Binary and Decimal Numbers

Prof. Rosenthal

What is a binary number?

A binary number is a number that includes only ones and zeroes. The number could be of any length The following are all examples of binary numbers
0 1 10 01 111000 10101 0101010 1011110101 0110101110 000111

Another name for binary is base-2 (pronounced "base two")

What is a decimal number?

The numbers that we are used to seeing are called decimal numbers. decimal numbers consist of the digits from 0 (zero) through 9. The following are examples of decimal #'rs
3 15 890 76 32423234 53

Another name for decimal numbers are base-10 (pronounced "base ten") numbers.

Equivalence of Binary and Decimal

Every Binary number has a corresponding Decimal value (and vice versa) Examples:

Binary Number 1 10 11 1010111

Decimal Equivalent 1 2 3 87

The value of a binary number

Even though they look exactly the same, the value of the binary number, 101, is different from the value of the decimal number, 101.
The value of the binary number, 101, is equal to the decimal number five (i.e. 5) The value of the decimal number, 101, is equal to one hundred and one

When you see a number that consists of only ones and zeroes, you must be told if it is a binary number or a decimal number.

Computers store information using binary numbers

All information on computers is stored as numbers

All information that is processed by computers is converted in one way or another into a sequence of numbers. This includes
numeric information textual information and Picutures

(Well see later how text and pictures can be converted into simple numbers for now just take our word for it.)
Therefore, if we can derive a way to store and retrieve numbers electronically this method can be used by computers to store and retieve any type of information.

How does a CD store information?

For detailed information about a CD works, see the following URL: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm This presentation will only focus on the very basics.

Information is stored using binary numbers

A binary number is simply a bunch of 1s and 0s CDs that are created in a factory (were not talking about CD-Rs yet) may look perfectly flat. However, there are many microscopic bumps on the surface of the CD. The bumps are laid out in a spiral form on the surface of the CD.

How a computer stores information

Binary Numbers are at the heart of how a computer stores all information
Computers Store ALL information using Binary Numbers

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Computers use binary numbers in different ways to store different types of information.
Common types of information that are stored by computers are :
Whole numbers (i.e. Integers). Examples: 8 97 -732 0
-5 etc

Numbers with decimal points. Examples: 3.5 -1.234 0.765 999.001 etc

Textual information (including letters, symbols and digits)

Keep reading

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Integers
Integers (e.g. 87) A computer stores integer numbers (i.e. whole numbers) simply as the equivalent binary value for that number.

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Numbers with Decimal Points

Numbers with decimal points (e.g. 87.123)
Internally, a computer stores a number with a decimal point as two different integer numbers (each stored using binary). To get the actual value, the computer performs a mathematical calculation using the two integers to derive the number.
We will NOT discuss here the actual mathematical calculation nor how the computer breaks a number with a decimal point into two integers. [NOTE: The two integers are NOT the whole number part and fractional part.]

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Letters and symbols

Letters and symbols
To store letters and symbols, the computer assigns every character on the keyboard a numerical value. Computers remember letters and other symbols by storing the binary number for the symbol. For this system to work a standard numbering system needs to be defined and consistently used for all symbols that the computer needs to process. See the following slide

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ASCII (Americal Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII (Americal Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the standard numbering given to all characters on a standard keyboard. ASCII values range in number from 1 to 128. Some ASCII values and their associated symbols are listed to the right. Note that EVERY symbol on a standard keyboard has an ASCII value. Even the digits 0,1,2,9 have ASCII values. (see next slide)

Some ASCII values (values 1-31 and 128 are not shown)
32 = Space 33 = ! 34 = 35 = # 36 = $ 37 = % 38 = & 39 = ` 40 = ( 41 = ) 42 = * 43 = + 44 = , 45 = 46 = . 47 = / 48 = 0 49 = 1 50 = 2 51 = 3 52 = 4 53 = 5 54 = 6 55 = 7 56 = 8 57 = 9 58 = : 59 = ; 60 = < 61 = = 62 = > 63 = ? 64 = @ 65 = A 66 = B 67 = C 68 = D 69 = E 70 = F 71 = G 72 = H 73 = I 74 = J 75 = K 76 = L 77 = M 78 = N 79 = O 80 = P 81 = Q 82 = R 83 = S 84 = T 85 = U 86 = V 87 = W 88 = X 89 = Y 90 = Z 91 = [ 92 = \ 93 = ] 94 = ^ 95 = _ 96 = ` 97 = a 98 = b 99 = c 100 = d 101 = e 102 = f 103 = g 104 = h 105 = i 106 = j 107 = k 108 = l 109 = m 110 = n 111 = o 112 = p 113 = q 114 = r 115 = s 116 = t 117 = u 118 = v 119 = w 120 = x 121 = y 122 = z 123 = { 124 = | 125 = } 126 = ~

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Why do 0 through 9 have ASCII values?

Numbers that are used in mathematical calculations
If a computer needs to do math with a number it will store that number using the appropriate binary representation of the number. This makes it easier for the computer to perform mathematical calculations with the number. Example: 5 would be stored as 00000101

Numbers that are NOT used in mathematical calculations

If the computer does NOT need to do math with the number (e.g. a zip code) then it will generally store the number using the ASCII values of the digits. In this case using the ASCII value is more efficient (for reasons we will not explain here). Example 5 would be stored using its ASCII value of 53 which is represented in binary as 00110101

Other numbering systems (Unicode and EBCDIC)

ASCII
ASCII was the standard numbering system for many years and is still used widely today.

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EBCDIC
Is a different numbering system used by IBM Mainframe computers. It is very similar to ASCII but uses different numbers to represent the symbols. EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

Unicode
ASCII and EBCDIC are limited to just the basic English letters and common symbols. Today computers use many different symbols including letters from languages that dont use English letters (e.g. Hebrew, Chinese, etc.) and international symbols (e.g. the English pound sign) Unicode defines a unique number for every symbol in all known languages (e.g. Hebrew, Chinese, etc.) and commonly used non-letter symbols (e.g. English pound sign, copyright symbol, etc). Modern programs are moving towards using Unicode to store letters and symbols. It should be noted that Unicode numbers 1-128 correspond to the EXACT SAME symbols as ASCII 1-128

How to Convert from Binary to Decimal

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Converting from binary to decimal

Each position for a binary number has a value. For each digit, multiply the digit by its position value Add up all of the products to get the final result The decimal value of binary 101 is computed below:
4 2 1 --------------------------------------

1X1
1X4 0X2

=1 =0 =4 ---5

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What about a longer number?

In general, the "position values" in a binary number are the powers of two.
The first position value is 20 , i.e. one The 2nd position value is 21 , i.e. two The 2nd position value is 22 , i.e. four The 2nd position value is 23 , i.e. eight The 2nd position value is 24 , i.e. sixteen etc.

Example on next slide

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Example
The value of binary 01100001 is decimal 105. This is worked out below: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

0
0X4

0
0X2

1
1X1 =1 =0 =0 =8 =0 = 32 = 64 =0 ---Answer: 105

1X8 0 X 16 1 X 32 1 X 64 0 X 128

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Another example
The value of binary 10011100 is decimal 156. This is worked out below: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1
1X4

0
0X2

0
0X1 =0 =0 =4 =8 = 16 =0 =0 = 128 ---Answer: 156

1X8 1 X 16 0 X 32 0 X 64 1 X 128

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Some Terminology
The following are some terms that are used in the computer field
Each digit of a binary number is called a bit. A binary number with eight bits (i.e. digits) is called a byte.

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How many different numbers?

There are two different binary numbers with one bit:
0 1

There are four different binary numbers with two bits:

00 01 10 11 (i.e. decimal 0) (i.e. decimal 1) (i.e. decimal 2) (i.e. decimal 3)

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How many different numbers?

There are eight different binary numbers with three bits:
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 (i.e. decimal 0) (i.e. decimal 1) (i.e. decimal 2) (i.e. decimal 3) (i.e. decimal 4) (i.e. decimal 5) (i.e. decimal 6) (i.e. decimal 7)

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# different numbers - General Rule

For n bits there are 2n different binary numbers:

# of bits 1 bit: 2 bits: 3 bits: 4 bits: 5 bits: 6 bits: 7 bits: 8 bits: 9 bits: 10 bits: etc.

# of different binary numbers 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16 25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 256 29 = 512 210 = 1024

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Smallest value for a binary #

The smallest value for a binary number of any number of bits is zero. This is the case when all bits are zero:

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Smallest value for a binary #

The smallest value for a binary number with any number of bits is zero (i.e. when all the bits are zeros) # of bits 1 bit: 2 bits: 3 bits: 4 bits: 5 bits: 6 bits: 7 bits: 8 bits: etc. smallest binary # 0 00 000 0000 00000 000000 0000000 00000000 decimal value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Largest value for a binary #

The largest value for a binary number with a specific number of bits (i.e. digits) is when all of the bits are one.

General rule: for a binary number with n bits, the largest possible value is : 2n - 1

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Largest numbers
The following are the largest values for binary numbers with a specific number of bits:
# of bits 1 bit: 2 bits: 3 bits: 4 bits: 5 bits: 6 bits: 7 bits: 8 bits: etc. largest binary # 1 11 111 1111 11111 111111 1111111 11111111 decimal value 1 3 7 15 31 63 127 255

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Converting a decimal# to a binary# (1)

Step 1: figure out how many bits you will need (see the chart on the previous slide).
Example 1: To convert the decimal number 16 to binary, you will need at least 5 bits. (With 4 bits you can only store numbers up to 15 but with 5 bits you can store numbers up to 31)

Example 2: To convert the decimal number 106 to binary, you will need at least 7 bits. (With 6 bits you can only store numbers up to 63 but with 7 bits you can store numbers up to 127)

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Converting a decimal# to a binary# (2)

Step 2: Keep a chart of the position values and the digits for your binary number. At first you will not know what any of the digits will be. Example: convert decimal 106 to binary
step 1 : figure out that you need 7 bits (see earlier slides) step 2 : keep track of position values and bits for binary #

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Converting a decimal # to binary (3)

Step 3: starting with the leftmost digit, see if the position value is greater than, less than or equal to the number you are trying to convert.
if the position value is greater than the number then
make the binary digit in that position zero

if the position value is less than the number then

make the binary digit in that position one subtract the position value from the decimal # you are trying to convert

if the position value is equal to the number then

make the binary digit in that position one make the rest of the binary digits zero you are done

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Converting a decimal # to binary (4)

Step 4: do step 3 again with the next digit. Keep doing this until you've figured out all of the digits.

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Example
Example: convert decimal 106 to binary
Step 1: You need 7 bits (see earlier slides for explination). Step 2: keep track of position values for bits
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

? ? ? ? ? ? Step 3: Check leftmost position value (i.e. 64)

64 is less than 105, therefore the first binary digit is 1

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

subtract : 106 - 64 = 42

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Example (continued-2)
Step 4: Check next position value (i.e. 32)
32 is less than 42, therefore the next binary digit is 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

subtract : 42 - 32 = 10

Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 16)

16 is greater than 10, therefore the next binary digit is 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Example (continued-3)
Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 8)
8 is less than 10, therefore the next binary digit is 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

subtract : 10 - 8 = 2

Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 4)

4 is greater than 2, therefore the next binary digit is 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Example (continued-4)
Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 2)
2 is equal to 2, therefore the next binary digit is 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Since the position value was equal to the number (i.e. 2) the rest of the binary digits are all zeros
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer:

1101010

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Why is it called "binary" (or base-2)?

The prefix "bi" means "two" in Latin Binary derives its name from the fact that the digits in a "Binary" number can only have two possible values, 0 or 1 It is also called "base-2" based on the fact that the column values are the powers of 2. (i.e. 20 21 22 23 24 25 etc. )

Hexadecimal (AKA Hex) numbers

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What is a hexadecimal or base-16 number.

A hexadecimal number is a number where each digit may be one of sixteen possible values. The possible values for a hexadecimal digit are: 0123456789ABCDEF A digit of A stands for the number 10 B stands for the number 11 C stands for the number 12 D stands for the number 13 E stands for the number 14 F stands for the number 15 Keep reading

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Hexadecimal numbers
The following are all valid hexadecimal nubmers
A 9 1001 9C5 BFE Etc.
(yes, a hexadecimal number does not HAVE TO contain letters) (yes, a hexadecimal number does not HAVE TO contain letters)

To understand what a specific hexadecimal number means, you can convert it into an equivalent decimal number. (see next slide)

Converting a Hexadecimal number to Decimal

The value of hexadecimal A12F is decimal 41,263. See below: 1 (i.e 160) ---------------------------------------------------------------------4096 (i.e 163) 256 (i.e 162) 16 (i.e 161)

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1
1 X 256

2
2 X 16

F
15 X 1 = 15 = 32 = 256 = 40,960 ---Answer: 41,263

10 X 4096

Hex numbers are a shorthand for binary nubmers

It is very easy to convert between Hex and binary numbers. Each Hex number is 1/4th the length of its equivalent binary number. Therefore Hex is often used as a shorthand for writing an equivalent binary number. Keep reading

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The numbers from decimal 0 through 15 in hex and binary

Draw a table here with appropriate info.

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Converting from Hex to Binary

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Converting from Binary to Hex

How a computer stores information (i.e. decimal vs. analog)

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How a computer stores info.

A computer stores all information as binary numbers. Computer memory simply remembers ones and zeros Computer storage remembers ones and zeros Data is passed inside the computer from one portion of the computer to another (e.g. memory to CPU to graphics card, etc) by ones and zeros

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Terms (bit, byte, etc)

BIT
definition: a single Binary digIT (i.e. BIT)

BYTE
definition: 8 bits

NYBLE
definition: 4 bits

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Prefixes
Prefixes
Kilo: one thousand Mega: one millioin Giga: one billion Tera: one trillion Peta: one quadrillion Exa: one quintillion etc.

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Data sizes
Data sizes
Kilobyte (KB)
"about" one thousand bytes exactly 210 or 1024 bytes

Megabyte (MB)
"about" one million bytes exactly 220 or 1,048,576 bytes

Gigabyte (GB)
"about" one billion bytes exactly 230 or 1,073,741,824 bytes

Terabyte (TB)
"about" one trillion bytes exactly 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

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Data Sizes bytes vs bits

MB = one Mega Byte Mb = one Mega Bit

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Speeds
MBPS = one MegaByte per second MbPS = one Mega Bit per second

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How data is stored using binary

Integers are stored as a binary number A character is stored as the ASCII value (i.e. an integer) for that character A decimal number is stored using two different integer values - the mantissa and the exponent

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Organization of Computer Memory

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CPU

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Passing information on wires

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Hexadecimal - a shorthand for binary

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Hexadecimal ("Hex") / Base-16

Base 16 Uses digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f

A-F
a is 10 b is 11 c is 12 d is 13 e is 14 f is 15

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Converting from Hex to Decimal

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Converting from Decimal to Hex

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Applications
HTML : color codes Shorthand for binary
See hex editor