Ecology Insthuteof Terrestfial

NATURAL H E S E A R CC HO U N C I L F N VF O N M E N T

guideto A beginner's

Freshwater Algae
llilarv Belcher & Erica Swale
Culture Centre of Algaeand Protozoa

Her Majestys SlaiionryOffice

CultureCeite ot Agae and Frotozoa

0 2 2 3 ( c . m b r d q o )6 1 3 / 3 T h eC u h u r e Coire ol A!ae andProrozoa s part of the lnslitul. ol Terestra Ecotogy, (hi.h rs, c.mp,renr brdf ol th. N l u r a l E n vr o . m e n t Fcse..ch Coui. L

lntroduction
thosewho would rke Thepurpose of thisbooklels to enable 10make oi freshwater to recognise somof the algae 1o learn we of differeftgcnera Fromthe verylargenumber a start. to be found,an.lwe 110 of thosemostlikeLv haveselected belonglngtoeach(A gerds. onespecies haveiiuslraled pl.ra genera.s corgarabe w th the iamrlyn.me cI a person 'Wordswo(h'. e p ursispecles. is comparab and a rpecies. eg 'W liani.)The drawings ar n almost with a firstname. eg (except thoseof dia every casemadefrom liv ng spclmens

WI]AT AF ALGAE? groups Aigalnc ude suchdiverse of orllansmsthat one m3y oJ ght microscopes. that in the eary daysof the development ty microscopes. theiriull dLVers and before thoseoi electron areof baccouldnol be detecledThe cellsof somealgae = 1/100O mm) ior example, about1 um (1 nricrometre lerialsize. of a vastnumber or about0 00004ins acrossOthers contain e, cellsandcan be up to 50 m (over150 feet)long.1orexamp p Somealgae the afgest seaweeds arundotrbtedly ants, somed fier so litre frornbacleria that they couldbe mernbels or |nry show ol a specal bacler al class, somgareanimals 1ethes cerian teatures both of an malsand p ants Desp havcerlain features r common. faclsmosta gal 0roups I\,4icroscoplc from permanent a gae can be foLrndeverywhere, p!ddLes, rivers, snow and iceto deserts, the oceans,akes, grasses everyone rocksand sorl. and herbs Just as the 1rees, w th arelhe ftrnrn basis of |ie on and.so a qae are is famrliar proclLrce aboutthe of thatin the seaand.Indeed. the basis matler and oxygnas do land plants. samearnount of organic with the comparable Although thcre s nothng in freshwater in sizefromthe larget seaweeds, thesea gaeshow a range of aboutT um in diameter to traling folmsof more smallest
" I n , "7 "1. e"4n qr.er I e c_1'nom^ 'I' o on i

HOWTO LOOK AT THEN4 freshweter To examine algae the equipmenl required neednot be elaborate. A iew of the largergenefacan be ,dentifiedby a (magnlficatio x 1 0 a n d x 2 0 ) .b u i a hand lens alone on fs m croscope wh ch magnfiesar leastx100 is generally essential. At thisstage thereis no needat a I tor an o I immersion obtective. lt wouldtaketoo muchspace. and it would not be verysatisfectory, to explain in detailhow to mounta sample of algaeon a qlass y slideand how actual to !se a m croscooe. Forthis a Je\/ nrlnLiles demorstraiion by someone experienced is fiore valuable ol thanpages description. Algaeusually die and decayIairlyrapldly Io aflercollection. keepthem freshas longas possible. do not overf I the continer, always leave an air space and keepthe sample cool. Planklon algaemav be ealeoby assoc (suchas atedanrmals Daphnia,tlrc watet flea) in a short time. li presentrn notice' ab e numbers theyshoud be strained (a piece off immediately of nylonstocking makes a good sieve). Samples may be preserved by addingiodine so utionwhlch, howevr, lurnslhe chlorop astbrovJi A saluraled soluiion of roore r,roolasrL^rrod,d6 d rd walercon be oraporFo. bul ordinary tinclure of iodinewill do. lt is best10add it from a dropping bottlauntllthe wholeis of a palcbrowncolour. lt is important to ensure that the speclmen bortleor tubeof algae is keptwell stoppered as odineevaporates readrly. NQTES ON TI]EDRAWINGS Indication of s zesof the algae drawnls diflicultas thisvaries so muchbelween species. evenof the samegenus(for in srance, .e It ol Chlorcganiun ta.ge Irc'r] 5 15 L'm n length lat C. euchbrunt b 25orn Iar C. maxtmum).)twould be mislead rg to show, the srze o{ eachspecies illusrf6ted. so we havestaled a range covering the wholegenus. The student is strongly advsedro draw microscop c objects possible. whenever There is no necess ry to'be ableto draw' to do this.What maiiefss having yourown record of what the thing looked I ke,to helpyou to remember t and to Lrndersiand rtsshape lils surprising ho\1,trying 10draw it makes ofa look muchharder ro seewhat ihe atgais realty like.Always label ihe d.awing with the name(f Itte akJail knownand add the dateandrhe place where I was rouno.

FICATION CLASS (see pub rcatrons To he p find lhe way in moreadvanced n thelrmajor page46). the algaeincluded herearearranged groupings below: including: Green algae(Chlorophyceae), (nos.1-14) Swimming cels and co onies(Volvocales), (Chlorococcales), Non motilecellsand colonles (nos.15-33) F lamentous algae(of various fam lies).nos34-50) paft), (Conjuga (nos.5'1-59) Desm es in ds (nos.60-63) Yellow greenalgae(Xanthophyceae), (nos.64-68) Goldenye ow algae{Chrysophyceae). (Bacillariophyceae). (nos.69-85) Distoms Cryptophyceae, (no.86) (nos.87, Dinofagelates(Dinophyceae), 88) Euglcnoid (nos.8S-91) flage ates(Euglenophyceae), (nos.92-95) Bed algae(Rhodophyceae). Blue-green a gae (l\,lyxophyceae or Cyanophyceae). (nos 97-110)

lsee the diapran apposhe)

Lnthe centre oi the ce I Binary vegetative divrson of a free-living cel into two equa and separale daughter ce ls lhe co ouredstructure in p Enrce ls which absorbs I ght Lrsed n photosynthesisi usual, or brolvn, occasronally red or blLre-green !lreen Cyst resting staoe wilh thickwa . fonnedfrom e srngLc ce rsed of a plantwhich lrows on rnother. but not p ike slrucllres /,rir usedbVcels lor swlmmng bul diff cu t 10seeunless stained by iodineetc; hnce'f a!,el atcs'-ce s swimming by flagella. plura flageuLln s slngu ar. f/agel/a) ln.b. hslf shellof a di.tom-see noteor diatoms iol!oh,inq no.68 seenoteon dratoms and labeled diagram colourless structure wh ch contains hereditary lyrngagainsl the wall of a cll co eclrve lermfc'ran nrals and plafls whicl_ lLoalin walei and arecarried pass vely by a colour essstructurc associated w th the ch oro plastand concerfed wjth starch for.nallon the Inearstr!.lurezlongibe canlreo, somedia lom frustLr es seelabe ed diagram
Signoid Srellate Stiae

oi an e ongated likGylrslgra no.80 S-shape. staashaped, mainy usdoJch oroplasts th stripelike nrarkrngs oI a diarom frLstule seenoteon draloms and abelled .l agram

Diagrammatic structure of somealgae

ALGALFLAGELLATE

Flagellun
Contractile vacuole

Eye spot
Nucleus

Chloroplast

FILAII ENTOUS GBEN ALGA

FiLA[4ENTOUS BLUE.GREEN ALGA

Chloroplast Ceilwall vegetatlve

DIATOM

Striae
view

1-GJrdle

Baphe

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Greenswirnmingcels lsee alsoEuglenaandPhacus) Chlamydonanas. Avery big genusof round. oval or cylin, clrical cels which swimwith two flagella oi equallenglh.
T, "." rr"/ J. 1"/ rot ba a D. .a-o:cj. bLt a rpd pya 5po- .

lsuallypresent. Thewall is smootf and ihin. Cetls can be trom 2 5 to 50sm or morein engrh,mosllyb20 (wlthout ncludng the flagela. as in al rneasurements in this bookleO. FoLrnd in everykind of aquaric habtat.species oi this genus arthe mostlikeiy green swimming ce s to be encounlefed. Chlarcgoniun.Ihls has r,NaI agellaI ke Chlamydomonas but s spindle-shaped. Unlike the srnn arlyshaped t/g/era j1s{orm 5 50gm tong (l rare (89) il doesnot change species reaches 250tm). and iound n pondsand rivers. BBchionanas. Relaled b Chlamydamoras but has a po nted tarland fo!r ateralobeswh ch stickout of the body like frfs. Sometlmes found in bird-baths anct ln poolsnearihe sea.10-50Umlong. Pteromanas. Like Chlanydarnonas but with a longltud nal wing on eachsideof the body I ke an e m f.u t. Revo vesas rl swrms. is 10-25urnlong.and livesrn pondsand slow rlvers4b, a ce ltn transverse section Haenatococcus. Cel s ova . 10-30um tong. conlents separated fromthe wa by a clearspace crossed by radal lhreads. Thegreen chloroplast is somelirnes nrasked by red ' i loL'6doil Tr e dan 6 oop ,td onsof .-i<orgarr' oclL'r I g in bird-baths. wet ho ows in rocks, the depressrons In m!n halecovers and orhersma temporsry water bodies mav be ertner bngntgreenor rustyrd. Loban)onas. Cellslike Chlamydonanas,3 2Esm long. with ll obedor wavy out n. Occlrs n pldd es.pondsetc.s doesrhe s m lar rrplosrauror, whr.h ssquare Phacotus.Cels ike Chlamydomonas. l O 20um rong.ano iound rn similar p aces. bul eachis enclosed rn a wal resemb ing rwo watchglasses f ttingtogether, sometimes lnrn andtransparent but moreoitenthickand scutprurecl. Pytan)imanas. Cells ovalor strawberry-shaped. 5,ZbUmlong, w lh foLrr f agelia which arise from a prt ar the rronteno. Antefior edgeof the chloraplast depy dividd inrofour or rqhtlobes, g ving the celta striped appearance. There s no wall.3nd the ce I div desby binary ponds. p!ddtes fissicn.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Green swimming colonies Pyrcbotrys.Peat-shaped swimmingce ls b-25um lonq. looseiy altgfeqated to {orma co ony.In hoof prinlsand other puddlcs ftchin organic malter. Will somelimes appear if mud andwatertromthese s icft to standtogether w th a pieceof a driedpea.Thesimilar Pascrer,?a hasonly 4 cells of 8 of 16. instead '10 Eudatina.Ihe s'r.,al roundcells.5-15umlong.occurat the surfaceof a globularcolony up to 20Osm across Sveral one commonin puddles, ponds, species, lakes and rrvers. 1 1 Pandarha. D)tferc ftam Eudozra tn that the cellsiit c osely witho!1a lafgeceniral logelhar space Common in puddles. p o n d sl,a k e s a n r di v e r s . e l s8 - 2 0 u r no n g , c o o n i e s u p t o C 50 um diameter.

12 Gorlum. Consists of square, flat.fouror 16 ce ledcolonies across. !p to 100um Cells long. 5-25Um Common in ponds, puddles. lakes andslowrivers.
1 3 Steph anasphaeft- f he coloniesare characterisric clear globes Lrp to 60um across contsining eightlarge tike cetts thoseoi Haerlalo..rs afianged ln af equaiorial nng.The globerevovesas it swimsthrough the water.Foundpar rn water-filled ticularly hollows solulion of lrrnesrone rocKs. l/o/yox. Colonies vjsibc to the unaided eve (up to I mm across). contanrnghundreds of cells. Foundin puddes, ponds.akesand slow rvers.Foran article dealjng wirlt this and the previous four genera. seeJane,F.W., 1949.Famous plan$: 1, Volvax,New Bialagy,6, S7-99.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Green non-motile unicelsand colonies (bur not Desmids) Chlorella.Smallround or oval clls (2 1b um diameler) wh ch divideintotl]vo or four non-morrle daughler cetts. encosedfor a lrtllewhilewiihin lhe old watl,as shown. FoJnoeue\ ^ toro.b.rtsonerTe, qs6L119 In va-l quan trtres as a green soupin can e-lroughs, places. and similar Fora ful er account seeFogg. plants:4. c. E..1953.Famous Chlorclla. New Bialosy,15,99-116. Chtotococcumard \s all es <liffet lram Chlotellain producingmotilespores, each wrth two flagella. Oocysrls Ovalor lemonshaped cells5 2ogm long.sometimesfo!nd 2 or 4 roqethernsrde the ntarged ctear molher cellwall Ponds, lakes and slow rivers. 1 1 Chodatella Like Oocystisin srzeand shape,but wilh several slender bnstles, usually at eachend of the cell.Ponds.akes and slow flvers. 1B Tetraddron. Lillle angulargreencells.5-20gm across. rouno r^ oonds, lrl es ard sjow rive\ TwoLonrror specres are illustrated. 1 9 anlt.trcrj..nr" srarcr t. ( urv"dor qp,a rFedle\aapeo ce ls up to 50um longor more. sometLmes fqrmingbundtes All lypesoi water-body, common. The p ate shows1wo

2 0 Chahcium. Ovalot spindle-shaped greence s with a long

or shortstalkgrowingattached to various tilamentous algae and othersubstrata. Length includlng sralkup to 80Um Cornmon. 21 Acthastrum. Colonies ol fou. or eiqhtcigar-shaped cetts. 10-25 ffir onq,uniteda! one endto form a siar.Ponds. lakes and slow rivers. 22 Micracrintum Round cells 3-2Oum across. each wiih one or morelongslender bristles, ottenin colontes as shown. Plankton of lakes and slow rivers.

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

non motileunicells Green and colonies CoelasLrum. Non-motile roundrsh y to form cels united close p ankion!i takes. spherrcal colonles up to I00Um across. pondsand slow rivers 24 Pedtastrun. F at disc shaped colonies, !p to l00um across, of 4lo 32 cels.with a serrared peredgoand somerims foraled. Ponds, lakes andslow rivrs. 2 5 Ctu.i(rcnia.Flal p alsof oval cel s uf red in groupsof four, wh ch areagalnoftnloosely uniledin fours (seeatso Mensnlopedia. no.99). Cels 3 15um ong.Ponds. lakes and 2 6 Scenedesnlus. Flalco onies.i 2,4 or 8 e ongared cells arangedIn a row as shown,somospecies havng sp nesat the corners of the co onies Cels 5-30Umlong.Cornmon everywhere. Two species are llustrated. 2 7 Tetrastrun.4 celled JIat colof es arranged in a dtarnoncl as shownin the figure. oftenornamented w ih smaI spines around the margin. Ce s up to T0umacrossPonds.aks 23

2 a Dictyosphaeium. Loose colonies oi !reen cellsin c .r

rnuclage.the .e ls connecled po nt by branched to a central (ohenbarely slrands v s b e) Ce ls !p to 10Bm.cross. Ponds.akesand slow rivers. sometimes veryabundant 2 9 Hydrodictyon.Net I ke coloniesoJ greence s. n r]vcrsano canalsThe cels. which become multinucleaie, maygrow up to 10 mm long.and a nw net formsinsde each. Well grown nelsare argeafd conspicuous. TheJigure showsa smal

(O.r,-,
C-+f." t

i.";i G \/
-,-

a"i

t) .o1.,

-, . {,

a ht^,^^h,,^^^^ v, ,,u, v|J, Iy usov Green ron.motri.un cellular andf amntors atq.e 3 0 Pleurccaccus packels Green of ce ls varycommonon trees and fcnces. olten in associ.tron wth fungathyphaeAlsoa c o n s tl u e n lo f s o m oi c h e n sl h c c e s a r e l O 2 0 u ma c r o s s , andthe hol cross bLn' apperrance is oftencrr.rdcrerrsI|c. 3 l Trebouxta Sph.rca)ce s 2 25urndianreler grlwrog on lrees Tences et. .nc havng a tlar platelrkear cr'rtoroptast w i t ha o b e d ed!te irid. c-oIlfa pyrenod Aconstruentoi some chens Sornetims drlfcu r ro dislin0u sh ir.rma sp.c es al Ch/arela (15) lhal rs alsocornmon on irces.but he Chlorell.1has a pat eralcI oroplasr. 32 Sttchococcus A reduced f ameftous form.wrth cy ndrica ce s 2 5u.n n d ameler. grow fq s ngly or . ,rrle chains of 2 cf 3 .e ls gro\'r' .! cn lrc?s. !!.ils. LJ|]rlers p3is. rrC j o!\,er as \/e Ias In pondsor puddes Vorycommorl 3 3 Batryac.)ccus. Grows in colonies up to 0.5 mm across, wth numerous n an oily !reonce s 5 10urnlongembedded matrx whrchvarcs in co our Iroma clearye ow to totaly opaque orafce or br ck red oranqeoilp gmenrd w th ca.otn maYbe scleezed f.om t !rnder a.over sl p P ankton 01pondsand l3kes. otuen f o.t ng on tha water. Somelimes ab!ndant, formin! a thrckscum 33a.a co onyl 33b.partof thisflatrened un.lera covers p ro show ce ls. Mougeonaf amentous, unbranched, 5 50um d ameter. Cells contarn a srng e cliloropl.st, an axileI bbon runnng the lenglho{ lhe cell.w lh pyreno ds at intervals. scef n rhe !{iderv eh, rn lhe eft-handce and n tho narrower ai rhe rght. common n srand ng warer. Oedogantuni Filaments unbrrnched. 3 50urndi;imerer. Chloroplasl a parietal pyrenoids. net,w rh several The thickened wall at oneend ol somecells. |ke dis r ds.1 posab plasn.cupsone instde the other, is character stic rf sta.dinq watef. llhe'cap ) Common 3 6 Zygnemalnbtan.led riuc lag nousI lamenis I0 50sm d ameter, eachcellw ih two star shaped asts wilh chlorop pyrenoids. cenrral Commonn sranding walersZygaganum, roundon damppeaiyso I. s similar, bu! haspurpte sap. 3 1 Spitogyra. U rbrcn.hed mucrtaginous f itaments. varyingfrom l0 to overl00trnrdiameter ce with one or njoreoarela ch o.opls1s in rheformol sp raly wounCr bbons Common in standrng water, especra ly rn earlyspr/ng.

6 ii| 'l-",,:.,,b
\".J
\,{

r,'di'

Fr 1t.
-::

,_.--.,1, ,.a\Q/"

Chlorophyceae
Green filamentous algae

38

Uta|h't/ | ro"a1 ."o frld-npn 1-/0p1d

are ar.Fo |

6l

ast (or 2 in drviding ce s) which {ormsan w th one chlorop bandroundthe ce las shown.Common lncomplele in or running water,espec aliyin spring. lf branched, standing seeStiseactoniurn144) at Draparnat.taga). 3 9 Microsparc Urhrcnchedfilaments5 25um d amelr.Cells pErieta (thou.Jh zppear to havenumerous chloroplasts ths rs nol lhe case), and aresomwhat s m ar in structure to (over:ppng hali cellw?lls. Tnbonena161).\1\\hH pleces i ls.f;aled1o( Trjbonema). bui arc ro 3t vely sho(er and green. ihicker, and aae a moieopaque darker ln runnin! or ''aro._q \ ^ d r o 'T ' e u p p e ' r ^ o ^ l l ci 1 t l ' f i g L ' o er.'ee' in opt cal secton, the lowertwo in surface view. 40 DraparnaldiaCe s resemb e those of ,lalhrix wlIh a band shaped ch oropast.but the wlroleplanthasa feathery look. w h h a c e n t r aa x i so f l a r g e c e l l sS , 0prn ofsoacross nthe olderparts, bearing branched xrftsoi muchnarrowr cells s. Standing water,espec a ly n the at rnlerva and rLrnning forming sprinq, conspLcuous bf qht green tLifts up to 5 cm ong on srones erc 4 1 Bulbochaete. Smallp anlswith branched Jilamenls 10-30um Cels havea nel ke ch oroplast resemb ing that ol d ameter. (35), and manybear onq hairswth bulbous Oedoganium Theygrow on other. gae,stones, bases. woodwork, etc, st.nding o u t s t i f i l yU . s u . l l yn s l o w l y fo w l n g o r s t Lw l ater. 4 Ta . t w o c e l l s ; 4 1 b h , a bt s k e i c h . 42 Cladaphora. Filaments !p to 100um across, Lrsually branched cllswith reticLr Panlsoftenl.rgeard ro!gh ate ch oroplasts 1(jthe toLrch. freqLrently covercd hatheprphytes. Common. altached usually 1ostrcks, stones or orherhardsu{acc: in strllor runnrng.,araier rs s verylrouble.ome lo pond owners. grows nto skciirs rt raprdly afd lanqles several rnelres orq. 'blanket and I s knowntothem as w e e d '4 . 2 b .h a b i t s k e l c h . Co(a n speces form furryba ls up to the slzeof tenns bals. whrchrollaround on the bottomof shalow lakes and poo s, partsof Br lain. ond arerecorded fromvarlous F amentous algaeareoflnfoundwh ch havthe ce .tta.rLne af Cladophora but . re !nbrafchod Thesemay be ong eithetto Cladophara ot Rhi2aclaniun,and dec d ng vvhlch is oftend ificult.

39

il

l- hlnrnnhrrna:ro sheetlikeor bag'likegren a gae F amentoLrs. In havng an ax le chloropast 1 3 Prasiala. Cells 1 20gm across. a cenlrai pyte.a d. I ke Trcball\ta. rhe form of : o ete w rl_r The planrma'r' be f amefrcus(43a).a r bbon seviil ce ls into a sheel(43c. wrde (43b.smaler scae). or expanded glow or subaer al. ng on rocksIre_ natur.lsize) AqLratic quented by b rds,or ln olhcr habtatsrich nntrogef. Stgeochniun. Cells ike rhoseal Ulothnx,\Nithbard shaped pariet! rhloroplasts F amenls branched. up to 20um across but withouta stoutcntra.x s as hasthe r atod or mor, y smaller (no 0)- and considerab and soflr Dtaparnatdra (no.12) conr.l]o1l In slandng or ruin n.J lrar Cla(lophota l w o c e l l s . b o ullo d v i d c w a l e rc , speclaly n s p rr q 4 4 a , (w th t$roch oropastseach)i 44b,habt skelch. grovv ng fto woollylLrlls Branched filamenls 4 5 CltaetaDl)ata. x10). project essha rs ong colour fromwhiclr or balls(45b. phyte 01water to 20UmacrossCommon as af ep Ce ls Lrp wtlrl plants, mesencrusted or on strcks oTstones, somt oi calc!m carbonte crystals .16 Entercnnrpha. Plantbodylub! ar. ho ow (45b,c. raiLr3L ol long.composed s ze).(rp101 crn w de and I 5.m or rnore (46a).Some cels wilh thrckwa ls and paretiilchloroplasts oi on the surface f oat n9 n masses llmesveryconspicuous planls, vr'atcr and canals, or cntrnged wlth largcr slow rivers water. rn brackish and mny be abundanl c plant bod as hata hacaLrse ol lhe macroscop 4l Tetraspan.PL)r bLrt theseareof muc age ir forms(47b.si qhr y n nrged). havingpscudocLl!a cellsof Chlanydorroras 1ype. contalnlnq (|ke mol onless ilage a) projccl ng Iromthe mrrc allc (47a). Palmodt.ttons s m ar.b|]t lofmsrctlculaie le ly-masses.

Lnroropnvceae
Filamentous and sheet ike green algae and Desmids Aphanochaete Smallflamentous forms5-15snrin diameler, whrchgrow prostrate upon olheralgae. Thecellshave parietal chloroplasts. and someof rhembeafhairs with bul bousbases.48a, two cels, one with hair;48b.habitsketch. gtowing an Oedogonium. Trentepohlia Although belonging to lhe green a gaethis planthascellsfiled wlth orange branched f amenious oil. lt patches is sLrbaer rocks, formrng al and growsor"r danrp in northern which look likeorange velvet. Much commoner 7-20um andwestern Bntain than in the south-east. Cells encrustingplatesof 50 Coleochaete.Ifislotms disc-shaped and water ce ls beset with fine hairs. and growson stones p ants,reachlng a diameier ol 1 mrn.\i.'hile lhe cellsare1C 20Bmacross. i is oftenconspicuous on the g assof aquaria or the sLdes of old sinksin which walerp antsare grown.50a,deta s of cells;50b.partof a largep ant at a lowermagnllicarioni 50c,a wholeyoungplant
gd l e e na l a : e J D E S M I D S( a g . o ! p o f s p e . i a L i s e

5l

Hyalatheca. A rcptesentatlve of the small numberof fila poolsetc.The which arelound in boOgV mentous desmids sur' filaments arecylindrical, 5-40um in diameter,0nd founded by a layerof muciage. Desmidiumis a 3i.r|ilatgenus.but the filamentsusuallyhave Lncross and aremostiiequently I'lanetLrlar a toothed oulirne

52 Mesotaenium. A smal)cylindrlcaldesmid,8-30um diameter.

likeMaugeotiE.lt is padioularly with a flat chloroplast common n the je y I ke coverng of wet rocksdown which w:rer trickles. and rs usuaily accompanied by b ue green aLgae )s aralt et small oi varlousspeciesCyhndrocystis desmid wh ch is veryslmiarbul rhishastwo separate stellate chlorop asts. 5 3 Pleurctaeniuftt. Atad shapeddesmd up to 1 mm in length. found in boggyplaces and upon wet iccksdown which waterruns. The wsvy outline nearthe centre of lhe cell ls

5l

Chlorophyceae : Green algae

Desmids

54 Closteium.A ctescent-shaped desmidlound commonly;n

ponds, lakes end slow rivers, as we as in bogs.Someof the species large cellsreaching nearly have and conspicuous parti.ularly 1 mm in length, whrleothers. the planktonlc ones,may be much mores enderand a moststraight. CasnatiLln. El ipi.al ot angulllrin out ine. but without parilcu spines or orherprocesses. A big and d ff colt genus, arefound larlycommonin boggyp aces. but a few soccies n water bodies of a ltype$ l0 200ulofq. Each ar in end view,with Staurastrum. halfcell is triangu Cej s vary up to 130umin threecorners, splncs or arms. plankton in of lakes. length, and arecommon thc \tety plate I or llke. ova in Micrastetias. Cells at ard eafcut of frssured. Up to outline. with the edges varolrsly A ' i d d b 350pnlonq ooo.Jr r ,11r. of with varioLrs combinations Xanthidium.Cells atna-rlented (rld v ew as sp res, but not trlaFgular ir Srarrrstrum. 10-2009mlong.Foundin acidrc or bogoypoolsetc. ilattcned, tr!t not to sucha degree Fraslrrm.Clls somewhat as t. l,4icrastetias, ar.dhavlng angulzr obes.while the ends areoflendeeply rolched.Ce ls 10 200[m long.Acidc pools A note on desmia|s Onlya few to:erant members of thisgrouparefound in the walers Ihe h6rdcalcareous of the southand eastof Britain. of rocks and soft vasl majorlty areconfined to districls acldjc plankton akes, water.andwhile someof thesellve in the of wherethereis oftenan mostarefound in hoggypools. abundance of species and ind viduals. A rather old but still uselul account,'.vith manycolorredplaies is West. W. & Desmidiaceae. 5 West.G. S..A l\lonograph of the Errtish volurnesFay Society. London, 1904-1923.

55

56 5l 58 59

Xenfhnnhrrnaaa Yellow-green algae 6 0 Ophtocytiun. Cylindrical or sausage-shaped epiphyiic or fiee i oal ng unicels. 3-2Cgmd ameter, each,"r,ith two or more palegreen chloropiasls Th-.y varyfromshortto very elongared. and areoitencurv,.d or evenloosely coiled. In the commonspecies shownherethe Voung cellsattach themselves to the lip of the mother cellwall,whlch is hself a|\ached ta a Cladaphora f a|iefi. 6 l Trib.)nena.FllafiettaLs and unbranched, 5-20um diameler. with severaparietal chloroplasts,and H pieces, rsembling (39). but diffring Mrcrcspata in the longor and nar.ower ceilsand much p3ler.nd moretranspafenl appearance. poos. 61apart havrr! no starch. Commonespec allyin grassy of a frlament; 61b. H p ece ({ t logelher to formthe walls) 62 Batrydiutn.A coenocyric(m!hinucleate)algaformin0 dark green on dryjngmud,ancliored !lobu s !p to 2 mm across by a co ouressbranched rhizoid. Not uncommon. but only lasts In thisformfor a few days.perennation beingby cysts. 62a. a w h o l ep l a n t d u g u p . x 1 0 : 6 2 b .g r o u p of pantson v 2.5 mud,seenfrom above,

63

vaL t,4.

, .oL) d b,!1.r q.ea' dn 6 ed

y n slagnanl especia or slowlyr!nningwater.Planicoeno(50-200um).regularly cytrc. ol eventhrckness ihroughout branched, afd wth no cross walls NurneioLS sma grean chloroplasis. 63a.end of a f amenti63b,antherid unr (malecell)and two oogonia(female cells).

Chrysop hyceae
GoLden-bro\,!n algae Achrononaslvlot e unrce L usualy oval,2 25sm long.wLth 1 or 2 brownchloroplasts and I longand a short{lagelum. Chrantuhna s smlat but only has1 flagellum visibe. L ke _ 1 3.r o f ( r " l d " l l - o o . o r 1 , , ^ o r g o t . n o . , o r ' sl de. Farrly ponds, common. especially rn spring, in puddles,

65 Mallanlanas.Like OcrroDDnas.bLrt.overed all over with

glassy sc.lsof s ica,overl.pping lka roofriles Somespecies a so h.ve long s;|.a sp fes. rl one or b.rh ?ndsor ell over (as illusrfaled). Cells5 50um ofq Fartycornmon Ln jn sp ng. puddles, pondsnd lakes. drlches, especia l'r'

Chn,cnnhvnoao continued 6ti D;nabryan BtaNn ce s I k.eachronanas. but eac!rllving rn a clea.lor.!1(cot) Sol taryor fc.m ng bfarr rec cclcnres. attachldor lre. s\rlimmrno lcDlrh of lo ca:lO 100lrr Frequent in pondsand akes. espec ally in sprLng 67 .tyrLl/a.Scaly lrrown cells ltke Mallamanas.20 40um long. connected by theirtais into swrmm'ng color es up lc 500J]rn p. onds. across .ommon rnpLrddes C : k e sa f d s o w r v e r s . 67:, s,/v mmrngcc on./;67b,s nqleceil,larqer 6 8 Uroglera. Iornrssw mm ng co oiies !p to 50r]umacross. bLt thc smal .ells sit al tlreedgcof a ba I of 5o1t clearalmost rnvis but cirnnot ble Jnucirlle Thet.ils qo r !ht to the ccntre. poos etc.In sprng.68a,a oflen be sccrr Com rof rn lakcs. coloiy I 68t).:l ce s from rc cdqeI 68c.sil...wa ed cystor p:od!ce resilrgs\d0r M.n,, -efli:,c,i.l rhc airr!sotlryceae iheseroundor ovalbolile.lrkc cysts.

Diatoms or Bacillariophyceae
Brown alg.e wrth s ca sheils l T h e s h e o f f r u n u i e i s l , k c , b o x . f D r m e do f 2 o l e f l a p p l r q g a s s y p o n o n s a s n a F l r d s h o r a c l a t eb o r T h e s r d e! e \ , 1 ' o I t h e c e l i s t h c g r r d l ev i e w a n d t h e t o p o r b o l i o m v r e w t h e p . 7 ) l n t h e l a l t e rt h c . h a r a c t e f l s t r c v a l v ev e w ( s c e d r a g r a m . s c u l p t u rn c r. r f t h - "w a l c a n b e s e o n .e s p e c i . y n f r u s t u l e s c e a n e d ' , t h . c d o r h e 6 t i r n d s p e c r a y n r o u n r e da s s n e e d e d f . , r a e i r i r e dL d . n r i , c a t L o i \ , l e 1 i \ o d s r n i - L L n c1 96i ) !. 6 9 M e b s n a . C f l t n r k c a c e l s J o n o d t o q t h e rI t ) p r o d u c ef l a , t h n u m e r o u sb r c w n c h o r o p l a s t s m e f t s , 5 - 1 0 0 u m d r a m e t e rw (i. rl Lrslrated C o r n m o n n ( l t c h e s . p o n d s l a k e s .T h c s p - " c r e s g i r d r ev l e w ) l r r s s m o c l h \ r a l l s . b ! t o i h e r s b c . r r o w s o f s p o l s . ano scmeIrmc5.. so sp nes. l a Cy.iotella ard Stephanodlscr/5-. Often ihese crnrol easrly be t o d a p a n . b l l o n l y b y c i e l a e d s t u d y .T h e y . r c c y i n d r i c a l d a t o n r s ,5 5 ( ) u m d i a m e t e r . occLrrring s n g l y o T n p a i r sb l r t n o t i n i o n g c h : n s O l t n t h o y h a v e a c r o w n o f v r y J i n el o n q radrating b r s t o s f r o m a c h e n d . n o t s h o w n h e r e b e c a u s ei t l s d ff cLlt io se. Corimon. usljaly plankioi.. n pco s. lakes. a n d e q p e c L a l ls ! io\/ 'llers. wijose walers arc ollei browr w r t h t h e n r n r p r n g a n c ie a r l y s u m m e r .7 0 a . b . v a l v e a f d girdie v ws: 70c, cleaned \al,te ol a Cyclotellii.

Diatoms
continued

1 1 TabellariaA. dlatamlatmlng ilat zig-zag fitamenlsas justrated, or elseradia colonslikerhose ofAstetionela \76) The characterislic seplaexiendparlway acrcss the cetlsin girdle view and show up as heavy lnes. Lenglh of cells, Llp to 100umor more. 11a.pal al a zig zagchainof cells. he d together by mucragepads, in girde view.The bro\ir'n chloroplasts haveonly beendrawnin the uppercet. 71b. valveview of one of thesecclls.N,4orc common n ihe less calcareous waterc o{ the forth and west. D/arom. Another diatom which formsf laments, straight or zrg'zag. Cellsup to 70Umlong.wtthoutsepra in girdleview, un ikethe lastgenusIn va ve vicw (72a)ihey varyfrom y lanceolate, lrnear io broad but arerecognised by their rlregu ar transverse abs.Common in waterbodres of a I types. 72a,valveview.c eanedfruslule; 72b.girdleview of livingf:ament. Metidian.fhis has .el s llke Diatama (up to 100gm tong), but wedge-shaped, .nd iormscharacterist c fan-shaped co onies. Comrnon, especlally n sprlnq, rn ponds, brooksand rivers.73a. two cleaned glrde vicwj 73b.another frustules. in va ve view; 73c,g rdlevlew ot |ving colony SynedtaA,langnarrow dialom.not torming cha ns.occurr ng in tha freestate(ol1en plankron c) or atiached to a sub, 5 l r o t , r b . d p c do r m r r r , l dr - r . r o r ^ 1 rdo g.o o- n Ce c "tir up to 500umlong.Common. 74a,valvcview of cleaned frustue: 74b,liv ng co ony.girde view. fbab a R- or Dl a.r'd'.In\ol\F\rc^.bL',. s(rpio 150gm long) form longf at f iitrnentous colonies, benthjc or planktonic. 75a and 75b showfilaments of two species of vcry different appearancc. Conrmon in pon.isano raKes_ AsLerianella. Forms srar-shaped I oatlngco oniesof ce ls up to 1009m long, and scommoninlakcT s here i sa t s o a iorm (71) which hasco oniss m .r in sizeandshape af Tabelatia
b L Lr L o . (e q cr- r^.o ra, do o. rl4 o ,. .di.

12

14

15

76

nd by the knee-like swelllfgsal lhe centre or eacnce

"t

-pi

,7
EI

l2a

tsa

Ww
[J
f3c

74a

ti tt
E=

14b Ef E]

\i

75b

Diatoms
1 1 Cacconeis.ExttemclycarnmonI at ova diatoms.10 30um long,c ing ng to p anls,stones and orhersubstrata, some lirnes In an almosi conl nuousleyer 77a,c eancdlrustue; 77b. 3 ce ls on an Aedagontun) | a'r,efi. 78 l/e., /" l_^-o t.ddr"'oa ^lh^" , .p. 6 . ,rq irom 5 tc 200umln enllh. creepfo .n mud etc . El iypes ,,r;r oi viater-bod'i ous re aled0enera eic) arly lAchnenthes d si ngrishabie irom /Vavtcula hy dela ed exemnalon. 78a . eaned frustu e; 78b,|ving cellw th a ch oroplast on each s de. Girde view paralel-sded 7 9 Ptnnularia Besemb es a rrlc /Vaylcrlawith thlck bar 1ke striae and rounded cnds.20 4O0smlong On tlre m|ld ol pofds,lakesandr'\,r)r:The lrqrIc shows! clernod 1r!slule. BO 6yros@ra Fecognrsed l)\' lii b.irLrtirr sgmoidshape.sup pondsand to 200urn ong..nd ve,ion llrc mrd .rr akes. frusiule. rivers S e e a s c n o S 3 l l r ef ! L r r c s h o ! " /a sc e a n e d 8 1 CymbellaShaped ke a Cornsh pasry, 10 2009mlong. commonly attached ro plants by muciage and othersubsfiata sia ks.or iv.g several togelhern r.Lrcrlaqe tubes.81a. cleaned frlsl.re; 31b. I vrngcell on sl: k of mucrLage Ar.tphora ooks I te iwo Cylnbellas )a ned 10:affi 2n aral a 2 Gomphonema. Aso ca.rlmon. usually altached by muc age stalks, bul can a so creepabout ke the othcrd atomson th s pageandthe next Shapcasymmetr cal engthwise. v ew wedqeshaped. orrdle and valvview varyng frorn narrowly ova (nol l|ptica) to the shape of an Elypt an mumnr)'case. I 10Oum lon0 82a.cloaned c, iruslLrle;82b, rv nq attached ce ls.va vc and qrrde vicws.A d atomsimiar ta Gamphonena bU curved is rn g rdlevrewI ke a banana

B 3 Nitzschia.Car,.r,an..r,anyspi?cies, 5 !o moreihan 100um

long Bestd st ngL shedrn Lvc stite Jrom A/rvl.r/a?nd rts e es by tfe t./rocir oroplsls ar ihc efds ol tlrece . not the s des Theres a so a brg s Emord specres, Lrp to 600ltm long.but Lrn rkeGflos/gr?a (S0) ( hasparalcl srdes,rnd bluntends.83a,c eaned irlslule,83b,liv ng cel, both of a

19

78b

t,}.

f-l

::-!

82b \-,9

pticalor oval, Large benthrc diatoms, valvview eJJ Sr/irell. 15 200um ong. girdlev w reclangular or ,,vedge shaped. like'w fg' Pofds,lakes Edgeof va ve ottair lormsbaluslrade v ew. and rvers 84a.va ve view; 84b.Oirdle and ioLrndin s;milar 8 5 Cyntatopleula. FesembIngSr7,rel/a ls. and lacking rhe places. ike biscu but cels nrlch 1a11er. 'wing' one conslncleO1n f "\locommon specres, ornamental girde view as shown,ihe 01h(-,r cll plrca 30 150um ong. f rvntnnhrina ea

nrostly brownto ohvegreen A smallgroupof flage ates, 10 l\c^rl'shapcd or oval celLs. AsymmctricaL 8 6 Cryplolnooas. la two uneq!alflage sh chloroplasts, 80um ong,with bro\'vn 'tr called chocysts . showing and a gulletlinedw th slructrrres of all types. in water bodies up as rowsof spots Common l-linnnhrrnoao usually armoured A smallgroupol llf!lellales. out ntocharacterstc Bto'tt..atfiarredand dravr'f Ceratturn. T,ro f a!cllii.one L...jt!.i,n.l the other hornsas sho,r'r'n and rn d rlrooveup to 400umlof! s.met me: rr?nsferse common n lskesend pools wth h-"mct-rke. brownor colourless. 8 8 Pefidtniun Nm.aL|ed. nlakesand . T0um.cross Fairycommon twoilagella I5 pools. recognisab e bv lumpyshape Frrnlonnnhrinoeo A groupof green {lagcllales 'd9 tuglera-Spjndle body..a r bccomo latteror rhlnner, shaped red one Jlage lLrm. clrlDroplasls ind eyespot wth ljren pol]Lrted long ally sIghtly 25-100pm In allwalerbodcs.espec ponds green. ng fartrr dark ones, son]etrmes colo!r 9 0 Phacus. Alsahasgreen chloropl.sls. and brght redyespo1. pointed f with Lrm. attcned ik 3 lelrf. a singlefage but r5 tail.LengihLrp to 100um ln th.rsamahabit.tsas Euglena. fhe .Jt.i n chlonrpiasts.re !sua y mask.dby 9 1 Trachelon)onas. p o t . r o u n d 2 5 u n r a cross nwhlchrt t h eb r o w n oroval rp to prolfucl lves,ihe f ngellum ra tl)r.ru!lr :r hole Commonn a! b o do s 9 1 . . a c c l i n r r sp o t i 9 l b m o r e h l t h y m a t N warer pot opened Insdc i .j, r. sholaflagellata

R hndnnhrroaro 'Fed' a gae (oftenbrownoI blue grenin cololr, however. especiy a nfieshwater) 9 2 Parphyridiun Bright red unicels growlng at lhe foct ol'.(al s til rs coLlecl, wheTe $o ubl-" and rocksand in greenhouses, dropsof b ood or resembling masses mucilagino!s {orming ona. Cellsareabout10um Lnd amelel Occas tomatosauce. asl. chlorop and havea stellate 9 3 Asterocytis(at Chraodacrt'lor) Formsshon filamenlsor eachwith a bright of cellsabout10gm across, cushlons pyrenoidOften and a central sle atech oroplast blue-green ep phytic on other a gac, cspocia y Cladophora ard faliy in hardwaterd strlcts. cornmon form ng brown Batacttaspermun.Highlv orq.niscd fl aments. cm long ng tufls (lp to several branch or greenmucila!lnous in occasionally and springs, on rocksand stonesn streanrs axis consst of a cenlral !sLlaLlV tarns.Branches moLrntain g ving a usLrally whorlsof tinYbranches. fromwh ch arise of small br3nches \r\'lrorls 940. oxls\"vitlr beadedappearance. ve arreproduct nesls' and two majorones(the'brrds' a.d a nrgn at a rnaderate bodes);94b nd c. srnalbranchos. lo 10 15.m iorm Lrp 9 5 le,rarea.Anotherh thly org.nised y y and sparse knobb slrands. Plants are thrck long. qreY CommonlV green. sh ot brown I olive du branched. ln speci'lly in shaLowlasl r vers, tuftson slones formslarge spring.

(or CyanoPhYceae) Myxophyceae

a qae (whichhrve no rendivdistinguishable Blue-green Relaled to bacteria or chloroplasts). nuclei ng s nglv Sph]ti.a or el ptical cel s occLrir Chrcacaccus. at dividng in 3 planes rnore, or in pairsor fours,occasionally by stratiiied r ght anges to eachotherand surroLJndd Nol granular. b !-greenor brownlsh. Contents sheaths. Ce s up to 50Fm and saltmarshes. in bog pooLs uncon'rmon oaa qla(er th s slz but LrsLra LyhaLf across, but cel s in gener:l S fia\lat \a Chraocaccus, Gloeacapsa. ed in w de straiif ln grotrps up 10 I unracross, muchsmaller, bilghtred lcrmLng as shown,sometLmes muc lagesheaihs, on wet Tocks. masses

9l

@6

wffi
92

,'->-.v.-=

l\i1r,vnnh,,no eo Blue green algae 98 Aphdnothece cells. 3 8um ionq.embedded Smal eion!lated mosiLy on vrei looselvin lransparent slructureLess mucrlage. rocksand n boggypoos A s milargenusbui w th round genuswhich s anoiher Synechacaccus cels )sAphanDcapsa (not in colone5). hass nglece ls ke lhascol Aphanothece Partof a colofy of Aprrrolhe., is shown. rccogn sedby the ro!nd cels, 3 10um 99 Merismapedia. Easily producing llat color es diameter. d vidingofly in two planes. Noi uncommon likerafts. in a smal!one bclfg i Lstraled. ponds, lakes. bogs,slow I vers. n) . Smallcells up to 5gm 1OA Gonphasphaeria lC oelasphacrill iloating in d arneter. unitedinto a ho low. roughV spherical. and oltensur colony, sometmcs black sh in appeiranca roundcd about1009ma.ross. by muc age.Colonos reach Consplcuous n th"-p .nkton of lakes ce s op to 5um n d ametelembedded 101 Microcystis SmaLl densely in mucllage to formrrre!!larco ofies.oftenplerced plankton c. wlth ho es. In bossand lakcs. sometnres Larnprocystt.i, ane ol lhe prrple slr phur bactefl:, has co on es . r i s p n k . . n d L V ers '\ey'ltcrocysr ancdLtches nponds bsu ,/,,ilh muchdecayins vegeial on. cells!p 1o 5um drameter 1O2 Chanaestphon Sma e ongared aigae eic.while atlached by one end 1olarger filamenlDUs fromthe otherend a chalnot sporess produced. Common. agson a f lament Thef gureshowsthreep anrsol d Jlerent af Cladophora. 143 Asci atoria,Lyngbya.Phorn diun.Ihtee generadrf|cu t to tell apart. evnby specia rsts. Cels un ted into unbranched f aments, withoutspores or olherspecalised bodies, bLt oftenwith a differently shaped efd cell.Thc filaments can creepslo\\l) alone.Diamercrs vary Jrom1 um to 30 or rnore. Sometimes Jormrng foundas s nglefr rmcnts, sometimes gre.n.o ve or purp|shbrown dense mats,oitendarkbluish in colour, Verycommonrn all and with a characteristLc smcll. sortsof waterbodes.eitherp.nktofrc or benthic, alsoin a r on wet rocksand soil.

qBg" o ,d ud wG 'egt
\,t

C,

q*'. \1,
,q o"r

'98

r v ry U P i r y u v d v

t\/1. ,.,^ ^ t-,,^^ ^ ^

by lheir Planklonic fi arnentous alqaerecoqnisable 104 Anabaena. thick beaded appearance. having oftencur V, andsometimes (speciallscd cells)and sa!sago' wal ed c earer'heterocysts dense at inlerv:s. Cells Lrp to 10sm across shaped spores in the plankton of lakes and ponds. but sometms Common at in bogs. occLrrring The frgur.sshow paftsof two I aments nragni{ical d ffernt ons a.Jgfegatcd 105 Nosrod Fl aments I ke thosoot,4raraera.bL.rt whi.h shapc c osey together to iorrna co ony oJde{inire on wcl or blacksh. Of llre bedsof rivers, may be green rocks, wet so and flowerp.)ls.cc s up to 9gm across, iuside a rolonies !p to several ceftlnr.rres 1o5a.Jilamenrs youngcolonyi105b,a co ony. nrturaisrzc. I ke thoseol.4rir 106 Aphanizon)enan. F aJn rl! i.,,rrrewhat 3ggrcgaled barra, but lessbe!dcd,1 ijurn diafireler. lnro birncles Lp 1.r:jcvera mm ofg which flo.t at together mesabundaftly106!. of pondsrfd .kes.somt tho sLrrface partsof 3 filamenlsand a heterc shownq a spore(above) colony,x20 clst lbeio"\,t. 1C6b, 3 f oatrng al wllh a lrelefocyst 1Ol Gloeotlich!a. Ce s in lapcrn( I amenls by the b !nt ends the thickend.F amonls c uslere.l logclher ml.n d arneter. {ormng spherica iurry ba s up lo several f I of pondsrnd akes 107:. severai lloalingat the surfac ht a n d . a r to f t h c s cl.a r g e r , t h e r g h o n cw l h , m e n t s1 j 07bp sporei107c.a floating colony.x20. A note on waterbloams at timesplod'rcc Somoof the plafktonrc blue grcenalgae of poolsand lakcsIn Jloalinq at the slrrfac vrylarge masses partrcLriarly a.evryco. c, r. weather, rn autumnThese rkcsp t gr0enpaL.ri. ali favc s.icLro!s. oflen ap,reirnfg cc beenknownfor anyyears as walef b ooms.(Sce1re ar1 'Water 23. by A J. Brook. Blao|.,s. I New Bnlogv. va 1957)Genera iablero torm b oafis n. w)e Gomphaspha.) Anabacnd, Aphanizornenon, na. Mictucystis.Asci/latoria, ia. Ihe $een.o onial alga Sorryococcrsalso Glaeotrich formsblooms Et times.

-:EiE<106b

@
crry,E:trElgG

Myxophyceae
Elue-green algae Tolypothrix.I6isfEmentous form hasbranches ol a characby lt type, as shown. usually marked hetefocysls. lerislic plants. cells are 10um among olher water The aboul occurc branch:108b, end 108a, filamenl wth characteristic broad. a filament. of Io Talypathrix, brlthe shealhsate Scytonemais sim:tlat grows or soll surfaces wider and on wet rocks rnuch t Lrp to 12um In drrmeter, a.Ihetaperinc fiaments are 109 Fivula ol the al the bases are much branched. with heteroavsts and 1o lorm These are uniled tough hem filamenls branches. mm in d ameter, especially colonies several spherica but alsooccuron stonesn mo!ntaingtreams, conspicuous poo on a s. 109a, colonies on reeds stems in ring and other 109c. part of a filament; natural size 109b. branched stone. | morehighlymagnif ed. filaments Rivulatia, but is much less has filaments like Calorhrx or in tuits Iather occur slngly and the tjlamenls branched, coron es. than torm irregularly. and usually The frlamnls branch I 10 Sr/gonema. and rocks, Tha cells are rounded, furry masses damp dark on I e severaabreast in lhe o der pa(s, ils shown.Helerocysts The at the bases of branches but arenot regularly scatte.cd. varv 30um diameter, but of course the flom 3 to in cells of the plantareverymuchwiderthanthis.110a, o der parts pad of who e planr,x 20j 11Ob, tip of a plantshowing surrounded rows of cells by mucrlage. rrregular lAB

Notes

Notes

reading Further
in !h s bookt yotr faBrillar with the algae Afler becomlng specalisl Lteratufe Thereis a large may wanl lo learnmore. calion.Fotunatelyun ke manv dealng wnh a gal ldentii y algaearernost s, freshwater groups oi p anlsand anima Amencan so that.lor examplc, world w de in theirdistfibLtion, ilo.as will he found useful. and German Fof the a most-beginner: Prcscolt,G.W. How ta know the FreshwaerAlgae etawn lowa,T954 Algae Wesl. G. S. & Fritsch,F E. Bnttsh Freshwater 1927 Cambridge, lntroduclion: For a general Round. F. E. The Biology of the Algae EdwardArnold' 1973 London. and examl t'rYo afi clesg vc helpan collectlon Thefo o\^rlng drstrct of the MalhamTarn The aLllae Lund.J W. G., 1S61. co cclion the hinlson (3). B5-119 (l-lcro FieldStudies,1 aftefthe reierences.) appear of fresh examination Lund.J. W. G.,1960.The m croscopical and Treatn)ent for Watet af the Sacietv watet-Praceedings (2). 109 144. Exatuinatian.9 i studenl lor the serious lndispcnsable sea qal kevs(excluding E.A., 1976.A guideto a George. 49-85 11 J aurnal, \1) weeds) British Phycolagical

Inoex

E u g l e n a8 9

Gonphosr,haeria 100 G o n i u m1 2

Bara.hosperm!m 94

C a l o l h r i1 x0 9

u othrix 38

zvqnema36

H E F I \ , 4 A J E S T YS 'S TATIONEBY OFF]CE Gavenneht Boakshops 4 9 H i g h F o l b o m , L o n d o nW C l V 6 H B 1 3 aC a s t l e Strei, E d n b u r g hE H 2 3 A B 4l ThHayes, CardlfC f FI IJW B r a z e n n o sS ei r e e t , M a n c h e s l e[r4 6 0 8 A S H o ! s e ,W f e S r r e e l B Sourhey , r i s r oB S 12 B Q 2 5 8 B r o a dS t r e e i , B ' m i n g h a m8 1 2 H E 80 ChichesterSlreer, Bellast BT1 4JY Govehhent Publicatio.s ate aho available

P,lnrd n Enshndror Fd Maieslyt slaiorarvO,rce bvM.Corq!odri pr rteB. Lrd, Lon.rol s M 7 e 5 2o d r a 7 5 1 sK 3 0 r r / 7 7 M c c a 3 s e