| Contents THANKS AND 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 6 THE LEGAL SYSTEM Legal systems 8 A The seructure of cle law B The constinstion © Jurisdiction © Sources of law: legislation 10 A Background to making new law B Early development of a Bill © Passing an Act Sources of law: 12 common law A Common law in dhe UK B Law repons @B the court system 14 A Civil courts 8. Criminal coors Criminal justice and 16 criminal proceedings A Criminal justice B Categories of criminal offence © Criminal eourt proceedings @ Civil procedure 18 A Civil Procedure Rules B Proceeding wish a claim Tribunals 20 A. The status and range of tribunals B_ Composition of tribunals und procedure @BD European Union taw 22 A What isthe EU? B Flow does the L1) impact ow Messbee States? LEGAL PROFESSIONALS. B Solicitors 24 A Legal practitioners 68 Training © A parimer in a law firm @D Barristers 26 A Ongauisation B Training and qualifications of practising barristers @® Working lives 28 A A company commercial lawyer B A legal secretary BD Ludges 30 A Judicial appointaneats in England and Wales B ‘The training of judges © Civil courts: sentencing and court orders A law firm's structure and 32 practice A A law firmn’s structure snd practice LEGAL PROFESSIONALS IN PRACTICE @®) Client care procedures 34 A Explaining client care procedures Money laundering 36 procedures A Mouey laundering procedures Client correspondence 38 Client correspondence Standard pheases for starting and ending letters and emeils A B Explanations and 40 clarification A Explaining a procedure Approximating and comparing Rephrasing and cl ae Professional Enginh in Use Low® Legalese A2 A Legal language 8 Lavin germs © Older words and modern equivalents LAW IN PRACTICE Business organisations 44 A Sole trader B Partnerships © Limited Companies Formation of a company 46 A Incorporation, B Memorandhim and Articles of Asyociation Raising capital by 48 share sale A. Share capital B Share value © Rights attaching to shares Debt financing: 50 secured lending A Granting security B The verms of a charge Company directors and 52 company secretaries A. Qualifications and duties of a company director B Qualifications and duties of a company secretary Insolvency and winding up 54 A solvency BB Alternative dispute 56 resolution A. Altoraative dispute resolution BADR procedures @B Corporation Tax 58 A Corporation Tax liability in the UK, B. Word combinations with tax? Professional English in Use Law EB Mergers and acquisitions 60 A. Mergers and acquisitions B Dealing disclosure requirements Anti-competitive behaviour 62 Compertion law & Competition inquiry © Information gathering, hearings and remedies LIABILITY B) Tort 1: persona! injury 64 claim A Toot B Client bri ing notes ~ personal mnjry clans Tort 2: clinical negligence 66 A. Clinical negligence practice CONTRACT Forming a contract 1 68 A Basic principles B. Formation of a contact Forming a contract 2 70 A Form of contesct B Void or voidable or unenforceable contrac Structure of a commercial 72 contract A. Steaeture of a commeresal contract Express and implied terms 74 A Express terns B Iiaplied terms €B Exclusion, limitation and = 76 standard clauses A Tixclusion and limitation clauses B Standard clausesPrivity of contract, discharge, and remedies A Prity of contract B Discharge of contract C Remedies for breach of consrace Standard terms in the sale and supply of goods A Using standard terms B Tacorporuting terms Licensing agreements and computer programs A. Licences and software products & Exclusion and limitation clauses Commercial leases A Interest in peopeety B Terms of a commercial lease © Obraining leaschold incerest Buying and selling commercial property A Commercial convesanecing B Sele by auction © Sale by private treaty Employment law A Employment law B Conteaet of employment INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Copyright and patent A Copycight 8 Patent Trade marks, domain names, and remedies for IP infringement A Trade marks and domain names B. Remedies for [P infringement 78 80 82 84 86 88 30 92 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW information technology 94 law and cybercrime A Computer security 8 Cybercrime: © Dara protection ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Environmental aw 96 A Iarernarional environmen law B_ National environmental law © Application of environmental aw Answer key 98 Index. 113 Professional Engish in Use Low_ Introduction Who is this book for? Professional English in Use Late is for a wide range of people who need to use legal English vocabulary in their work, for example ay lawyers or litigators, paralegals or legal researchers, legal secretaries or trainee lawyers. English language learners may need to u legal English to work with foreign colleagues or clients; to describe or explain aspects of their own legal systems to find ont about other systems. The book is also for students of law who wish to develop their knowledge of legal English vocabulary to assist their legal studies. It will also holp extend the vocabulary of business professionals who need some knowledge of legal English vocabulary for commercial agreements and transactions, The book is suitable for learners who have reached an upper-intermediate or advanced level of English. The book can he used effectively for individual study or by a teacher in class, one to one or in groups. If you are preparing for the [LEC exam (international Legal English Certificate), this book will help you to develop your vocabulary. Language and law The book aims to help learners develop their legal English vocabulary. [t is not intended to be an introduction to law in English speaking countries noz to be eelied upon for information or advice about law or the practice of law. It preseats vocabulary in the context of the legal systems in the UK because the meaning of any legal terms and the conceptual relationship between terms is located withia a specific legal system, The authors assume thar you will need to talls and write about your own legal system. Consequently, some tasks encourage you to think ahour how far your own system shares the same legal concepts or procedures, and to decide whether to use a legal term in English as an equivalent t 2 sion or writing, (See concept in your own system or to employ an approximation in disc Unit 17). What kind of legal English is in this book? This book concentrates on the vocabulary arising from the practice of commercial Law (including company lav, contract formation, employment law, sale of goods, real property, and intellectual property) bur also presents more general lepal English vocabulary. The legal topics covered are common co many legal systems and in chat context che book has an international dimension, There are references in most units of the hook to English language ‘websites co help you to extend your language practice and to assist your understanding of legal coneeps in English in authentic concexts. How is the book organised? ‘The book consists of 45 two-page units organised into four thematic sections: The legal system, Legal professionals, Legal professionals in practice, and Law in practice (including Liability, Contract, Intellectual property, Information technology law, and Environmental law). The units proceed from general legal topics to more specific. The left-hand page of each unit presents legal terms and expressions in context and the right-band page is designed to let you check and develop your understanding of chem and hhow they aze used through a series of exercises. Key terms or expressions may occur in more than one unit, There is an answer key at the back of the book. Most of the exercises have questions with only one correct answer: If there is more than one possible answer the exercise tells you. Some of the exercises, including the Over to you activities at the end of each unit (see below), are designed for discussion and/or writing about the legal jurisdiction you work or study in, Where appropriate, website addresses at the bottom of the right-hand pages give links to further information in English on related legal topics. ‘ Professional English in Use Low