Primary Sources

Audio:
D. A. French. "Sixty-Three Is The Jubilee." Rec. 1863. Cws35. D. A. French. Root & Cady, 1863. Pdmusic.org. Benjamin Robert Tubb, 3 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.<http://www.pdmusic.org/civilwar/cws36.mid>. This song is an emancipation song from 1863. Howe, Julia W. Battle Hymn Of The Republic. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, 1862. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.<lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000858/default.html>. A Union song from The Civil War.

Photos:
Colored U.S. Troops, Authentic Photo. N.d. Photograph. United States Civil War African American Soldeirs. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://www.oocities.org/rmorecook/blacksoldiers.html>. This is a picture of a Black Regiment.

Posters:
"To Colored Men. " N.d. MS. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/article.html>. This is a poster for recruiting Blacks into the army.

Letters:
DuPont, S.F. Letter to Gideon Wells, Secretary of the U.S. Navy. 14 May 1862. MS. N.p. In this letter Admiral DuPont praises Robert's bravery and intelligence to the Secretary of the U.S. Navy. Source: Navy O.R. Series IVolume 12 [S# 12]

"Letter From Negro Robert Smalls." Robert Smalls to The Editor of the Belmont Chronicle. August 27, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026241/1862-09-11/ed-1/seq4/#date1=1862&index=4&rows=20&words=ROBERT+SMALLS&searchType=basic&s equence=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 This is a letter from Robert Smalls declaring that he will fight until all slaves are freed. Ravenel, F.G. "Memorandum." Letter to Roswell S. Ripley. 13 May 1862. Deadconfederates.com. N.p., 17 May 2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Brevet Lieutenant F.G. Ravenel wrote a letter to the officer in charge of the Confederate defenses informing him of the theft of the Planter. "War Of The Rebellion: A Compilation Of The Official Records Of The Union And Confederate Armies." Letter to Brigadier-General Saxton. 25 Aug. 1862. MS. N.p. Letter given to Robert Smalls and D.A French to hand deliver to Brigadier-General Saxton from War Secretary Stanton to approve enlisting of colored soldiers.

Newspaper Articles:
Burlington Free Press (Burlington, Vermont). "Passing of the Bill." May 30, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84023127/1862-0530/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=15&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3.This article has information on the passing of the bill to give reward money for the Planter. Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "Useful Contrabands." June 9, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-0609/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=5&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&dateFi lterType=yearRange&page=4. This article tells how the information that Robert had helped the Union.

Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "The Colored Pilot-Contrabands Seize a Rebel Steamer." May 22, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-05-22/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=3&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-221&x=1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4. Letter from S.F. DuPont regarding Smalls.

Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "The Negro Pilot." May 20, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-0520/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4. This article references the bill for the prize money for the Planter as well as the bill for Robert Smalls' freedom. Edgefield Advertiser (Edgefield, S.C.). December 30, 1863. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026897/1863-12-30/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-221&x=1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3. The Confederate perspective of the theft. Fremont Journal (Fremont, Ohio). "Brave Feat of a Contraband." Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026050/1862-05-30/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&index=4&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=robert+small&y=-221&x= 1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. An account of the stolen ship. Fremont Journal (Fremont, Ohio). "Robert Smalls Commandeering His Own Vessel." January 8, 1864. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026050/1864-01-08/ed-1/seq 4/#date1=1862&index=7&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article had a letter from J.J Elwell, Chief Quartermaster Department South, requesting that Robert Smalls be made captain of the Planter. Intelligence, City. "The Steamer Planter." Charleston Daily Courier [Charleston, South Carolina] 14 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://blog.robertsmalls.org/1862newspaper-articles/charleston-daily-courier-may-14-1862/>. This is the Southern perspective of the treasonous act of the theft of the Planter.

The Jeffersonian Democrat (Chardon, Ohio). March 20, 1863. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028083/1863-03-20/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quenc+=0&index=18&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-221&x=1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2. This article has information about Blacks armed in Charleston.

Marshall County Republican (Plymouth, Indiana). "From Commodore DuPont." June 12, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84038034/186206-12/ed-1/seq 2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=9&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&dateFi lterType=yearRange&page=3. This article tells us about the information that Robert told the Union about the Confederates. The Nashville Daily Union (Nashville, Tennessee). "Restoration Of The Union On The Old Slavery Basis." July 25, 1863. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1863-07-25/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=19&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This Article has information about freed slaves fighting in the war. "The Negro Pilot." Cleveland Morning Leader [Cleveland] 20 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-05-20/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4>. This article has the bill for the prize money for the Planter as well as the bill for Robert Smalls freedom. "The Prize Planter." New-York Daily Tribune [New York, New York] 27 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1862-0527/ed-1/seq5/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=11&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3>. This article has information about Robert and his shipmates getting half the real price for the Planter.

Raftman's Journal (Clearfield, Pennsylvania). "Bill For Reward Money Passed." June 4, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85054616/186206-04/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&index=9&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article states a bill had been passed granting Robert Smalls his freedom and half the value of the Planter and allows "contrabands" to confiscate vessels and slaves. "Robert Smalls a Sable Hero." Union County Sar and Lewisburg Chronical [Lewisburg, Pennsylvania] 27 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038443/1862-05-27/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=17&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=2>. This article details the escape on the Planter and states its value at thirty-thousand dollars. It also says if they had been white it would have been a brilliant stroke. The Smoky Hill and Republican Union (Junction City, Kansas). "A Gallant Naval Exploit." June 5, 1862. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84030186/1862-0605/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&index=8&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert%2BSmalls&y=16&x=24&dateFilterType=y earRange&page=1. An account of the stolen Planter. "The Steamer Planter and Her Captor." Harper's Weekly [New York, New York] 14 June 1862:372-373. Print. This is the perspective of the Northern side that portrayed Robert as a hero in commandeering the Planter to freedom. "Thousand of Blacks Armed In Charleston." Cleveland Morning Leader [Cleveland] 7 Mar. 1863: n. pag. Web. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1863-0307/ed-1/seq 1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3>. This article has information about blacks being armed in Charleston.

Secondary Sources
Books:
Burton, Orville Vernon. The Age of Lincoln. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007. 39+. Print. From this book we learned about his early life as an enslaved person and his life after he got the reward for the boat in addition to his service as a congressmen for the Republican party. Cooper, Michael L. From Slave to Civil War Hero: The Life and Times of Robert Smalls. NewYork: Lodestar, 1994. Print. Dray, Philip. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 3+. Print. From this book we learned about the early life as an enslaved person and his life after he got the reward for the boat, and his service as a congressman for the Republican Party. Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. New York: A.A Knopf, 2000. 235+. Print. From this book we learned about the 1st Black men working at the capitol, one of which was Robert Smalls. Hakim, Joy. War, Terrible War. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. This book includes pages about he Civil War. Halfmann, Janet, and Duane Smith. Seven Miles to Freedom: The Robert Smalls Story. NewYork: Lee & Low, 2008. Print. This book was about his enslaved life, but states more about the 7 miles he traveled in The Planter to the Union ships on post outside Charleston Harbor.

Herbert, Janis. The Civil War for Kids: A History with 21 Activities. Chicago: Chicago Review, 1999. Print. This book is about the Civil War.

Horrocks, Thomas A., Harold Holzer, and Frank J. Williams. The Living Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011. 208-09. This book had two pages about how Robert Smalls and Abraham Lincoln met and discussed the idea of Black Soldiers. Kennedy, Robert Francis, and Patrick Faricy. Robert Smalls: The Boat Thief. New York: Hyperion for Children, 2008. Print. American Heroes series for children discussing Robert Smalls' story, his congressional life, and his contributions to public education. Meriwether, Louise, and Lee Jack Morton.The Freedom Ship of Robert Smalls. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Print. From this book we learned about the life of Robert Smalls from when he was hired out to his buying his wife's freedom to when he escaped aboard The Planter. Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. Print. This is a biography of Robert Smalls which includes his meeting with Lincoln regarding the Black Soldiers. Sterling, Philip, Rayford Whittingham Logan, and Charles White. "Robert Smalls." Four Took Freedom: The Lives of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert Smalls, and Blanche K. Bruce. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967. 68-95. Print. From this book we learned about Robert Smalls hiring himself out and the abduction of The Planter. Time, Life Books. Echoes of Glory: Civil War Battle Atlas. New York: Time Life ., n.d. Print. This book is all about the Civil War.

E-Mails:
"Materials on Congressman Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Helen B. Moore, the great-granddaughter of Robert Smalls gave us a connection for where to get curriculum on Robert Smalls. She also gave us her phone number and said we could call with questions.

"Materials on Congressman Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 24 Feb. 2013. Email. Helen Boulware Moore answered four questions we had regarding her great-grand father, Robert Smalls. We asked about reward money, the idea for the white sheet, how families got to the wharf, and how Robert became wheel-master. Photo of You. Message to the Author. 12 Apr. 2013 E-mail. Helen Boulware Moore gave permission for us to use her photo in our presentation. "Primary Sources about Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. The Beaufort District Collection Manager suggested books from the Beaufort County Library and the importance of education to Robert Smalls. "Robert Smalls and SS Planter." Message to the author. 5 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Dennis Cannady of Beaufort, SC gave us a treasure trove of information. He has done extensive research on Robert Smalls and made a scale model of the Planter. He gave permission to use his research and pictures in our project. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Mr. Dulaney, of the University of Texas at Arlington suggested we look at the Library of Congress for an online version of Harper's Weekly and The National American Review. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 4 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Jeff Powley, Education Manager at The South Carolina State Museum, suggested we look at the Harper's Weekly article. He also sent us a copy of the Planter's escape route. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 8 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Bernard Powers of the College of Charleston, who was in the PBS documentary we watched, suggested that we check archives of the New York Times and Ira Berlin's Southern Freedmen and Society Project. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 8 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Vernon Burton of Clemson University suggested that the US Park Service, a little book on Robert Smalls probably about 45 pages would be a good place to start. The Beaufort District Collection Manager, suggested books from the Beaufort County Library and the importance of education to Robert Smalls."Robert Smalls." - New World Encyclopedia. May 4, 2008. Accessed January 05, 2013.

Films:

Lincoln (2012). Dir. Steven Spielberg. Screenplay by Tony Kushner and Doris Kearns Goodwin. Perf. Daniel Day-Lewis and Sally Field. Dreamworks, 2012. Film. The story of Lincoln during the Civil War years.

Videos:
"Http://video.scetv.org/video/2238996688." The Big Picture: Robert Smalls. PBS Etv. South Carolina, 24 May 2012. Television. Robert Smalls - an enslaved African American, a Union hero of the Civil War, and a US Congressman representing South Carolina. From Charleston, special guest host, Judge Alex Sanders, discusses this South Carolinian's life and the impact he had on the state's history with various guests. Ken Burns. N.d. Television. This is a Documentary about the Civil War by PBS.

Websites:
"Abduction of the Confederate Steamer Planter from Charleston, S. C., May 13, 1862." The Civil War Gazette. May 13, 2007. Accessed February 26, 2013. http://civilwargazette.wordpress.com/2007/05/13/abduction-of-the-confederate-steamerplanter-from-charleston-s-c-may-13-1862/. This article includes what was written by S. F. Dupont regarding Robert's superior intelligence. Blain Roberts Ethan J. Kytle. "Robert Smalls' Great Escape." Opinionator Robert Smalls' Great Escape Comments. May 12, 2012. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/robert-smallss-great-escape/. On this website we learned more about the great escape of Robert Smalls. Celliana, Miss. "Neatorama." Neatorama. February 15, 2012. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://www.neatorama.com/2012/02/15/the-first-black-american-sea-captain/. In this website it talks how Robert Smalls became a worker on The Planter and how he stole it.

Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog." Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog. May 17, 2012. Accessed January 26, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/17/sucks-to-be-you-lieutenant-ravenel/. Here we found a copy of the communication that the Brever Lieutenant wrote to the naval superiors regarding the abduction of the Planter. Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog." Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog. May 18, 2012. Accessed February 25, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/18/to-be-divided-between-robert-smalls-and-hisassociates/. Information regarding the reward and what the reward amount actually should have been. Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog." Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog (web log), May 13, 2012. Accessed February 16, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/13/one-of-the-most-daring-and-heroic-adventuressince-the-war-commenced/. On this website we discovered the letter written by the officer of the Planter to the Confederate goverment to explain the theft of the ship. McLeod, Harriet. "South Carolina Marks Ex-slave's Daring Sail to Freedom." Reuters. May 14, 2012. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/14/us-usa-civilwar-southcarolinaidUSBRE84D19Y20120514. This website increased our knowing of the escape of Robert Smalls "Memorandum." F.G. Ravenel to Roswell S. Ripley. May 13, 1862. In Deadconfederates.com. May 17, 2012. Accessed February 25, 2013. deadconfederates.com/2012/05/17/sucks-to-be-you-lieutenant-ravenel. Brevet Lieutenant F.G. Ravenel wrote a letter to the officer in charge of the Confederate defenses informing him of the theft of the Planter. Paul ZummoDonald R. McClarey. "Almost Chosen People." Almost Chosen People. May 13, 2012. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://almostchosenpeople.wordpress.com/2012/05/13/may-13-1862-robert-smalls-siezescss-planter/. On this website there was a biography of Robert Smalls PBS. 2004. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/freedom/spotlight.html. This website talks a little on his early life up until the Civil War and how he was forced to work for the place he longed to escape, and how he did on the ship the Planter later in his life. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Robert_Smalls. This website speaks of his early life and what it was like. It's also about how he escaped and how he became a big naval hero and the first black congressman.

"Robertsmalls.org." The Commonwealth, Boston Saturday, March 25, 1865. March 25, 1865. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://blog.robertsmalls.org/1865-newspaperarticle/the-commonwealth-boston-saturday-march-25-1865/. This is a newspaper article from the day he brought The Planter to the Union.

"SC Events Mark Little-known Civil War Incident." The Augusta Chronicle. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://chronicle.augusta.com/latest-news/2012-05-05/sc-events-marklittle-known-civil-war-incident?mmo_ccc=xfinity. This website is about all of his life from when he was born to when he became the first black congressman. U.S. Department of Education Underground Railroad Educational and Cultural (URR) Program. "Robert Smalls, People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio." Robert Smalls, People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://www.freedomcenter.org/underground-railroad/history/people/Robert-Smalls/. On this website we learned about the escape.