Chapter 7 Solution

CHAPTER 7 Applications of Vectors
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 350

1. The velocity relative to the ground has a magnitude equivalent to the hypotenuse of a triangle with sides 800 and 100. So, by the Pythagorean theorem we can find the magnitude of the velocity. v 2 5 8002 1 1002 5 640 000 1 10 000 5 650 000 v 5 "650 000 8 806 km> h
100
800
m 5 "253.85 8 15.93 units 122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u 144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u 2 134.76 5 2 159.3 cos u 134.76 cos u 5 159.3 134.76 u 5 cos21 a b 159.3 8 32.2 So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2 N. 3. z
C(2, 0, 1) B(3, 2, 0) y A(0, 1, 0)
m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135 2 !2 5 25 1 144 2 120 a b 2 5 169 1 84.85 5 253.85
tan u 5 u 5 tan
100 800
21
100 a b 800
D(0, 2, 3)
u 8 7.1 The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is about 806 km> h N 7.1 E. 2.
displacement 12 u 5
4. a. (3, 2 2, 7) l 5 magnitude
5 "32 1 ( 2 2)2 1 72 5 "9 1 4 1 49
5 "62 8 7.87 b. ( 2 9, 3, 14) l 5 magnitude
The angle between the two displacements is 135. The magnitude, m, and the angle, u, of the displacement can be found using the cosine law.
5 " ( 2 9)2 1 32 1 142 5 !81 1 9 1 196 5 !286 8 16.91
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
7-1
c. (1, 1, 0) l 5 magnitude 5 "12 1 12 1 02 5 "2 8 1.41 d. (2, 0, 2 9) l 5 magnitude 5 "22 1 02 1 ( 2 9)2 5 "4 1 0 1 81 5 "85 8 9.22 5. a. A ( x, y, 0) In the xy-plane at the point (x, y). b. B ( x, 0, z ) In the xz-plane at the point (x, z). c. C (0, y, z ) In the yz-plane at the point ( y, z). 6. a. ( 2 6, 0) 1 7(1, 2 1) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 7( i 2 j ) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j ) > > 5 i 2 7j b. (4, 2 1, 3) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 3) > > > > > > 5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 ( 2 2i 1 j 1 3k ) > > 5 6i 2 2j c. 2( 2 1, 1, 3) 1 3( 2 2, 3, 2 1) > > > > > > 5 2( 2 i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3( 2 2i 1 3j 2 k ) > > > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 ( 2 6i 1 9j 2 3k ) > > > 5 2 8i 1 11j 1 3k 1 3 d. 2 (4, 2 6, 8) 1 (4, 2 6, 8) 2 2 > > > > > 3 > 1 5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 2 > 2> > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ) > > > 5 4i 2 6j 1 8k > > 7. a. a> 1 b > > > > 5 (3 i 1> 2j 2 k ) 1 ( 2 2i 1 j ) > > 5 i 1 3j 2 k > > b. a 2> b > > > > j) 5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 ( 2> 2i 1 > 5 (3 i 1> 2j 2 k ) 1 (2i 2 j ) > > 5 5i 1 j 2 k > > c. 2a 2> 3b > > > > 1 2 j 2 k ) 2 3( 2 2 i 1 j ) 5 2(3 i > > > > > 5 (6i> 1 4 j 2 2 k ) 1 (6 i 2 3 j ) > > 5 12i 1 j 2 2k 7-2
7.1 Vectors as Forces, pp. 362364

1. a. 10 N is a melon, 50 N is a chair, 100 N is a computer b. Answers will vary. 2. a. 10 N
20 N 30 N
b. 180 3.
10 N 20 N
The forces should be placed in a line along the same direction. 4. For three forces to be in equilibrium, they must form a triangle, which is a planar figure. 5.
f2
equilibrant
resultant
f1
a. The resultant is equivalent in magnitude to the hypotenuse, h, of the triangle with 5 and 12 as sides and is directed northeast at an angle of sin21 h . Thus, the resultant is "52 1 122 5 13 N at an angle of sin21 12 13 5 N 22.6 E. The equlibrant is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction of the resultant. Thus, the equilibrant is 13 N at an angle of S 22.6 W. b. The resultant is "92 1 122 5 15 N at an angle of sin21 12 15 5 S 36.9 W. The equilibrant, then, is 15 N at N 36.9 E. 6. For three forces to form equilibrium, they must be able to form a triangle or a balanced line, so a. Yes, since 3 1 4 . 7 these can form a triangle. b. Yes, since 9 1 40 . 41 these can form a triangle. c. No, since "5 1 6 , 9 these cannot form a triangle. d. Yes, since 9 1 10 5 19, placing the 9 N and 10 N force in a line directly opposing the 19 N force achieves equilibrium.
12
Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors
7. Arms 90 cm apart will yield a resultant with a smaller magnitude than at 30 cm apart. A resultant with a smaller magnitude means less force to counter your weight, hence a harder chin-up. 8. Using the cosine law, the resultant has a magnitude, r, of > > > > r 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos 120
1 5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8) a2 b 2 5 36 1 64 1 48 5 148
Now we look at x1 and x2. We know > x1 5 @ f1 @ sin 15 So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10 > Substituting then solving for f2 yields > cos 75 > @ f2 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10 cos 15 > cos 75 @ f2 @ a sin 15 1 sin 75 b 5 10 cos 15
> >
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75 x1 1 x2 5 10
>
r 5 "148 8 12.17 N Using the sine law, the resultants angle, u, can be found by sin u sin 120 5 8 12.17 sin u 5 8
"3 2
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N > Now we solve for f1 :

>
@ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
>
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
> >
12.17
12.17 8 34.7 from the 6 N force toward the 8 N force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at 180 2 34.7 5 145.3 from the 6 N force away from the 8 N force. 9.
u 5 sin21 8
"3 2
10 N f1 f2
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N So the force 15 from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N. 10. The force of the block is (10 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 98 N. The component of this force parallel to the ramp is (98) sin 30 5 (98) A 1 2 B 5 49 N, directed down the ramp. So the force preventing this block from moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp. 11. a.
>
cos 75 cos 15 > cos 75 @ f1 @ 5 (9.66) cos 15 > @ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
7N 13 N
f1 5 force 15 from the 10 N force > > f2 5 force perpendicular to f1 > x1 5 component of f1 parallel to the 10 N force > x2 5 component of f2 parallel to the 10 N force > > We know that the components of f1 and f2 perpendicular to the 10 N force must be equal, so we can write > > @ f1 @ cos 15 5 @ f2 @ cos 75 > > cos 75 @ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @ cos 15
>
8N
b. Using the cosine law for the angle, u, we have 132 5 82 1 72 2 2(8)(7) cos u 169 5 64 1 49 2 112 cos u 56 5 2 112 cos u 2 56 cos u 5 112 21 u 5 cos21 2 5 120 7-3
This is the angle between the vectors when placed head to tail. So the angle between the vectors when placed tail to tail is 180 2 120 5 60. 12. The 10 N force and the 5 N force result in a 5 N force east. The 9 N force and the 14 N force result in a 5 N force south. The resultant of these is now equivalent to the hypotenuse of the right triangle with 5 N as both bases and is directed 45 south of east. So the resultant is "52 1 52 5 "50 8 7.1 N 45 south of east. 13.
f1 = 24 N
of an equilateral triangle are 60, the resultant will be at a 60 angle with the other two vectors. b. Since the equilibrant is directed opposite the resultant, the angle between the equilibrant and the other two vectors > >is 180 2 60 5 120. 15. Since f1 and f2 act opposite one another, they > > net a 10 N force directed west. Since f3 and f4 act opposite one another, they net a 10 N force directed 45 north of east. So using the cosine law to find > the resultant, fr, > @ fr @ 2 5 102 1 102 2 2(10)(10) cos 45 5 200 2 200 cos 45
5 200 2 200 a "2 b 2
equlibrant f2
resultant = 25 N
@ fr @ 5
>
a. Using the Pythagorean theorem, > > @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 5 252 > > @ f2 @ 2 5 252 2 @ f1 @ 2 5 252 2 242 5 49 > @ f2 @ 5 7 > b. The angle, u, between f1 and the resultant is given by > @ f2 @ sin u 5 25 7 sin u 5 25 7 u 5 sin21 25 8 16.3 > So the angle between f1 and the equilibrant is 180 2 16.3 5 163.7. 14. a.
60 1N 1N
8 7.65 N Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of the resultant is directed halfway between the two, or > > 1 at 2 (135) 5 67.5 from f2 toward f3. 16. T2 T
1
200 2 200 a
"2 b 2
20 kg
60 1N
60
For these three equal forces to be in equilibrium, they must form an equilateral triangle. Since the resultant will lie along one of these lines, and since all angles 7-4
Let T1 be the tension in the 30 rope and T2 be the tension in the 45 rope. Since this system is in equilibrium, we know that the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal and opposite and the vertical components add to be opposite the action of the mass. Also, the force produced by the mass is (20 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 196 N. So we have a system of two equations: the first, ( T1 ) cos 30 5 ( T2 ) cos 45 represents the balance of the horizontal components, and the second, ( T1 ) sin 30 1 ( T2 ) sin 45 5 196 represents the balance of the vertical components with the mass. So solving this system of two equations with two variable gives the desired tensions. T1 cos 30 5 T2 cos 45 cos 45 T1 5 T2 cos 30 T1 sin 30 1 T2 sin 45 5 196 cos 45 b sin 30 1 T2 sin 45 5 196 a T2 cos 30 cos 45 T2 aa b sin 30 1 sin 45 b 5 196 cos 30
T2 (1.12) 5 196 T2 8 175.73 N cos 45 T1 5 (175.73) cos 30 8 143.48 N Thus the tension in the 45 rope is 175.73 N and the tension in the 30 rope is 143.48 N. 17. 40 cm
24 cm 32 cm
Thus the tension in the 24 cm string is 39.2 N and the tension in the 32 cm string is 29.4 N. 18.
resultant x 35 u 2x
5 kg
N W S E
First, use the Cosine Law to find the angles the strings make at the point of suspension. Let u1 be the angle made by the 32 cm string and u2 be the angle made by the 24 cm string. 242 5 322 1 402 2 2(32)(40) cos u1 2 2048 5 2 2560 cos u1 2048 u1 5 cos21 2560 8 36.9 322 5 242 1 402 2 2(24)(40) cos u2 2 1152 5 2 1920 cos u2 1152 u2 5 cos21 1920 8 53.1 A keen eye could have recognized this triangle as a 3-4-5 right triangle and simply used the Pythagorean theorem as well. Now we set up the same system of equations as in problem 16, with T1 being the tension in the 32 cm string and T2 being the tension in the 24 cm string, and the force of the mass being (5 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 49 N. T1 cos 36.9 5 T2 cos 53.1 cos 53.1 T1 5 T2 cos 36.9 T1 sin 36.9 1 T2 sin 53.1 5 49 cos 53.1 aT2 b sin 36.9 1 T2 sin 53.1 5 49 cos 36.9 cos 53.1 T2 aa b sin 36.9 1 sin 53.1 b 5 49 cos 36.9 T2 (1.25) 5 49 T2 8 39.2 N cos 53.1 T1 5 (39.2) cos 36.9 8 29.4 N
(Port means left and starboard means right.) We are looking for the resultant of these two force vectors that are 35 apart. We dont know the exact value of the force, so we will call it x. So the small tug is pulling with a force of x and the large tug is pulling with a force of 2x. To find the magnitude of the resultant, r, in terms of x, we use the cosine law. r 2 5 x 2 1 (2x )2 2 2( x )(2x ) cos 145 5 x 2 1 4x 2 2 4x 2 cos 145 8 5x 2 2 4x 2 ( 2 0.8192) 8 5x 2 1 3.2768x 2 8 8.2768x 2 r 8 "8.2768x 2 8 2.8769x Now we use the cosine law again to find the angle, u, made by the resultant. x 2 5 r 2 1 (2x )2 2 2(2.8769x )(2x ) cos u x 2 5 8.2768x 2 1 4x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u x 2 5 12.2768x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u 2 11.2768x 2 5 2 11.5076x 2 cos u 11.2768 cos u 5 11.5076 11.2768 u 5 cos21 a b 11.5076 8 11.5 from the large tug toward the small tug, for a net of 8.5 to the starboard side.
7-5
19.
5N
u10N 5 cos21 a
10 b 2 13.75
8N
10N
8 136.7 20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is equal in magnitude and angle to the line > diagonal > of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs > > and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know from the cosine law that
a. First we will find the resultant of the 5 N and 8 N forces. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m. m 2 5 52 1 82 5 25 1 64 5 89 m 5 "89 8 9.4 Next we use the Pythagorean theorem again to find the magnitude, M, of the resultant of this net force and the 10 N force. M 2 5 m 2 1 102 5 89 1 100 5 189 M 5 "189 8 13.75 Since the equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant, we have the magnitude of the equilibrant equal to approximately 13.75 N. b. To find each angle, use the definition of cosine with respect each force as a leg and the resultant as the hypotenuse. Let u5N be the angle from the 5 N force to the resultant, u8N be the angle from the 8 N force to the resultant, and u10N be the angle from the 10 N force to the resultant. Let the sign of the resultant be negative, since it is in a direction away from the head of each of the given forces. 5 cos u5N 5 2 13.75 5 u5N 5 cos21 a b 2 13.75 8 111.3 8 cos u8N 5 2 13.75 8 u8N 5 cos21 a b 2 13.75 8 125.6 10 cos u10N 5 2 13.75
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram. Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then
> > > > > >
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u ) 5 2 cos u. Thus we > > have > > > > @ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > >
7.2 Velocity, pp. 367370

1. a. Both the woman and the trains velocities are in the same direction, so we add them. 80 km> h 1 4 km> h 5 84 km> h b. The womans velocity is directed opposite that of train, so we subtract her velocity from the trains. 80 km> h 2 4 km> h 5 76 km> h. The resultant is in the same direction as the trains movement. 2. a. The velocity of the wind is directed opposite that of the airplane, so we subtract the winds velocity from the airplanes. 600 km> h 2 100 km> h 5 500 km> h north. b. Both the wind and the airplanes velocities are in the same direction, so we add them. 600 km> h 1 100 km> h 5 700 km> h north. 3. We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made. m 2 5 3002 1 502 5 90 000 1 2500 5 92 500 m 5 "92 500 8 304.14 km> h 50 tan u 5 300 50 u 5 tan21 300 8 9.5. The resultant is 304.14 km> h, W 9.5 S.
7-6
4. Adam must swim at an angle, u, upstream so as to counter the 1 km> h velocity of the stream. This is equivalent to Adam swimming along the hypotenuse of a right traingle with 1 km> h leg and a 2 km> h hypotenuse. So the angle is found using the definition of cosine. 1 cos u 5 2 1 u 5 cos21 2 5 60 upstream 5. a. 2 m> s forward b. 20 m> s 1 2 m> s 5 22 m> s in the direction of the car 6. Since the two velocities are at right angles we can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made. m 2 5 122 1 52 5 144 1 25 5 169 m 5 "169 5 13 m> s 5 sin u 5 13 5 u 5 sin21 13 8 22.6 from the direction of the boat toward the direction of the current. This results in a net of 22.6 1 15 5 37.6, or N 37.6 W. 7. a. First we find the components of the resultant directed north and directed west. The component directed north is the velocity of the airplane, 800, minus 100 sin 45, since the wind forms a 45 angle south of west. The western component of the resultant is simply 100 cos 45. So we use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant and the definition of sine to find the angle, u, of the resultant. m 2 5 (800 2 100 sin 45)2 1 (100 cos 45)2 8 (729.29)2 1 (71.71)2 8 536 863.8082 m 8 732.71 km> h Use the sine law to determine the direction. sin u sin 45 5 100 732.71 u 8 5.5 The direction is N 5.5 W.
b. The airplane is travelling at approximately 732.71 km> h, so in 1 hour the airplane will travel about 732.71 km. 8. a. First we find the velocity of the airplane. We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant. m 2 5 4502 1 1002 5 202 500 1 10 000 5 212 500 m 5 "212 500 8 461 km> h So in 3 hours, the airplane will travel about (461 km> h)(3 h) 5 1383 km. b. To find the angle, u, the airplane travels, we use the definition of sine. 100 sin u 5 461 100 u 5 sin21 461 8 12.5 east of north. 9. a. To find the angle, u, at which to fly is the equivalent of the angle of a right triangle with 44 as the opposite leg and 244 as the hypotenuse. So we use the definition of sine to find this angle. 44 sin u 5 244 44 u 5 sin21 244 8 10.4 south of west. b. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the resultant ground speed of the airplane is " (2442 2 442 ) 5 240 km> h. Since time 5 distance> rate, the duration of the flight is simply (480 km)> (240 km> h) 5 2 h. 10. a. Since Judy is swimming perpendicular to the flow of the river, her resultant velocity is simply the hypotenuse of a right triangle with 3 and 4 as bases, which is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Thus, Judys resultant velocity is 5 km> h. The direction is determined by tan u 5 4 3 . u 8 53.1 downstream b. Judys distance traveled down the river would be the 4 leg of the 3-4-5 triangle formed by the vectors, but scaled down so that 1m (the width of the river) is equivalent to the 3 leg. So her distance traveled is 4 3 8 1.33 km. This makes her about 0.67 km from Helens cottage. c. While in the river, Judy is swimming at 5 km> h for a distance of 5 3 km. Since time 5 distance> rate, her time taken is 5 3 km 5 1 hours 5 20 minutes. 5 km> h 3 7-7
11.
v u
m/ 5k 0 2 30
a. and b. Here, 205 km> h directed 30 north of east is the resultant of 212 km> h directed east, and the wind speed, v, directed at some angle. This problem is more easily approached finding the wind speed, v, first. So we will do that using the cosine law. v 2 5 2052 1 2122 2 2(205)(212) cos 30 5 42 025 1 44 944 2 86 920 cos 30 5 86 969 2 75 275 5 11 694 v 5 "11 694 8 108 km> h Now to find the winds direction, we simply find the angle supplementary to the lesser angle, u, formed by the parallelogram of these three velocities. We can use the sine law for this. sin u sin 30 5 205 108 sin 30 sin u 5 205 a b 108 sin 30 u 5 sin21 a 205 a bb 108 8 71.6 Thus, the direction of v is the angle supplementary to u in the parallelogram: 180 2 71.6 5 108.4 5 18.4 west of north. 12.
212 km/h
Since her swimming speed is a maximum of 4 km> h, this is her maximum resultant magnitude, which is also the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by her and the rivers velocity vector. Since one of these legs is 5 km> h, we have a triangle with a leg larger than its hypotenuse, which is impossible. 13. a. First we need to find Marys resultant velocity, v. Since this resultant is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by hers and the rivers velocity, we can use the cosine law with the angle, u, of the parallelogram adjacent 30. 7-8
v 2 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4) cos 150 5 9 1 16 2 24 cos 150 5 25 1 20.8 5 45.8 v 5 "45.8 8 6.8 m> s So in 10 seconds, Mary travels about (6.8 m> s)(10 s) 5 68 m. b. Since Mary is travelling at 3 m>s at an angle of 30, to find the component of her velocity, v, perpendicular to the current, we use the definition of sine. v 5 3 sin 30 1 5 3a b 2 5 1.5 m> s perpendicular to the current. So since time 5 distance> rate, the time taken is (150 m)> (1.5 m> s) 5 100 s. 14. a. So we have a 5.5 m> s vector and a 4 m> s vector with a resultant vector that is directed 45 south of west. Letting u be the angle between the 4 km> h vector and the resultant, we can construct a parallelogram using these three vectors and a subsequent triangle with u opposite the 5.5 m> s vector and 45 opposite the 4 m> s vector. We now use the sine law to find u. sin u sin 45 5 5.5 4 sin 45 sin u 5 5.5 a b 4 sin 45 u 5 sin21 a 5.5 a bb 4 8 76.5 from the resultant. Since the resultant is 45 west of south, Daves direction is 76.5 1 45 5 121.5 west of south, which is equivalent to about 180 2 121.5 5 58.5 upstream. b. First, we find the magnitude, m, of Daves 4 m> s velocity in the direction perpendicular to the river. This is done using the definition of sine. m 5 4 sin 58.5 8 3.41 m> s perpendicular to the river. Since time is distance> rate, we have (200 m)> (3.41 m> s) 8 58.6 s. 15. Let b represent the speed of the steamboat and c represent the speed of the current. On the way downstream, the effective speed is b 1 c, and upstream is b 2 c. The distance upstream and downstream is the same, so 5( b 1 c ) 5 7( b 2 c ). So, b 5 6c. This means that the speed of the boat is 6 times the speed of the current. So, (6c 1 c ) ? 5
or 35c is the distance. This means that it would take a raft 35 hours moving with the speed of the current to get from A to B.
> > > > > 1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0, > or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be nonzero. > > 2. a ? b is a scalar, and a dot product is only defined > > > for vectors, so ( a ? b ) ? c is meaningless. > > > > > > 3. Answers may vary. Let c a , b 5 j , . 5 i 5 2 i > > > > > > a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2 c . > > > > > > > > 4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a > > > > 5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and since they are pointing in opposite directions then > > u 5 180 so cos u 5 2 1. Therefore a ? b 5 2 1. > > > > 6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos (60) 5 (32)(.5) 5 16 > > > > b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 5 (2)(4) cos (150) "3 5 (8) a 2 b 2 8 2 6.93 > > > > c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (0)(8) cos (100) 50 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (1)(1) cos (180) 5 (1)( 2 1) 5 21 > > > > e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u 5 (2)(5) cos (90) 5 (10)(0) 50 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos 145 8 2 26.2 > > > > 7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u "3 5 cos u 2 u 5 30
7.3 The Dot Product of Two Geometric Vectors, pp. 377378
> > > > b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u (6) 5 (6)(6) cos u 1 5 cos u 6 u 8 80 > > > > c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 5 cos u 5 u 8 53 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 2 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 2 5 cos u 5 u 8 127 > > > > e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u 1 5 cos u 2 u 5 60 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 2 50 5 (10)(10) cos u 1 2 5 cos u 2 u 5 120> > > > 8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120) 1 5 (45) a b 2 5 22.5 Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when they are tail to u 2> 120. > tail, so > > > > > > 9. a. ( a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b > > > > 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b > 5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 @ b @ 2 > > > > 2 3a ? b 1 10 a ?b > > 2 @ @ 5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 b > > 1 7a ? b > > > > > > > b. 3x ? ( x 2 3y ) 2 ( x 2 3y ) ? ( 2 3x 1 y ) >2 > > >2 > > > > 5 3 0 x 0 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 x ? y 2 ( 2 3y ? 2 3x ) >2 1 30 y 0 > > > > > > > > 5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2 >2 > > >2 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 > 10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with > 0 is 0.
7-9
> > > > > > > > 11. ( a 2 5b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90) > > > > > > 0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0 > > > > 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b > > > 1 > a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2) 6 5 1 > > > > > > > > 12. a. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b > > > 1 b ? a 1 b> ? b > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b > 1 @b@ 2 > > > > @b@ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 2a> ? b 1 > > > > > > > > > b. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a > > 2b?b > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2 > > 5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2 >2 > > 13. a. 0 a 0 5 a ? a > > > > 5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) > > > > 5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2 > > > > b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (90) 5 0 > > > Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2. This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says, > > where b and c are the legs of the right triangle. > > > > > > 14. ( u 1 v 1 w ) ? ( u 1 v 1 w ) > > > > > > > > > > 5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v > > > > > > > > 1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w > > > > > 5 0 u 0 2 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 w 0 2 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos (90) > > > > 1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 5 14 > > > > 15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 > > > > > > > > 5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v ) > > > > > > > > 5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 > > 5 20 u 02 1 20 v 02 > > > > > 16. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > 5 1 1 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0 cos (60) 1 1 > > 1 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (120) 1 1 1 5 2 1 2a b 1 2 2 2 2 53 > > > > 17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > > > > > > a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > 1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0 > > > > > > > > > > 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > > 1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > > > 1 1 4 1 9 1 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0 > > > > > > 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 2 14 > > > > > > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27 > > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c > b5d1 > c> > > > > c ? a 5 (( b ? a ) a ) ? a > > > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( b ? a )( a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar > > > > > c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2 > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1 > > > > > > c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a > d?a50
7.4 The Dot Product for Algebraic Vectors, pp. 385387

> > a?b50 1. ( 2 1)b1 1 b2 5 0 b2 5 b1 Any vector of the form (c, c) is perpendicular > to a . Therefore there are infinitely many vectors > perpendicular to a . Answers may vary. For example: (1, 1), (2, > 2), (3, 3). > 2. a. a ? b 5 ( 2 2)(1) 1 (1)(2) 50 u 5 90 > > b. a ? b 5 (2)(4) 1 (3)(3) 1 ( 2 1)( 2 17) 5 8 1 9 1 17 5 34 . 0 cos u . 0 u is acute > > c. a ? b 5 (1)(3) 1 ( 2 2)( 2 2) 1 (5)( 2 2) 5 3 1 4 2 10 5 23 , 0 cos u , 0 u is obtuse 3. Any vector in the xy > -plane is of the form > a 5 ( a1, a2, 0). Let b 5 (0, 0, 1). > > a ? b 5 (0)( a1 ) 1 (0)( a2 ) 1 (0)(1) 50 Therefore (0, 0, 1) is perpendicular to every vector in the xy-plane. Any vector in the xz-plane is of the form > > c 5 ( c1, 0, c3 ). Let d 5 (0, 1, 0). > > c ? d 5 (0)( c1 ) 1 (0)(1) 1 (0)( c3 ) 50 Therefore (0, 1, 0) is perpendicular to every vector in the xz-plane.
7-10
Any vector in the yz>-plane is of the form > e 5 (0, e2, e3 ). Let f 5 (1, 0, 0). > > e ? f 5 (1)(0) 1 (0)( e2 ) 1 (0)( e3 ) 50 Therefore (1, 0, 0) is perpendicular to every vector in the yz-plane. 4. a. (1, 2, 2 1) ? (4, 3, 10) 5 4 1 6 2 10 50 5 ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6) ? a 5, 2 3, 2 b 5 2 20 1 15 1 5 6 50 b. If any of the vectors were collinear then one would be a scalar multiple of the other. Comparing the signs of the individual components of each vector eliminates (1, 2, 2 1) and ( 5, 2 3, 2 5 6 ) . All of the components of ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6) have the same sign and the same is true for (4, 3, 10), but (4, 3, 10) is not a scalar multiple of ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6). Therefore none of the vectors are collinear. 5. a. Using the strategy of Example 5 yields ( x, y ) ? (1, 2 2) 5 0 and ( x, y ) ? (1, 1) 5 0 x 2 2y 5 0 and x 1 y 5 0 3y 5 0 Therefore the only result is x 5 y 5 0, or (0, 0). This is because (1, 2 2) and (1, 1) both lie on the xy-plane and are not collinear, so any vector that is perpendicular to both vectors must be in R 3 which does not exist in R 2. b. If we select any two vectors that are not collinear in R 2, then any vector that is perpendicular to both cannot be in R 2 and must be in R 3. This is not possible since R 3 does not exist in R 2. > > a?b 6. a. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (5)( 2 1) 1 (3)( 2 2) 5 "25 1 9"1 1 4 2 11 5 " (34)(5) 2 11 5 "170 u 8 148 > > a?b b. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ ( 2 1)(6) 1 (4)( 2 2) 5 "1 1 16"36 1 4 2 14 5 "680 u 8 123
> > a?b c. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)( 2 2) 5 "4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4 4 5 (3)(3) 4 5 9 u 8 64 > > a?b d. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (2)( 2 5) 1 (3)(0) 1 ( 2 6)(12) 5 "4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144 2 82 5 (7)(13) 2 82 5 91 u 8 154 > > > > 7. a. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u > > ( 2 1)( 2 6k ) 1 (2)( 2 1) 1 ( 2 3)( k ) 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (90) 6k 2 2 2 3 k 5 0 3k 5 2 2 k5 3 > > > > a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
b. (1)(0) 1 (1)( k ) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45) 1 k 5 "2 0 k 0 "2 k 5 0k0 k$0 8. a. y
2 (0, 1) 1 (1, 0) x 0 2 1 1 2 1 2
b.
y 2 (0, 1) 1 (1, 0) x 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
7-11
The diagonals are (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and (1, 0) 2 (0, 1) 5 (1, 2 1) or (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and (0, 1) 2 (1, 0) 5 (2 1, 0). c. (1, 1) ? (1, 2 1) 5121 50 or (1, 1) ? ( 2 1, 1) 5 21 1 1 50 > > a?b 9. a. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (1 2 "2)(1) 1 ( "2 2 1)(1) 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ 50 u5 > > 90 a?b b. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@
5 5
" (2 2 2"2 1 1) 1 (2 1 2"2 1 1) 1 2 "1 1 1 1 1 "2 2 1 1 "2 1 1 1 "2
"8"3 "3 5 2 u 5 30 > > 10. a. i. a 5 kb 8 5 12k 2 k5 3 2 p 5 4a b 3 8 p5 3 2 25 q 3 q53 ii. Answers may vary. For example: > > a?b50 2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0 q 5 2 2p 2 48 Let p 5 1 q 5 2 50 b. In part a., the values are unique because both vectors have their third component specified, and > the ratios must be the same for each component b. In part b. the values are not unique; any value of p could have been chosen, each resulting in a different value of q.
3"2
11. AB 5 (2, 6), BC 5 ( 2 5, 2 5), CA 5 (3, 2 1) > > AB ? CA cos (180 2 uA ) 5 > > @ AB @ @ CA @ 626 5 > > @ AB @ @ CA @ 50 180 2 uA 5 90 uA 5 90 > > AB ? BC cos (180 2 uB ) 5 > > @ AB @ @ BC @ 2 10 2 30 5 "4 1 36"25 1 25 2 40 5 " (40)(50) 4 52 5 180 2 uB 8 153.4 uB 8 26.6 uC 5 180 2 uA 2 uB uC 8 63.4 12. a. O 5 (0, 0, 0), A 5 (7, 0, 0), B 5 (7, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (7, 0, 5), E 5 (0, 4, 5), F 5 (0, 0, 5) > > > > b. AE ? BF 5 @ AE @ @ BF @ cos u ( 2 7, 4, 5) ? ( 2 7, 2 4, 5) 5 "49 1 16 1 25 3 "49 1 16 1 25 cos u 49 2 16 1 25 5 90 cos u 58 5 cos u 90 u 8 50 13. a. Answers may vary. For example: ( x, y, z ) ? ( 2 1, 3, 0) 5 0 2 x 1 3y 5 0 x 5 3y ( x, y, z ) ? (1, 2 5, 2) 5 0 x 2 5y 1 2z 5 0 2 2y 1 2z 5 0 y5z Let y 5 1. (3, 1, 1) is perpendicular to ( 2 1, 3, 0) and (1, 2 5, 2). b. Answers may vary. For example: ( x, y, z ) ? (1, 3, 2 4) 5 0 x 1 3y 2 4z 5 0 x 5 4z 2 3y ( x, y, z ) ? ( 2 1, 2 2, 3) 5 0
>
>
>
7-12
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
2 6 "22 2 4( 2 3) 2 p5162 p 5 3 or 2 1 15. a. ( 2 3, p, 2 1) ? (1, 2 4, q ) 5 0 2 3 2 4p 2 q 5 0 3 1 4p 1 q 5 0 b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0 p50 16. Answers may vary. For example: Note that > > s 5 2 2r , so they are collinear. Therefore any > vector that is perpendicular to s is also > perpendicular to r . ( x, y, z ) ? (1, 2, 2 1) 5 0 x 1 2y 2 z 5 0 Let x 5 z 5 1. (1, 0, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 2, 2 1) and ( 2 2, 2 4, 2). Let x 5 y 5 1. (1, 1, 3) is perpendicular to (1, 2 2 1) and ( 2 2, 2 4, 2). > > > > 17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u ( 2 4, p, 2 2) ? ( 2 2, 3, 6) p5 8 1 3p 2 12 5 "20 1 p 2 (7) cos u 4 2 b 21
2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 y5z Let y 5 1. (1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 2 4) and ( 2 1, 2 2, 3). 14. ( p, p, 1) ? ( p, 2 2, 2 3) 5 0 p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0
(3p 2 4)2 5 a 7"20 1 p 2 cos u b
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 ) a 320 16 1 p2 9 9 65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 p5
216 6 " ( 2 216)2 2 4(65)( 2 176) 2(65) 44 65
> > 1 > b. AB 5 ( a 1 b ) 2 5 (1, 2, 2 1) > > 1 > BC 5 ( a 2 b ) 2 5 (2, 1, 1) > > @ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6 > > > > c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1 2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1 1 5 cos u1 2 u1 5 60 2u1 1 2u2 5 360 u2 5 120 > > 19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 2 12), DA 5 ( 2 4, 2 2 q, 2 5) > > AB ? DA 5 0 2 12 1 8 2 4q 1 60 5 0 2 1 2 q 1 15 5 0 q 5 14 > > DA 5 CB ( 2 4, 2 12, 2 5) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 2 9 2 z ) x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 2 4 The coordinates of vertex C are (6, 18, 2 4). > > > > b. AC ? BD 5 @ AC @ @ BD @ cos u (7, 16, 2 7) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49 3 "1 1 64 1 289 cos u 7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u 16 5 cos u 354 u 8 87.4 20. The two vectors representing the body diagonals are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 1) and (0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 1) ( 2 1, 1, 1) ? ( 2 1, 2 1, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u 1 5 cos u 3 u 8 70.5 a 5 180 2 u a 8 109.5
p 5 4 or 2
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 388389

> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60) 1 5 (6) 2 53 7-13
> > 18. a. a ? b 5 2 3 1 3 50 Therefore, since the two diagonals are perpendicular, all the sides must be the same length.
> > > > > > > b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2 2 9a ? b > > > 1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2 5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2 5 81 2. 20 cm
u2 25 cm u1 15 cm
sin ( u2 ) 5 "1 2 cos2 ( u2 ) sin ( u2 ) 5 0.6 (20)2 5 (15)2 1 (25)2 2 (2)(15)(25) cos ( u1 ) cos ( u1 ) 5 0.6 sin ( u1 ) 5 0.8 Horizontal Components: 2 T1 cos ( u1 ) 1 T2 cos ( u2 ) 5 0 (0.8)T2 5 (0.6)T1 T2 5 (0.75)T1 Vertical Components: T1 sin ( u1 ) 1 T2 sin ( u2 ) 2 (15)(9.8) 5 0 (0.8)T1 1 (0.6)(0.75)T1 5 147 (1.25)T1 5 147 T1 5 117.6 N T2 5 (0.75)T1 T2 5 88.2 N Therefore the tension in the 15 cm cord is 117.60 N and the tension in the 20 cm cord is 88.20 N. 3. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular, so the dot product is 0. 4. a. a
v 135 w > > 0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100 By the cosine law: > > 0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2 2 2(500)(100) cos (135) > > 0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1 v +w
Let T1 be the tension in the 15 cm cord and T2 be the tension in the 20 cm cord. Let u1 be the angle the 15 cm cord makes with the ceiling and u2 be the angle the 20 cm cord makes with the ceiling. By the cosine law: (15)2 5 (20)2 1 (25)2 2 2(20)(25) cos ( u2 ) cos ( u2 ) 5 0.8
By the cosine law: sin ( a ) sin (135) 5 100 575.1 sin ( a ) 8 0.123 a 8 7.06 The resultant velocity of the airplane is 575.1 km> h at S7.06E b. (distance) 5 (rate)(time) 1000 km t8 ? 575.1 (km/h) t 8 1.74 hours 5. a.
E F
>
@ E ' @ 5 @ E @ cos (40) > @ E ' @ 5 (9.8)(15)cos (40) > @ E ' @ 8 112.61 N > > b. @ F @ 5 @ E @ sin (40) > @ F @ 8 94.49 N 6. 6u 5 360
>
u 5 60 > > > > a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 5 (3)(3)(0.5) 5 4.5 > > 7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 ( 2 5)(2) 1 (20)(2) 5 34> > > > b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u )
34 5 "16 1 25 1 400 "1 1 4 1 4 cos ( u ) 34 cos ( u ) 5 63 > > > > > > > > 8. a. a ? b 5 ( i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 522614 50 > > > > > > > > b. b ? c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) ? (3i 2 j 2 k ) 561324 55 > > > > > > > > c. b 1 c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 1 (3i 2 j 2 k ) > > > 5 5i 2 4j >1 3k> > > > > > > > d. a ? ( b 1 c ) 5 ( i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (5i 2 4j 1 3k ) 552813 5 > > 0> > > > > e. ( a 1 b ) ? ( b 1 c ) 5 (3i 2 j 1 5k ) > > > ? (5j 2 4j 1 3k ) 5 15 1 4 1 15 5 34
7-14
> > > > > > > f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) > > > 2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )) > > > ? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) > > > 1 (3i 2 j 1 k )) > > > 5 ( 2 4i 1 13j 2 10k ) > > > ? (5i 1 3j 1 k ) 5 2 20 1 39 2 10 59 > > 9. a. p >? q 5> 0 > > > > ( xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0 3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0 2 10 6 " (10)2 2 4(3)(3) x5 2(3) 2 10 6 8 x5 6 1 x 5 2 3 or x 5 2 3 > > b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar multiple of the other. > > p 5 nq where n is a constant > > > > > > xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) > n 5 3 by the k > component x 5 9x by the i component x50 > 1 5 30(0) by the j component 120 Therefore there is no value of x that will make these two vectors parallel. > > > > > > > > 10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) > > > 5 i 2 4j 2 k > > > > > > > > b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) 5 6 1 12 1 6 5 24 > > > > > > > > c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ ( i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @ > > 5 @ 2i 1 k @
> > > > > > > > e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y > > 5 2 3x ? y > > > > > 5 2 3( i 2 2j 2 k ) ? ( i 2 j 2 k ) 5 2 3(1 1 2 1 1) 5 2 12 11.
4N
5N
180 - u 3N
(4)2 5 (5)2 1 (3)2 2 2(3)(5) cos (180 2 u ) 0.6 5 cos (180 2 u ) 180 2 u 8 53.1 u 8 126.9 12. ( F )2 5 (3)2 1 (4)2 2 2(3)(4) cos (180 2 60) ( F )2 5 25 2 24 cos (120) ( F )2 5 37 F 8 6.08 N (3)2 5 (4)2 1 "37
cos u 5
>
5 "2 or 1.41 > > > > > > > d. (2x 2 3y ) ? ( x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k ) > > > 2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ? > > > 1 (( i 2 2j 2 k ) > > > 1 (4 i 2 4 j 2 4 k ) > > > 5 (2i 2 j 1 k) > > > ? (5i 2 6j 2 5k ) 5 25 1 6 2 5 5 24
5 " (2i 1 k) ? (2i 1 k)

> > > >
u 8 25.3 F 8 6.08 N, 25.3 from the 4 N force towards the 3 >N force. E 8 6.08 N, 180 2 25.3 5 154.7 from the 4 N force away from the 3 N force. > > > > 13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n > > m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10) > > m 2 n 5 (3, 2 10, 0) > > > > > > > > ( m 1 n ) ? ( m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0 cos u 3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u cos u 8 2 0.3276 u 8 109.1 > > > > > > b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u (9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25) 2 2"38 "75 cos u cos u 8 0.0374 u 8 87.9
8 "37
44
)2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
7-15
14. a. 45 sin (150) 5 500 sin u u 8 N 2.6 E b. v 5 500 cos (2.6) 2 45 cos (30) 8 460.5 km> h 1000 t8 460.5 t 8 2.17 hours > > a?x50 15. 2 x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 x 5 2x2 1 5x3 > 1> b?x50 x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 x2 1 2x3 5 0 choose x3 5 1 x2 5 2 2 x1 5 1 1 > x5 (1, 2 2, 1) !6 1 2 1 2 1 1 > x5a ,2 , b or a 2 , ,2 b !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45) 8 6.12 m> s d 8 (6.12)(10) 8 61.2 m b. w 5 3 sin (45) 8 2.12 m> s 180 t8 2.12 t 8 84.9 seconds > > > > 17. a. ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 > > > > > > 0 x 02 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0 y 02 5 0 > > 0 x 02 5 0 y 02 > > > > > > ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 when x and y have the same length. > > b. Vectors >a and b determine a parallelogram. Their > sum a 1 b is one diagonal of the parallelogram formed, with its tail in the same location as the tails > > > > of a and b. Their difference a 2 b is the other diagonal of the parallelogram. > 18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40) 8 268.12 N
7.5 Scalar and Vector Projections, pp. 398400

> > a?b 1. a. Scalar projection of a on b is > where @b@ > > a 5 (2, 3) and b is the positive x-axis (X, 0). > > a ? b 5 (2X ) 1 (3 3 0) 5 2X 1 0 5 2X
>
>
5X 2X > 5 X @b@ 5 2; The vector projection is the scalar projection > > > > a?b
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
multiplied by
the magnitude of the x-axis which is equal > to i. > The scalar projection of 2 multiplied by equals 2i. i > > > > a?b b. Scalar projection of a on b is > where @b@ > > a 5 (2, 3) and b is now the positive y-axis (0, Y ). > > a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y ) 5 0 1 3Y > 5 3Y @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2 5Y > > a @b@ 3Y > 5 Y @b@ 5 3; The vector projection is the scalar projection
> >
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
is the x-axis divided by

>
multiplied by
by the magnitude of the y-axis which is equal to j. > > The scalar projection of 3 multiplied by j equals 3j. 2. Using the formula would cause a division by 0. > Generally the 0 has any direction and 0 magnitude. You can not project onto nothing. > > 3. You are projecting a onto the tail of b which > is a point with magnitude 0. Therefore it is 0; the > > projections of b onto the tail of a are also 0 > and 0.
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>
is the y-axis divided

>
7-16
> > 4. Answers may vary. For example: p 5 AE, > > q 5 AB
D p A E C q B
> > > Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ; > > > Vector projection p on q 5 AC; > > > Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ; > > > Vector projection q on p 5 AD > > 5. When a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0) 5 21 > @ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02 51 > > a ?b 21 Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 2 1; > b (1, 0, 0) The vector equation is 2 1 3 > 5 2 1 3 1 @b@ 5 2 1; > Under > the same approach, when a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0) 52 > @ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02 51 > > 2 a ?b Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 2, > b (0, 1, 0) The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3 1 @b@ 5 2; > The same is also true when a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) and > b 5 (0, 0, 1) then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1) 55 > @ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12 51 > > a ?b 5 Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 5, > b (0, 0, 1) The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3 1 @b@ 5 5;
Without having to use formulae, a projection of > > > ( 2 1, 2, 5) on i, j, or k is the same as a projection > > > of ( 2 1, 0, 0) on i, (0, 2, 0) on j, and (0, 0, 5) on k which intuitively yields the same result. > > 6. a. p ? q 5 (3 3 2 4) 1 (6 3 5) 1 ( 2 22 3 2 20) 5 2 12 1 30 1 440 5 458 > 0 q 0 5 " ( 2 4)2 1 52 1 ( 2 20)2
5 "16 1 25 1 400 5 "441 5 21
> > p?q 458 Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 , 0q0 21 > 458 q The vector equation 5 3 > 21 0q0 458 ( 2 4, 5, 2 20) 5 . 21 21 458 ( 2 4, 5, 20). 5 441 > > b. Direction angles for p where p 5 ( a, b, c ) a include a, b, and g. cos a 5 2 "a 1 b 2 1 c 2 3 5 2 2 "3 1 6 1 ( 2 22)2 3 5 "9 1 36 1 484 3 5 "529 3 5 , 23 3 Therefore a 5 cos21 a b 23 8 82.5; b cos b 5 2 "a 1 b 2 1 c 2 6 5 2 2 "3 1 6 1 ( 2 22)2 6 5 "9 1 36 1 484 6 5 "529 6 5 , 23 6 Therefore b 5 cos21 a b 23 8 74.9;
7-17
cos g 5 5 5 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 2 22
> 8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 > a ? ( X, 0, 0) ( 2 1 3 X ) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2X 5 X 5 2 1; > The vector projection of a on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 5 21 3 21 3 2 2 2 X "X 1 0 1 0 > 5 2 i; > The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ( 2 1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y ) 1 (4 3 0) a ? (0, Y, 0) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "02 1 Y 2 1 02 2Y 5 Y 52 > The vector projection of a on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 23 523 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 2j; > The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > ( 2 1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z ) a ? (0, 0, Z ) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "02 1 02 1 Z 2 4Z 5 Z 5 4; > The vector projection of a on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 43 543 2 2 2 Z "0 1 0 1 Z > 5 4k. > b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is > ma ? ( X, 0, 0) ( 2 m 3 X ) 1 (2m 3 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 (4m 3 0) 1 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2 mX 5 X 5 2m > The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 5 2m 3 2m 3 2 2 2 X "X 1 0 1 0 > 5 2 mi;
> a ? ( X, 0, 0)
"32 1 62 1 ( 2 22)2 2 22 "9 1 36 1 484 2 22
"529 2 22 5 , 23
Therefore g 5 cos21 a
2 22 b 23
8 163.0 > > 7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 2 1) 5 1 1 ( 2 1) 50 > 0 y 0 5 "12 1 ( 2 1)2 > > x ?y 0 The scalar projection is > 5 0y0 "2 5 0; > > y The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0 0y0 > > b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0) 52 > 0 y 0 5 "12 1 02 51 > > x ?y 2 The scalar projection is > 5 0y0 1 5 2; > y (1, 0) The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3 0y0 1 > 5 2i > > c. x ? y 5 (2 3 2 5) 1 (5 3 12) 5 2 10 1 60 5 50 > 0 y 0 5 " ( 2 5)2 1 122 5 "25 1 144 5 "169 5 13 5 "2
> > x ?y 50 > 5 . 0y0 13 > 50 y ( 2 5, 12) 50 The vector projection is 3 > 5 3 13 0y0 13 13 50 ( 2 5, 12) 5 169
The scalar projection is
7-18
> The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ma ? (0, Y, 0) ( 2 m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y ) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "0 2 1 Y 2 1 02 (4m 3 0) 1 "0 2 1 y2 1 02 2mY 5 Y 5 2m; > The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 5 2m 3 2m 3 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 2mj; > The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > ma ? (0, 0, Z ) ( 2 m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "0 2 1 02 1 Z2 (4m 3 Z ) 1 "0 2 1 02 1 Z2 4mZ 5 Z 5 4m; > The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 4m 3 5 4m 3 2 2 2 Z "0 1 0 1 Z > 5 4mk. 9. a.
a
> a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar projection will be the magnitude of itself. b. Using the formula for the scalar projection > > 0 a 0 cos u 5 0 a 0 cos 0 > 5 0 a 0 (1) > 5 0 a 0. The vector projection is the scalar projection > > > > a a multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 5 a .
a
10. a. B a b.
a0
> 0a0 > So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a . 0a0

>
> > > (2a ) ? a 2 0 a 02 5 > > 0a0 0a0 > 5 20a 0
11. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 5 ( 2 1, 3, 4) 2 (1, 2, 2) 5 ( 2 2, 1, 2) > The scalar projection of AB on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is > ( 2 2 3 X ) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) a ? ( X, 0, 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2 2X 5 X 5 2 2; > The vector projection of AB on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 22 3 5 22 3 2 2 2 X "X 1 0 1 0 > 5 2 2i; > The scalar projection of AB on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ( 2 2 3 0) 1 (1 3 Y ) 1 (2 3 0) a ? (0, Y, 0) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "02 1 Y 2 1 02 Y 5 Y 5 1; > The vector projection of AB on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 13 513 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 j; > The scalar projection of AB on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > a ? (0, 0, Z ) ( 2 2 3 0) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Z ) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "02 1 02 1 Z 2 2Z 5 Z 5 2; > The vector projection of AB on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 23 523 Z "02 1 02 1 Z 2 > 5 2k b. The angle made with the y-axis is b b cos b 5 2 "a 1 b 2 1 c 2 1 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 12 1 22 1 5 "4 1 1 1 4 1 5 "9 1 5 , 3
>
7-19
1 Therefore b 5 cos21 a b 3 8 70.5 > 12. a. @ BD @ C

B a u D C b u c
b u
b. @ BD @
>
b B u
c. In an isosceles triangle, CD is a median and a > > right bisector of BA. Therefore a and b have the > same magnitude projected on c . d. Yes, not only do they have the same magnitude, but they are in the same direction as well which makes them have equivalent vector projections. > 13. the formula for the scalar projection of a on > a. Use > b 5 0 a 0 cos u 5 10 cos 135 5 2 7.07 > And the > formula for the scalar projection of b on > a 5 @ b @ cos u 5 12 cos 135 5 2 8.49 b. b
12 135 10 Q O P
> > > OQ on a > is the vector projection of b > > OP is the vector projection of a on b
14. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 5 (1, 3, 3) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 4) 5 (3, 2, 2 1) > > The scalar projection of AB on OD is > > AB ? OD (3 3 2 1) 1 (2 3 2) 1 ( 2 1 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 ( 2 3) 1 4 1 ( 2 2) 5 "1 1 4 1 4
>
"9 1 52 3 > b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B 5 ( 2 6, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3) 5 ( 2 7, 4, 2) > > The scalar projection of BC on OD is > > BC ? OD ( 2 7 3 2 1) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 71814 5 "1 1 4 1 4 19 5 "9 19 5 3 > > > > AB ? OD BC ? OD 1 19 > > 1 52 1 3 3 @ OD @ @ OD @ 18 5 3 5 6 > AC 5 Point C 2 Point A 5 ( 2 6, 7, 5) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 4) 5 ( 2 4, 6, 1) > > The> scalar > projection of AC on OD is AC ? OD ( 2 4 3 2 1) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 4 1 12 1 2 5 "1 1 4 1 4 18 5 "9 18 5 3 56 > c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD. Add to get one vector. 15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 2 2 a b 5a b 1a b "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 2 c 1a b "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 a2 b2 5 2 2 2 1 2 a 1b 1c a 1 b2 1 c2 c2 1 2 a 1 b2 1 c2
21
7-20
a2 1 b2 1 c2 a2 1 b2 1 c2 51 b. a 5 90, b 5 30, g 5 60 cos a 5 cos 90 5 0, x50 cos b 5 cos 30 "3 5 , 2 3 y is a multiple of " 2 . cos g 5 cos 60 1 5 , 2 1 z is a multiple of . 2 3 1 Answers include Q 0, " 2 , 2 R , Q 0, "3, 1 R , etc. c. If two angles add to 90, then all three will add to 180. 16. a. a 5 b 5 g cos a 5 cos b 5 cos g cos2 a 5 cos2 b 5 cos2 g 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 1 5 3 cos2 x 1 5 cos2 x 3 1 5 cos x 3 1 x 5 cos21 3 x 8 54.7 1 . b. For obtuse, use cos x 5 2 3 1 x 5 cos21 a 2 b 3 x 8 125.3 17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1 cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 1 5 (1 2 sin2 a ) 1 (1 2 sin2 b ) 1 (1 2 sin2 g ) 1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g ) sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g 5 2 5
18. Answers may vary. For example:

z B (0, c, d )
x A (a, b, 0)
7.6 The Cross Product of Two Vectors, pp. 407408

1. a.
z
axb a
b y
> > > a 3 b is perpendicular to a . Thus, their dot product must equal 0. The same applies to the second case. z
a3b
a1b
a x > > > b. by a and > a 1 b> is still > in the same plane formed > > b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the dot product 0 again. > > c. Once again, a 2 in> the same plane > b is still > > formed by and thus a b , a 2 b is perpendicular to > > the dot product 0 again. a 3 b making > > 2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the equality is meaningless. 3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed with a vector, then dotted with another vector, producing a scalar. > > b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector, which is meaningless.
7-21
> > c. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and > > c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector dotted with a vector producing a scalar. > > d. This is possible. produces a scalar, and a ? b > > c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar and vector produces a vector. > > e. This is possible. produces a vector, and a 3 b > > c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a vector and vector produces > a vector. > f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When added to another vector, it produces another vector. 4. a. (2, 2 3, 5) 3 (0, 2 1, 4) 5 ( 2 3(4) 2 5( 2 1), 5(0) 2 2(4), 2( 2 1) 2 ( 2 3)(0)) 5 ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) (2, 2 3, 5) ? ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) 5 0 (0, 2 1, 4) ? ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) 5 0 b. (2, 2 1, 3) 3 (3, 2 1, 2) 5 ( 2 1(2) 2 3( 2 1), 3(3) 2 2(2), 2( 2 1) 2 ( 2 1)(3)) 5 (1, 5, 1) (2, 2 1, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 (3, 2 1, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 c. (5, 2 1, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7) 5 ( 2 1(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7), 5(4) 2 ( 2 1)(2)) 5 ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) (5, 2 1, 1) ? ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) 5 0 (2, 4, 7) ? ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) 5 0 d. (1, 2, 9) 3 ( 2 2, 3, 4) 5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9( 2 2) 2 1(4), 1(3) 2 2( 2 2)) 5 ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) (1, 2, 9) ? ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) 5 0 ( 2 2, 3, 4) ? ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) 5 0 e. ( 2 2, 3, 3) 3 (1, 2 1, 0) 5 (3(0) 2 3( 2 1), 3(1) 2 ( 2 2)(0), 2 2( 2 1) 2 3(1)) 5 (3, 3, 2 1) ( 2 2, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 2 1) 5 0 (1, 2 1, 0) ? (3, 3, 2 1) 5 0 f. (5, 1, 6) 3 ( 2 1, 2, 4) 5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6( 2 1) 2 5(4), 5(2) 2 1( 2 1)) 5 ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) (5, 1, 6) ? ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) 5 0 ( 2 1, 2, 4) ? ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) 5 0 5. ( 2 1, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1) 5 (3(1) 2 5( a ), 5(0) 2 ( 2 1)(1), 2 1( a ) 2 3(0))
If we look at the x component, we know that: 3(1) 2 5( a ) 5 2 2 2 5( a ) 5 2 5 >a 5 1 > 6. a. a 3 b 5 (1(1) 2 1(5), 1(0) 2 0(1), 0(5) 2 0(1)) 5 ( 2 4, 0, 0) b. Vectors of the form (0, b, c ) are in the yz-plane. Thus, the only vectors perpendicular to the yz-plane are those of the form ( a, 0, 0) because they are parallel to the x-axis. 7. a. (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2)) 5 (0, 0, 0) b. ( a, b, c ) 3 ( ka, kb, kc ) 5 ( b ( kc ) 2 c ( kb ), c ( ka ) 2 a ( kc ), a ( kb ) 2 b ( ka )) Using the commutative law of multiplication we can rearrange this: 5 ( bck 2 bck, ack 2 ack, abk 2 abk ) 5 (0, 0, 0) > > > 8. a. p 3 ( q 1 r ) 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 3 (1, 2, 7) 1 ( 2 1, 1, 0)4 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 (1 2 1, 2 1 1, 7 1 0) 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 (0, 3, 7) 5 ( 2 2(7) 2 4(3), 4(0) 2 1(7), 1(3) 1 2(0)) 5 ( 2 26, 2 7, 3) > > > > p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 ( 2 2(7) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(7), 1(2) 1 2(1)) 1 ( 2 2(0) 2 4(1), 4( 2 1) 2 1(0), 1(1) 1 2( 2 1)) 5 ( 2 22, 2 3, 4) 1 ( 2 4, 2 4, 2 1) 5 ( 2 26, 2 7, 3) > > > b. p 3 ( q 1 r ) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 3 (3, 1, 2 1) 1 (0, 1, 2)4 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 1 1 1, 2 1 1 2) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 2, 1) 5 (1(1) 2 2(2), 3(2) 2 4(1), 4(2) 2 1(3)) 5 ( 2 3, 2, 5) > > > > p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (1( 2 1) 2 2(1), 2(3) 2 4( 2 1), 4(1) 2 1(3)) 1 (1(2) 2 2(1), 2(0) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(0)) 5 ( 2 3, 10, 1) 1 (0, 2 8, 4) 5 ( 2 3, 2, 5) > > 9. a. i 3 j 5 (1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 1) > 5k
7-22
2 j 3 i 5 (0, 2 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1)) 5 (0, 0, 1) > 5 k > > b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > > >5i 2 k 3 j 5 (0, 0, 2 1) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > 5 i > > c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > > >5j 2 i 3 k 5 ( 2 1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > 5j 10. k ( a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 ) ? ( a1, a2, a3 ) 5 k ( a1a2b3 2 a1a3b2 1 a2a3b1 2 a2a1b3 1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 5 k (0) 50 > > > a is perpendicular to k ( a 3 b ). > > 11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 6) > > c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12) 5 (0, 0,> 2 6) > > > b. ( a 3 b ) 3 ( c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 2 6) (by part a.) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 0) c. All the vectors are in the xy-plane. Thus, the cross product in part b. is between vectors parallel to the z-axis and so parallel to each other. The cross > product of parallel vectors is 0. > 12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1) > y 5 (1, 1, 1) > z 5 (1, 2, 3) > > Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 ( 2 1, 0, 1) > > > ( x 3 y ) 3 z 5 (0 2 2, 1 2 ( 2 3), 2 3 2 0) 5 ( 2 2, 4, 2 3)
>
>
> > y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1) 5 (1, 2 2, 1) > > > x 3 ( y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 2 2 2 0) 5 (2, 0, 2 2) > > > > > > 3 ( y 3 z ). Thus ( x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x > > > 13. ( a 2 b ) 3 ( a 1 b ) By the distributive property of cross product: > > > > > > 5 (a 2 b) 3 a 1 (a 2 b) 3 b By the distributive property >again: > > > > > > > 5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b A vector with > crossed > itself equals 0, thus: > > 5 2 b 3> a 1> a 3 b > > 5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a > > > 5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b) > > 5 2a 3 b
7.7 Applications of the Dot Product and Cross Product, pp. 414415
1. By pushing as far away from the hinge as > possible, 0 r 0 is increased making the cross product bigger. By pushing at right angles, sine is its largest value, 1, making the cross product larger. > > 2. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2)) 5 (0, 0, 0) > > @a 3 b @ 5 0 b. This makes sense because the vectors lie on the same line. Thus, the parallelogram would just be a line making its area 0. > > 3. a. f ? s 5 3 ? 150 5 450 J b. x y
50 40 m
392 N
The axes are tilted to illustrate the force of gravity can be split up into components to find the part in the direction of the motion. Let x be the component of force going in the motions direction. x cos (50) 5 392 x 5 (392) cos (50) Now we have our force, so: (392) cos 50 N ? 40 m 8 10 078.91 J
7-23
c.
140 N 20 250 m
First find the x component of the force: (140) cos (20) 5 x Calculate work: 140 cos 20 N ? 250 m 8 32 889.24 J d.
100 N 45 500 m
> > 6. p 3 q 5 ( a, 1, 2 1) 3 (1, 1, 2) 5 (2 1 1, 2 2a 2 1, a 2 1) 5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1) > > 0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 ( a 2 1)2 5 "35 9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 ( a 2 1)2 5 35 2 9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35 5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0 2 2 2 6 "2 2 4(5)( 2 24) a5 2(5) 2 2 6 22 5 10 2 12 5 2, 5 7. a. B
AB A AC C
First calculate the x component of the force: x 5 (100) cos (45) Calculate work: 100 cos m 5 35 355.34 J > 45 > ? 500 > 4. a. i 3 j 5 k The square formed by the 2 vectors has an area of 1. The 2 vectors are >on the xy-plane, thus, the cross product must be k by the right hand rule. > > > b. 2 i 3 j 5 2 k Once again, the area is 1, making the possible vector have a magnitude of 1. Also, the 2 vectors are on the xy-plane again so the cross product must lie on the z axis. However, because of the right hand rule, the > product must be this time. 2 k > > > c. i 3 k 5 2 j The square has an area of 1, so the magnitude of the vector produced must be 1. The 2 vectors are on the xz-plane. The > new vector must be on the y axis making it j because of the right hand rule. > > > d. 2 i 3 k 5 2 j The square has an area of 1. The 2 vectors > are on the xz-plane. So the new vector must be j because of the right> hand rule. > 5. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 1) 5 (1 2 0, 0 2 1, 0 2 1) 5 (1, 2 1, 2 1) > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 5 "3 So the area > of the parallelogram is "3 square units. > b. a 3 b 5 (1, 2 2, 3) 3 (1, 2, 4) 5 ( 2 8 2 6, 3 2 4, 2 1 2) 5 ( 2 14, 2 1, 4) > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "196 1 1 1 16 5 "213 So the area of the parallelogram is "213 square units. 7-24
As we see from the picture, the area of the triangle ABC is just half the area of > the parallelogram > determined by vectors AB and AC. Thus, we use the magnitude of the cross product to calculate the area. > AB> 5 (1 1 2, 0 2 1, 1 2 3) 5 (3, 2 1, 2 2) AC> 5 (2 1 > 2, 3 2 1, 2 2 3) 5 (4, 2, 2 1) AB 3 AC 5 (1 1 4, 2 3 1 8, 6 1 4) 5 (5, 5, 10) > > @ AB 3 AC @ 5 "25 1 25 1 100 5 5"6 Since triangle ABC is half the area of the 6 parallelogram, its area is 5" 2 square units. b. This is just a different way of describing the first 6 triangle, thus the area is 5" 2 square units. c. Any two sides of a triangle can be used to calculate > its area. > > > 8. @ r 3 f @ 5 ( 0 r 0 sin ( u )) @ f @ 5 (0.14) sin (45) ? 10 8 0.99 J 9. A
OA BN O OB B C
We know that the area of a parallelogram is equal to its height multiplied with its base. Its height is BN > > and its base is AC 5 OB as can be seen from the picture. We can calculate the area using the given vectors, then > > use the area to find BN. OA 3 OB 5 (8 2 4, 12 2 16, 4 2 6) 5 (4, 2 4, 2 2) > > @ OA 3 OB @ 5 "16 1 16 1 4 5 "36 5 6
Now we need to calculate @ OB @ to know the length of the base. > > AC 5 @ OB @ 5 "9 1 1 1 16 5 "26 Substituting these results into the equation for area: > @ OB @ ? BN 5 6
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 2 1 1 3, 2 2 2)
5 (8, 2, 0) > > @a 1 b @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17 > > e. a ? b 5 2(6) 2 1(3) 1 2( 2 2) 5 5 > > a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 2 1 2 6, 2 1 4) f. > 5 ( 2 10, 2 7, 6) > > a ? ( a 2 2b ) 5 2( 2 10) 2 1( 2 7) 1 2(6) 5 2 1 > > 3. a. If a 5> 6, then y will be twice x , thus collinear. > x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? ( a, 12, 18) 5 0 b. 3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0 15a 5 2 162 2 54 a5 5 > > a?b 4. cos ( u ) 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ > > a ? b 5 4( 2 3) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458 > 0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21 > @ b @ 5 " ( 2 3)2 1 62 1 222 5 23 458 u 5 cos21 a b 483 u 8 18.52 5. a. y 4 2 OA OB x 0 4 2 2 4 2 4
>
>
"26 BN 5 6 BN 5
or about 1.18 "26 > > 10. a. p 3 q 5 ( 2 6 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4) 5 ( 2 9, 3, 5) > > > ( p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 2 9 2 3) 5 ( 2 5, 5, 2 12) a (1, 2 2, 3) 1 b (2, 1, 3) 5 ( 2 5, 5, 2 12) Looking at x components: a 1 2b 5 2 5; a 5 2 5 2 2b y components: 2 2a 1 b 5 5 Substitute in a: 10 1 4b 1 b 5 5 5b 5 2 5 b 5 21 Substitute b back into the x components: a 5 2 5 1 2; a 5 2 3 Check in z components: 3a 1 3b 5 2 12 2 9 2 3 5 2 12 > > b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 2 1 > > q?r52111053 > > > > > > ( p ? r )q 2 ( q ? r )p 5 2 1(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 2 2, 3) 5 (2, 2 1, 2 3) 2 (3, 2 6, 9) 5 ( 2 2 2 3, 2 1 1 6, 2 3 2 9) 5 ( 2 5, 5, 2 12)
Review Exercise, pp. 418421

1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 2 1 1 1, 0 1 2)
5 (2, 0, 2) > b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 2 5 1 5, 2 4 2 0) 5 ( 2 4, 0, 2 4) c. 16 d. The cross products are parallel, so the original vectors are in the same plane. > 2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 ( 2 1)2 1 22 5 3 b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 ( 2 2)2 5 7 > c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 2 1 2 3, 2 1 2) 5 ( 2 4, 2 4, 4) > > @ a 2 b @ 5 " ( 2 4)2 1 ( 2 4)2 1 42 5 4"3
>
>
>
b. We can use the dot product of the 2 diagonals to calculate the angle. >The diagonals are the vectors > > > OA> 1 OB> and OA 2 OB. OA 1 OB 5 (5 2 1, 1 1 4) 5 (4, 5) > > OA 2 OB 5 (5 1 1, 1 2 4) 5 (6, 2 3) > > > > ( OA 1 OB ) ? ( OA 2 OB ) > > > > cos ( u ) 5 @ OA 1 OB @ @ OA 2 OB @ > > > > ( OA 1 OB ) ? ( OA 2 OB ) 5 4(6) 1 5( 2 3) 5 9 > > @ OA 1 OB @ 5 "42 1 52 5 "41
@ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 ( 2 3)2 5 3"5
> >
u 5 cos21 a u 8 77.9
3"205
7-25
6.
T1 30
y T2 45 x
b. x 3 y 5 ( 2 15 2 35, 2 5 2 15, 21 2 3)
5 ( 2 50, 2 20, 18) > > 0 x 3 y 0 5 "502 1 202 1 182 5 "3224 8 56.78 9. (0, 3, 2 5) 3 (2, 3, 1) 5 (3 1 15, 2 10 2 0, 0 2 6) 5 (18, 2 10, 2 6) The cross product is perpendicular to the given vectors, but its magnitude is
>
>
98 N
The vertical components of the tensions must equal the downward force: T1 sin (30) 1 T2 sin (45) 5 98 N 1 1 T1 1 T2 5 98 2 "2 T1 5 196 2 "2T2 The horizontal components: T1 cos (30) 1 T2 cos (45) 5 0 N "3 1 T1 2 T2 5 0 2 "2 Substitute in T1: "6 98"3 2 T 5 2 98"3 2 2 2 "6 2 "2 T2 5 2 98"3 2 T2 8 87.86N Substitute this back in to get T1: T1 8 71.74N
"18 2 1 ( 2 10)2 1 ( 2 6)2, or 2"115. A unit vector perpendicular to the given vectors is a !115, 2 !115, 2 !115 b .
9 5 3
>
10. a.cos ( a ) 5
>
AB ? AC
>
7.
x 300 km/h
50 km/h
x 5 "50 1 3002 8 304.14 50 tan21 a b 8 9.46 300 The resultant velocity is 304.14 km> h, W 9.46 N. 8. a. z
2
y x y
AB> 5 (0, 2 3, 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 ( 2 2, 2 6, 2 3) > AC> 5 (5, 2, 2 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (3, 2 1, 2 11) AB ? AC 5 2 2(3) 2 6( 2 1) 2 3( 2 11) 5 33 > @ AB @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 ( 2 6)2 1 ( 2 3)2 5 7 > @ AC @ 5 "32 1 ( 2 1)2 1 ( 2 11)2 5 "131 > > AB ? AC > > a 5 cos21 @ AB @ @ AC @ 33 5 cos21 7"131 8 65.68 > > BA ? BC > > b 5 cos21 @ @ @ @ BA BC > > BA> 5 2 AB 5 (2, 6, 3) > BC> 5 (5 2 0, 2 1 3, 2 4 2 4, ) 5 (5, 5, 2 8) BA ? BC 5 2(5) 1 6(5) 1 3( 2 8) 5 16 > @ BA @ 5 "22 1 62 1 32 5 7 > @ BC @ 5 "52 1 52 1 ( 2 8)2 5 "144 16 b 5 cos21 7"114 8 77.64 g 5 180 2 a 2 b 8 36.68 So b 8 77.64 is the largest angle. b. The area is >half the magnitude of the cross > product of AB and AC. > > 1 1 AB 3 AC 5 0 (63, 2 31, 20) 0 8 36.50 2 2 11. The triangle formed by the two strings and the ceiling is similar to a 3-4-5 right triangle, with the 30 cm and 40 cm strings as legs. So the angle adjacent to the 30 cm leg satisfies 3 cos u 5 5
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
7-26
The angle adjacent to the 40 cm leg satisfies 4 cos f 5 5 Also, 4 3 sin u 5 and sin f 5 . 5 5 Let T1 be the tension in the 30 cm string, and T2 be the tension in the 40 cm string. Then T1 cos u 2 T2 cos f 5 0 3 4 T1 2 T2 5 0 5 5 4 T1 5 T2 3 Also, T1 sin u 1 T2 sin f 5 (10)(9.8) 5 98 4 3 T1 2 T2 5 98 5 5 4 3 4 a T2 b 1 T2 5 98 3 5 5 5 T 5 98 3 2 T2 5 58.8 N 4 T1 5 (58.8) 3 5 78.4 N So the tension in the 30 cm string is 78.4 N and the tension in the 40 cm string is 58.8 N. 12. a.
54 N
30 N
25 N 42 N
If u is the angle west of north, then 5 sin u 5 13 u 8 22.6 So the resultant is 13 N in a direction N22.6W. The equilibrant is 13 N in a direction S22.6E. 13. a. Let D be the origin, then: A 5 (2, 0, 0), B 5 (2, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (0, 0, 0), E 5 (2, 0, 3), F 5 (2, 4, 3), G 5 (0, 4, 3) H 5 (0, 0, 3) > b. AF> 5 (0, 4, 3) AC 5 ( 2 2, 4, 0) > > AF ? AC > 5 0 1 16 1 0 5 16 @ AF @ 5 "02 1 42 1 32 5 5 > @ AC @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 42 1 02 5 2"5 > > AF ? AC > > cos ( u ) 5 @ AF @ @ AC @ 16 b u 5 cos21 a 10"5 u 8 44.31 > c. Scalar projection 5 @ AF @ cos ( u ) By part b.: 5 (5) cos (44.31) 8 3.58 > > > > 14. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u ) 5 cos ( u ) 1 cos ( u ) 5 2 (cosine law) 2 > > > > (2a 2 5b ) ? ( b 1 3a ) > > > > > > 5 2 13a ? b 1 6a ? a 2 5b ? b > > 5 2 13a ? b 1 1 5 2 13 cos ( u ) 1 1 5 7.5 15. a. The angle to the bank, u, will satisfy sin (90 2 u ) 5 3 90 2 u 8 41.8 u 8 48.2 b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kaylas net swimming speed will be "32 2 22 5 "5 km> h. So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her 0.3 t5 "5 8 0.13 h 8 8 min 3 sec to swim across.
2
b. The east- and west-pulling forces result in a force of 5 N west. The north- and south-pulling forces result in a force of 12 N north. The 5 N west and 12 N north forces result in a force pulling in the north-westerly direction with a force of "52 1 122 5 13 N, by using the Pythagorean theorem. To find the exact direction of this force, use the definition of sine.
7-27
c. Such a situation would have resulted in a right

triangle where one of the legs is longer than the hypotenuse, which is impossible. > > 16. > a. The > diagonals are OA 1 OB and OA> 2 OB>. OA 1 OB 5 (3 2 6, 2 1 6, 2 6 2 2) 5 ( 2 3, 8, 2 8) > > OA 2 OB 5 (3 1 6, 2 2 6, 2 6 1 2) 5 (9, 2 4, 2 4) > > b. OA ? OB 5 3( 2 6) 1 2(6) 2 6( 2 2) 5 6 > @ OA @ 5 "32 1 22 1 ( 2 6)2 5 7 > @ OB @ 5 " ( 2 6)2 1 62 1 ( 2 2)2 5 2"19 > > OA ? OB > > cos ( u ) 5 @ OA @ @ OB @ 6 b u 5 cos21 5 a 14"19 8 84.36 17. a. The z value is >double, so if a 5 4 and b 5 2 4, the vector q will be collinear. > > b. If p and q are perpendicular, then their dot product will equal 0. > > p ? q 5 2a 2 2b 2 18 5 0 c. Let a 5 9, and b 5 0, then we have a vector > perpendicular to p . Now it must be divided by its magnitude to make it a unit vector: > 0 p 0 5 "81 1 0 1 324 5 9"5 So the unit vector is: 1 2 a , 0, b !5 !5 > > 18. a. m ? n 5 2"3 2 2"3 1 3 5 3 > 0 m 0 5 "3 1 4 1 9 5 4 > 0 n 0 5 "4 1 3 1 1 5 2"2 > > m?n cos ( u ) 5 > > 0m00n0 3 u 5 cos21 a b 8"2 8 74.62 > b. Scalar projection 5 0 n 0 cos ( u ) 5 2"2 cos (74.62) 8 0.75 with the unit vector c. Scalar projection multiplied > in the direction of m : > m 5 (0.75) > 0m0 ( "3, 2 2, 2 3) 5 (0.75) 4 5 (0.1875)( "3, 2 2, 2 3) 7-28
d. m ? k 5 2 3
u 5 cos21 a 23 b 4
>
>
8 138.59 19. a. If the dot product is 0, then the vectors are perpendicular: (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 0, 2 1) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 (0, 0, 2 1) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 special 1 1 21 1 1 b. a , , 0b ? a , , b !2 !2 !3 !3 !3 1 1 52 1 10 !6 !6 50 1 1 a , , 0 b ? (0, 0, 2 1) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 !2 !2 21 1 1 a , , b ? (0, 0, 2 1) !3 !3 !3 1 1 52 not special 501012 !3 > > !3 20. a. p 3 q 5 ( 2 2(1) 2 1( 2 1), 1(2) 2 1(1), 1( 2 1) 1 2(2)) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 3) > > b. p> 2 q> 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 0) p 1 q 5 (3, 2 3, 2) > > > > ( p 2 q ) 3 ( p 1 q ) 5 ( 2 2 2 0, 0 1 2, 3 2 ( 2 3)) 5 ( 2 2, 2, 6) > > c. p 3 r 5 (4 2 1, 0 1 2, 1 2 0) 5 (3, 2, 1) > > > (p 3 r ) ? r 5 0 1 2 2 2 5 0 > > d. p 3 q 5 ( 2 2 1 1, 2 2 1, 2 1 1 4) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 3) 21. Since the angle between the two vectors is 60, the angle formed when they are placed head-to-tail is 120. So the resultant, along with these two vectors, forms an isosceles triangle with top angle 120 and two equal angles 30. By the cosine law, the two equal forces satisfy 202 5 2F 2 2 2F 2 cos 120 400 F2 5 3 20 F5 "3 8 11.55 > N > 22. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 2 5 2 3, 0 2 10) 5 (2, 2 8, 2 10)
x and y : > > > > x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 5 (10) cos (60) 55 > > > > ( x 2 2y ) ? ( x 1 3y ) By the distributive property: > > > > > > > > 5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y 5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150 5 2 141 24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3 Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4, the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 2 4. If it is 4, we get (1, m, 0) ? (2, 2, 1) 54 3 2 1 2m 5 12 m 5 5 If it is 2 4, we get (1, m, 0) ? (2, 2, 1) 5 24 3 2 1 2m 5 2 12 m 5 27 So the two possible values for m are 5 and 2 7. > > 25. a ? j 5 2 3 > 0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13 23 u 5 cos21 a b 13 8 103.34 26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0) b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 ( 2 3, 4, 2 5)
23. First we need to determine the dot product of > >
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30 b. Using the cosine law, > > @ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50

>
@ d 1 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 130

>
> >
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
>
>
c. d is the vector in the opposite direction of > e 2 >

d 2 e , but with the same magnitude. So: > > > > @ e 2 d @ 5 @ d 2 >e @ 8 3.84> > (i 1 j) ? (i) > 28. a. Scalar: 51 @i@ > > i Vector: 1 a > b 5 i @i@
>
>
b. Scalar:
Vector: 1 a
(i 1 j) ? (j)
>
>
>
c. Scalar:
Vector:
1
(i 1 j) ? (k 1 j) (k 1 j)
> >
@ j@
> >
>
b5j
> >
@ j@
>
51
> > >
"2
> 1 > 5 (k 1 j) 2 @k 1 j@
@k 1 j@
> > >
"2
29. a. If its magnitude is 1, its a unit vector:

> 1 1 0 a 0 5 "1 4 1 9 1 36 2 1 not a unit vector
1 1 @ b @ 5 "1 3 1 3 1 3 5 1, unit vector
>
c. @ CF @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2

>
OP 5 (3, 4, 5) > @ OP @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2 > CF ? OP 5 2 9 1 16 2 25 5 2 18 2 18 u 5 cos21 a b 50 8 111.1

d 50 e 130
@ d @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 2 1, not a unit vector > > b. a is. When dotted with d, it equals 0. 30. 25 ? sin> (30) ? 0.6 5 7.50 J > 31. >a. a ? b 5 6 2 5 2 1 5 0 b. a with the x-axis:
>
> 1 1 0 c 0 5 "1 4 1 2 1 4 5 1, unit vector
27.
a. Using properties of parallelograms, we know that the other angle is 130 (Angles must add up to 360, opposite angles are congruent). Using the cosine law,
> 0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30 2 cos ( a ) 5 "30 > a with the y-axis: 5 cos ( b ) 5 "30 > a with the z-axis: 21 cos ( g ) 5 "30 > @b @ 5 "9 1 1 1 1 5 "11 > b with the x-axis: 3 cos ( a ) 5 "11
7-29
b with the y-axis: 21 cos ( b ) 5 "11 > b with the z-axis: 1 cos ( g ) 5 "11 6 5 1 > > c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50 !330 !330 !330 32. Need to show that the magnitudes of the diagonals are equal to show that it is a rectangle. > > > @ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118 "3 2 We know the identity cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get 3 2 cos2 b 5 1 2 4 1 cos b 5 cos g 5 6 2"2 "3 cos a 5 2 So there are two possibilities, depending upon whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse. b. If g is acute, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 69.3 If is obtuse, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 110.7 1 > > > > 34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u ) 5 2 > > > > ( a 2 3b ) ? ( ma ) 5 0> 1 b > > > > > > > ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 1 3 6 m1 2 m2 50 2 2 2 1 5 2 m5 2 2 m52 5 > > a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 2 8 35. > a 1 b 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 2 8) > > @ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66 cos (30) 5
>
@ 2 i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118 33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:

> > >
> > a 2 b 5 (1, 9, 2 4) > > @ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98 > > 1 > 66 98 1 > @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5 2 5 28 4 4 4 4 > > > 36.> c 5 b >2 a > 0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2 > > > > 5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a ) > > > > > > > > 5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b > > > > 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b > > > > 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
37. AB 5 (2, 0, 4) > @ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5 > @ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2) > @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
BC 5 ( 2 1, 0, 2 2) > @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
> > >
>
cos A 5 5
10 10 51 But this means that angle A 5 0, so that this triangle is degenerate. For completeness, though, > > > > notice that BC 5 2 AC and AB 5 2 AC . This means that point C sits at the midpoint of the line segment joining A and B. So angle C 5 180 and angle B 5 0. So cos B 5 1; cos C 5 2 1. The area of triangle ABC is, of course, 0.
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
AB ? AC
Chapter 7 Test, p. 422

1. a. We use the diagram to calculate a 3 b, noting
a1 5 2 1, a2 5 1, a3 5 1 and b1 5 2, b2 5 1, b3 5 2 3.> > b a 1 1 x x 5 1( 2 3) 2 1(1) 5 2 4 23 1 y y 5 1(2) 2 ( 2 1)( 2 3) 5 2 1 21 2 z z 5 2 1(1) 2 1(2) 5 2 3 1 1> > So, a 3 b 5 ( 2 4, 2 1, 2 3) >
>
7-30
b. We use the diagram again: > >

b 1
c. The area of the parallelogram is the magnitude of

the cross >product. > b a 21 21 x x 5 ( 2 1)( 2 2) 2 1( 2 1) 5 3 1 22 y y 5 1(2) 2 (1)( 2 2) 5 4 1 2 z z 5 (1)( 2 1) 2 ( 2 1)(2) 5 1 21 2 1 > > So, a 3 b 5 (3, 4, 1) and thus, > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "32 1 42 1 12 5 "26 > > So the area of the parallelogram formed by a and b is "26 or 5.10 square units. 3. We first draw a diagram documenting the situation:
E 120 40 N 60 50 N D 40 N 60 50 N G R F
x y z
c 1
x 5 1( 2 7) 2 ( 2 3)(1) 5 2 4 27 y 5 2 3(5) 2 (2)( 2 7) 5 2 1 5 z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 2 3
23 2
1 > 1 > So, b 3 >c 5 ( 2 4, 2 1, 2 3) > > c. a ? ( b 3 c ) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 1) ? ( 2 4, 2 1, 2 3) 5 ( 2 1)( 2 4) 1 (1)( 2 1) 1 (1)( 2 3) 50 d. We could use the diagram method again, or, we > > > > > > note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 ( y 3 x ), > > > > so letting y 5 x , we have x 5 0 from the last > > 3x > > equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3 from first two c > > the > > parts of the problem, ( a 3 b ) 3 ( b 3 c ) 5 0. > 2. a.> To find the scalar and vector projections of a > > > > > on b, we need to calculate a ? b and @ b @ 5 "b ? b > > a ? b 5 (1, 2 1, 1) ? (2, 2 1, 2 2) 5 (1)(2) 1 ( 2 1)( 2 1) 1 (1)( 2 2) > 51 @ b @ 5 "22 1 ( 2 1)2 1 ( 2 2)2 > 53 So, @ b @ 5 3 > > > > The scalar projection of a on b is a?b 1 > 5 3 , and @b@ > > the vector projection of a on b is > a
> a?b
b. We find the direction cosines for b:

@b@ a 8 48.2. b 21 > 5 cos ( b ) 5 2 3 @b@ b 8 109.5. b 22 > 5 cos ( g ) 5 3 3 @b@ g 8 131.8.
cos ( a ) 5
>
@b@
>2
bb 5 1 9 (2, 2 1, 2 2).
>
>
b1
2 3
In triangle DEF, we use the cosine law: > @ R @ 5 "402 1 502 2 2(40)(50) cos (120) > @ R @ 8 78.10 We now use the sine law to find /EDF: sin /EDF sin /DEF > > 5 @ EF @ @R@ sin /EDF sin 120 8 50 78.10 sin /EDF 8 0.5544 /EDF 8 33.7 The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant force, so both forces have a magnitude of 78.10 N. The resultant makes an angle 33.7 to the 40 N force and 26.3 to the 50 N force. The equilibrant makes an angle 146.3 to the 40 N force and 153.7 to the 50 N force.
7-31
4. We find the resultant velocity of the airplane.

F E F
R 1000 km/h
Position diagram
G D Vector diagram
Since the airplanes velocity is perpendicular to the wind, the resultants magnitude is given by the Pythagorean theorem: > @ R @ 5 "10002 1 1002 > @ R @ 8 1004.99 The angle is determined using the tangent ratio: 100 tan /EDF 5 1000 /EDF 8 5.7 Thus, the resultant velocity is 1004.99 km> h, N 5.7 W (or W 84.3 N). 5. a. The canoeist will travel 200 m across the stream, so the total time he will paddle is: d t5 rcanoeist 200 m t5 2.5 m> s t 5 80 s The current is flowing 1.2 m> s downstream, so the distance that the canoeist travels downstream is: d 5 rcurrent 3 t d 5 (1.2 m> s)(80 s) d 5 96 m So, the canoeist will drift 96 m south. b. In order to arrive directly across stream, the canoeist must take into account the change in his velocity caused by the current. That is, he must initially paddle upstream in a direction such that the resultant velocity is directed straight across the stream. The resultant velocity:
E 2.5 m/s D R 1.2 m/s F
Since the resultant velocity is perpendicular to the current, the direction in which the canoeist should head is determined by the sine ratio. 1.2 sin /EDF 5 2.5 /EDF 8 28.7 The canoeist should head 28.7 upstream. 6. The area of the triangle is exactly: > > 1 ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 2 > AB 5 (2, 1, 3) 2 ( 2 1, 3, 5) 5 (3, 2 2, 2 2) > BC 5 ( 2 1, 1, 4) 2 (2, 1, 3) 5 ( 2 3, 0, 1) > > BC AB 22 x 0 x 5 ( 2 2)(1) 2 ( 2 2)(0) 5 2 2 22 y 1 y 5 ( 2 2)( 2 3) 2 (3)(1) 5 3 3 z 23 z 5 (3)(0) 2 ( 2 2)( 2 3) 5 2 6 22 >0 > So, AB 3 BC 5 ( 2 2, 3, 2 6) and > > @ AB 3 BC @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 32 1 ( 2 6)2 5 "49 57 > > 1 7 So, ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 5 . 2 2 The area of the triangle is 3.50 square units.
7.
458 T1 708 T2
25 kg
The system is in equilibrium (i.e. it is not moving), > so we> know that the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal:
@ T1 @ sin (45) 5 @ T2 @ sin (70)

> >
@ T2 @ 5
>
sin (45) > @T @ sin (70) 1
7-32
Also, the vertical component of T1 1 T2 must equal the > gravitational > force on the block: @ T1 @ cos 45 1 @ T2 @ cos 70 5 (25 kg)(9.8 m> s2 ) Substituting in for T2, we find that: > @ T1 @ cos 45 1 > sin 45 @ T1 @ cos 70 5 (25 kg) (9.8 m> s 2 ) sin 70 > sin 45 @ T1 @ a cos 45 1 cos 70 b 5 245 N sin 70
>
>
>
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
> >
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
So, we can now find > sin (45) > @ T2 @ 5 @T @ sin (70) 1 > sin (45) @ T2 @ 8 (254.0 N) sin (70) > @ T2 @ 8 191.1 N The direction of the tensions are indicated in the diagram. 8. a. We explicitly calculate both sides of the equation. The left side is: > > x ? y 5 (3, 3, 1) ? ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (3)( 2 1) 1 (3)(2) 1 (1)( 2 3) 50 We perform a few computations before computing the right side: > > x 1 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 1 ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (2, 5, 2 2)
> > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y ) 5 22 1 52 1 ( 2 2)2 5 33 > > x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (4, 1, 4) > > > > > > 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 42 1 12 1 42 5 33 Thus, the right side is 1 > 1 1 1 > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33) 4 4 4 4 50 So, the equation holds for these vectors. b. We now verify that the formula holds in general. We will compute the right side of the equation, but we first perform some intermediary computations: > > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y ) > > > > > > > > 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y ) > > > > > > 5 ( x ? x ) 1 2( x ? y ) 1 ( y ? y ) > > > > > > 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y ) > > > > > > 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x ) > > 1 (2y ? 2y ) > > > > > > 5 ( x ? x ) 2 2( x ? y ) 1 ( y ? y ) So, the right side of the equation is: 1 > 1 1 > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4( x ? y )) 4 4 4 > > 5x?y Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
7-33
CHAPTER 7 Applications of Vectors

Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 350
1. The velocity relative to the ground has a magnitude equivalent to the hypotenuse of a triangle with sides 800 and 100. So, by the Pythagorean theorem we can find the magnitude of the velocity. v 2 5 8002 1 1002 5 640 000 1 10 000 5 650 000 v 5 "650 000 8 806 km> h
100
800
m 5 "253.85 8 15.93 units 122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u 144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u 2 134.76 5 2 159.3 cos u 134.76 cos u 5 159.3 134.76 u 5 cos21 a b 159.3 8 32.2 So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2 N. 3. z
C(2, 0, 1) B(3, 2, 0) y A(0, 1, 0)
m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135 2 !2 5 25 1 144 2 120 a b 2 5 169 1 84.85 5 253.85
tan u 5 u 5 tan
100 800
21
100 a b 800
D(0, 2, 3)
u 8 7.1 The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is about 806 km> h N 7.1 E. 2.
displacement 12 u 5
4. a. (3, 2 2, 7) l 5 magnitude
5 "32 1 ( 2 2)2 1 72 5 "9 1 4 1 49
5 "62 8 7.87 b. ( 2 9, 3, 14) l 5 magnitude
The angle between the two displacements is 135. The magnitude, m, and the angle, u, of the displacement can be found using the cosine law.
5 " ( 2 9)2 1 32 1 142 5 !81 1 9 1 196 5 !286 8 16.91
7-1
c. (1, 1, 0) l 5 magnitude 5 "12 1 12 1 02 5 "2 8 1.41 d. (2, 0, 2 9) l 5 magnitude 5 "22 1 02 1 ( 2 9)2 5 "4 1 0 1 81 5 "85 8 9.22 5. a. A ( x, y, 0) In the xy-plane at the point (x, y). b. B ( x, 0, z ) In the xz-plane at the point (x, z). c. C (0, y, z ) In the yz-plane at the point ( y, z). 6. a. ( 2 6, 0) 1 7(1, 2 1) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 7( i 2 j ) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j ) > > 5 i 2 7j b. (4, 2 1, 3) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 3) > > > > > > 5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 ( 2 2i 1 j 1 3k ) > > 5 6i 2 2j c. 2( 2 1, 1, 3) 1 3( 2 2, 3, 2 1) > > > > > > 5 2( 2 i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3( 2 2i 1 3j 2 k ) > > > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 ( 2 6i 1 9j 2 3k ) > > > 5 2 8i 1 11j 1 3k 1 3 d. 2 (4, 2 6, 8) 1 (4, 2 6, 8) 2 2 > > > > 3 > 1 > 5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 2 > 2> > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ) > > > 5 4i 2 6j 1 8k > > 7. a. a> 1 b > > > > 5 (3 i 1 2 j 2 k ) 1 ( 2 2 i 1 j ) > > > 5 i 1 3j 2 k > > b. a 2> b > > > > j ) 5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 ( 2> 2i 1 > 5 (3 i 1 2 j 2 k ) 1 (2 i 2 j ) > > > 5 5i 1 j 2 k > > c. 2a 2> 3b > > > > j 2 k>) 2 3( 2 2i 1 j) 5 2(3 i12 > > > > 5 (6i> 1 4 j 2 2>k ) 1 (6i 2 3j ) > 5 12i 1 j 2 2k 7-2

20 N 30 N
b. 180 3.
10 N 20 N
f2
equilibrant
resultant
f1
12
c. (1, 1, 0) l 5 magnitude 5 "12 1 12 1 02 5 "2 8 1.41 d. (2, 0, 2 9) l 5 magnitude 5 "22 1 02 1 ( 2 9)2 5 "4 1 0 1 81 5 "85 8 9.22 5. a. A ( x, y, 0) In the xy-plane at the point (x, y). b. B ( x, 0, z ) In the xz-plane at the point (x, z). c. C (0, y, z ) In the yz-plane at the point ( y, z). 6. a. ( 2 6, 0) 1 7(1, 2 1) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 7( i 2 j ) > > > > 5 ( 2 6i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j ) > > 5 i 2 7j b. (4, 2 1, 3) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 3) > > > > > > 5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 ( 2 2i 1 j 1 3k ) > > 5 6i 2 2j c. 2( 2 1, 1, 3) 1 3( 2 2, 3, 2 1) > > > > > > 5 2( 2 i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3( 2 2i 1 3j 2 k ) > > > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 ( 2 6i 1 9j 2 3k ) > > > 5 2 8i 1 11j 1 3k 1 3 d. 2 (4, 2 6, 8) 1 (4, 2 6, 8) 2 2 > > > > 3 > 1 > 5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 2 > 2> > > > > 5 ( 2 2i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ) > > > 5 4i 2 6j 1 8k > > 7. a. a> 1 b > > > > 5 (3 i 1 2 j 2 k ) 1 ( 2 2 i 1 j ) > > > 5 i 1 3j 2 k > > b. a 2> b > > > > j ) 5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 ( 2> 2i 1 > 5 (3 i 1 2 j 2 k ) 1 (2 i 2 j ) > > > 5 5i 1 j 2 k > > c. 2a 2> 3b > > > > j 2 k>) 2 3( 2 2i 1 j) 5 2(3 i12 > > > > 5 (6i> 1 4 j 2 2>k ) 1 (6i 2 3j ) > 5 12i 1 j 2 2k 7-2

20 N 30 N
b. 180 3.
10 N 20 N
f2
equilibrant
resultant
f1
12
7. Arms 90 cm apart will yield a resultant with a smaller magnitude than at 30 cm apart. A resultant with a smaller magnitude means less force to counter your weight, hence a harder chin-up. 8. Using the cosine law, the resultant has a magnitude, r, of > > > > r 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos 120
1 5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8) a2 b 2 5 36 1 64 1 48 5 148
Now we look at x1 and x2. We know > x1 5 @ f1 @ sin 15 So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10 > Substituting then solving for f2 yields > cos 75 > @ f2 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10 cos 15 > cos 75 @ f2 @ a sin 15 1 sin 75 b 5 10 cos 15
> >
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75 x1 1 x2 5 10
>
r 5 "148 8 12.17 N Using the sine law, the resultants angle, u, can be found by sin u sin 120 5 8 12.17 sin u 5 8
"3 2
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N > Now we solve for f1 :

>
@ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
>
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
> >
12.17
12.17 8 34.7 from the 6 N force toward the 8 N force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at 180 2 34.7 5 145.3 from the 6 N force away from the 8 N force. 9.
u 5 sin21 8
"3 2
10 N f1 f2
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N So the force 15 from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N. 10. The force of the block is (10 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 98 N. The component of this force parallel to the ramp is (98) sin 30 5 (98) A 1 2 B 5 49 N, directed down the ramp. So the force preventing this block from moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp. 11. a.
>
cos 75 cos 15 > cos 75 @ f1 @ 5 (9.66) cos 15 > @ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
7N 13 N
f1 5 force 15 from the 10 N force > > f2 5 force perpendicular to f1 > x1 5 component of f1 parallel to the 10 N force > x2 5 component of f2 parallel to the 10 N force > > We know that the components of f1 and f2 perpendicular to the 10 N force must be equal, so we can write > > @ f1 @ cos 15 5 @ f2 @ cos 75 > > cos 75 @ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @ cos 15
>
8N
b. Using the cosine law for the angle, u, we have 132 5 82 1 72 2 2(8)(7) cos u 169 5 64 1 49 2 112 cos u 56 5 2 112 cos u 2 56 cos u 5 112 21 u 5 cos21 2 5 120 7-3
This is the angle between the vectors when placed head to tail. So the angle between the vectors when placed tail to tail is 180 2 120 5 60. 12. The 10 N force and the 5 N force result in a 5 N force east. The 9 N force and the 14 N force result in a 5 N force south. The resultant of these is now equivalent to the hypotenuse of the right triangle with 5 N as both bases and is directed 45 south of east. So the resultant is "52 1 52 5 "50 8 7.1 N 45 south of east. 13.
f1 = 24 N
of an equilateral triangle are 60, the resultant will be at a 60 angle with the other two vectors. b. Since the equilibrant is directed opposite the resultant, the angle between the equilibrant and the other two vectors > >is 180 2 60 5 120. 15. Since f1 and f2 act opposite one another, they > > net a 10 N force directed west. Since f3 and f4 act opposite one another, they net a 10 N force directed 45 north of east. So using the cosine law to find > the resultant, fr, > @ fr @ 2 5 102 1 102 2 2(10)(10) cos 45 5 200 2 200 cos 45
5 200 2 200 a "2 b 2
equlibrant f2
resultant = 25 N
@ fr @ 5
>
a. Using the Pythagorean theorem, > > @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 5 252 > > @ f2 @ 2 5 252 2 @ f1 @ 2 5 252 2 242 5 49 > @ f2 @ 5 7 > b. The angle, u, between f1 and the resultant is given by > @ f2 @ sin u 5 25 7 sin u 5 25 7 u 5 sin21 25 8 16.3 > So the angle between f1 and the equilibrant is 180 2 16.3 5 163.7. 14. a.
60 1N 1N
8 7.65 N Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of the resultant is directed halfway between the two, or > > 1 at 2 (135) 5 67.5 from f2 toward f3. 16.
T2 T1 20 kg
200 2 200 a
"2 b 2
60 1N
60
For these three equal forces to be in equilibrium, they must form an equilateral triangle. Since the resultant will lie along one of these lines, and since all angles 7-4
Let T1 be the tension in the 30 rope and T2 be the tension in the 45 rope. Since this system is in equilibrium, we know that the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal and opposite and the vertical components add to be opposite the action of the mass. Also, the force produced by the mass is (20 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 196 N. So we have a system of two equations: the first, ( T1 ) cos 30 5 ( T2 ) cos 45 represents the balance of the horizontal components, and the second, ( T1 ) sin 30 1 ( T2 ) sin 45 5 196 represents the balance of the vertical components with the mass. So solving this system of two equations with two variable gives the desired tensions. T1 cos 30 5 T2 cos 45 cos 45 T1 5 T2 cos 30 T1 sin 30 1 T2 sin 45 5 196 cos 45 b sin 30 1 T2 sin 45 5 196 a T2 cos 30 cos 45 T2 aa b sin 30 1 sin 45 b 5 196 cos 30
T2 (1.12) 5 196 T2 8 175.73 N cos 45 T1 5 (175.73) cos 30 8 143.48 N Thus the tension in the 45 rope is 175.73 N and the tension in the 30 rope is 143.48 N. 17. 40 cm
24 cm 32 cm
Thus the tension in the 24 cm string is 39.2 N and the tension in the 32 cm string is 29.4 N. 18.
resultant x 35 u 2x
5 kg
N W S E
First, use the Cosine Law to find the angles the strings make at the point of suspension. Let u1 be the angle made by the 32 cm string and u2 be the angle made by the 24 cm string. 242 5 322 1 402 2 2(32)(40) cos u1 2 2048 5 2 2560 cos u1 2048 u1 5 cos21 2560 8 36.9 322 5 242 1 402 2 2(24)(40) cos u2 2 1152 5 2 1920 cos u2 1152 u2 5 cos21 1920 8 53.1 A keen eye could have recognized this triangle as a 3-4-5 right triangle and simply used the Pythagorean theorem as well. Now we set up the same system of equations as in problem 16, with T1 being the tension in the 32 cm string and T2 being the tension in the 24 cm string, and the force of the mass being (5 kg)(9.8 N> kg) 5 49 N. T1 cos 36.9 5 T2 cos 53.1 cos 53.1 T1 5 T2 cos 36.9 T1 sin 36.9 1 T2 sin 53.1 5 49 cos 53.1 aT2 b sin 36.9 1 T2 sin 53.1 5 49 cos 36.9 cos 53.1 T2 aa b sin 36.9 1 sin 53.1 b 5 49 cos 36.9 T2 (1.25) 5 49 T2 8 39.2 N cos 53.1 T1 5 (39.2) cos 36.9 8 29.4 N
(Port means left and starboard means right.) We are looking for the resultant of these two force vectors that are 35 apart. We dont know the exact value of the force, so we will call it x. So the small tug is pulling with a force of x and the large tug is pulling with a force of 2x. To find the magnitude of the resultant, r, in terms of x, we use the cosine law. r 2 5 x 2 1 (2x )2 2 2( x )(2x ) cos 145 5 x 2 1 4x 2 2 4x 2 cos 145 8 5x 2 2 4x 2 ( 2 0.8192) 8 5x 2 1 3.2768x 2 8 8.2768x 2 r 8 "8.2768x 2 8 2.8769x Now we use the cosine law again to find the angle, u, made by the resultant. x 2 5 r 2 1 (2x )2 2 2(2.8769x )(2x ) cos u x 2 5 8.2768x 2 1 4x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u x 2 5 12.2768x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u 2 11.2768x 2 5 2 11.5076x 2 cos u 11.2768 cos u 5 11.5076 11.2768 u 5 cos21 a b 11.5076 8 11.5 from the large tug toward the small tug, for a net of 8.5 to the starboard side.
7-5
19.
5N
u10N 5 cos21 a
10 b 2 13.75
8N
10N
8 136.7 20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is equal in magnitude and angle to the line > diagonal > of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs > > and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know from the cosine law that > > > > > > @ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram. Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then cos f 5 cos (180 2 u ) 5 2 cos u. Thus we > > have > > > > @ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f > > > > 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >

7-6
19.
5N
u10N 5 cos21 a
10 b 2 13.75
8N
10N
8 136.7 20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is equal in magnitude and angle to the line > diagonal > of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs > > and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know from the cosine law that > > > > > > @ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram. Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then cos f 5 cos (180 2 u ) 5 2 cos u. Thus we > > have > > > > @ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f > > > > 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >

7-6
4. Adam must swim at an angle, u, upstream so as to counter the 1 km> h velocity of the stream. This is equivalent to Adam swimming along the hypotenuse of a right traingle with 1 km> h leg and a 2 km> h hypotenuse. So the angle is found using the definition of cosine. 1 cos u 5 2 1 u 5 cos21 2 5 60 upstream 5. a. 2 m> s forward b. 20 m> s 1 2 m> s 5 22 m> s in the direction of the car 6. Since the two velocities are at right angles we can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made. m 2 5 122 1 52 5 144 1 25 5 169 m 5 "169 5 13 m> s 5 sin u 5 13 5 u 5 sin21 13 8 22.6 from the direction of the boat toward the direction of the current. This results in a net of 22.6 1 15 5 37.6, or N 37.6 W. 7. a. First we find the components of the resultant directed north and directed west. The component directed north is the velocity of the airplane, 800, minus 100 sin 45, since the wind forms a 45 angle south of west. The western component of the resultant is simply 100 cos 45. So we use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant and the definition of sine to find the angle, u, of the resultant. m 2 5 (800 2 100 sin 45)2 1 (100 cos 45)2 8 (729.29)2 1 (71.71)2 8 536 863.8082 m 8 732.71 km> h Use the sine law to determine the direction. sin u sin 45 5 100 732.71 u 8 5.5 The direction is N 5.5 W.
b. The airplane is travelling at approximately 732.71 km> h, so in 1 hour the airplane will travel about 732.71 km. 8. a. First we find the velocity of the airplane. We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the resultant. m 2 5 4502 1 1002 5 202 500 1 10 000 5 212 500 m 5 "212 500 8 461 km> h So in 3 hours, the airplane will travel about (461 km> h)(3 h) 5 1383 km. b. To find the angle, u, the airplane travels, we use the definition of sine. 100 sin u 5 461 100 u 5 sin21 461 8 12.5 east of north. 9. a. To find the angle, u, at which to fly is the equivalent of the angle of a right triangle with 44 as the opposite leg and 244 as the hypotenuse. So we use the definition of sine to find this angle. 44 sin u 5 244 44 u 5 sin21 244 8 10.4 south of west. b. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the resultant ground speed of the airplane is " (2442 2 442 ) 5 240 km> h. Since time 5 distance> rate, the duration of the flight is simply (480 km)> (240 km> h) 5 2 h. 10. a. Since Judy is swimming perpendicular to the flow of the river, her resultant velocity is simply the hypotenuse of a right triangle with 3 and 4 as bases, which is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Thus, Judys resultant velocity is 5 km> h. The direction is determined by tan u 5 4 3 . u 8 53.1 downstream b. Judys distance traveled down the river would be the 4 leg of the 3-4-5 triangle formed by the vectors, but scaled down so that 1m (the width of the river) is equivalent to the 3 leg. So her distance traveled is 4 3 8 1.33 km. This makes her about 0.67 km from Helens cottage. c. While in the river, Judy is swimming at 5 km> h for a distance of 5 3 km. Since time 5 distance> rate, her time taken is 5 3 km 5 1 hours 5 20 minutes. 5 km> h 3 7-7
11.
v u
5k 20 30
h m/
a. and b. Here, 205 km> h directed 30 north of east is the resultant of 212 km> h directed east, and the wind speed, v, directed at some angle. This problem is more easily approached finding the wind speed, v, first. So we will do that using the cosine law. v 2 5 2052 1 2122 2 2(205)(212) cos 30 5 42 025 1 44 944 2 86 920 cos 30 5 86 969 2 75 275 5 11 694 v 5 "11 694 8 108 km> h Now to find the winds direction, we simply find the angle supplementary to the lesser angle, u, formed by the parallelogram of these three velocities. We can use the sine law for this. sin u sin 30 5 205 108 sin 30 sin u 5 205 a b 108 sin 30 u 5 sin21 a 205 a bb 108 8 71.6 Thus, the direction of v is the angle supplementary to u in the parallelogram: 180 2 71.6 5 108.4 5 18.4 west of north. 12.
212 km/h
Since her swimming speed is a maximum of 4 km> h, this is her maximum resultant magnitude, which is also the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by her and the rivers velocity vector. Since one of these legs is 5 km> h, we have a triangle with a leg larger than its hypotenuse, which is impossible. 13. a. First we need to find Marys resultant velocity, v. Since this resultant is the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by hers and the rivers velocity, we can use the cosine law with the angle, u, of the parallelogram adjacent 30. 7-8
v 2 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4) cos 150 5 9 1 16 2 24 cos 150 5 25 1 20.8 5 45.8 v 5 "45.8 8 6.8 m> s So in 10 seconds, Mary travels about (6.8 m> s)(10 s) 5 68 m. b. Since Mary is travelling at 3 m>s at an angle of 30, to find the component of her velocity, v, perpendicular to the current, we use the definition of sine. v 5 3 sin 30 1 5 3a b 2 5 1.5 m> s perpendicular to the current. So since time 5 distance> rate, the time taken is (150 m)> (1.5 m> s) 5 100 s. 14. a. So we have a 5.5 m> s vector and a 4 m> s vector with a resultant vector that is directed 45 south of west. Letting u be the angle between the 4 km> h vector and the resultant, we can construct a parallelogram using these three vectors and a subsequent triangle with u opposite the 5.5 m> s vector and 45 opposite the 4 m> s vector. We now use the sine law to find u. sin u sin 45 5 5.5 4 sin 45 sin u 5 5.5 a b 4 sin 45 u 5 sin21 a 5.5 a bb 4 8 76.5 from the resultant. Since the resultant is 45 west of south, Daves direction is 76.5 1 45 5 121.5 west of south, which is equivalent to about 180 2 121.5 5 58.5 upstream. b. First, we find the magnitude, m, of Daves 4 m> s velocity in the direction perpendicular to the river. This is done using the definition of sine. m 5 4 sin 58.5 8 3.41 m> s perpendicular to the river. Since time is distance> rate, we have (200 m)> (3.41 m> s) 8 58.6 s. 15. Let b represent the speed of the steamboat and c represent the speed of the current. On the way downstream, the effective speed is b 1 c, and upstream is b 2 c. The distance upstream and downstream is the same, so 5( b 1 c ) 5 7( b 2 c ). So, b 5 6c. This means that the speed of the boat is 6 times the speed of the current. So, (6c 1 c ) ? 5
> > > > > 1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0, > or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be nonzero. > > 2. a ? b is a scalar, and a dot product is only defined > > > for vectors, so ( a ? b ) ? c is meaningless. > > > > > > 3. Answers may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2 i. > > > > > > a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2 c . > > > > > > > > 4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a > > > > 5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and since they are pointing in opposite directions then > > u 5 180 so cos u 5 2 1. Therefore a ? b 5 2 1. > > > > 6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos (60) 5 (32)(.5) 5 16 > > > > b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 5 (2)(4) cos (150) "3 5 (8) a 2 b 2 8 2 6.93 > > > > c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (0)(8) cos (100) 50 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (1)(1) cos (180) 5 (1)( 2 1) 5 21 > > > > e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u 5 (2)(5) cos (90) 5 (10)(0) 50 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos 145 8 2 26.2 > > > > 7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u "3 5 cos u 2 u 5 30
> > > > b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u (6) 5 (6)(6) cos u 1 5 cos u 6 u 8 80 > > > > c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 5 cos u 5 u 8 53 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 2 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 2 5 cos u 5 u 8 127 > > > > e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u 1 5 cos u 2 u 5 60 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 2 50 5 (10)(10) cos u 1 2 5 cos u 2 u 5 120> > > > 8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120) 1 5 (45) a b 2 5 22.5 Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when they are tail to u 2> 120. > tail, so > > > > > > 9. a. ( a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b > > > > 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b >2 5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2 > > > > 2 3a ? b 1 10 a?b > > @b@ 2 5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 > > 1 7a ? b > > > > > > > b. 3x ? ( x 2 3y ) 2 ( x 2 3y ) ? ( 2 3x 1 y ) > > > > > > > > 5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 ( 2 3y ? 2 3x ) >2 1 30 y 0 > > > > > > > > 5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2 >2 > > >2 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 > 10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with > 0 is 0.
7-9
> > > > > 1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0, > or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be nonzero. > > 2. a ? b is a scalar, and a dot product is only defined > > > for vectors, so ( a ? b ) ? c is meaningless. > > > > > > 3. Answers may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2 i. > > > > > > a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2 c . > > > > > > > > 4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a > > > > 5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and since they are pointing in opposite directions then > > u 5 180 so cos u 5 2 1. Therefore a ? b 5 2 1. > > > > 6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos (60) 5 (32)(.5) 5 16 > > > > b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 5 (2)(4) cos (150) "3 5 (8) a 2 b 2 8 2 6.93 > > > > c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (0)(8) cos (100) 50 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 5 (1)(1) cos (180) 5 (1)( 2 1) 5 21 > > > > e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u 5 (2)(5) cos (90) 5 (10)(0) 50 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 5 (4)(8) cos 145 8 2 26.2 > > > > 7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u "3 5 cos u 2 u 5 30
> > > > b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u (6) 5 (6)(6) cos u 1 5 cos u 6 u 8 80 > > > > c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 5 cos u 5 u 8 53 > > > > d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0 cos u 2 3 5 (5)(1) cos u 3 2 5 cos u 5 u 8 127 > > > > e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u 1 5 cos u 2 u 5 60 > > > > f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos u 2 50 5 (10)(10) cos u 1 2 5 cos u 2 u 5 120> > > > 8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180 2 120) 1 5 (45) a b 2 5 22.5 Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when they are tail to u 2> 120. > tail, so > > > > > > 9. a. ( a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b > > > > 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b >2 5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2 > > > > 2 3a ? b 1 10 a?b > > @b@ 2 5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 > > 1 7a ? b > > > > > > > b. 3x ? ( x 2 3y ) 2 ( x 2 3y ) ? ( 2 3x 1 y ) > > > > > > > > 5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 ( 2 3y ? 2 3x ) >2 1 30 y 0 > > > > > > > > 5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2 >2 > > >2 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 > 10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with > 0 is 0.
7-9
> > > > > > > > 11. ( a 2 5b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90) > > > > > > 0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0 > > > > 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b > > > 1 > a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2) 6 5 1 > > > > > > > > 12. a. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b > > > 1 b ? a 1 b> ? b > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b > 1 @b@ 2 > >2 > > @ @2 1 2 a 1 b 5 0 a 0 ? b > > > > > > > > > > b. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a > > 2b?b > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2 > > 5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2 > > > 13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ? a > > > > 5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) > > > > 5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2 > > > > b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (90) 5 0 > > > Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2. This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says, > > where b and c are the legs of the right triangle. > > > > > > 14. ( u 1 v 1 w ) ? ( u 1 v 1 w ) > > > > > > > > > > 5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v > > > > > > > > 1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w >2 >2 >2 > > 5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos (90) > > > > 1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 5 14 > > > > 15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 > > > > > > > > 5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v ) > > > > > > > > 5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 > > 5 20 u 02 1 20 v 02 > > > > > 16. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > 5 1 1 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0 cos (60) 1 1 > > 1 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (120) 1 1 1 5 2 1 2a b 1 2 2 2 2 53 > > > > 17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > > > > > > a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > 1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0 > > > > > > > > > > 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > > 1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > > > 1 1 4 1 9 1 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0 > > > > > > 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 2 14 > > > > > > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27 > > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c > c b5d1 > > > > > > c ? a 5 (( b ? a ) a ) ? a > > > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( b ? a )( a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar > > > > > c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2 > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1 > > > > > > c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a > d?a50

7-10
> > > > > > > > 11. ( a 2 5b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90) > > > > > > 0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0 > > > > 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b > > > 1 > a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2) 6 5 1 > > > > > > > > 12. a. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b > > > 1 b ? a 1 b> ? b > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b > 1 @b@ 2 > >2 > > @ @2 1 2 a 1 b 5 0 a 0 ? b > > > > > > > > > > b. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a > > 2b?b > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2 > > 5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2 > > > 13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ? a > > > > 5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) > > > > 5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2 > > > > b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (90) 5 0 > > > Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2. This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says, > > where b and c are the legs of the right triangle. > > > > > > 14. ( u 1 v 1 w ) ? ( u 1 v 1 w ) > > > > > > > > > > 5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v > > > > > > > > 1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w >2 >2 >2 > > 5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0 cos (90) > > > > 1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0 cos (90) 5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 5 14 > > > > 15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 > > > > > > > > 5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v ) > > > > > > > > 5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 > > 5 20 u 02 1 20 v 02 > > > > > 16. ( a 1 b ) ? ( a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > > > > > > > 5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > 5 1 1 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0 cos (60) 1 1 > > 1 @ b @ 0 c 0 cos (120) 1 1 1 5 2 1 2a b 1 2 2 2 2 53 > > > > 17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > > > > > > a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) > > > > 1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0 > > > > > > > > > > 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c > > > > > 1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > > > 1 1 4 1 9 1 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0 > > > > > > 2( a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 2 14 > > > > > > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27 > > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c > c b5d1 > > > > > > c ? a 5 (( b ? a ) a ) ? a > > > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( b ? a )( a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar > > > > > c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2 > > > > > > c ? a 5 ( d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1 > > > > > > c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a > d?a50

7-10
Any vector in the yz>-plane is of the form > e 5 (0, e2, e3 ). Let f 5 (1, 0, 0). > > e ? f 5 (1)(0) 1 (0)( e2 ) 1 (0)( e3 ) 50 Therefore (1, 0, 0) is perpendicular to every vector in the yz-plane. 4. a. (1, 2, 2 1) ? (4, 3, 10) 5 4 1 6 2 10 50 5 ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6) ? a 5, 2 3, 2 b 5 2 20 1 15 1 5 6 50 b. If any of the vectors were collinear then one would be a scalar multiple of the other. Comparing the signs of the individual components of each vector eliminates (1, 2, 2 1) and ( 5, 2 3, 2 5 6 ) . All of the components of ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6) have the same sign and the same is true for (4, 3, 10), but (4, 3, 10) is not a scalar multiple of ( 2 4, 2 5, 2 6). Therefore none of the vectors are collinear. 5. a. Using the strategy of Example 5 yields ( x, y ) ? (1, 2 2) 5 0 and ( x, y ) ? (1, 1) 5 0 x 2 2y 5 0 and x 1 y 5 0 3y 5 0 Therefore the only result is x 5 y 5 0, or (0, 0). This is because (1, 2 2) and (1, 1) both lie on the xy-plane and are not collinear, so any vector that is perpendicular to both vectors must be in R 3 which does not exist in R 2. b. If we select any two vectors that are not collinear in R 2, then any vector that is perpendicular to both cannot be in R 2 and must be in R 3. This is not possible since R 3 does not exist in R 2. > > a?b 6. a. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (5)( 2 1) 1 (3)( 2 2) 5 "25 1 9"1 1 4 2 11 5 " (34)(5) 2 11 5 "170 u 8 148 > > a?b b. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ ( 2 1)(6) 1 (4)( 2 2) 5 "1 1 16"36 1 4 2 14 5 "680 u 8 123
> > a?b c. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)( 2 2) 5 "4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4 4 5 (3)(3) 4 5 9 u 8 64 > > a?b d. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (2)( 2 5) 1 (3)(0) 1 ( 2 6)(12) 5 "4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144 2 82 5 (7)(13) 2 82 5 91 u 8 154 > > > > 7. a. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u > > ( 2 1)( 2 6k ) 1 (2)( 2 1) 1 ( 2 3)( k ) 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (90) 6k 2 2 2 3 k 5 0 3k 5 2 2 k5 3 > > > > a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
b. (1)(0) 1 (1)( k ) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45) 1 k 5 "2 0 k 0 "2 k 5 0k0 k$0 8. a. y
2 (0, 1) 1 (1, 0) x 2 1 0 1 2 1 2
b.
y 2 (0, 1) 1 (1, 0) x 0 2 1 1 2 1 2
7-11
The diagonals are (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and (1, 0) 2 (0, 1) 5 (1, 2 1) or (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and (0, 1) 2 (1, 0) 5 (2 1, 0). c. (1, 1) ? (1, 2 1) 5121 50 or (1, 1) ? ( 2 1, 1) 5 21 1 1 50 > > a?b 9. a. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ (1 2 "2)(1) 1 ( "2 2 1)(1) 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@ 50 u5 > > 90 a?b b. cos u 5 > > 0 a 0 @b@
5 5
" (2 2 2"2 1 1) 1 (2 1 2"2 1 1) 1 2 "1 1 1 1 1 "2 2 1 1 "2 1 1 1 "2
"8"3 "3 5 2 u 5 30 > > 10. a. i. a 5 kb 8 5 12k 2 k5 3 2 p 5 4a b 3 8 p5 3 2 25 q 3 q53 ii. Answers may vary. For example: > > a?b50 2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0 q 5 2 2p 2 48 Let p 5 1 q 5 2 50 b. In part a., the values are unique because both vectors have their third component specified, and > the ratios must be the same for each component b. In part b. the values are not unique; any value of p could have been chosen, each resulting in a different value of q.
3"2
11. AB 5 (2, 6), BC 5 ( 2 5, 2 5), CA 5 (3, 2 1) > > AB ? CA cos (180 2 uA ) 5 > > @ AB @ @ CA @ 626 5 > > @ AB @ @ CA @ 50 180 2 uA 5 90 uA 5 90 > > AB ? BC cos (180 2 uB ) 5 > > @ AB @ @ BC @ 2 10 2 30 5 "4 1 36"25 1 25 2 40 5 " (40)(50) 4 52 5 180 2 uB 8 153.4 uB 8 26.6 uC 5 180 2 uA 2 uB uC 8 63.4 12. a. O 5 (0, 0, 0), A 5 (7, 0, 0), B 5 (7, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (7, 0, 5), E 5 (0, 4, 5), F 5 (0, 0, 5) > > > > b. AE ? BF 5 @ AE @ @ BF @ cos u ( 2 7, 4, 5) ? ( 2 7, 2 4, 5) 5 "49 1 16 1 25 3 "49 1 16 1 25 cos u 49 2 16 1 25 5 90 cos u 58 5 cos u 90 u 8 50 13. a. Answers may vary. For example: ( x, y, z ) ? ( 2 1, 3, 0) 5 0 2 x 1 3y 5 0 x 5 3y ( x, y, z ) ? (1, 2 5, 2) 5 0 x 2 5y 1 2z 5 0 2 2y 1 2z 5 0 y5z Let y 5 1. (3, 1, 1) is perpendicular to ( 2 1, 3, 0) and (1, 2 5, 2). b. Answers may vary. For example: ( x, y, z ) ? (1, 3, 2 4) 5 0 x 1 3y 2 4z 5 0 x 5 4z 2 3y ( x, y, z ) ? ( 2 1, 2 2, 3) 5 0
>
>
>
7-12
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
(3p 2 4)2 5 a 7"20 1 p 2 cos u b
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 ) a 320 16 1 p2 9 9 65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 p5
216 6 " ( 2 216)2 2 4(65)( 2 176) 2(65) 44 65
p 5 4 or 2

> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60) 1 5 (6) 2 53 7-13
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
(3p 2 4)2 5 a 7"20 1 p 2 cos u b
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 ) a 320 16 1 p2 9 9 65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 p5
216 6 " ( 2 216)2 2 4(65)( 2 176) 2(65) 44 65
p 5 4 or 2

> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60) 1 5 (6) 2 53 7-13
> > > > > > > b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2 2 9a ? b > > > 1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2 5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2 5 81 2. 20 cm
u2 25 cm u1 15 cm
sin ( u2 ) 5 "1 2 cos2 ( u2 ) sin ( u2 ) 5 0.6 (20)2 5 (15)2 1 (25)2 2 (2)(15)(25) cos ( u1 ) cos ( u1 ) 5 0.6 sin ( u1 ) 5 0.8 Horizontal Components: 2 T1 cos ( u1 ) 1 T2 cos ( u2 ) 5 0 (0.8)T2 5 (0.6)T1 T2 5 (0.75)T1 Vertical Components: T1 sin ( u1 ) 1 T2 sin ( u2 ) 2 (15)(9.8) 5 0 (0.8)T1 1 (0.6)(0.75)T1 5 147 (1.25)T1 5 147 T1 5 117.6 N T2 5 (0.75)T1 T2 5 88.2 N Therefore the tension in the 15 cm cord is 117.60 N and the tension in the 20 cm cord is 88.20 N. 3. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular, so the dot product is 0. 4. a. a
v 135 w > > 0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100 By the cosine law: > > 0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2 2 2(500)(100) cos (135) > > 0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1 v +w
Let T1 be the tension in the 15 cm cord and T2 be the tension in the 20 cm cord. Let u1 be the angle the 15 cm cord makes with the ceiling and u2 be the angle the 20 cm cord makes with the ceiling. By the cosine law: (15)2 5 (20)2 1 (25)2 2 2(20)(25) cos ( u2 ) cos ( u2 ) 5 0.8
By the cosine law: sin ( a ) sin (135) 5 100 575.1 sin ( a ) 8 0.123 a 8 7.06 The resultant velocity of the airplane is 575.1 km> h at S7.06E b. (distance) 5 (rate)(time) 1000 km t8 ? 575.1 (km/h) t 8 1.74 hours 5. a.
E F
>
@ E ' @ 5 @ E @ cos (40) > @ E ' @ 5 (9.8)(15)cos (40) > @ E ' @ 8 112.61 N > > b. @ F @ 5 @ E @ sin (40) > @ F @ 8 94.49 N 6. 6u 5 360
>
u 5 60 > > > > a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60) 5 (3)(3)(0.5) 5 4.5 > > 7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 ( 2 5)(2) 1 (20)(2) 5 34> > > > b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u )
34 5 "16 1 25 1 400 "1 1 4 1 4 cos ( u ) 34 cos ( u ) 5 63 > > > > > > > > 8. a. a ? b 5 ( i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 522614 50 > > > > > > > > b. b ? c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) ? (3i 2 j 2 k ) 561324 55 > > > > > > > > c. b 1 c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 1 (3i 2 j 2 k ) > > > 5 5i 2 4j >1 3k> > > > > > > > d. a ? ( b 1 c ) 5 ( i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (5i 2 4j 1 3k ) 552813 5 > > 0> > > > > e. ( a 1 b ) ? ( b 1 c ) 5 (3i 2 j 1 5k ) > > > ? (5j 2 4j 1 3k ) 5 15 1 4 1 15 5 34
7-14
> > > > > > > f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) > > > 2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )) > > > ? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) > > > 1 (3i 2 j 1 k )) > > > 5 ( 2 4i 1 13j 2 10k ) > > > ? (5i 1 3j 1 k ) 5 2 20 1 39 2 10 59 > > 9. a. ? q 5 0 p > > > > > > ( xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0 3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0 2 10 6 " (10)2 2 4(3)(3) x5 2(3) 2 10 6 8 x5 6 1 x 5 2 3 or x 5 2 3 > > b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar multiple of the other. > > p 5 nq where n is a constant > > > > > > xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) > n 5 3 by the k > component x 5 9x by the i component x50 > 1 5 30(0) by the j component 120 Therefore there is no value of x that will make these two vectors parallel. > > > > > > > > 10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) > > > 5 i 2 4j 2 k > > > > > > > > b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) 5 6 1 12 1 6 5 24 > > > > > > > > c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ ( i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @ > > 5 @ 2i 1 k @
> > > > > > > > e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y > > 5 2 3x ? y > > > > > 5 2 3( i 2 2j 2 k ) ? ( i 2 j 2 k ) 5 2 3(1 1 2 1 1) 5 2 12 11.
4N
5N
180 - u 3N
(4) 5 (5) 1 (3)2 2 2(3)(5) cos (180 2 u ) 0.6 5 cos (180 2 u ) 180 2 u 8 53.1 u 8 126.9 12. ( F )2 5 (3)2 1 (4)2 2 2(3)(4) cos (180 2 60) ( F )2 5 25 2 24 cos (120) ( F )2 5 37 F 8 6.08 N (3)2 5 (4)2 1 "37
cos u 5
5 "2 or 1.41 > > > > > > > d. (2x 2 3y ) ? ( x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k ) > > > 2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ? > > > 1 (( i 2 2j 2 k ) > > > 1 (4 i 2 4 j 2 4 k ) > > > 5 (2i 2 j 1 k) > > > ? (5i 2 6j 2 5k ) 5 25 1 6 2 5 5 24
5 " (2i 1 k) ? (2i 1 k)

> > > >
u 8 25.3 > F 8 6.08 N, 25.3 from the 4 N force towards the 3 >N force. E 8 6.08 N, 180 2 25.3 5 154.7 from the 4 N force away from the 3 N force. > > > > 13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n > > m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10) > > m 2 n 5 (3, 2 10, 0) > > > > > > > > ( m 1 n ) ? ( m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0 cos u 3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u cos u 8 2 0.3276 u 8 109.1 > > > > > > b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0 cos u (9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25) 2 2"38 "75 cos u cos u 8 0.0374 u 8 87.9
8 "37
44
)2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
7-15
14. a. 45 sin (150) 5 500 sin u u 8 N 2.6 E b. v 5 500 cos (2.6) 2 45 cos (30) 8 460.5 km> h 1000 t8 460.5 t 8 2.17 hours > > a?x50 15. 2 x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 x 5 2x2 1 5x3 > 1> b?x50 x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 x2 1 2x3 5 0 choose x3 5 1 x2 5 2 2 x1 5 1 1 > x5 (1, 2 2, 1) !6 1 2 1 2 1 1 > x5a ,2 , b or a 2 , ,2 b !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45) 8 6.12 m> s d 8 (6.12)(10) 8 61.2 m b. w 5 3 sin (45) 8 2.12 m> s 180 t8 2.12 t 8 84.9 seconds > > > > 17. a. ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 >2 > > > > >2 0x0 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0y0 5 0 > > 0 x 02 5 0 y 02 > > > > > > ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 when x and y have the same length. > > b. Vectors >a and b determine a parallelogram. Their > sum a 1 b is one diagonal of the parallelogram formed, with its tail in the same location as the tails > > > > of a and b. Their difference a 2 b is the other diagonal of the parallelogram. > 18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40) 8 268.12 N

>
>
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
multiplied by
the magnitude of the x-axis which is equal > to i. > The scalar projection of 2 multiplied by equals i . 2 i > > > > a?b b. Scalar projection of a on b is > where @b@ > > a 5 (2, 3) and b is now the positive y-axis (0, Y ). > > a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y ) 5 0 1 3Y > 5 3Y @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2 5Y > > a @b@ 3Y > 5 Y @b@ 5 3; The vector projection is the scalar projection
> >
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>

>
multiplied by
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>

>
7-16
14. a. 45 sin (150) 5 500 sin u u 8 N 2.6 E b. v 5 500 cos (2.6) 2 45 cos (30) 8 460.5 km> h 1000 t8 460.5 t 8 2.17 hours > > a?x50 15. 2 x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 x 5 2x2 1 5x3 > 1> b?x50 x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 x2 1 2x3 5 0 choose x3 5 1 x2 5 2 2 x1 5 1 1 > x5 (1, 2 2, 1) !6 1 2 1 2 1 1 > x5a ,2 , b or a 2 , ,2 b !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6 16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45) 8 6.12 m> s d 8 (6.12)(10) 8 61.2 m b. w 5 3 sin (45) 8 2.12 m> s 180 t8 2.12 t 8 84.9 seconds > > > > 17. a. ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 >2 > > > > >2 0x0 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0y0 5 0 > > 0 x 02 5 0 y 02 > > > > > > ( x 1 y ) ? ( x 2 y ) 5 0 when x and y have the same length. > > b. Vectors >a and b determine a parallelogram. Their > sum a 1 b is one diagonal of the parallelogram formed, with its tail in the same location as the tails > > > > of a and b. Their difference a 2 b is the other diagonal of the parallelogram. > 18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40) 8 268.12 N

>
>
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
>
multiplied by
the magnitude of the x-axis which is equal > to i. > The scalar projection of 2 multiplied by equals i . 2 i > > > > a?b b. Scalar projection of a on b is > where @b@ > > a 5 (2, 3) and b is now the positive y-axis (0, Y ). > > a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y ) 5 0 1 3Y > 5 3Y @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2 5Y > > a @b@ 3Y > 5 Y @b@ 5 3; The vector projection is the scalar projection
> >
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>

>
multiplied by
@ b@
>
where
@ b@
>

>
7-16
> > 4. Answers may vary. For example: p , 5 AE > > q 5 AB
D p A E C q B
> > > Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ; > > > Vector projection p on q 5 AC; > > > Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ; > > > Vector projection q on p 5 AD > > 5. When a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0) 5 21 > @ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02 51 > > a ?b 21 Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 2 1; > b (1, 0, 0) The vector equation is 2 1 3 > 5 2 1 3 1 @b@ 5 2 1; > Under the same approach, when a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) > and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0) 52 > @ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02 51 > > 2 a ?b Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 2, > b (0, 1, 0) The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3 1 @b@ 5 2; > The same is also true when a 5 ( 2 1, 2, 5) and > b 5 (0, 0, 1) then > > a ? b 5 ( 2 1 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1) 55 > @ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12 51 > > a ?b 5 Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 1 @b@ 5 5, > b (0, 0, 1) The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3 1 @b@ 5 5;
Without having to use formulae, a projection of > > > ( 2 1, 2, 5) on i, j, or k is the same as a projection > > > of ( 2 1, 0, 0) on i, (0, 2, 0) on j, and (0, 0, 5) on k which intuitively yields the same result. > > 6. a. p ? q 5 (3 3 2 4) 1 (6 3 5) 1 ( 2 22 3 2 20) 5 2 12 1 30 1 440 5 458 > 0 q 0 5 " ( 2 4)2 1 52 1 ( 2 20)2
5 "16 1 25 1 400 5 "441 5 21
Therefore the scalar projection is
> 458 q The vector equation 5 3 > 21 0q0 458 ( 2 4, 5, 2 20) 5 . 21 21 458 ( 2 4, 5, 20). 5 441 > > b. Direction angles for p where p 5 ( a, b, c ) a include a, b, and g. cos a 5 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 3 5 "32 1 62 1 ( 2 22)2 3 5 "9 1 36 1 484 3 5 "529 3 5 , 23 3 Therefore a 5 cos21 a b 23 8 82.5; b cos b 5 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 6 5 2 2 "3 1 6 1 ( 2 22)2 6 5 "9 1 36 1 484 6 5 "529 6 5 , 23 6 Therefore b 5 cos21 a b 23 8 74.9;
> > p?q 458 , > 5 0q0 21
7-17
cos g 5 5 5 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 2 22
2 2
> 8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is

2
"3 1 6 1 ( 2 22) 2 22 "9 1 36 1 484 2 22
"529 2 22 5 , 23
Therefore g 5 cos21 a
2 22 b 23
8 163.0 > > 7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 2 1) 5 1 1 ( 2 1) 50 > 0 y 0 5 "12 1 ( 2 1)2 > > x ?y 0 > 5 0y0 "2 5 0; > > y The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0 0y0 > > b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0) 52 > 0 y 0 5 "12 1 02 51 > > x ?y 2 The scalar projection is > 5 0y0 1 5 2; > y (1, 0) The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3 0y0 1 > 5 2i > > c. x ? y 5 (2 3 2 5) 1 (5 3 12) 5 2 10 1 60 5 50 > 0 y 0 5 " ( 2 5)2 1 122 5 "2
The scalar projection is
> > x ?y 50 The scalar projection is > 5 . 0y0 13 > 50 y ( 2 5, 12) 50 The vector projection is 3 > 5 3 13 0y0 13 13 50 ( 2 5, 12) 5 169
5 "25 1 144 5 "169 5 13
> a ? ( X, 0, 0) ( 2 1 3 X ) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2X 5 X 5 2 1; > The vector projection of a on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 5 21 3 21 3 2 2 2 X "X 1 0 1 0 > 5 2 i; > The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ( 2 1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y ) 1 (4 3 0) a ? (0, Y, 0) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "02 1 Y 2 1 02 2Y 5 Y 52 > The vector projection of a on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 23 523 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 2j; > The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > ( 2 1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z ) a ? (0, 0, Z ) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "02 1 02 1 Z 2 4Z 5 Z 5 4; > The vector projection of a on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 43 543 2 2 2 Z "0 1 0 1 Z > 5 4k. > b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is > ma ? ( X, 0, 0) ( 2 m 3 X ) 1 (2m 3 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 (4m 3 0) 1 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2 mX 5 X 5 2m > The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 5 2m 3 2m 3 2 2 2 X "X 1 0 1 0 > 5 2 mi;
> a ? ( X, 0, 0) 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0
7-18
> The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ma ? (0, Y, 0) ( 2 m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y ) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "0 2 1 Y 2 1 02 (4m 3 0) 1 "0 2 1 y2 1 02 2mY 5 Y 5 2m; > The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 5 2m 3 2m 3 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 2mj; > The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > ma ? (0, 0, Z ) ( 2 m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "0 2 1 02 1 Z2 (4m 3 Z ) 1 "0 2 1 02 1 Z2 4mZ 5 Z 5 4m; > The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 4m 3 5 4m 3 2 2 2 Z "0 1 0 1 Z > 5 4mk. 9. a.
a
> a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar projection will be the magnitude of itself. b. Using the formula for the scalar projection > > 0 a 0 cos u 5 0 a 0 cos 0 > 5 0 a 0 (1) > 5 0 a 0. The vector projection is the scalar projection > > > > a a multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 0 5 a . a a
10. a. B a
> > > (2a ) ? a 2 0 a 02 b. 5 > > 0a0 0a0 > 5 20a 0
> 0a0 > So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a . 0a0

>
11. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 5 ( 2 1, 3, 4) 2 (1, 2, 2) 5 ( 2 2, 1, 2) > The scalar projection of AB on the x-axis ( X, 0, 0) is > ( 2 2 3 X ) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) a ? ( X, 0, 0) 5 0 ( X, 0, 0) 0 "X 2 1 02 1 02 2 2X 5 X 5 2 2; > The vector projection of AB on the x-axis is ( X, 0, 0) ( X, 0, 0) 22 3 5 22 3 X "X 2 1 02 1 02 > 5 2 2i; > The scalar projection of AB on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is > ( 2 2 3 0) 1 (1 3 Y ) 1 (2 3 0) a ? (0, Y, 0) 5 0 (0, Y, 0) 0 "02 1 Y 2 1 02 Y 5 Y 5 1; > The vector projection of AB on the y-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) 13 513 2 2 2 Y "0 1 Y 1 0 > 5 j; > The scalar projection of AB on the z-axis (0, 0, Z ) is > a ? (0, 0, Z ) ( 2 2 3 0) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Z ) 5 0 (0, 0, Z ) 0 "02 1 02 1 Z 2 2Z 5 Z 5 2; > The vector projection of AB on the z-axis is (0, 0, Z ) (0, 0, Z ) 23 523 2 2 2 Z "0 1 0 1 Z > 5 2k b. The angle made with the y-axis is b b cos b 5 2 "a 1 b 2 1 c 2 1 5 2 " ( 2 2) 1 12 1 22 1 5 "4 1 1 1 4 1 5 "9 1 5 , 3
>
7-19
1 Therefore b 5 cos21 a b 3 8 70.5 > 12. a. @ BD @ C

B a u D C b u c
b u
b. @ BD @
>
b B u
c. In an isosceles triangle, CD is a median and a > > right bisector of BA. Therefore a and b have the > same magnitude projected on c . d. Yes, not only do they have the same magnitude, but they are in the same direction as well which makes them have equivalent vector projections. > 13. the formula for the scalar projection of a on > a. Use > b 5 0 a 0 cos u 5 10 cos 135 5 2 7.07 > And the formula for the scalar projection of b on > > a 5 @ b @ cos u 5 12 cos 135 5 2 8.49 b. b
12 135 10 Q O P
> > > OQ b is the vector projection of on a > > > OP is the vector projection of a on b
14. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 5 (1, 3, 3) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 4) 5 (3, 2, 2 1) > > The scalar projection of AB on OD is > > AB ? OD (3 3 2 1) 1 (2 3 2) 1 ( 2 1 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 ( 2 3) 1 4 1 ( 2 2) 5 "1 1 4 1 4
>
"9 1 52 3 > b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B 5 ( 2 6, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3) 5 ( 2 7, 4, 2) > > The scalar projection of BC on OD is > > BC ? OD ( 2 7 3 2 1) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 71814 5 "1 1 4 1 4 19 5 "9 19 5 3 > > > > AB ? OD BC ? OD 1 19 > > 1 52 1 3 3 @ OD @ @ OD @ 18 5 3 5 6 > AC 5 Point C 2 Point A 5 ( 2 6, 7, 5) 2 ( 2 2, 1, 4) 5 ( 2 4, 6, 1) > > The> scalar > projection of AC on OD is AC ? OD ( 2 4 3 2 1) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2) > 5 @ OD @ " ( 2 1)2 1 22 1 22 4 1 12 1 2 5 "1 1 4 1 4 18 5 "9 18 5 3 56 > c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD. Add to get one vector. 15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 2 2 a b 5a b 1a b "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 2 c 1a b 2 "a 1 b 2 1 c 2 a2 b2 5 2 1 a 1 b2 1 c2 a2 1 b2 1 c2 2 c 1 2 a 1 b2 1 c2
21
7-20

z B (0, c, d )
x A (a, b, 0)

1. a.
z
axb a
b y
a3b
a1b
a x > > > b. > a 1 b> is still > in the same plane formed > by a and > b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the dot product 0 again. > > c. Once again, a 2 in> the same plane > b is still > > formed > by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to > the dot product 0 again. a 3 b making > > 2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the equality is meaningless. 3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed with a vector, then dotted with another vector, producing a scalar. > > b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector, which is meaningless.
7-21

z B (0, c, d )
x A (a, b, 0)

1. a.
z
axb a
b y
a3b
a1b
a x > > > b. > a 1 b> is still > in the same plane formed > by a and > b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the dot product 0 again. > > c. Once again, a 2 in> the same plane > b is still > > formed > by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to > the dot product 0 again. a 3 b making > > 2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the equality is meaningless. 3. a. Its possible because there is a vector crossed with a vector, then dotted with another vector, producing a scalar. > > b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector, which is meaningless.
7-21
> > c. This is possible. a produces a vector, and 3 b > > c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector dotted with a vector producing a scalar. > > d. This is possible. produces a scalar, and a ? b > > c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar and vector produces a vector. > > e. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and > > c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a vector and vector produces > a vector. > f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When added to another vector, it produces another vector. 4. a. (2, 2 3, 5) 3 (0, 2 1, 4) 5 ( 2 3(4) 2 5( 2 1), 5(0) 2 2(4), 2( 2 1) 2 ( 2 3)(0)) 5 ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) (2, 2 3, 5) ? ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) 5 0 (0, 2 1, 4) ? ( 2 7, 2 8, 2 2) 5 0 b. (2, 2 1, 3) 3 (3, 2 1, 2) 5 ( 2 1(2) 2 3( 2 1), 3(3) 2 2(2), 2( 2 1) 2 ( 2 1)(3)) 5 (1, 5, 1) (2, 2 1, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 (3, 2 1, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 c. (5, 2 1, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7) 5 ( 2 1(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7), 5(4) 2 ( 2 1)(2)) 5 ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) (5, 2 1, 1) ? ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) 5 0 (2, 4, 7) ? ( 2 11, 2 33, 22) 5 0 d. (1, 2, 9) 3 ( 2 2, 3, 4) 5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9( 2 2) 2 1(4), 1(3) 2 2( 2 2)) 5 ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) (1, 2, 9) ? ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) 5 0 ( 2 2, 3, 4) ? ( 2 19, 2 22, 7) 5 0 e. ( 2 2, 3, 3) 3 (1, 2 1, 0) 5 (3(0) 2 3( 2 1), 3(1) 2 ( 2 2)(0), 2 2( 2 1) 2 3(1)) 5 (3, 3, 2 1) ( 2 2, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 2 1) 5 0 (1, 2 1, 0) ? (3, 3, 2 1) 5 0 f. (5, 1, 6) 3 ( 2 1, 2, 4) 5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6( 2 1) 2 5(4), 5(2) 2 1( 2 1)) 5 ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) (5, 1, 6) ? ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) 5 0 ( 2 1, 2, 4) ? ( 2 8, 2 26, 11) 5 0 5. ( 2 1, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1) 5 (3(1) 2 5( a ), 5(0) 2 ( 2 1)(1), 2 1( a ) 2 3(0))
If we look at the x component, we know that: 3(1) 2 5( a ) 5 2 2 2 5( a ) 5 2 5 >a 5 1 > 6. a. a 3 b 5 (1(1) 2 1(5), 1(0) 2 0(1), 0(5) 2 0(1)) 5 ( 2 4, 0, 0) b. Vectors of the form (0, b, c ) are in the yz-plane. Thus, the only vectors perpendicular to the yz-plane are those of the form ( a, 0, 0) because they are parallel to the x-axis. 7. a. (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2)) 5 (0, 0, 0) b. ( a, b, c ) 3 ( ka, kb, kc ) 5 ( b ( kc ) 2 c ( kb ), c ( ka ) 2 a ( kc ), a ( kb ) 2 b ( ka )) Using the commutative law of multiplication we can rearrange this: 5 ( bck 2 bck, ack 2 ack, abk 2 abk ) 5 (0, 0, 0) > > > 8. a. p 3 ( q 1 r ) 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 3 (1, 2, 7) 1 ( 2 1, 1, 0)4 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 (1 2 1, 2 1 1, 7 1 0) 5 (1, 2 2, 4) 3 (0, 3, 7) 5 ( 2 2(7) 2 4(3), 4(0) 2 1(7), 1(3) 1 2(0)) 5 ( 2 26, 2 7, 3) > > > > p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 ( 2 2(7) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(7), 1(2) 1 2(1)) 1 ( 2 2(0) 2 4(1), 4( 2 1) 2 1(0), 1(1) 1 2( 2 1)) 5 ( 2 22, 2 3, 4) 1 ( 2 4, 2 4, 2 1) 5 ( 2 26, 2 7, 3) > > > b. p 3 ( q 1 r ) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 3 (3, 1, 2 1) 1 (0, 1, 2)4 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 1 1 1, 2 1 1 2) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 2, 1) 5 (1(1) 2 2(2), 3(2) 2 4(1), 4(2) 2 1(3)) 5 ( 2 3, 2, 5) > > > > p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (1( 2 1) 2 2(1), 2(3) 2 4( 2 1), 4(1) 2 1(3)) 1 (1(2) 2 2(1), 2(0) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(0)) 5 ( 2 3, 10, 1) 1 (0, 2 8, 4) 5 ( 2 3, 2, 5) > > 9. a. i 3 j 5 (1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 1) > 5k
7-22
2 j 3 i 5 (0, 2 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1)) 5 (0, 0, 1) > > > 5k b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > > >5i 2 k 3 j 5 (0, 0, 2 1) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > > >5i c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > > >5j 2 i 3 k 5 ( 2 1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > 5j 10. k ( a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 ) ? ( a1, a2, a3 ) 5 k ( a1a2b3 2 a1a3b2 1 a2a3b1 2 a2a1b3 1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 5 k (0) 50 > > > k ( a a is perpendicular to ). 3 b > > 11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 6) > > c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12) 5 (0, 0,> 2 6) > > > b. ( a 3 b ) 3 ( c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 2 6) (by part a.) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 0) c. All the vectors are in the xy-plane. Thus, the cross product in part b. is between vectors parallel to the z-axis and so parallel to each other. The cross > product of parallel vectors is 0. > 12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1) > y 5 (1, 1, 1) > z 5 (1, 2, 3) > > Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 ( 2 1, 0, 1) > > > ( x 3 y ) 3 z 5 (0 2 2, 1 2 ( 2 3), 2 3 2 0) 5 ( 2 2, 4, 2 3)
>
>
50 40 m
392 N
7-23
2 j 3 i 5 (0, 2 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1)) 5 (0, 0, 1) > > > 5k b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > > >5i 2 k 3 j 5 (0, 0, 2 1) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) > > >5i c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > > >5j 2 i 3 k 5 ( 2 1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 ( 2 1), 0 2 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) > 5j 10. k ( a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 ) ? ( a1, a2, a3 ) 5 k ( a1a2b3 2 a1a3b2 1 a2a3b1 2 a2a1b3 1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 5 k (0) 50 > > > k ( a a is perpendicular to ). 3 b > > 11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 6) > > c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12) 5 (0, 0,> 2 6) > > > b. ( a 3 b ) 3 ( c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 2 6) (by part a.) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 (0, 0, 0) c. All the vectors are in the xy-plane. Thus, the cross product in part b. is between vectors parallel to the z-axis and so parallel to each other. The cross > product of parallel vectors is 0. > 12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1) > y 5 (1, 1, 1) > z 5 (1, 2, 3) > > Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 ( 2 1, 0, 1) > > > ( x 3 y ) 3 z 5 (0 2 2, 1 2 ( 2 3), 2 3 2 0) 5 ( 2 2, 4, 2 3)
>
>
50 40 m
392 N
7-23
c.
140 N 20 250 m
First find the x component of the force: (140) cos (20) 5 x Calculate work: 140 cos 20 N ? 250 m 8 32 889.24 J d.
100 N 45 500 m
> > 6. p 3 q 5 ( a, 1, 2 1) 3 (1, 1, 2) 5 (2 1 1, 2 2a 2 1, a 2 1) 5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1) > > 0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 ( a 2 1)2 5 "35 9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 ( a 2 1)2 5 35 2 9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35 5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0 2 2 6 "22 2 4(5)( 2 24) a5 2(5) 2 2 6 22 5 10 2 12 5 2, 5 7. a. B
AB A AC C
First calculate the x component of the force: x 5 (100) cos (45) Calculate work: 100 cos m 5 35 355.34 J > 45 > ? 500 > 4. a. i 3 j 5 k The square formed by the 2 vectors has an area of 1. The 2 vectors are >on the xy-plane, thus, the cross product must be k by the right hand rule. > > > b. 2 i 3 j 5 2 k Once again, the area is 1, making the possible vector have a magnitude of 1. Also, the 2 vectors are on the xy-plane again so the cross product must lie on the z axis. However, because of the right hand rule, the > product must be this time. 2 k > > > c. i 3 k 5 2 j The square has an area of 1, so the magnitude of the vector produced must be 1. The 2 vectors are on the xz-plane. The > new vector must be on the y axis making it j because of the right hand rule. > > > d. 2 i 3 k 5 2 j The square has an area of 1. The 2 vectors > are on the xz-plane. So the new vector must be j because of the right> hand rule. > 5. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 1) 5 (1 2 0, 0 2 1, 0 2 1) 5 (1, 2 1, 2 1) > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 5 "3 So the area > of the parallelogram is "3 square units. > b. a 3 b 5 (1, 2 2, 3) 3 (1, 2, 4) 5 ( 2 8 2 6, 3 2 4, 2 1 2) 5 ( 2 14, 2 1, 4) > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "196 1 1 1 16 5 "213 So the area of the parallelogram is "213 square units. 7-24
As we see from the picture, the area of the triangle ABC is just half the area of > the parallelogram > determined by vectors AB and AC. Thus, we use the magnitude of the cross product to calculate the area. > AB> 5 (1 1 2, 0 2 1, 1 2 3) 5 (3, 2 1, 2 2) AC> 5 (2 1 > 2, 3 2 1, 2 2 3) 5 (4, 2, 2 1) AB 3 AC 5 (1 1 4, 2 3 1 8, 6 1 4) 5 (5, 5, 10) > > @ AB 3 AC @ 5 "25 1 25 1 100 5 5"6 Since triangle ABC is half the area of the 6 parallelogram, its area is 5" 2 square units. b. This is just a different way of describing the first 6 triangle, thus the area is 5" 2 square units. c. Any two sides of a triangle can be used to calculate > its area. > > > 8. @ r 3 f @ 5 ( 0 r 0 sin ( u )) @ f @ 5 (0.14) sin (45) ? 10 8 0.99 J 9. A
OA BN O OB B C
We know that the area of a parallelogram is equal to its height multiplied with its base. Its height is BN > > and its base is AC 5 OB as can be seen from the picture. We can calculate the area using the given vectors, then > > use the area to find BN. OA 3 OB 5 (8 2 4, 12 2 16, 4 2 6) 5 (4, 2 4, 2 2) > > @ OA 3 OB @ 5 "16 1 16 1 4 5 "36 5 6
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 2 1 1 3, 2 2 2)
>
>
"26 BN 5 6 BN 5

1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 2 1 1 1, 0 1 2)
>
>
>
@ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 ( 2 3)2 5 3"5
> >
u 5 cos21 a u 8 77.9
3"205
7-25
>
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 2 1 1 3, 2 2 2)
>
>
"26 BN 5 6 BN 5

1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 2 1 1 1, 0 1 2)
>
>
>
@ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 ( 2 3)2 5 3"5
> >
u 5 cos21 a u 8 77.9
3"205
7-25
6.
T1 30
y T2 45 x
b. x 3 y 5 ( 2 15 2 35, 2 5 2 15, 21 2 3)
5 ( 2 50, 2 20, 18) > > 0 x 3 y 0 5 "502 1 202 1 182 5 "3224 8 56.78 9. (0, 3, 2 5) 3 (2, 3, 1) 5 (3 1 15, 2 10 2 0, 0 2 6) 5 (18, 2 10, 2 6) The cross product is perpendicular to the given vectors, but its magnitude is
>
>
98 N
The vertical components of the tensions must equal the downward force: T1 sin (30) 1 T2 sin (45) 5 98 N 1 1 T 1 T 5 98 2 1 "2 2 T1 5 196 2 "2T2 The horizontal components: T1 cos (30) 1 T2 cos (45) 5 0 N "3 1 T 2 T 50 2 1 "2 2 Substitute in T1: "6 98"3 2 T 5 2 98"3 2 2 2 "6 2 "2 T2 5 2 98"3 2 T2 8 87.86N Substitute this back in to get T1: T1 8 71.74N
"18 2 1 ( 2 10)2 1 ( 2 6)2, or 2"115. A unit vector perpendicular to the given vectors is a !115, 2 !115, 2 !115 b .
9 5 3
>
10. a.cos ( a ) 5
>
AB ? AC
>
7.
x 300 km/h
50 km/h
x 5 "50 1 3002 8 304.14 50 tan21 a b 8 9.46 300 The resultant velocity is 304.14 km> h, W 9.46 N. 8. a. z
2
y x y
AB> 5 (0, 2 3, 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 ( 2 2, 2 6, 2 3) > AC> 5 (5, 2, 2 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (3, 2 1, 2 11) AB ? AC 5 2 2(3) 2 6( 2 1) 2 3( 2 11) 5 33 > @ AB @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 ( 2 6)2 1 ( 2 3)2 5 7 > @ AC @ 5 "32 1 ( 2 1)2 1 ( 2 11)2 5 "131 > > AB ? AC > > a 5 cos21 @ AB @ @ AC @ 33 5 cos21 7"131 8 65.68 > > 21 BA ? BC > > b 5 cos @ @ @ @ BA BC > > BA> 5 2 AB 5 (2, 6, 3) > BC> 5 (5 2 0, 2 1 3, 2 4 2 4, ) 5 (5, 5, 2 8) BA ? BC 5 2(5) 1 6(5) 1 3( 2 8) 5 16 > @ BA @ 5 "22 1 62 1 32 5 7 > @ BC @ 5 "52 1 52 1 ( 2 8)2 5 "144 16 b 5 cos21 7"114 8 77.64 g 5 180 2 a 2 b 8 36.68 So b 8 77.64 is the largest angle. b. The area is >half the magnitude of the cross > product of AB and AC. > > 1 1 AB 3 AC 5 0 (63, 2 31, 20) 0 8 36.50 2 2 11. The triangle formed by the two strings and the ceiling is similar to a 3-4-5 right triangle, with the 30 cm and 40 cm strings as legs. So the angle adjacent to the 30 cm leg satisfies 3 cos u 5 5
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
7-26
The angle adjacent to the 40 cm leg satisfies 4 cos f 5 5 Also, 4 3 sin u 5 and sin f 5 . 5 5 Let T1 be the tension in the 30 cm string, and T2 be the tension in the 40 cm string. Then T1 cos u 2 T2 cos f 5 0 3 4 T1 2 T2 5 0 5 5 4 T1 5 T2 3 Also, T1 sin u 1 T2 sin f 5 (10)(9.8) 5 98 4 3 T1 2 T2 5 98 5 5 4 3 4 a T2 b 1 T2 5 98 3 5 5 5 T 5 98 3 2 T2 5 58.8 N 4 T1 5 (58.8) 3 5 78.4 N So the tension in the 30 cm string is 78.4 N and the tension in the 40 cm string is 58.8 N. 12. a.
54 N
30 N
25 N 42 N
If u is the angle west of north, then 5 sin u 5 13 u 8 22.6 So the resultant is 13 N in a direction N22.6W. The equilibrant is 13 N in a direction S22.6E. 13. a. Let D be the origin, then: A 5 (2, 0, 0), B 5 (2, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (0, 0, 0), E 5 (2, 0, 3), F 5 (2, 4, 3), G 5 (0, 4, 3) H 5 (0, 0, 3) > b. AF> 5 (0, 4, 3) AC 5 ( 2 2, 4, 0) > > AF ? AC > 5 0 1 16 1 0 5 16 @ AF @ 5 "02 1 42 1 32 5 5 > @ AC @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 42 1 02 5 2"5 > > AF ? AC > > cos ( u ) 5 @ AF @ @ AC @ 16 b u 5 cos21 a 10"5 u 8 44.31 > c. Scalar projection 5 @ AF @ cos ( u ) By part b.: 5 (5) cos (44.31) 8 3.58 > > > > 14. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u ) 5 cos ( u ) 1 cos ( u ) 5 2 (cosine law) 2 > > > > (2a 2 5b ) ? ( b 1 3a ) > > > > > > 5 2 13a ? b 1 6a ? a 2 5b ? b > > 5 2 13a ? b 1 1 5 2 13 cos ( u ) 1 1 5 7.5 15. a. The angle to the bank, u, will satisfy sin (90 2 u ) 5 3 90 2 u 8 41.8 u 8 48.2 b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kaylas net swimming speed will be "32 2 22 5 "5 km> h. So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her 0.3 t5 "5 8 0.13 h 8 8 min 3 sec to swim across.
2
b. The east- and west-pulling forces result in a force of 5 N west. The north- and south-pulling forces result in a force of 12 N north. The 5 N west and 12 N north forces result in a force pulling in the north-westerly direction with a force of "52 1 122 5 13 N, by using the Pythagorean theorem. To find the exact direction of this force, use the definition of sine.
7-27
c. Such a situation would have resulted in a right

triangle where one of the legs is longer than the hypotenuse, which is impossible. > > 16. > a. The > diagonals are OA 1 OB and OA> 2 OB>. OA 1 OB 5 (3 2 6, 2 1 6, 2 6 2 2) 5 ( 2 3, 8, 2 8) > > OA 2 OB 5 (3 1 6, 2 2 6, 2 6 1 2) 5 (9, 2 4, 2 4) > > b. OA ? OB 5 3( 2 6) 1 2(6) 2 6( 2 2) 5 6 > @ OA @ 5 "32 1 22 1 ( 2 6)2 5 7 > @ OB @ 5 " ( 2 6)2 1 62 1 ( 2 2)2 5 2"19 > > OA ? OB > > cos ( u ) 5 @ OA @ @ OB @ 6 b u 5 cos21 5 a 14"19 8 84.36 17. a. The z value is >double, so if a 5 4 and b 5 2 4, the vector q will be collinear. > > b. If p and q are perpendicular, then their dot product will equal 0. > > p ? q 5 2a 2 2b 2 18 5 0 c. Let a 5 9, and b 5 0, then we have a vector > perpendicular to p . Now it must be divided by its magnitude to make it a unit vector: > 0 p 0 5 "81 1 0 1 324 5 9"5 So the unit vector is: 1 2 a , 0, b !5 !5 > > 18. a. m ? n 5 2"3 2 2"3 1 3 5 3 > 0 m 0 5 "3 1 4 1 9 5 4 > 0 n 0 5 "4 1 3 1 1 5 2"2 > > m?n cos ( u ) 5 > > 0m00n0 3 u 5 cos21 a b 8"2 8 74.62 > b. Scalar projection 5 0 n 0 cos ( u ) 5 2"2 cos (74.62) 8 0.75 with the unit vector c. Scalar projection multiplied > in the direction of m : > m 5 (0.75) > 0m0 ( "3, 2 2, 2 3) 5 (0.75) 4 5 (0.1875)( "3, 2 2, 2 3) 7-28
d. m ? k 5 2 3
u 5 cos21 a 8 138.59 23 b 4
>
>
19. a. If the dot product is 0, then the vectors are

perpendicular: (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 0, 2 1) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 (0, 0, 2 1) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 special 1 1 21 1 1 b. a , , 0b ? a , , b !2 !2 !3 !3 !3 1 1 52 1 10 !6 !6 50 1 1 a , , 0 b ? (0, 0, 2 1) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 !2 !2 21 1 1 a , , b ? (0, 0, 2 1) !3 !3 !3 1 1 52 not special 501012 !3 > > !3 20. a. p 3 q 5 ( 2 2(1) 2 1( 2 1), 1(2) 2 1(1), 1( 2 1) 1 2(2)) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 3) > > b. p> 2 q> 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 0) p 1 q 5 (3, 2 3, 2) > > > > ( p 2 q ) 3 ( p 1 q ) 5 ( 2 2 2 0, 0 1 2, 3 2 ( 2 3)) 5 ( 2 2, 2, 6) > > c. p 3 r 5 (4 2 1, 0 1 2, 1 2 0) 5 (3, 2, 1) > > > (p 3 r ) ? r 5 0 1 2 2 2 5 0 > > d. p 3 q 5 ( 2 2 1 1, 2 2 1, 2 1 1 4) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 3) 21. Since the angle between the two vectors is 60, the angle formed when they are placed head-to-tail is 120. So the resultant, along with these two vectors, forms an isosceles triangle with top angle 120 and two equal angles 30. By the cosine law, the two equal forces satisfy 202 5 2F 2 2 2F 2 cos 120 400 F2 5 3 20 F5 "3 8 11.55 > N > 22. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 2 5 2 3, 0 2 10) 5 (2, 2 8, 2 10)
x and y : > > > > x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0 cos u 5 (10) cos (60) 55 > > > > ( x 2 2y ) ? ( x 1 3y ) By the distributive property: > > > > > > > > 5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y 5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150 5 2 141 24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3 Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4, the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 2 4. If it is 4, we get (1, m, 0) ? (2, 2, 1) 54 3 2 1 2m 5 12 m 5 5 If it is 2 4, we get (1, m, 0) ? (2, 2, 1) 5 24 3 2 1 2m 5 2 12 m 5 27 So the two possible values for m are 5 and 2 7. > > 25. a ? j 5 2 3 > 0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13 23 u 5 cos21 a b 13 8 103.34 26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0) b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 ( 2 3, 4, 2 5)
23. First we need to determine the dot product of > >
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30 b. Using the cosine law, > > @ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50

>
@ d 1 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 130

>
> >
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
>
>
c. d is the vector in the opposite direction of > e 2 >

d 2 e , but with the same magnitude. So: > > > > @ e 2 d @ 5 @ d 2 >e @ 8 3.84> > (i 1 j) ? (i) > 28. a. Scalar: 51 @i@ > > i Vector: 1 a > b 5 i @i@
>
>
b. Scalar:
Vector: 1 a
(i 1 j) ? (j)
>
>
>
c. Scalar:
Vector:
1
(i 1 j) ? (k 1 j) (k 1 j)
> >
@ j@
> >
>
b5j
> >
@ j@
>
51
> > >
"2
> 1 5 (k 1 j) 2 @k 1 j@ >
@k 1 j@
> > >
"2
29. a. If its magnitude is 1, its a unit vector:

> 1 1 0 a 0 5 "1 4 1 9 1 36 2 1 not a unit vector
1 1 @ b @ 5 "1 3 1 3 1 3 5 1, unit vector
>
c. @ CF @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2

>
OP 5 (3, 4, 5) > @ @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2 OP > CF ? OP 5 2 9 1 16 2 25 5 2 18 2 18 u 5 cos21 a b 50 8 111.1

d 50 e 130
@ d @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 2 1, not a unit vector > > b. a is. When dotted with d, it equals 0. 30. 25 ? sin> (30) ? 0.6 5 7.50 J > 31. >a. a ? b 5 6 2 5 2 1 5 0 b. a with the x-axis:
>
> 1 1 0 c 0 5 "1 4 1 2 1 4 5 1, unit vector
27.
a. Using properties of parallelograms, we know that the other angle is 130 (Angles must add up to 360, opposite angles are congruent). Using the cosine law,
> 0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30 2 cos ( a ) 5 "30 > a with the y-axis: 5 cos ( b ) 5 " 30 > a with the z-axis: 21 cos ( g ) 5 "30 > @b @ 5 " 9 1 1 1 1 5 "11 > b with the x-axis: 3 cos ( a ) 5 "11
7-29
b with the y-axis: 21 cos ( b ) 5 "11 > b with the z-axis: 1 cos ( g ) 5 "11 6 5 1 > > c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50 !330 !330 !330 32. Need to show that the magnitudes of the diagonals are equal to show that it is a rectangle. > > > @ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118 "3 2 We know the identity cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get 3 2 cos2 b 5 1 2 4 1 cos b 5 cos g 5 6 2"2 "3 cos a 5 2 So there are two possibilities, depending upon whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse. b. If g is acute, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 69.3 If is obtuse, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 110.7 1 > > > > 34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u ) 5 2 > > > > ( a 2 3b ) ? ( ma ) 5 0 1 b > > > > > > > > ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 1 3 6 m1 2 m2 50 2 2 2 1 5 2 m5 2 2 m52 5 > > a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 2 8 35. > a 1 b 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 2 8) > > @ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66 cos (30) 5
>

> > >
37. AB 5 (2, 0, 4) > @ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5 > @ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2) > @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
BC 5 ( 2 1, 0, 2 2) > @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
> > >
>
cos A 5 5
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
AB ? AC

>
7-30
b with the y-axis: 21 cos ( b ) 5 "11 > b with the z-axis: 1 cos ( g ) 5 "11 6 5 1 > > c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50 !330 !330 !330 32. Need to show that the magnitudes of the diagonals are equal to show that it is a rectangle. > > > @ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118 "3 2 We know the identity cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get 3 2 cos2 b 5 1 2 4 1 cos b 5 cos g 5 6 2"2 "3 cos a 5 2 So there are two possibilities, depending upon whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse. b. If g is acute, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 69.3 If is obtuse, then 1 cos g 5 2"2 g 8 110.7 1 > > > > 34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos ( u ) 5 2 > > > > ( a 2 3b ) ? ( ma ) 5 0 1 b > > > > > > > > ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 1 3 6 m1 2 m2 50 2 2 2 1 5 2 m5 2 2 m52 5 > > a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 2 8 35. > a 1 b 5 ( 2 1, 2 1, 2 8) > > @ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66 cos (30) 5
>

> > >
37. AB 5 (2, 0, 4) > @ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5 > @ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2) > @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
BC 5 ( 2 1, 0, 2 2) > @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
> > >
>
cos A 5 5
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
AB ? AC

>
7-30
b. We use the diagram again: > >

b 1
c. The area of the parallelogram is the magnitude of

the cross >product. > b a 21 21 x x 5 ( 2 1)( 2 2) 2 1( 2 1) 5 3 1 22 y y 5 1(2) 2 (1)( 2 2) 5 4 1 2 z z 5 (1)( 2 1) 2 ( 2 1)(2) 5 1 21 2 1 > > So, a 3 b 5 (3, 4, 1) and thus, > > @ a 3 b @ 5 "32 1 42 1 12 5 "26 > > So the area of the parallelogram formed by a and b is "26 or 5.10 square units. 3. We first draw a diagram documenting the situation:
E 120 40 N 60 50 N D 40 N 60 50 N G R F
x y z
c 1
x 5 1( 2 7) 2 ( 2 3)(1) 5 2 4 27 y 5 2 3(5) 2 (2)( 2 7) 5 2 1 5
23 2
z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 2 3 1 > 1 > So, b 3 >c 5 ( 2 4, 2 1, 2 3) > > c. a ? ( b 3 c ) 5 ( 2 1, 1, 1) ? ( 2 4, 2 1, 2 3) 5 ( 2 1)( 2 4) 1 (1)( 2 1) 1 (1)( 2 3) 50 d. We could use the diagram method again, or, we > > > > > > note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 ( y 3 x ), > > > > so letting y 5 x , we have x 5 0 from the last > > 3x > > equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3 first two > c from > the > > parts of the problem, ( a 3 b ) 3 ( b 3 c ) 5 0. > 2. a.> To find the scalar and vector projections of a > > > > > @ @ on b, we need to calculate and a b 5 " b ? b ? b > > a ? b 5 (1, 2 1, 1) ? (2, 2 1, 2 2) 5 (1)(2) 1 ( 2 1)( 2 1) 1 (1)( 2 2) > 51 @ b @ 5 "22 1 ( 2 1)2 1 ( 2 2)2 > 53 So, @ b @ 5 3 > > > > The scalar projection of a on b is a?b 1 > 5 3 , and @b@ > > the vector projection of on is a b > a
> a?b
b. We find the direction cosines for b:

@b@ a 8 48.2. b 21 > 5 cos ( b ) 5 2 3 @b@ b 8 109.5. b 22 > 5 cos ( g ) 5 3 3 @b@ g 8 131.8.
cos ( a ) 5
>
@b@
>2
bb 5 1 9 (2, 2 1, 2 2).
>
>
b1
2 3
In triangle DEF, we use the cosine law: > @ R @ 5 "402 1 502 2 2(40)(50) cos (120) > @ R @ 8 78.10 We now use the sine law to find /EDF: sin /EDF sin /DEF > > 5 @ EF @ @R@ sin /EDF sin 120 8 50 78.10 sin /EDF 8 0.5544 /EDF 8 33.7 The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the resultant force, so both forces have a magnitude of 78.10 N. The resultant makes an angle 33.7 to the 40 N force and 26.3 to the 50 N force. The equilibrant makes an angle 146.3 to the 40 N force and 153.7 to the 50 N force.
7-31
4. We find the resultant velocity of the airplane.

F E F
R 1000 km/h
Position diagram
G D Vector diagram
Since the airplanes velocity is perpendicular to the wind, the resultants magnitude is given by the Pythagorean theorem: > @ R @ 5 "10002 1 1002 > @ R @ 8 1004.99 The angle is determined using the tangent ratio: 100 tan /EDF 5 1000 /EDF 8 5.7 Thus, the resultant velocity is 1004.99 km> h, N 5.7 W (or W 84.3 N). 5. a. The canoeist will travel 200 m across the stream, so the total time he will paddle is: d t5 rcanoeist 200 m t5 2.5 m> s t 5 80 s The current is flowing 1.2 m> s downstream, so the distance that the canoeist travels downstream is: d 5 rcurrent 3 t d 5 (1.2 m> s)(80 s) d 5 96 m So, the canoeist will drift 96 m south. b. In order to arrive directly across stream, the canoeist must take into account the change in his velocity caused by the current. That is, he must initially paddle upstream in a direction such that the resultant velocity is directed straight across the stream. The resultant velocity:
E 2.5 m/s D R 1.2 m/s F
Since the resultant velocity is perpendicular to the current, the direction in which the canoeist should head is determined by the sine ratio. 1.2 sin /EDF 5 2.5 /EDF 8 28.7 The canoeist should head 28.7 upstream. 6. The area of the triangle is exactly: > > 1 ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 2 > AB 5 (2, 1, 3) 2 ( 2 1, 3, 5) 5 (3, 2 2, 2 2) > BC 5 ( 2 1, 1, 4) 2 (2, 1, 3) 5 ( 2 3, 0, 1) > > BC AB 22 x 0 x 5 ( 2 2)(1) 2 ( 2 2)(0) 5 2 2 22 y 1 y 5 ( 2 2)( 2 3) 2 (3)(1) 5 3 3 z 23 z 5 (3)(0) 2 ( 2 2)( 2 3) 5 2 6 22 0 > > So, AB 3 BC 5 ( 2 2, 3, 2 6) and > > @ AB 3 BC @ 5 " ( 2 2)2 1 32 1 ( 2 6)2 5 "49 57 > > 1 7 So, ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 5 . 2 2 The area of the triangle is 3.50 square units.
7.
458 T1 708 T2
25 kg
The system is in equilibrium (i.e. it is not moving), > so we> know that the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal:
@ T1 @ sin (45) 5 @ T2 @ sin (70)

> >
@ T2 @ 5
>
sin (45) > @T @ sin (70) 1
7-32
Also, the vertical component of T1 1 T2 must equal the > gravitational > force on the block: @ T1 @ cos 45 1 @ T2 @ cos 70 5 (25 kg)(9.8 m> s2 ) Substituting in for T2, we find that: > @ T1 @ cos 45 1 > sin 45 @ T1 @ cos 70 5 (25 kg) (9.8 m> s 2 ) sin 70 > sin 45 @ T1 @ a cos 45 1 cos 70 b 5 245 N sin 70
>
>
>
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
> >
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
So, we can now find > sin (45) > @ T2 @ 5 @T @ sin (70) 1 > sin (45) @ T2 @ 8 (254.0 N) sin (70) > @ T2 @ 8 191.1 N The direction of the tensions are indicated in the diagram. 8. a. We explicitly calculate both sides of the equation. The left side is: > > x ? y 5 (3, 3, 1) ? ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (3)( 2 1) 1 (3)(2) 1 (1)( 2 3) 50 We perform a few computations before computing the right side: > > x 1 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 1 ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (2, 5, 2 2)
> > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y ) 5 22 1 52 1 ( 2 2)2 5 33 > > x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 ( 2 1, 2, 2 3) 5 (4, 1, 4) > >2 > > > > 0 x 2 y 0 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 42 1 12 1 42 5 33 Thus, the right side is 1 > 1 1 1 > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33) 4 4 4 4 50 So, the equation holds for these vectors. b. We now verify that the formula holds in general. We will compute the right side of the equation, but we first perform some intermediary computations: > > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y ) > > > > > > > > 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y ) > > > > > > 5 ( x ? x ) 1 2( x ? y ) 1 ( y ? y ) > > > > > > 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y ) > > > > > > 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x ) > > 1 (2y ? 2y ) > > > > > > 5 ( x ? x ) 2 2( x ? y ) 1 ( y ? y ) So, the right side of the equation is: 1 > 1 1 > > > > > 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4( x ? y )) 4 4 4 > > 5x?y Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
7-33

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Chapter 7 Solution

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CHAPTER 7 Applications of Vectors

Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 350

m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135 2 !2 5 25 1 144 2 120 a b 2 5 169 1 84.85 5 253.85

5 "32 1 ( 2 2)2 1 72 5 "9 1 4 1 49

5 "62 8 7.87 b. ( 2 9, 3, 14) l 5 magnitude

5 " ( 2 9)2 1 32 1 142 5 !81 1 9 1 196 5 !286 8 16.91

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

7.1 Vectors as Forces, pp. 362364

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N > Now we solve for f1 :

cos 75 cos 15 > cos 75 @ f1 @ 5 (9.66) cos 15 > @ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

7.2 Velocity, pp. 367370

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

7.3 The Dot Product of Two Geometric Vectors, pp. 377378

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

7.4 The Dot Product for Algebraic Vectors, pp. 385387

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u

2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 y5z Let y 5 1. (1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 2 4) and ( 2 1, 2 2, 3). 14. ( p, p, 1) ? ( p, 2 2, 2 3) 5 0 p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0

(3p 2 4)2 5 a 7"20 1 p 2 cos u b

9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 ) a 320 16 1 p2 9 9 65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 p5

216 6 " ( 2 216)2 2 4(65)( 2 176) 2(65) 44 65

Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 388389

5 " (2i 1 k) ? (2i 1 k)

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

7.5 Scalar and Vector Projections, pp. 398400

is the x-axis divided by

is the y-axis divided

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

"32 1 62 1 ( 2 22)2 2 22 "9 1 36 1 484 2 22

The scalar projection is

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

> 0a0 > So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a . 0a0

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

1 Therefore b 5 cos21 a b 3 8 70.5 > 12. a. @ BD @ C

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

18. Answers may vary. For example:

7.6 The Cross Product of Two Vectors, pp. 407408

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Review Exercise, pp. 418421

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

c. Such a situation would have resulted in a right

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

23. First we need to determine the dot product of > >

@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30 b. Using the cosine law, > > @ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50

@ d 1 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 130

c. d is the vector in the opposite direction of > e 2 >

> > >

29. a. If its magnitude is 1, its a unit vector:

c. @ CF @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2

OP 5 (3, 4, 5) > @ OP @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2 > CF ? OP 5 2 9 1 16 2 25 5 2 18 2 18 u 5 cos21 a b 50 8 111.1

> 1 1 0 c 0 5 "1 4 1 2 1 4 5 1, unit vector

@ 2 i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118 33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:

Chapter 7 Test, p. 422

Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

b. We use the diagram again: > >

c. The area of the parallelogram is the magnitude of