZ m`k wK? 2| (K) ABC wfzRwU AuvK, hvi A = 48, B = 75. (L) Gevi LMN wfzRwU AuvK, hvi L = 48, M = 75. (M) ABC I LMN m`k wK? Kb? (N) Zvgvi AuvKv wfzRjv Ab wkv_xì AuvKv wfzRjvi mv_ Zzjbv Ki| mjv wK m`k? 3| (K) DEF wfzRwU AuvK, hvi DE = 3 m.wg., DF = 4 m.wg. I Af y KvY D = 50. (L) KLM wfzRwU AuvK, hvi KL = 6 m.wg., KM = 8 m.wg. I Af y KvY K = 50. (M) DEF I KLM wfzRi Abyi~c evjv wK mgvbycvwZK ? (N) DEF I KLM m`k wK? evLv Ki| 4| (K) RTY wfzRwU AuvK, hvi RT = 4 m.wg., R = 90 I AwZfzR TY = 6 m.wg.| (L) (K) BFG wfzRwU AuvK, hvi BF = 3 m.wg., B = 90 I AwZfzR FG = 4.5 m.wg.| (M) RTY I BFG wfzRi Abyi~c evjvi AbycvZ ei Ki| Zviv mgvb wK ? (N) LMN I XYZ m`k wK?
142
memgZv I m`kZv
105 wfzRi m`kZvi kZ

Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv wfzRi m`kZvi KwZcq kZ wbaviY KiZ cvwi| kZjv wbi~c: kZ 1| (ev-ev-ev ) hw` GKwU wfzRi wZb ev Aci GKwU wfzRi wZb evi mgvbycvwZK nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU m`k|
kZ 2| (ev-KvY-ev ) hw` `yBwU wfzRi GKwUi `yB ev h_vg AciwUi `yB evi mgvbycvwZK nq Ges ev `yBwUi Afy KvY `yBwU cii mgvb nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU m`k|
kZ 3| ( KvY-KvY ) hw` `yBwU wfzRi GKwUi `yBwU KvY h_vg AciwUi `yBwU KvYi mgvb nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU m`k|
kZ 4| (AwZfzR-ev ) hw` `yBwU mgKvYx wfzRi GKwUi AwZfzR I GKwU ev h_vg AciwUi AwZfzR I Abyi~c evi mgvbycvwZK nq, Ze wfzR `yBwU m`k|
MwYZ
143
106 m`k PZzfzR

`yBwU m`k PfzfyRi Abyi~c KvYjv mgvb Ges Abyi~c evjv mgvbycvwZK| `yBwU PZzfzR m`k nIqvi kZ wbYq Kwi| KvR :
wZb-Pvi Rbi `j MVb Ki wbPi KvRjv Ki: 1| (K) KLMN PZzfzRwU AuvK, hvi K = 45, KL = 3 m.wg., LM = 2 m.wg., MN = 3 m.wg., NK = 2.5 m.wg.| [BwZ ; c_g K KvYwU AuvK Ges KvYi ev `yBwU _K KL I LM mgvb `~iZ `yBwU we`y wPwZ Ki|AZtci Aci `yB ev AuvK| ] (L) WXYZ PZzfzRwU AuvK, hvi WX = 8 m.wg., XY = 4 m.wg., YZ = 6 m.wg., ZX = 5 m.wg., L = 45. G PZzfzRwU wK Abb? (M) KLMN I WXYZ PZzfyRi Abyi~c evjvi AbycvZ mgvb wK? (N) KLMN I WXYZ PZzfyRi Abyi~c KvYjv cwigvc Ki| mjv wK cii mgvb ? (N) KLMN I WXYZ m`k wK? 2| Zvgvi cQ`gZv KvY I ev wbq wbPi KvRwU cybivq Ki| PZzfR y jv m`k wK?
`yBwU PZzfyRi Abyi~c evjv mgvbycvwZK nj PZzfyR `yBwU m`k| jYxq h, `yBwU m`k PZzfyRi (K) Abyi~c KvYjv mgvb Ges (L) Abyi~c evjv mgvbycvwZK|
KvR : 1| wbPi wPjvi m`k Rvo wPwZ Ki| Zvgvi Dii c hyw `vI|
144
memgZv I m`kZv
Abykxjbx 103
1| wbPi cwZwU wP wfzR `yBwUi m`kZvi KviY eYbv Ki|
2| cgvY Ki h, wbPi cwZwU wPi wfzR `yBwU m`k|
3| `LvI h, PTN Ges RWT m`k|
4| DY iLvsk CDW KvYwUi wLK| `LvI h, CDY I YDW m`k|
5| wbPi cwZwU m`k wfzR Rvov _K y Gi gvb ei Ki|
MwYZ
145
6| cgvY Ki h, wPi wfzR wZbwU m`k|
7| PZzfzR `yBwUi Abyi~c KvY I Abyi~c evjv
wPwZ Ki| PZzfzR `yBwU m`k wK-bv hvPvB Ki|
8|1 wgUvi `Ni GKwU jvwV gvwUZ `vqgvb Aevq 0.4 wgUvi Qvqv dj| GKwU Lvov MvQi Qvqvi `N 7 wgUvi nj MvQwUi DPZv KZ ?
9| wknve b`x cvi bv nq b`xi c gvcZ Pvq| G Rb m wVK Aci cvo GKwU MvQ eQ wbq b`xi cvo wPi bvq wKQz gvcRvK Kij| b`xi c wbYq Ki|
GKv`k Aavq
Z_ I Dcv
cvPxbKvj _KB Kvbv wbw` Dk eve Rxebi AbK NUbv ev Z_vewj MvwYwZK msLvi gvag cKvk Kiv nZv| eZgvb `bw`b Rxebi wewfb NUbv ev Z_mg~n msLvi gvag cKvki evcKZv ew cqQ| Avi msLvevPK Z_mg~n nQ cwimsLvb| `bw`b Rxeb eeZ wewfb cwimsLvb mnReva I AvKlYxq Kivi Rb Zv wewfb aibi jLwPi mvnvh Dcvcb Kiv nq| Avi Gme jLwP `L DcvwcZ NUbv m^ Avgiv my aviYv cvB I eySZ cvwi| G Aavq Avgiv Z_ I Dcvi AvqZjL m^ Rvbe| ZvQvov Aweb Dcv web Kivi Rb kwY eeavbi gvag Kxfve MYmsLv mviwY MVb Kiv nq Zv Rvbe| cwimsLvbi GB welqjv wkv_xì `bw`b Rxeb evcK eeZ nq weavq G m^ Zvì cwivi vb _vKv Acwinvh|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv

MYmsLv mviwY Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie| kwY eeavbi gvag Aweb Dcv web AvKvi cKvk KiZ cvie| AvqZjL Ab KiZ cvie| AwZ AvqZjL nZ cPziK ei KiZ cvie| AwZ AvqZjL nZ Dcv mK evLv KiZ cvie|
111 Z_ I Dcv
l kwYZ Avgiv Z_ I Dcv m^ RbwQ| msLvwfwK Kvbv Z_ ev NUbv nQ GKwU cwimsLvb| Avi Z_ ev NUbv wb`kK msLvjv nQ cwimsLvbi Dcv| aiv hvK, Kvbv GK cixvq mg kwYZ AaqbiZ 35 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv bî njv 80, 60, 65, 75, 80, 60, 60, 90, 95, 70, 100, 95, 85, 60, 85, 85, 90, 98, 85, 55, 50, 95, 90, 90, 98, 65, 70, 70, 75, 85, 95, 75, 65, 75, 65| GLvb, msLv viv wb`wkZ bîmg~n H cixvi GKwU cwimsLvb| msLv viv wb`wkZ bîjv njv cwimsLvbi Dcv| Zvnj Avgiv ejZ cvwi, cwimsLvbi Dcvmg~n msLvi gvag Dcvcb KiZ nq| Ze Kvbv wewQb msLvK cwimsLvb ejv nq bv| hgb, GKRb Qvi cv bî 85 ejv nj Zv cwimsLvb ne bv|
MwYZ
147
112 cwimsLvb Dcv

cwimsLvb Dcv `yB aibi| h_v, (1) cv_wgK Dcv ev cZ Dcv I (2) gvawgK Dcv ev civ Dcv|
(1) cv_wgK Dcv : c~e ewYZ Kvbv GK cixvq MwYZ cv bîjv cv_wgK Dcv| Gi~c Dcv cqvRb Abyhvqx AbymvbKvix mivmwi Drm _K msMn KiZ cvi| myZivs Drm _K mivmwi h Dcv msMnxZ nq ZvB njv cv_wgK Dcv| mivmwi msMnxZ weavq cv_wgK Dcvi wbfihvMZv AbK ewk| (2) gvawgK Dcv : cw_exi KqKwU knii Kvbv GK gvmi Zvcgvv Avgvì cqvRb| hfve MwYZi cv bîjv Avgiv msMn KiwQ mfve Zvcgvvi Z_ Avgvì c msMn Kiv me bq| G Kvbv cwZvbi msMnxZ Dcv Avgiv Avgvì cqvRb eenvi KiZ cvwi| myZivs GLvb Drm nQ civ| civ Drm _K msMnxZ Dcv nQ gvawgK Dcv| AbymvbKvix hnZz wbRi cqvRb Abyhvqx mivmwi Dcv msMn KiZ cvi bv mnZz Zvi wbKU Gfve msMnxZ Dcvi wbfihvMZv AbK Kg|
113 Aweb I web Dcv

Aweb Dcv : c~e ewYZ wkv_xì MwYZ cv bîjv njv Aweb Dcv| GLvb bîjv Gjvgjvfve AvQ| bîjv gvbi Kvbv g mvRvbv bB| web Dcv : Dci ewYZ bîjv gvbi Eag Abymvi mvRvj Avgiv cvB, 50, 55, 60, 60, 60, 60, 65, 65, 65, 65, 70, 70, 70, 75, 75, 75, 75, 80, 80, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 90, 90, 90, 90, 95, 95, 95, 95, 98, 98, 100|
Gfve mvRvbv Dcvmg~nK web Dcv ej| Dcvmg~n Aviv mnRfve mviwYfy Ki web Kiv hvq hv wbP `Lvbv njv|
Aweb DcvK web Kivi mnR wbqg : Dci ewYZ cv mewbg bî 50 Ges mevP bî 100| GLb kwYwebvm Kivi Rb 50 Gi Kg
myweavRbK hKvbv GKwU msLv aiv hvq| myZivs Avgiv hw` 46 _K iy Ki cwZ 5 bîi eeavbi Rb GKwU kwY MVb Kwi Zvnj KqwU kwY ne Zv wbaviY KiZ cvwi| DjL, Dcvi msLvi Dci wfw Ki myweavRbK eeavb wbq KZKjv kwYZ fvM Kiv nq| kwYZ fvM Kivi wbavwiZ Kvbv wbqg bB| Ze mPviPi cZK kwYi eeavb ev evwi mewb 5 I mevP 15 Gi ga mxgve ivLv nq| msLv kwY wbaviYi Rb Dcvi cwimi wbYq KiZ nq|
148
Z_ I Dcv
cwimi = (mevP msLv mewb msLv) + 1 GLvb kwYevw 5 Gi Rb AvjvP Dcvi kwYmsLv = = (mevP msLv mewb msLv) + 1 5
(100 50) + 1 51 = 102 = 11| ev 5 5
myZivs 46 _K Avi Ki cwZ 5 bîi Rb eeavbi kwY Zwi Kij kwYmsLv ne 11wU| c_g evgcvk GKwU Kjvg bîmg~ni kwYjv jLv ne| Gici cv bîjv GK GK weePbv Kwi Ges c_g bî h kwYZ coe Zvi Rb H kwYi Wvb Avi GKwU Kjvg Uvwj (Tally) wP | w`B| Kvbv kwYZ hw` Pvii ewk Uvwj wP co Ze cg UvwjwPwU PviwU wP Ryo AvovAvwofve w`Z ne| Gfve kwYwebvm kl nj UvwjwP MYbv Ki kwY Abyhvqx bîcv wkv_xi msLv wbaviY Kiv nq| Kvbv kwYZ hZRb Qv Afy ne ZvB ne H kwYi NUbmsLv ev MYmsLv| MYmsLv msewjZ mviwY ne MYmsLv mviwY| Dcii AvjvPbvq ewYZ Dcvi web mviwY wbP Ìqv njv :
bîi kwY (kwY eeavb/evw = 5) Uvwj wP l l llll llll lll llll ll llll llll llll lll gvU MYmsLv ev NUbmsLv (wkv_xi msLv)
46 50 51 55 56 60 61 65 66 70 71 75 76 80 81 85 86 90 91 95 96 100
1 1 4 4 3 4 2 5 4 4 3
35
j Kwi : GLvb kwY eeavb ev evw aiv nqQ 5| cqvRb Ges Dcv webvmi myweavi Rb kwY
eeavb hKvbv msLv aiv hZ cvi| Ze wnmvei myweav_ kwY eeavb 5 _K 15 Gi ga mxgve ivLv nq|
MwYZ
149
D`vniY 1| Kvbv knii Rvbyqvwi gvmi 31 w`bi Zvcgvv (wWwM mjwmqvm) wbP Ìqv njv| MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki (Zvcgvvjv c~YmsLvq)| 20, 18, 14, 21, 11, 14, 12, 10, 15, 18, 12, 14, 16, 15, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 9, 11, 10, 14, 12, 18, 20, 22, 14, 25, 20, 10| mgvavb : GLvb Zvcgvvi mewbg msLvgvb 9 Ges mevP msLvgvb 25| myZivs c` Dcvi cwimi =
17 = 3 4 5
(25 9) + 1 = 17| myZivs 5 wWwM mjwmqvm Gi Rb kwYmsLv kwYmsLv ne 4| c` Dcvi MYmsLv mviwY njv :
Zvcgvvi kwY UvwjwP llll llll llll llll lll llll ll l
MYmsLv
9 13 14 18 19 23 24 28
10 13 7 1
gvU
31
KvR : 1| Zvgvì kwYi 30 Rb Ki wkv_x wbq GK GKwU `j MVb Ki| cZK `ji m`mMY wbR wbR
`ji m`mì DPZv (mwUwgUvi) cwigvc Ki| cv Dcvi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki|
114 MYmsLv AvqZjL

Kvbv cwimsLvb hLb jLwPi gvag Dcvcb Kiv nq ZLb Zv evSv I wmv bIqvi Rb hgb mnR nq Zgwb wPvKlK nq| GB cvcU cwimsLvb jLwPi gvag MYmsLv mviwY Dcvcb ej cPwjZ cwZ| Avi AvqZjL ev MYmsLv AvqZjL nQ MYmsLv mviwYi GKwU jLwP| MYmsLv AvqZjL AuvKvi Rb wbPi avcjv AbymiY Kiv nq : 1| 2| GKwU MYmsLv mviwYi kwY evw x-A eivei jLv nq Ges kwY evw f~wg ai AvqZ AuvKv nq| myweavRbK j kwY evw bIqv nq| myweavRbK j y-A eivei MYmsLvi gvb bIqv nq Ges MYmsLv nq AvqZi DPZv| Dfq Ai Rb GKB ev c_K myweavRbK j bIqv hvq|
150
Z_ I Dcv
D`vniY 2| Zvgvì zji 10g kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi IRbi (Avmb wKjvMvg) MYmsLv mviwY wbP Ìqv njv| MYmsLv mviwY _K Dcvi AvqZjL AuvK Ges AvqZjL `L cPziK (Avmb gvb) wbYq Ki|
kwY evw MYmsLv
40 45 8
45 50 15
50 55 25
55 60 10
60 65 2
mgvavb : x-A I y-A eivei QK KvMRi (Graph Paper) z`Zg eMi cwZ NiK kwYewi GK
GKK Ges y-A eivei QK KvMRi cwZ 2 NiK MYmsLvi 5 GKK ai MYmsLv AvqZjL AuvKv nqQ| x-A eivei kwYevw Ges y-A eivei MYmsLv aiv nqQ| hnZz kwYevw x-A eivei 41 _K Avi Kiv nqQ, mnZz x-Ai g~j we`y _K 41 ch fvOv wP w`q evSvbv nqQ h, evwK Nijv we`gvb AvQ|
wP Dcii AvqZjL _K cZxqgvb nq h, MYmsLvi cvPzh 5055 kwYZ| myZivs cPziK GB kwYZ we`gvb| cPziK wbaviY Kivi Rb AvqZi DcwifvM KwYK we`y _K `yBwU AvovAvwo iLvsk AvMi I cii AvqZi DcwifvMi KwYK we`y mv_ mshvM Kiv nq| Gì Q`we`y _K mswk f~wgi Dci j^ Uvbv nq| j^ x-Ai hLvb wgwjZ nq Gi evw wbaviY Kiv nq| wbavwiZ evw njv cPziK| wP _K `Lv hvq 52 Dcvi cPziK| wbYq cPziK 52 KwR|
D`vniY 3| Kvbv we`vjqi 10g kwYZ AaqbiZ 125 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ welq cv bîi MYmsLv
weklY (Frequency Distribution) mviwY wbP Ìqv njv| GKwU AvqZjL AuvK Ges AvqZjL _K cPziK (Avmb) wbYq Ki| kwYevw wkv_xi msLv (MYmsLv) 20-30 5 30-40 12 40-50 50-60 60-70 30 40 20 70-80 13 80-90 3 90-100 2
MwYZ
151
mgvavb : c_g QK KvMR x-A I y-A AuvKv nqQ, y-A eivei wkv_xi msLv (MYmsLv) Ges xA eivei kwYevw ai AvqZjLwU AuvKv nqQ| GLvb x I y Dfq A QK KvMRi GK Ni mgvb 2 GKK aiv nqQ| x-A 0 _K 20 ch AvQ evSvZ fvOv wP Ìqv nqQ|
wP GLvb wPvwqZ AvqZjL _K `Lv hvq, ewk msLK wkv_xi cv bî 50 _K 60 Gi ga Ges Q` we`y _K x Ai Dci h j^ Uvbv nqQ Gi evw 50 I 60 Gi gawe`y| ZvB wkv_xì cv bîi cPziK njv 55|
KvR : 1| Zvgvì kwYZ AaqbiZ wkv_xì wbq `yBwU `j MVb Ki| `ji bvg `vI| hgb, kvcjv I
iRbxMv| Kvbv gvwmK/AaevwlK cixvq (K) kvcjv `ji evsjvq cv bîi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki AvqZjL AuvK| (L) iRbxMv `ji BsiwRZ cv bîi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki AvqZjL AuvK|
Abykxjbx 11
1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Dcv ejZ Kx evSvq Zv D`vniYi gvag wjL| Dcv KZ cKvii? cZK cKvii Dcv Kxfve msMn Kiv nq Ges cZK cKvi Dcv msMni myweav I Amyweav wjL| Aweb Dcv Kx? D`vniY `vI| GKwU Aweb Dcv wjL| gvbi gvbymvi mvwRq web Dcv icvi Ki| Kvbv kwYi 60 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ welq cv bî wbP Ìqv njv| MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki| 50, 84, 73, 56, 97, 90, 82, 83, 41, 92, 42, 55, 62, 63, 96, 41, 71, 77, 78, 22, 48, 46, 33, 44, 61, 66, 62, 63, 64, 53, 60, 50, 72, 67, 99, 83, 85, 68, 69, 45, 22, 22, 27, 31, 67, 65, 64, 64, 88, 63, 47, 58, 59, 60, 72, 71, 73, 49, 75, 64| 6| wbP 50wU `vKvbi gvwmK weqi cwigvY (nvRvi UvKvq) Ìqv njv| 5 kwYevw ai MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki| 132, 140, 130, 140, 150, 133, 149, 141, 138, 162, 158, 162, 140, 150, 144, 136, 147, 146, 150, 143, 148, 150, 160, 140, 146, 159, 143, 145, 152, 157, 159, 132, 161, 148, 146, 142, 157, 150, 178, 141, 149, 151, 146, 147, 144, 153, 137, 154, 152, 148|
152
Z_ I Dcv
7|
Zvgvì we`vjqi 8g kwYi 30 Rb Qvi IRb (KwRZ) wbP Ìqv njv : 40, 55, 42, 42, 45, 50, 50, 56, 50, 45, 42, 40, 43, 47, 43, 50, 46, 45, 42, 43, 44, 52, 44, 45, 40, 45, 40, 44, 50, 40| (K) gvbi gvbymvi mvRvI| (L) Dcvi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi Ki| Kvbv GjvKvi 35wU cwievii jvKmsLv wbP Ìqv njv : 6, 3, 4, 7, 10, 8, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 6, 8, 9, 5, 4, 3, 7, 6, 5, 3, 4, 8, 5, 9, 3, 5, 7, 6, 9, 5, 8, 4, 6, 10| kwYevw 2 wbq MYmsLv MVb Ki| 30 Rb kwgKi Nv cwZ gRywi (UvKvq) wbP Ìqv njv : 20, 22, 30, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 25, 20, 28, 40, 45, 50, 40, 35, 40, 35, 25, 35, 35, 40, 25, 20, 30, 35, 50, 40, 45, 50| kwY eeavb 5 wbq MYmsLv mviwY MVb Ki| 71-80 81-90 8 5 91-100 3
8|
9|
10| wbPi MYmsLv mviwY nZ AvqZjL AuvK Ges cPziK wbYq Ki : kwYevw 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 MYmsLv 10 20 35 20 15 10
11| AvRvwZK gvbi T-20 wKU Ljvq Kvbv `ji msMnxZ ivb Ges DBKU cZbi cwimsLvb wbPi mviwYZ Ìqv njv| AvqZjL AuvK| Ifvi ivb 1 2 3 4 8 0 5 1 2 0 6 7 8 8 6 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 7 1 5 0 0 9 11 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 0 1 3 1 4 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 5 8 1 1 6 1 2 1 1 7 8 2 1 8 1 4 0 1 9 8 0 2 0 6 0
6 8 1 0 DBKU 0 0 0 cZb
[BwZ : x-A eivei Ifvi Ges y-A eivei ivb ai AvqZjL AuvK| h Ifvi DBKU cZb nq mB Ifvi msMnxZ ivbi Dci y wP w`q DBKU cZb evSvb hvq| 12| Zvgvì kwYi 30 Rb wkv_xi DPZv (m.wg.) wbP Ìqv njv| DPZvi AvqZjL AuvK Ges Gi _K cPziK wbYq Ki| 145, 160, 150, 155, 148, 152, 160, 165, 170, 160, 175, 165, 180, 175, 160, 165, 145, 155, 175, 170, 165, 175, 145, 170, 165, 160, 180, 170, 165, 150|
Digvjv
Abykxjbx: 11
1| (K) 13, (L) 23, (M) 39, (N) 105 ; 2| (K) 15, (L) 31, (M) 63 (N) 102 ; 3| (K) 3, (L) 6, (M) 30, (N) 5 ; 4| (K) 3, (L) 6, (M) 7 ; 5| 15 ; 6| 20| 1| (L) ; 2| (M) ; 3| 1)(N), 2) (K) 3) (K) ; 4| (N) ; 5| (K) 7140 (L) 19wU (M) 16 ; 6| (K) 6, (L) 15, (M) 007, (N) 2532, (O) 0024, (P) 12035 ; 7| (K) 265, (L) 482, (M) 019 ; 8| (K)
Abykxjbx: 12
Rb, 393 Rb ; 11| 52 Rb ; 12| 32 Rb ; 13| 42wU ; 14| 225 ; 15| 25 Rb ; 16| 18, 19 ; 17| 4, 5 ; 18| (K) 1, 2, 3, 6 (L) 10 (M) 10 Rb| 1| 2| (K) 3 : 6 :: 5 : 10, (L) 9 : 18 :: 10 : 20, (M) 7 : 28 :: 15 : 60 (N) 12 : 15 :: 20 : 25, (O) 125 : 25 :: 2500 : 500 (K) 6 : 12 :: 12 : 24, (L) 25 : 45 :: 45 : 81, (M) 16 : 28 :: 28 : 49 5 7 (N) : 1 :: 1 : , (O) 15 : 4.5 ::4.5 : 135 7 5 (K) 22, (L) 56, (M) 14, (N) (K) 14, (L) 55, (M) 48, (N)
5 1 7 13 , (L) , (M) 3 , (N) 5 ; 9| (K) 0926, (L) 1683, (M) 2774 ; 10| 84 12 8 11 18
Abykxjbx 21
3| 4|
17 (O) 630 4 5| 1000 UvKv 6| 3850 wU 7| 1000 UvKv, 1400 UvKv, 1800 UvKv 8| iwg cve 360 UvKv, Rmwgb cve 720 UvKv Ges KvKwj cve 1080 UvKv 9| jvwee cve 450 UvKv, mvwg cve 360 UvKv 10| meyR cve 1800 UvKv, Wvwjg cve 3000 UvKv I Avbvi cve 1500 UvKv 11| 10 Mvg 12| 26 : 19 13| 40 : 70 : 49 14| mviv cve 4800 UvKv, gvBgybv cve 3600 UvKv Ges ivBmv cve 1200 UvKv 15| 6 kwYi Qv cve 1200 UvKv, 7g kwYi Qv cve 1400 UvKv Ges 8g kwYi Qv cve 1600 UvKv 16| BDmydi Avq 210 UvKv
7 , (O) 2.5 6
Abykxjbx 22
1| 5| jvf 125 UvKv 50 wU PKvjU 2| wZ 150 UvKv 3| jvf 200 UvKv 4| jvf 5 6| 80 wgUvi 7| wZ 7
10| wZ 20% 11| 420 UvKv 12| 763 15| 8,700 UvKv|
8 UvKv 9
17 % 19
10 % 13
8| jvf 20% 13| 188 UvKv
9| jvf 33
1 % 3
14| 4,761.90 UvKv
154
Digvjv
7| 3 w`b, 8| 9 eM 4 wK.wg./Nv
6 wK.wg./Nv, 14| 2 wK.wg./Nv
3 10 1 w`b, 9| 35 w`b, 10| 45 Rb, 11| 10 w`b, 12| 7 Nvq, 13| 5 47 5

16| 84 ni, 17| 4
Abykxjbx 23
15| wi cvwbZ bKvi eM 8 wK.wg./Nv, vZi cvwbZ bKvi
19| 300 wgUvi, 20| 54 mK|
4 Nvq, 18| 8 wgwbU ci, 9
Abykxjbx 3
1| (K) 0.4039 wK.wg. (L) 0.07525 wK.wg. 2| 53.7 wgUvi, 537 WwmwgUvi 3| (K) 30 eMwgUvi, (L) 175 eMmwUwgUvi 4| `N 475 eMwgUvi, c 125 wgUvi 5| 30000 UvKv 6| 2000 e.wg. 7| 96 eMwgUvi 8| 5 gwUK Ub 507 K.wR. 700 Mvg 9| 1 gwUK Ub 750 K.wR. 2 10| 666 gwUK Ub 666 K.wR. 666 Mvg 11| 612 K.wR. 3 12| 145 K.wR. 950 Mvg 13| 180 gM 14| 549 K.wR. Pvj Ges 172 K.wR. 500 Mvg jeY 15| 1950 UvKv 16| 384 eMwgUvi 17| `N 21 wgUvi I c 7 wgUvi 1| 12a b 2| 30axyz 3| 15a x y 4| 16a 2b 3 5| 20ab 4 x 3 yz 6| 18 p 7 q 7 7| 24m 3 a 4 x 5 8| 21a 5b 3 x10 y 5 9| 10 x 2 y + 15 xy 2 10| 45 x 4 y 2 36 x 3 y 3 11| 2a 5b 2 3a 3b 4 + a 3b 2 c 2 12| x 7 y x 4 y 4 + 3 x 5 y 2 z 13| 6a 2 5ab 6b 2 14| a 2 b 2 15| x 4 1 16| a 3 + a 2b + ab 2 + b 3 17| a 3 + b 3 18| x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3 19| x 3 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 y 3 20| x 3 + 5 x 2 + 3 x 9 21| a 4 + a 2 b 2 + b 4 22| a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 23| x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 24| y 4 + y 2 + 1 26| a 3 + b3
4 3 7
Abykxjbx 41
Abykxjbx 42
1| 5a 2| 8a 3| 5a x 4| 7 x 3 yz 5| 9a 2 yz 2 6| 11x 2 y 7| 3a 2b 8| 4 x 3 y 2 + x 4 y 9| b + 3a 4b 4 10| 2a 3b 3ab 2 11| 5 xy + 4 x 4 x 3 12| 3 x 6 y 4 2 x 2 yz + z 13| 8ac + 5a 3b 2 c 4 + 3ab 4 c 2 14| a 2b 2 15| 3 x + 2 16| x 3 y 17| x 2 xy + y 2 18| a + 2 xyz 19| 8 p 3 12 p 2 q + 18 pq 2 27 q 3 20| a 2 4a 16 21| x 4 y 22| x 2 + 3 23| x 2 + x + 1 24| a 2 b 2 25| 2ab + 3d 26| x 2 y 2 1 27| 1 + x x 3 x 4 28| x 5ab 29| xy 30| abc 31| ax 32| 9 x 2 2 xy y 2 33| 4a 2 + 1 34| x 2 + xy + y 2 35| a 3 + 2a 2 + a 4.
2 3 2 2
MwYZ
155
Abykxjbx 43
1| (N) 2| (M) 3| (N) 4| (M) 5| (K) 6| (L) 7| (K) 8| (1)(N) (2)(M) (3)(N) 9| 21 10| 9 11| 37 12| x y a + b 13| 3 x + 4 y z + b + 2c 14| 2a + 2b 2c 15| 7b 2a 16| 5a b + 11c 17| 2a + 3b + 28c 18| 10 x + 14 y 18 z 19| 3 x + 2 20| 2 y 9 z 21| 14 a 5b 22| 3a 6b 23| 38b 6a 24| a (b c + d ) 25| a (b + c d ) m + ( n x ) + y 26| 7 x + {5 y ( 8 z + 9)} 27| (K) 15 x 2 + 2 x 1 (L) 75 x 3 + 20 x 2 17 x + 2 (M) 3 x + 2 28| (L) 5 x + y z (L) x + 4 y + 3 z 2, 6 x 3 y 4 z + 2 (M) 3 y 2 z 1 (N) 2 x 2 7 xy 6 xz 3 yz + 4 x + 2 y 4 y 2
Abykxjbx 51
1| a 2 + 10a + 25 2| 25 x 2 70 x + 49 3| 9a 2 66axy + 121x 2 y 2 4| 25a 4 + 90a 2 m 2 + 81m 4 5| 3025 6| 980100 7| x 2 y 2 12 xy 2 + 36 y 2 8| a 2 x 2 2abxy + b 2 y 2 9| 9409 10| 4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 xy 4 xz 2 yz 11| 4a 2 + b 2 + 9c 2 4ab + 12ac 6bc 12| x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 z 2 2 y 2 z 2 13| a 2 + 4b 2 + c 2 4ab 2ac + 4bc 14| 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 12 xy + 6 xz 4 yz 15| b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + a 2b 2 + 2abc 2 + 2ab 2 c + 2a 2bc 16| 4a 4 + 4b 2 + c 4 + 8a 2b 4a 2 c 2 4bc 2 17| 1 18| 81a 2 19| 4b 2 20| 16 x 2 21| 81 22| 4c 2 d 2 23| 9 x 2 24| 16a 2 25| 100 26| 100 27| 1 28| 16 32| 12 33| 79
Abykxjbx 52
1| 16 x 2 9 2| 169 144 p 2 3| a 2b 2 9 4| 100 x 2 y 2 5| 16 x 4 9 y 4
5 2 x2 y2 6| a b c 2bc 7| x + x + 1 8| x 3ax + a 9| 4 16 9 10| a 8 + 81x 8 + 9a 4 x 4 11| x 4 1 12| 81a 4 b 4
2 2 2 4 2 2
1| x( x + y + z + yz ) 2| ( a + b)(a + c ) 3| ( ax + by )(bp + aq ) 4| ( 2 x + y )(2 x y ) 5| (3a + 2b)(3a 2b) 6| ( ab + 7 y )(ab 7 y ) 7| ( 2 x + 3 y )(2 x 3 y )(4 x 2 + 9 y 2 ) 8| ( a + x + y )(a x y ) 9| (3 x 5 y + 8 z )( x y + 2 z ) 10| (3a 2 + 2a + 2)(3a 2 2a + 2) 11| 2( a + 8)(a 5) 12| ( y + 7)( y 13) 13| ( p 8)( p 7) 14| 5a 4 (3a 2 + x 2 )(3a 2 x 2 ) 15| ( a + 8)(a 5) 16| ( x + y )( x y )( x 2 + y 2 + 2) 17| ( x + 5)( x + 6) 18| ( a + b c )(a b + c ) 19| x 3 (12 x 2 + 5a 2 )(12 x 2 5a 2 ) 20| ( 2 x + 3 y + 4a )(2 x + 3 y 4a )
Abykxjbx 53
156
Digvjv
1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (K) 4| (M) 5| (K) 6| (M) 7| (N) 8| (K) 9| (L) 10| (K) 13| 3ab 2 c 14| 5ab 15| 3a 16| 4ax 17| ( a + b) 18| ( x y ) 19| ( x + 4) 20| a( a + b) 21| ( a + 4) 22| ( x 1) 23| 18a 4b 2 cd 2 24| 30 x 2 y 3 z 4 25| 6 p 2 q 2 x 2 y 2 26| (b c )(b + c ) 2 27| x( x 2 + 3 x + 2) 28| 5a(9 x 2 25 y 2 ) 29| ( x + 2)( x 5) 2 30| ( a + 5)(a 2 7 a + 12) 31| ( x 3)( x 2 25) 32| x( x + 2)( x + 5) 33| (K) 2( 2 x + 1) (L) 4 x 2 12 x + 9 (M) 4 x 2 + 4 x 15, 9 34| (K) a 2 b 2 = ( a + b)(a b) (L) ( x + 5)( x 2) (M) ( x + 5) (N) ( x 4 625)( x 2)
Abykxjbx 54
Abykxjbx 61
x x y b a 2 2a 1 a+2 2| 3| xyz 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| ac b y 3a 1 + 2b 2a 3b a2 x+ y 2 a ab 4nx 9my rx qy a ( a + b ) b( a b ) x3 10| 11| , 12| , 13| 14| 2 , , x+4 pqr pqr a b2 a2 b2 abc abc 6mn 6mn a b(a 3) 3a 2( a 2) ( a + 2b ) x a ( a 2b) y 2 15| 16| 17| 2 , 2 , , 2 2 2 2 2 2 a( a 4b ) a( a 4b ) a ( a 4 ) a ( a 4) a 9 a 9
1|
a ( a b)( a c ) b( a + b)( a c ) c( a + b)( a b) , , ( a 2 b 2 )( a c ) ( a 2 b 2 )( a c ) ( a 2 b 2 )( a c ) a 2 (a + b) ab(a b) c(a b) 2( x + 3) 3( x + 1) , , , 19| 20| 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3) a( a b ) a( a b ) a( a b )
18|
1| M 2| L 3| K 4| N 5| L 6| (1) N 6| (2) K 6| (3) L a2 + 4 4 x 17 3bx + 2ay 2a(2 x 1) 3 3a + 2b 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 2 12| 5x 5 ( x + 1)( x 2) a 4 ( x + 1)( x 5) 6ab x q( r p ) 2a 4b ay 2bx 2x 4 y , 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 7 5a 8 xy ( x + 2)( x + 3) pqr x2 y2 + z 2 x3 a a a x( 4 y x ) 18| 19| 2 20| 2 21| 22| 23| y( x 2 4 y 2 ) a 6a + 5 x 4 8 6b xyz x( x 4 y ) x( x + y ) , 24| 0 25| K. ( x + y )( x 4 y ) L. ( x + y )( x 4 y ) ( x + y )( x 4 y ) M.
2 x 2 3 xy + y 26| K. ( a + 2)(a 3) ( x + y )( x 4 y )
Abykxjbx 62
a3 a+3 , L. ( a + 2)( a + 3)( a 3) ( a + 2)( a + 3)( a 3)
a2 + 9 M. a(a + 2)(a 2 9)
MwYZ
157
Abykxjbx 71
1| 3 2| 2 3|
1 2 8 4| 5| 3 6| 2 3 15
7|
4 8| 4 9| 12 10| 5 11| 1 3
12| 8 13| 1 14| 6 15|
19 16| 7 17| 2 18| 1 19| 2 20| 6 3
Abykxjbx 72
1| 10 2| 6 3| 12 4| 9 5| 36 6| 20,21,22 UvKv, wgZv 70 UvKv 9| LvZv 53 UvKv, Kjg 22 UvKv 7| 25,30 8| MxZv 52 UvKv, wiZv 58 10| 240 wU 11| wcZvi eqm 30 eQi,
cyi eqm 5 eQi 12| wjRvi eqm 12 eQi, wkLvi eqm 18 eQi 13| 37 ivb 14| 25 wK.wg. 15| `N 15 wgUvi, c 5 wgUvi|
Abykxjbx 73
1| L 2| M 3| M 4| K 5| L 6| (1) M 6| (2) (K) 6| (3) (L) 9| (K) 4 (L) 2 (M) 5 (N) 4 (O) 2 10| L. 2 11| K. (77 x) wK.wg. L. 33 +M. XvKv _K AvwiPv : 2 Nv 34 wgwbU, AvwiPv _K XvKv : 1 Nv 55 wgwbU 30 mK|
Abykxjbx 8
1| K 2| K 3| M 4| (1) L, (2) N, (3) L 5| K
Abykxjbx 92
1| M 2| M 3| M 4| N 5| L 6| K 7| M 8| M
Abykxjbx 93
1| L 2| L 3| K 4| K 5| L

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7 BV Mathmatic All Chapter PDF

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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK 2013 wkvel _K mg kwYi cvVcyKi~c wbavwiZ

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

[cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ]

cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK gvt bvwmi Dwb

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

wbPi mviwYwU j Kwi : eMi evi `N (wg.) 1 2 3 5 7

YbxqKi mvnvh eMg~j wbYq :

16 Gi eMgj ~ = 16 = 4 Avevi, 36 = 6 6 = 62 36 Gi eMgj ~ 6

KvR : YbxqKi mvnvh 1024 Ges 1849 Gi eMg~j wbYq Ki|

13 fvMi mvnvh eMg~j wbYq

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

eMmsLv I eMg~j m^ DjL welq :

81 = 9 (GK Awewk, GLvb duvUvi msLv 1 KviY, 8 1 )

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

14 `kwgK fMvski eMg~j wbYq

eMg~j Kivi wbqg

D`vniY 1| 26.5225 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| mgvavb :

wbYq eMgj ~ = 0054

wbYq eMgj ~ = 515

D`vniY 3| 9253 Gi eMgj ~ wZb `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| mgvavb :

wbYq eMgj ~ = 3042 (cvq)

(wZb `kwgK vb ch) Avmb gvb nj 3042|

Avmb gvb ei Kivi wbqg

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

64 Gi eMgj ~ wbYq Ki| 81

mgvavb : fMvskwUi je 64 Gi eMgj ~ = 64 = 8 Ges ni 81 Gi eMgj ~ = 81 = 9

8 Gi eMgj ~ wZb `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| 15

570 23 8747 = 15916 (cvq) = 225 15

4 Gi eMg~j `yB `kwgK vb ch wbYq Ki| 5

17 g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

AvKvi jLv hvq bv| Abyic bv| Gjv Ag~j` msLv|

3 , 5 , 6, ........... BZvw` msLvjvK fMvsk AvKvi cKvk Kiv hvq

12 4 49 , msLvjv _K Ag~j` msLv evQvB Ki| 9 7

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

D`vniY 7| 0 12, 25 , 72 , mgvavb : GLvb, 0 12 =

12 3 = ; hv GKwU fMvsk msLv 100 25

25 = 5 2 = 5, hv GKwU ^vfvweK msLv

72 = 2 36 = 2 6 2 = 6 2 ; hv fMvsk AvKvi jLv hvq bv|

49 72 7 = = = 1 ; hv GKwU ^vfvweK msLv| 7 7 7

27 , 1 0563, 32 , 121 msLvjv _K g~j` I Ag~j` msLv ei Ki| 16

18 g~j` I Ag~j` msLvK msLviLvq cKvk

9 66 3 96 3 96 0 wbYq AvgMvQi msLv 36 wU|

9, 10 Ges 12 mvwiZ Ges eMvKvi mvRvbvi Rb vDU Gi msLv cqvRb (2 2) (3 3) (5 5) = 900

wbYq vDU Gi msLv 900|

g~j` I Ag~j` msLv

289 Gi eMgj ~ KZ? 361

16 GKwU c~YeM fMvsk 225

3 Gi gvb cvq 2 Gi mgvb

Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii 5|

wZb `kwgK vb ch eMg~j wbYq Ki| (K)

21 eivwkK AbycvZ I avivevwnK AbycvZ

AbycvZ `yBwUi avivevwnK AbycvZ 56 : 40 : 45

Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk 3q ivwk 3 4_ ivwk = 6 7

Avgiv Rvwb, 1g ivwk 4_ ivwk = 2q ivwk3q ivwk ev, 8 14 = 7 3q ivwk

ga ivwk = 64 = 8 wbYq wgK mgvbycvZ 4 : 8 :: 8 : 16 Ges wbYq ga mgvbycvZx 8

40 7 200 UvKv ev, 7wU LvZvi `vg = = 280 UvKv| 5

5 200 UvKv = 7 7wU LvZvi `vg

12 2 wbYq mgq = ev, 9 w`b 18 3

AZGe, GKwU Aski cwigvY = c` ivwk

mgvavb : Kvcoi cwigvY = 20 wgUvi c` AbycvZ = 5 : 3 : 2 AbycvZi msLvjvi hvMdj = 5+3+2 = 10

AwgZ, mywgZ I PwZi Kvcoi cwigvY h_vg 10 wgUvi, 6 wgUvi I 4 wgUvi|