Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals
Computer = Compute= Calculate
Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first ever computer
Computer = An electronic device that performs arithmetical & logical tasks with speed & accuracy without interruption
Characteristics of Computer
Speed Accuracy
Versatility Power of Memory
Characteristics of Computer
No IQ!
Diligence
No Feelings
Generation of Computer First Generation (before 1955)
Vacuum Tube Technology
Generation of Computer
First Generation (before 1955) Characteristics
Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days The technology made possible the advent of digital computers Fastest calculating device of that era Could compute in milliseconds
First Generation (before 1955) Disadvantages
Too bulky in size Unreliable Emitted large amount of heat thus prone to burnt out Prone to frequent hardware failure Non-portable Constant maintenance required Limited commercial use
Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Characteristics
Transistors based system Smaller is size and more reliable than vacuum tube Less heat generated Computational time reduced to milliseconds to microseconds Less prone to hardware failure Better portability Wider commercial use
Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Disadvantages
Frequent maintenance required Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit was required Air-conditioning required Commercial production was difficult and expensive
Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Characteristics
Based on Integrated Circuit (IC) Frequent maintenance required Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit was required Air-conditioning required Commercial production was difficult and expensive
Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computer More reliable than 2nd generation computer Lower heat generated than 2nd gen Computational time reduced from microseconds to nanoseconds
Less power required as compared Hardware failure are rare thus maintenance cost is low Easily portable Widely used for various commercial applications Commercial production was easier and cheaper
Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Disadvantages
Air-conditioning required in many cases Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips
Fourth Generation (1975 onwards) Charecteristics
Initially ICs were to house 10-20 individual components (SSI technology) Then with the advent of technology MSI & LSI came into the picture Very small & powerful chips developed through VLSI
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics
Computer giant IBM tried to develop micro computer called PC (Personal Computer) Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named 80286, 80386, 80486 Technology made it possible PC to reach home
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics
Computer giant IBM tried to develop micro computer called PC (Personal Computer) Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named 80286, 80386, 80486 Technology made it possible PC to reach home
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds) Charecteristics
Software companies joined hand in developing new kind of OS & Application Software Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), leading CPU manufacturing company introduced equivalent processors Sun Micro Systems also came up with the Same idea
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds) Charecteristics
Computer became a tool for entertainment with the development with newer technology The term MULTIMEDIA came along with the advent of CD ROMs, Sound cards & Speakers New OSs supporting GUI and other graphical & gaming/entertainment software introduced
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds) Advantages
Smallest in size because of high component density Fast, accurate and reliable in performance Less power consumption and heat generation Super portability Hardware failure is minimal thus almost maintenance free Cheapest among its predecessor
Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds) Charecteristics
Technology became more sophisticated More number of transistors making it more complex in CPU architecture More speed and accuracy needed for demanding tasks Developers introduced Pentium I, P II, P III & P IV category of job intensives CPUs
Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds) Charecteristics
Many changes took place over the time in these generation of CPUs Both Intel & AMD introduced slot & socket type CPUs Almost in every quarter there was a new entrant with higher speed and better quality of computing
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date) Charecteristics
Looks and basic technology remain same More processing power & data bandwidth Enhanced L1, L2 & L3 CACHE memory Better data handling capacity Improved CPU intensive tasks (high-end graphics, animation, video editing, Audio encoding etc. Better multitasking
Very stiff competition among the major players Concept of putting 2 different core in a single chip introduced 2 core working at same speed made multitasking buttery
Even quad core in a single chip both from AMD & rival Intel released Processing speed is skyrocketing day by day AMD even developed 5 core in a single chip codenamed VENOM
Todays modern computer is much more superior than its predecessors in terms of looks, performance and portability Other components have been tremendously changed and improved to match the pace with CPU technology Software are also compensating the Changes at per with the development
Inside of a computer
Mother board that houses all major components
CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board
Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium
RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB
Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects the monitor
A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB
A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB
A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB
A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB
Power Supply (SMPS) fitted inside the cabinet pumps power to the MB
Key board & mouse are connected at the rear of the cabinet
Computer assembly is done!
Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form
Computer Organization Basics
All computer systems performs the following five basic operations: Input (Wheat) Storing (Wheat)
Processing Output (Atta)
Controlling
Computer Organization Basics
Input Unit Storage Unit
Output Unit
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit Block Diagram: How computer functions
Number System
Inside a computer system, data is stored in a format which is not easily read by human being That is why in computer system input & output (I/O) interface is needed Every computer stores numbers, letters and other special characters as number codes which is called machine language So, number system is important for computers
Number System
Non Positional Number System In early days, human being used to count on fingers When that was not adequate, stone, pebbles, logs & sticks were used to indicate values
Number System
Non Positional Number System Here, symbols represent the same value regardless of its position Symbols are simply added to represent its value of a particular number regardless of its position Very difficult to perform arithmetic process with this Number system because of its long chain of symbols
Number System
Positional Number System The positional number system has few symbols of digits These symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number The value of each digit in such number is determined by The three following factors:
Number System
Positional Number System
The digit itself The position of the digit in the number The base of the number system ( where base is defined as the total number available in The number system)
Number System
Positional Number System The number system we use or follow is called Decimal Number System Here the base is 10 because the digits are restricted to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 The successive positions to the left of the decimal point Represent units, tens, hundreds thousands etc. Example: (
258610)
Number System
Positional Number System:
Decimal
Unit Positions
2 5 8 6
Thousand Hundred Ten
(2 X 1000) + (5 X 100) + (8 X 10) + (6 X 1) = 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6 = 2586
Number System
Octal Number System
In this number system there are eight symbols or digits like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Thus the base is 8 The largest single digit is 7 (one less than the base)
Number System
Octal Number System
The decimal equivalent of octal number 2057 is written as (20578)

3 2 1 o
( 2 X 8) + (0 X 8) + (5 X 8) + (7 X 8) = 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7 = 1071 so 2057 = 107110
Number System
Hexadecimal
In this system the base is 16 with 16 single character to express a value The first 10 digits resemble the decimal digits, 0 9 The remaining six digits are represented by A, B, C, D, E and F (Number Digit) These characters denote the value 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
Number System
Hexadecimal
The Number A has a decimal equivalent value of 10 Hexadecimal F is equal to decimal 15 Thus the largest single digit is F or 15 (one less than the base) Each position in a hexadecimal system Represents a power of the base (16)
Number System
Hexadecimal
The Decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal number 1AF or written as (1AF16) is:

(1 X 16) + (A X 16) + (F X 16) = (1 X 256) + (10 X 16) + (15 X 1) = 256 + 160 + 15 = 431
2 1 0
Number System
Positional Number System: So it has a base value of 2 The largest digit is 1 (one less than the base) The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is: (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21
Binary Number System
Binary number system has only two symbols or digits: 0 & 1
Number System

1 0
The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is:

4
(1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21
Or
2110 = 101012
Number System

1 0
The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is:

4
(1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21
Or
2110 = 101012
Number System

DECIMAL EQUIVALENT 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 bit numbers & their Decimal values

BINARY 000 001 010 011 100 101
Operating System: MS
Developed by Micro Soft Inc.
Introduced in 1980s Initially it was named as QDOS (Quick & Dirty Operating System) Based on X386 type Microprocessor based System IBM requested Micro Soft for a version exclusively for its PC Version of DOS introduced on IBM PC named as PC DOS
DOS
Features of DOS
Based on CLI (Command Line Interface) There were many internal and external commands for
DOS
exececution
No Graphical Interface All commands were in Syntax form
Example: to create a directory = C:\> md (space) NSHM (enter)

to see all directory = C:\>dir
(enter)
Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution
C:\>bad command or file name
Features of DOS
All commands were in Syntax form
DOS
Example: to create a directory named NSHM= C:\> md (space) NSHM (enter) to see all directory = C:\>dir (enter) to change directory to NSHM= C:\>cd NSHM (enter)
Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution
C:\>bad command or file name
DOS
Features of DOS Networking was not possible No Multi User capabilities Did not support Multitasking No Multi threading
DOS
Some useful internal DOS Commands del, erase - delete files rd, rmdir - delete directories dir - show content of directories cd, chdir - change current directory cls - clear the screen
DOS
Some useful internal DOS Commands md, mkdir - create a directory copy - copy of one or several files ren, rename - rename of files or directories type - shows the content of text files ver - shows the DOS version number vol - shows the name of the storage drive
DOS
Some external DOS Commands attrib - shows the attributes of files or set one of those Chkdsk checks the disk status fdisk - partitioning or modify of the hard disk
DOS
Some external DOS Commands move - move of files mem - shows the occupancy of working memory tree - shows the directory structure format - format of storage drives
Class Test - Surprising Taste!!
Write short note on the following 1. DOS 2. Generation of Computer 3. Number system 4. Computer Memory 5. Basic organisation of Computer 5X5
Logic Gate
1. NOT GATE A logic gate is the physical realization of the Complementation operation. It is an electronic circuit That generates an output signal which is reverse of the input signal
Logic Gate
1. NOT gate Truth Table of NOT Gate
INPUT A 0 1
OUTPUT
A
1 0
Logic Gate
1. NAND gate A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. That is, the output of a NAND gate will be 1 if any of the inputs is 0 and the reverse (When inputs are 1 outputs are 0) A B C = A+ B
- -
Logic Gate
NAND gate Truth table of NAND gate INPUTS A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 OUTPUT C= A.B 1 1 1 0
- -
Logic Gate
NOR gate A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. That is the output of a NOR gate will be a 1 only when all inputs are 0 and it will be a 0 if any input represents a 1
Logic Gate
NOR gate Truth table of NOR gate INPUTS A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 OUTPUT C= A.B 1 0 0 0
- -

Computer Fundamentals

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Computer Fundamentals

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Computer Fundamentals

Computer = Compute= Calculate

Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first ever computer

Versatility Power of Memory

Vacuum Tube Technology

Mother board that houses all major components

CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board

Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium

RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB

Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects the monitor

A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB

A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB

A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB

A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB

Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form

Processing Output (Atta)

Arithmetic Logic Unit Block Diagram: How computer functions

(2 X 1000) + (5 X 100) + (8 X 10) + (6 X 1) = 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6 = 2586

Octal Number System

Octal Number System

The decimal equivalent of octal number 2057 is written as (20578)

( 2 X 8) + (0 X 8) + (5 X 8) + (7 X 8) = 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7 = 1071 so 2057 = 107110

 The Decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal number 1AF or written as (1AF16) is:

Binary Number System

Binary number system has only two symbols or digits: 0 & 1

Binary Number System

The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is:

Binary Number System

The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is:

Binary Number System

3 bit numbers & their Decimal values

Example: to create a directory = C:\> md (space) NSHM (enter)

 Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution

C:\>bad command or file name

C:\>bad command or file name

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The Decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal number 1AF or written as (1AF16) is:

Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution