LONG TERM EVOLUTION

Nagasai Panchakarla Shourov Kumar Roy Binoy Chemmagate Karthik Budigere Ramakrishna

AGENDA

LTE Features 3GPP Standards

LTE Key Technologies

LTE Network Architecture Protocol Architecture

Quality of Service
Security Roaming Architecture Connection Management Future of LTE and Deployments
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LTE INTRODUCTION

All IP network High Data rates

Low latency
Reduced cost per bit Flat network architecture

High performance radio interface

Keeping up with other technologies Flexibility in frequency allocation Mobility
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3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration of various telecommunication associations Standardization body and produces Technical Specifications, Technical Reports for 3G systems under the scope of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 3GPP specifications are based on evolved Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications. Covers all GSM (including GPRS and EDGE) and W-CDMA specifications. Standards are structured as Releases TSG Structure consists of GERAN(GSM EDGE ), RAN, SA (Service & Systems Aspects), CT (Core Network & Terminals) Different Working groups under each TSG Following a TSG meeting revised versions of 3GPP specifications are published.
*http://www.3gpp.org/Specifications

STANDARD RELEASES
FDD Evolution TDD Evolution WCDMA
.

HSDPA/ HSUPA
.

HSPA+
.

LTE and HSPA+

.

LTE . Advanced

TD-SCDMA

TD-HSDPA

TD-HSUPA

TD-LTE and TD-HSPA+

3GPP Release App year of n/w rollout

Release 99/4 2003/4

Release 5/6 2005/6-HSDPA 2007/8-HSUPA

Release 7 2008/9

Release 8 2009/10

3GPP Study Initiated

The standardization process for LTE began at 3GPP Toronto workshop, 2004.
Subsequently in December 2004, 3GPP started study to develop framework for evolution to achieve high data rates for both uplink and downlink transmissions, low latency The target was to have data rates three to four times of Release 6 HSDPA levels and two to three times of HSUPA levels. In 2007, E UTRA (evolved UTRA) was approved from study stage to first technical specifications. The first LTE base specifications are specified in 3GPP Release 8, December 2008.
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STANDARD RELEASES
Rel 8 First Release Standard for LTE Dec 2008 Rel 9 2nd Release 2009 Rel 10 LTE Advanced

HSDPA UL: 384 kbps DL: 14.4 Mbps

HSDPA/HSUPA UL: 5.76 Mbps DL: 14.4 Mbps

HSPA+ UL: 11.5 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps

LTE UL: 75 Mbps DL: 100 Mbps

LTE 3GPP REL 8 OVERVIEW

UL: SC-FDMA

DL: OFDMA
Bandwidth: 1.4,3,5,10,15,20 MHz Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM,64QAM Subcarrier spacing: 1.5 KHz Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of two to four Operation in both TDD and FDD modes

Coexisting with earlier 3GPP technologies

Optimized performance for 0-15 kmph, high performance for upto 120 kmph and establish communication upto 350 kmph Simplified architecture Interworking with other systems
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E-UTRA OPERATING BANDS

E-UTRA Operating Band 1 2 3 4 Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit FUL_low FUL_high 1920 MHz 1850 MHz 1710 MHz 1710 MHz 824 MHz 830 MHz 2500 MHz 880 MHz 1749.9 MHz 1710 MHz 1427.9 MHz 698 MHz 1980 MHz 1910 MHz 1785 MHz 1755 MHz 849 MHz 840 MHz 2570 MHz 915 MHz 1784.9 MHz 1770 MHz 1447.9 MHz 716 MHz Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive FDL_low FDL_high 2110 MHz 1930 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz 869 MHz 875 MHz 2620 MHz 925 MHz 1844.9 MHz 2110 MHz 1475.9 MHz 728 MHz 2170 MHz 1990 MHz 1880 MHz 2155 MHz 894MHz 885 MHz 2690 MHz 960 MHz 1879.9 MHz 2170 MHz 1495.9 MHz 746 MHz Duplex Mode FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD

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61 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

777 MHz
788 MHz Reserved Reserved 704 MHz 815 MHz 830 MHz 832 MHz 1447.9 MHz 1900 MHz 2010 MHz 1850 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 2570 MHz 1880 MHz 2300 MHz

787 MHz
798 MHz

746 MHz
758 MHz Reserved Reserved 734 MHz 860 MHz 875 MHz 791 MHz 1495.9 MHz 1900 MHz 2010 MHz 1850 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 2570 MHz 1880 MHz 2300 MHz

756 MHz
768 MHz

FDD
FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD

716 MHz 830 MHz 845 MHz 862 MHz 1462.9 MHz 1920 MHz 2025 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 2620 MHz 1920 MHz 2400 MHz

746 MHz 875 MHz 890 MHz 821 MHz 1510.9 MHz 1920 MHz 2025 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 2620 MHz 1920 MHz 2400 MHz

... 33
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Note 1: Band 6 is not applicable

Release 9Technical Specification 3GPP TS 36.101 V9.3.0 (2010-03)

LTE LICENSING

First come first seerved Beauty contest (comparative bidding) Lottery Auction (competitive bidding)

Recomendations for LTE Beauty contest and auction are best suited. Commitments concerning coverage. Roll out speed. Financial capacity. Expertise. Resource sharing. Nature of licensing and spectrum pricing.

LTE LICENSING

Germanys LTE auction begins on Monday, April 12, 2010 800MHz, 1.8GHz, 2GHz and 2.6GHz are the four different bands of spectrum offered The auction has been declared as one of its kind in Europe paving way for other such auctions in the continent.

Source: http://wirelessfederation.com/news/24351-germany%E2%80%99s-lte-auction-begins/

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LTE KEY TECHNOLOGIES

Radio Air Interface

Modulation and spectrum flexibility

MIMO All IP flat networking architecture

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LTE RADIO INTERFACE

OFDMA DL and SC-FDMA UL OFDMA has multiple orthogonal subcarriers and bandwidth can be adjustable per user
User 1 User 2 User 3 Frequency User 4 Time

SC-FDMA is similar to OFDMA and since its more power efficient, it can be used in hand held devices with battery power.

Single carrier, time space multiplexing

Consumes less power for transmission

Only a contiguous set of resource blocks can be selected for a user
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MODULATION AND SPECTRUM FLEXIBILITY

For down modulation QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are used for payload channels (spectral efficient) For up modulation BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM are used BPSK and QPSK are used for control channels ( reliability and coverage) Adaptive modulation and coding 180 khz resource block All user equipments must support maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz Increase in wider bandwidth leads to cpmplexity and high power consumption
Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Resource blocks

15

25

50

75

100

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MIMO
Tx1 Rx1

Tx2

Rx2

Transmission is done by converting serial bit stream into multiple parallel sub streams and sending via multiple antennas Each receiver sees the output of the channel, which is a combination of the outputs from the transmiters, separates the sub streams from mixed signals. In DL: Tx and Rx Diversity 14 In UL: Rx Diversity Increased complexity

ALL IP FLAT ARCHITECTURE

Software architecture evolution Seamless interworking with IP based communication networks with simplified network architecture Multimedia and circuit calls are mainly handled through converged IMS (IP Multimedia subsystem) core which is recently termed as VoLTE (voice over LTE) Supports mobility between different networks

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LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

LTE encompasses the evolution of the radio access through the E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and is accompanied by an evolution of the non-radio aspects under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE). SAE includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved Packet System (EPS) that contains fully packetswitched core network and radio access network.
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EPS (EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM)

EPS= Core Network (EPC) + Access Network (AN) EPS network is comprised of the Core Network and the Access Network, where the core network has many logical nodes and the Access Network has one node named as the evolved NodeB (eNodeB) which connects to the User Equipments (UEs).

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EPS NETWORK ELEMENTS

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CONNECTIVITY LAYERS

Internet Connectivity Layer: UE (User Equipment), E-UTRAN and EPC (all together the Evolved Packet System) represent the Internet Protocol Connectivity Layer. This layer is optimized only for IP based connectivity. Services Connectivity Layer: All services will be offered on top of IP. The Services Connectivity layer includes the operator services and internet. IMS (Internet Multimedia Sub-System) can be used in the Services Connectivity Layer to provide services on top of the IP connectivity layer.
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Figure: System Architecture of LTE Network

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THE ACCESS NETWORK : E-UTRAN

The Access Network (E-UTRAN) simply consists of a network of eNodeBs. eNodeBs: The eNodeB is a radio base station that controls all the radio related functions. Generally the eNodeBs are distributed throughout the networks coverage area. The eNodeB is the termination point of all the radio related protocols. It relays the data between the radio connection and the corresponding IP based connectivity towards the EPC.
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ENODEB

Figure: Overall E-UTRAN Architecture The eNodeBs are interconnected with each other by the interface X2. EnodeB connects to the EPC by the interface S1. More specifically it can be said that, EnodeB connects to the MME by means of the S1-MME interface and to the S-GW by means of the S1-U interface.

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E-UTRAN FUNCTIONALITIES
The radio related functions for which E-UTRAN is responsible can be summarized briefly as follows, Radio Resource Management: This includes all the functions which are related to radio bearers, such as, Radio bearer control, Radio admission control, Radio mobility control, Scheduling and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink. Header Compression: E-UTRAN does the compression of IP packet headers. Security: Encryption is done when data is sent over the radio interface. Connectivity to the EPC: This includes signaling towards the MME and the bearer path towards the S-GW.

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THE CORE NETWORK: EPC (EVOLVED PACKET CORE)

The core network (EPC) has the following logical nodes:
i. Mobility Management Entity (MME) ii. Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) iii. Home Subscriber Server (HSS) iv. Packet Data Network Gateway ( P-GW) v. Serving Gateway (S-GW)

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EPC: MME
i. Mobility Management Entity (MME): MME is the control element in EPC that takes care of the signaling part between the Core Network and UE. MME also handles the security functions for both signaling and user data. The functions of MME can be categorized as follows,

Functions related to bearer management: It includes the establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers. Functions related to connection management: The establishment of the connection and security between the network and UE belong to these functions.

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EPC: PCRF
ii. Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF): It is the network element which is responsible for policy control. It also controls the flow-based charging functionalities in the PCEF (Policy Control Enforcement Function) located in the P-GW. The information PCRF provides to the PCEF is called the Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rules.
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EPC: HSS
iii. Home Subscriber Server (HSS):
HSS

is the repository of users subscription data (EPS-subscribed QoS profile and any access restrictions for roaming etc.). It also contains the information about the PDNs to which the user can connect. The Authentication Center(AuC) can also be integrated with the HSS.
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EPC: P-GW

iv. Packet Data Network Gateway ( P-GW): P-GW works as the mobility anchor point for the inter-networking with non-3GPP technologies such as CDMA 2000 and WiMAX networks. P-GW is also responsible for the IP address allocation for the User Equipment (UE). It does the QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate bearers and flow based charging depending on the PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules Function) rules. It also performs the filtering based on TFTs (Traffic Flow Templates).
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EPC: S-GW
v. Serving Gateway (S-GW):
S-GW works as the mobility anchor for interworking with other 3GPP technologies such as GPRS and UMTS. When an UE moves between eNodeBs, S-GW serves as the local mobility anchor for the data bearers. It performs some additional functions in the visited network, such as, collecting information (e.g. volume of data sent to or received from the user) for charging and legal interception.

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EXAMPLE: S-GW

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Figure: Architecture for 3G UMTS Internetworking

PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
Protocol stacks
User Plane Protocols
- Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) - Radio Link Control (RLC) - Medium Access Control (MAC)

Control Plane Protocols - Radio Resource Control (RRC)

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

PDCP
Processes RRC msgs in Control Plane and IP pacckets in User plane

Main functions
- Header Compression - Security functions - Handover support - Discard User plane data

Types of data units

- PDCP data PDU's
Used in control plane and User plane

-PDCP control PDU's

Used in feedback information in header compression and status reports in handover
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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

PDCP FUNCTIONS(1/2))
Header Compression and decompression
Robust Header Compression (ROHC) Main functions - To support VOIP service as in CS-domain - VoIP packet is 32 bytes and Ipv4(40),IPv6(60) - After ROHC overhead is reduced to 4-6 bytes

Security
- Ciphering and Deciphering user plane and control plane data. - Integrity protection and verification for control plane data

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PDCP FUNCTIONS(2/2)
Handover
When UE moves from one cell to another, Two types are seamless and lossless

Seamless handover

Reasonable loss is tolerable but not delyay eg.VoIP

Lossless handover

Loss is not tolerable, retransmission

Discard user plane data

To avoid the buffer overflow. To prevent execessive delay. Timer expires in transmitter for discarding data.

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RLC
Main Functions

Segmentation and Reassembly Retransmission Reordering (HARQ)

RLC Entities

Transparent Mode RLC Entity

Unacknowledged Mode RLC Entity Acknowledged mode RLC Entity

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

RLC MODES(1/2)
Transparent Mode

RRC msgs without RLC configuration Not used for User plane data transmission Unidirectional data transfer service (Receiver or Transmitter)

Unacknowledged Mode
Unidirectional, delay sensitive, point-multipoint

Segmentation and Concatenation of SDUs Reordering of PDUs Duplicate detection of PDUs Reassembly of SDUs

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RLC MODES(2/2)
Acknowledged mode
Bidirectional

Retransmission of RLC data PDUs

Re-segementation of retransmitted RLC data PDUs

Polling Status Report Status Prohibit

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MAC

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Amount of data to be transmitted Size of packets to be provided Assuring QoS

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

MAC CHANNELS(1/2)

Two Logical channels

Data transfer for RLC

Control logical channels (Control data)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control channel(CCCH) Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Traffic Channels
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)

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MAC CHANNELS(2/2)
Two transport channels

Data transfer for Physical layer

Downlink Transport Channels

Broadcast Channel (BCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Multicast Channel (MCH)

Uplink Transport Channels

Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) Random Access Channel (RACH)

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

MAC FUNCTIONS

Scheduling Scheduling Information Transfer Random Access Procedure Uplink Timing Alignment Discontinous Reception Multiplexing Channel Prioritization

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CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS

Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Transfer of Common and dedicated NAS information, Notification of Incoming call Two mode of UE are RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED

Main Functions

System Information RRC connection Control Network Controlled inter-RAT mobility Measurement Configuration and Reporting Miscellaneous Functions (Dedicated NAS, UE Radio access capability)

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RRC FUNCTIONS(1/2)
System Information
Master Information Block (MIB) System Information Block Type 1(SIB1) System Information Block Type 2(SIB2) SIB3-SIB8

RRC connection Control

Security Activation Connection establishment, modification and release DRB establishment, modification and release Mobility within LTE

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RRC FUNCTIONS(2/2)
Inter-RAT mobility

Handover to LTE Mobility from LTE

Measurement Confugurations and Reporting

Measurement configuration Measurement report triggering Measurement reporting

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELECTION

PLMN Selection Cell Selection

Cell Reselection
Measurement Rules

Frequency/RAT evaluation Cell Ranking Accessiblity verification Speed dependent scaling Cell access restrictions Any Cell selections Closed subscriber Group

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

Two types of bearers

Minimum GBR (VoIP) Non-GBR (Browsing ,File download)

QCI (QoS Class Identifier)

Priority Packet delay budget Packet loss rate

ARP ( Allocation and Retenstion Priority )

Call admission control

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SECURITY
Ciphering (both planes) and Integrity Protection (control plane) Key Management

Common secret key KASME (Access Security Management Entity) between HSS and UE Authetication by checksums and keys (random number+ common shared key)

Two types of keys

AS base Key KeNB and AS derived keys

NULL Ciphering algorithm for emergency calls

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ROAMING ARCHITECTURE

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ROAMING ARCHITECTURE

Roaming is one of the powerful feature which enables the users to access the mobile network which he is not subscribed to(Different location). LTE supports the roaming feature by establishing the interface between the visited Gateway with the home PDNgateway. This interface is known as S8 Interface.

The S8 interface allows users to access home operators services even from the visited network.
There is interface between the visited MME and the HSS(Home Subscriber Serer) called S6a. This is used for billing and updating the location of the user.
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CONNECTION MANAGEMENT

LTE State Transition

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INITIAL ATTACH
The Initial attach involves the following steps, LTE Cell Search

Primary synchronization signal Secondary synchronization signal

Random Access Procedures RRC Procedures

RRC Connection Establishment Initial Security Activation RRC Connection Reconfiguration Bearer Establishment
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INITIAL ATTACH PROCEDURE

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PAGING PROCEDURE

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S1 BASED HANDOVER PROCEDURE

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X2 BASED HANDOVER PROCEDURE

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DEPLOYMENT

The complete migration to LTE is expected to happen by 2015 The best optimal way of deployment is to implement LTE for data-only services and later extend it to voice based services. The worlds first LTE deployment is made by Teliasonera (December 2009) in Sweden and Norway. Ericsson is providing the LTE solutions for it. 130 operators are committed to deploy LTE by 2015. Some of the operators promised for LTE deployment are AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone, DNA, Elisa KT, SKT, NTTDocomo, ZAIN, BSNL and more . LTE or Wimax wait n watch
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FUTURE OF LTE

LTE revenues expected to be $70 billion pa and also over 100 million users by 2014 says the Juniper Research. Main markets will be North America, Europe, Far east and china.

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LTE ADVANCED

LTE Advanced expected to fulfill the IMT advanced requirements for the 4G technology LTE Advanced will be included in the 3GPP release 10.

The features in LTE advanced are,

Increased data rates Carrier aggregation Spatial Multiplexing in antennas Coordinated multiple transmitters and receivers Energy Efficiency Relay Functionality

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LTE VENDORS

LTE Solution Providers

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LTE VENDORS
LTE Chipset Providers

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LTE DEVICES

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