.

Strain monitoring of post-tensioned bridges using Optical

Fibre Bragg Grating sensors.
1, M 2,
3
: , ,
,
.
:

(Optical Fibre Bragg grating
sensors).
,
(..), 3
( 9.1, ) 9 ( 5.1, ), .

.


.

.

( ).


,

.
1

. . /, , .
email: ppane@egnatia.gr
2
. / MSC, , .email:
mharala@egnatia.gr.
3
. . /, CRD O.E. email: vastrin@crd.gr.

ABSTRACT : The results from monitoring the strain of two post- tensioned
bridges using Optical Fibre Bragg Grating sensors, are presented in this paper.
Two post-tensioned bridge superstructures of Egnatia Odos were instrumented by
optical sensors. Strain time histories were measured during the crossing of heavy
loaded trucks, over the instrumented bridges. The time intervals of the measured
strain time histories between the points of the time respecting to the entrance and
the exit of the truck, were compared to the static strain influence lines of the
instrumented top and bottom section fibres. A good agreement of the measured
strain curves to the theoretical influence lines, in terms of the position of the
extreme strain value and of their shape, was observed. The extreme experimental
strain values are well enveloped by the extreme theoretical static values
(multiplied by the dynamic amplification factor). The ratio of the theoretical to the
experimental strain was used for the determination of the live load carrying
capacity of the two instrumented bridges, which is required for the evaluation of
their structural and functional sufficiency.

,
,
, .
675
, .

,
,

,
,
, ,
(, 2006, 2008). ,

,
, .
,

,
.



.



.
,
,

.

,

, .
3
( 9.1, ) 9 ( 5.1, ).

3 ( 9.1 )

9.1 ( )
. 7
,
. 30 ( 1).

.
45. 35.

.

( 6,00.).

1. 3, 9.1, .


3 4 - - ,

,
( 2).
1 ,
2
().

3
4
8-1564
5-1547

7-1555

6-1551

4-1539

2-1531

3-1535
1-1527

()

()

2.()
() .

9 ( 5.1. )

-

, .
,
45, , 4,0
9,0 .

, .

.
170 , 85 .
757.

,
(jacking) ,
. 48,88
( 1,2,3, ) 53,70 ( 4,5,6,7)
, ( 4 (), ()).
2 4.2


,
,
4.().

sensors
1, 2, 3, temp &

sensors
4, 5, 6, 7

()
(6)
1532

(5)
1540

(2)
1555

(1)
1563
(7)
1524

Temp
1556

4.65m
1.12m

4.20m

0.62m
(3)
1548

1530-02

()
3. () ()
.

A
Bragg Gratings
(Smart Patch).
Bragg Grating
1520-1570 nm
. 1
Smart Patch.


, .

 1: Smart Patch.

0.2 pm

0.2 stain

0.02 oC

3mm PVC .
9/125m - 250m
1520-1570nm R>90%
0.1 10mm
20.000 strain
FC/APC

,

,

(calibration).
8 1
, ,
(connector) FC/APC.

8 , (optical interrogator)
W3/2100,
( 128 )
( ).
W3/2100 laser
100 Hz. 2
.
2: Optical Interrogator W3/2100

0.2 pm
0.2 stain
0.02 oC
1 pm
0.8 strain
0.09 oC
1520-1570 nm
2
128
100 Hz
FC/APC
24VDC/220VAC

 .
Smart Patch

.
SP106, SP Systems.

,
,

8-10Kg,
. ( 3).

()
()
4. () ()
.

nm
(Wavelength) sensor FBG, 50
Hz. strain
:
= (1- ) + ( +) T

(1)

Bragg wavelength ,
= , =
= (
). = 1550 nm
1.2 pm/ 10pm/C.
:
= K + K T = 1.2.10-3 . + 10-2 .T

(2)


:
= ( - 10-2 .T) /1.2.10-3

(3)

(temp).
:
= ( temp)/1.2.10-3 ()

(4)

.


.
4
3, 3
. 5
60
, .

sensor 1
1527.79

1527.78

1527.77

1527.76
1527.75

1527.74

169.540

163.261

156.982

150.702

144.423

138.144

131.864

125.585

119.306

113.027

106.747

94.189

100.468

87.910

81.630

75.351

69.072

62.793

56.513

50.234

43.955

37.676

31.396

25.117

18.838

6.279

12.559

1527.72

0.000

1527.73

5.
sensor1

0,001 nm
0,833strain.

 ,
( 5)

sensor 9

1563.75
1563.745
1563.74
1563.735
1563.73
1563.725
1563.72
1563.715
1563.71

171.660

165.741

159.821

153.902

147.983

142.063

136.144

130.225

124.305

118.386

112.467

106.547

94.709

100.628

88.790

82.870

76.951

71.032

65.112

59.193

53.274

47.354

41.435

35.516

29.597

23.677

17.758

5.919

11.839

1563.7

0.000

1563.705

6.

. , ( 6),
7 ( 4
3)
.
,
1555,585 nm.
6000

Count of sensor 3
6000

5000

Count of sensor 3

5000

4000

4000

3000

3000

2000

2000
1000

1000
0

1555.583 1555.584 1555.585 1555.586 1555.587 1555.588 1555.589

1555.583
1555.584
1555.585
1555.586
1555.587
1555.588
1555.589
1555.59
1555.591
1555.592
1555.593
1555.594
1555.595
1555.596
1555.597
1555.598
1555.599
1555.6
1555.601
1555.602
1555.603
1555.604
1555.605
1555.606

1555.59

(blank)

sensor 7

7. 7 ) 3 )
.


8 9
3 9, ,
60 .
8
(
3) (-)4 strain,
(
) (+)48strain.
,
,

.

(
),
(5km/h),
.

60.0
strain7
strain8

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

-10.0
80

85

90

95

100

105

8. () 3 3
( 60), 7 8 (, , ).

 - 2-

strain

10.0
sensor7
sensor6

8.0

sensor5
6.0

sensor4

4.0

strain

2.0

0.0

-2.0

-4.0

-6.0

-8.0

-10.0
3280

3282

3284

3286

3288

3290

3292

3294

time (sec)

9. ()
9 ( 60), 4, 5, 6, 7.

9,
,
, 8 (),
60 .
,
.
,

.

.

,



,
Euler,
SAP 2000NL STATIK-5
,
, 60/30
.

 10. : () 3 () 9

60
.
11.
60
3.

0
20
40
60
80
100

3.0
3-1

Mi

2.5

3-2

2.0

4-1

1.5

4-2

1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00

1.42

2.85

4.27

5.70

7.12

8.54

9.97

11.39 12.82 14.24 15.66 17.09 18.51 19.94 21.36 22.78 24.21 25.63 27.06 28.48

11.

3,

3. 12

.


.

 ,
.
3: Strain (), 3
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2

sensor1
sensor3
sensor6
sensor7

66.81
69.96
61.24
61.30

43.33
45.00
43.33
47.50

35%
36%
29%
23%

4-2

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0

12. - 3 .

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50.0

50.0

45.0
40.0

60/30tn+

35.0
30.0

sensor7
sensor6
sensor5
sensor4
60/30tn+
60tn
60/30tn -
60tn -

45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0

25.0

25.0

20.0

20.0

15.0
10.0

15.0
60tn

10.0

5.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

-5.0

-5.0

-10.0

-10.0

-15.0

-15.0

-20.0

-20.0

-25.0
-25.0
3284.4 3284.6 3284.8 3285.0 3285.2 3285.4 3285.6 3285.8 3286.0 3286.2 3286.4 3286.6 3286.8 3287.0 3287.2 3287.4 3287.6 3287.8 3288.0

13. 9.

 13
60 60/30 .

, .

,
,

.

:
P = Pr x RF x K x Ki x Kt x Kr

(5)

P: , Pr: , RF:
(n-dMd)/(lMl (1+icode), K:
, Ki:
, t, Kr:
.


, :
K = /

(6)

3
, K 1.30

. H
, ,
, ambient ,

.

,
.

,
.

.



,
.

merican Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges (2000).
Casas, J.R. and Cruz P.J.S. Fiber optic sensors for bridge monitoring. Journal
of Bridge Engineering (2003).
Casas, J.R., Cruz P.J.S, Villaba, V. Structural Monitoring systems based on
fiber optics. State of the Art. IABSE Symposium.Shangai (2004).
CSI. SAP2000-Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures.
(2008).
Cubus AG. Statik-5. Enginnering Software. Version 1.18.0. Zurich. (2008)
., , .
. 15 ,
, , 24-27 2006.
., , . .

. 3o &
( 2008)
Panetsos P., Ntotsios E. and C. Papadimitriou. Structural Health Monitoring of
a ravine bridge of Egnatia Motorway during Construction. Fourth European
Workshop on Strutural Health Monitoring. Poland. (2008)
Paultre, P., J. Proulx and M. Talbot . Dynamic testing procedures for Highway
bridges Using Traffic Loads. J. of Structural Eng., 121(2):362-376. (1995)