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SOFTWARE DEFINED COGNITIVE RADIO USING MATLAB

INDEX

ABSTRACT. ................................. ...5 Chapter 1 -SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO


1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined SOF TWA Radio6 RE DEFI 1.2 A brief history of SDR NED .7 COG NITI 1.3 Role of SDR .. VE .7 RAD IO 1.3.1 Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry USI NG1.3.2 How SDR solves the problems MAT LAB 1.4 Features of

SDR............................ ...9

Chapter 2 COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY


2.1

A vision of Cognitive Radio..10 History Leading to Radio10 Cognitive

2.2

2.3

Information on Cognitive Radio11 Cognitive Radio Paradigms.13 Network

2.4

SOF TWA 2.4.1 Underlay Paradigm RE DEF 2.4.2 Overlay Paradigm INE D 2.4.3 Interweave Paradigm COG NITI VE RAD Chapter 3- IMPLEMENTATION IO USI 3.1 Algorithm...... NG ...15 MAT LAB 3.2 Related Theory.....

....16
3.2.1 About MATLAB & Simulink 3.2.2 DSB-SC AM Modulation 3.2.3 Power Spectral Density

Chapter 4- SIMULATION
4.1 Simulink

Model ....19

4.1.1 Block Details 4.1.2 Block Properties 4.2 Matlab Code..

....26
4.3 Results

and Graphs . .....28

SOF 4.4 Interpretation of Results TWA ...33 RE DEFI NED Chapter 5 FUTURE SCOPE OF COGNITIVE COG NITI RADIO..34 VE RAD IO REFERENCES.. USI . NG 35 MAT LAB

SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD This report contains basic information on Cognitive Radio IO and Software Defined Radio. Software Defined Radio is an USI emerging technique in this domain that promises easy NG MAT portability and adaptability of new techniques on the LAB

ABSTRACT

same hardware. Cognitive Radio technique utilizes this Software Defined Radio to intelligently and efficiently utilize the available frequency spectrum knowing about the side information of other users sharing the same spectrum. The report talks about the Cognitive Radio technique and goes into details of its Software implementation (on Simulink and MATLAB) using Spectrum Sensing and the practicality of cognitive radio in our present scenario of communication and its actual hardware implementation on Software Defined Radio.

Chapter 1 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO


1.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio

With the exponential growth in the ways and means by which people need to communicate - data communications, voice communications, video communications, broadcast messaging, command and control communications, emergency response SOF TWA communications, etc. - modifying radio devices easily and costRE effectively has become business critical. Software defined radio DEFI (SDR) technology brings the flexibility, cost efficiency and power to NED drive communications forward, with wide-reaching benefits realized COG by service providers and product developers through to end users. NITI
VE Simply put Software Defined Radio is defined as: RAD "Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are IO software USI defined" NG Software-Defined Radio (SDR) refers to the technology wherein MAT software modules running on a generic hardware platform LAB consisting of DSPs and general purpose microprocessors are used to implement radio functions such as generation of transmitted signal (modulation) at transmitter and tuning/detection of received radio signal (demodulation) at receiver.

SDR technology can be used to implement military, commercial and civilian radio applications. A wide range of radio applications like Bluetooth, WLAN, GPS, Radar, WCDMA, GPRS, etc. can be implemented using SDR technology. Traditional hardware based radio devices limit cross-functionality and can only be modified through physical intervention. This results in higher production costs and minimal flexibility in supporting multiple waveform standards. By contrast, software defined radio technology provides an efficient and comparatively inexpensive solution to this problem, using software upgrades. SDR defines a collection of hardware and software technologies where some or all of the radios operating functions are implemented through

SOF TWA modifiable software or firmware operating on programmable RE processing DEF technologies. INE D COG NITI 1.2 VE A Brief History of SDR RAD IOSDR is a radio in which the properties of carrier frequency, signal An USI bandwidth, modulation, and network access are defined by NG software. Todays modern SDR also implements any necessary MAT cryptography; forward error correction (FEC) coding; and source LAB

coding of voice, video, or data in software as well. The roots of SDR design go back to 1987, when Air Force Rome Labs (AFRL) funded the development of a programmable modem as an evolutionary step beyond the architecture of the integrated communications, navigation, and identification architecture (ICNIA). Todays SDR, in contrast, is a general-purpose device in which the same radio tuner and processors are used to implement many waveforms at many frequencies. The advantage of this approach is that the equipment is more versatile and cost effective.

1.3 Role of SDR


1.3.1

Problems faced by Wireless Communication Industry


evolving from 2G to 2.5G/3G and then to 4G. The difference in networks of each generation being significantly in link-layer protocol standards cause problems to subscribers, wireless network operators and equipment vendors.

Commercial Wireless network standards are continuously

Subscribers are forced to buy new handsets whenever a new

generation of network standards is deployed. Wireless network operators face problems during migration of the network from one generation to next due to presence of large number of subscribers using legacy handsets that may be incompatible with newer generation network. The network 7

operators also need to incur high equipment costs when migrating from one generation to next. Equipment vendors face problems in rolling out newer generation equipment due to short time-to-market requirements.
The air interface and link-layer protocols differ across various

geographies (for e.g. European wireless networks are predominantly GSM/TDMA based while in USA the wireless networks are predominantly IS95/CDMA based). This problem has inhibited the deployment of global roaming facilities causing great inconvenience to subscribers who travel frequently from one continent to another. Handset vendors face problems in building viable multi-mode handsets due to SOF high cost and bulky nature of such handsets. TWA
RE DEFI Wireless network operators face deployment issues while NED rolling-out new services/features to realize new revenueCOG streams since this may require large-scale customizations on NITI subscribers handsets. VE RAD IO 1.3.2USI How SDR solves the problems NG MAT LAB For equipment manufacturers SDR enables a family of

products to be implemented using common platform architecture, allowing new products to be more quickly introduced into the market.
Software

can be reused across the products, reducing development costs dramatically. and capabilities to be added to existing infrastructure without requiring major new capital expenditures.

For Wireless Network Operators SDR enables new features

Remote software downloads, through which capacity can be

increased, capability upgrades can be activated and new revenue generating features can be inserted.

SOF TWA For subscribers SDR technology reduces costs by enabling RE DEF them to communicate with whomever they need, whenever INE they need to and in whatever manner is appropriate. D COG SDR technology has some drawbacks like higher power NITI consumption, higher processing power (MIPS) requirement and VE higher RAD initial costs. SDR technology may not be suitable for all kinds ofIO radio equipment due to these factors. Hence these factors should USI be carefully considered before using SDR technology in place of NG complete hardware solution. For e.g., SDR technology may not be MAT appropriate in pagers while it may offer great benefits when used to LAB

implement base-stations.

1.4 Features of SDR technology


Reconfigurability: The SDR provides flexibility in system design. Reconfigurability provides essential mechanisms to terminals and network segments to adapt dynamically, transparently and securely to the most appropriate radio access technology via selecting preinstalled software components or via software downloading and installation. The wireless network infrastructure can reconfigure itself to subscriber's handset type or the subscriber's handset can reconfigure itself to network type. Ubiquitous Connectivity: SDR helps in realizing global roaming facility. SOFIf the terminal is incompatible with the network technology in a TWA particular region, an appropriate software module needs to be RE onto the handset resulting in seamless network access installed DEFI across various geographies.

NED COG Interoperability: SDR facilitates implementation of open NITI architecture radio systems. End-users can seamlessly use VE innovative third-party applications on their handsets as in a PC RAD IO This enhances the appeal and utility of the handsets. system. USI NG MAT LAB

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG 2.1 MAT LAB

Chapter 2 COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGIES


A vision of Cognitive Radio

The long term vision of cognitive radio technology is one in which handsets would automatically make use of underutilized spectrum across a broad frequency range, allowing the high bandwidth requirements of the future. If a radio were smart, it could learn services available in locally accessible wireless computer networks, and could interact with those networks in their preferred protocols, to have no confusion in finding the right wireless network for a video download or a printout. Additionally, it could use the frequencies and choose waveforms that minimize and avoid interference with existing radio communication systems. It might be like having a friend in everything thats important to your daily life.

2.2

History Leading to Cognitive Radio

The sophistication possible in a software-defined radio (SDR) has now reached the level where each radio can conceivably perform beneficial tasks that help the user, help the network, and help minimize spectral congestion. The development of digital signal processing (DSP) techniques arose due to the efforts of such leaders as Alan Oppenheim, Lawrence Rabiner, Ronald Schaefer, Ben Gold, Thomas Parks, James McClellen, James Flanagan, Fred Harris, and James Kaiser. These pioneers recognized the potential for digital filtering and DSP, and prepared the seminal textbooks, innovative papers, and breakthrough signal processing techniques to teach an entire industry how to convert analog signal processes to digital processes.

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Meanwhile, the semiconductor industry, continuing to follow Moores law, evolved to the point where analog functions implemented with large discrete components were replaced with digital functions implemented in silicon, and consequently were more producible, less expensive, more reliable, smaller, and of lower power. During this same period, researchers all over the globe explored various techniques to achieve machine learning and related methods for improved machine behavior. Among these were analog threshold logic, which lead to fuzzy logic and neural networks, a field founded by Frank Rosenblatt. In networking, DARPA and industrial developers at Xerox, BBN Technologies, IBM, ATT, and Cisco each developed computer-networking techniques, which SOF evolved into the standard Ethernet and Internet we all benefit from TWA today. The researchers are exploring wireless networks that range RE fromDEFI access directly via a radio access point to more advanced techniques NED in which intermediate radio nodes serve as repeaters to COG forward data packets toward their eventual destination in an ad hoc NITI topology. Cognitive radios are nearly always applications network VE that sit on top of an SDR, which in turn is implemented largely from RAD digital signal processors and general-purpose processors (GPPs) IO built USI in silicon.
NG MAT LAB 2.3

Information on Cognitive Radio

What is Cognitive Radio? There are many definitions of CR and definitions are still being developed both in academia and through standards bodies such as defined in as : A cognitive radio is a wireless communication system that intelligently utilizes any available side information about the a) Activity, b) Channel conditions, c) Codebooks, d) Messages of other nodes with which it shares the spectrum. CR implies intelligent signal processing (ISP) at the physical layer of a wireless system, i.e. the layer that performs functions such as communications resource management, access to the

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SOF TWA communications medium, etc. Usually, it is accompanied by ISP at RE higher DEF layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. If ISP INE is not implemented at these higher layers then a CR will be D restricted in what it can do. Because a communication exchange COG uses all seven OSI layers, ideally all seven layers need to be flexible NITI if VE the CRs intelligence is to be fully exploited. Without optimization of all the layers, spectrum efficiency gains may not be optimized. RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Fig 1. The 7 layers of OSI Model

The idea of cognitive radio was born because of spectrum shortage. These devices utilize advanced radio and signal-processing technology along with novel spectrum-allocation policies to support new wireless users operating in the existing crowded spectrum without degrading the performance of entrenched users. A cognitive radio must collect and process information about coexisting users within its spectrum, which requires advanced sensing and signalprocessing capabilities. The larger barrier is the requirement for significant changes in the way wireless spectrum is currently allocated to enable cognitive techniques. Licensed frequency bands today are the radio and television bands, cellular and satellite bands, and air traffic control bands. The main advantage of the licensing approach is that the licensee completely controls its assigned spectrum, and can thus unilaterally manage interference between its users and hence their quality of service (QoS). In addition to the licensed spectrum, in recent years spectrum has been set aside in specific frequency bands that can be used without a license by radios following a specific set of etiquette rules, such as 13

a maximum power per hertz or a shared channel access mechanism. The purpose of these unlicensed bands is to encourage innovation without the high cost to entry associated with purchasing licensed spectrum through auctions. The unlicensed bands have proven a great vehicle for innovation, and the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band currently hosts systems such as Bluetooth, 802.11b/g/n Wifi, and cordless phones. Unfortunately, the unlicensed bands can be killed by their own success, since the more devices that occupy these bands, the more interference they cause to each other. Spectrum allocation is not just limited to licensed and unlicensed paradigms. The licensed or unlicensed bands may accommodate many additional wireless devices if these devices can exploit SOF advanced technology to only minimally disrupt the communications TWA of coexisting non-cognitive devices. Cognitive radio originated in the RE formDEFI of various solutions to this problem that allow cognitive communication NED with minimal impact on non-cognitive users.
COG NITI VE RAD 2.4 Cognitive Radio Network Paradigms IO USI Based on the type of available network side information along with NG the regulatory constraints, cognitive radio systems seek to MAT underlay, LAB overlay, or interweave their signals with those of existing

users without significantly impacting their communication. The underlay paradigm allows cognitive users to operate if the interference caused to non cognitive users is below a given threshold. In overlay systems, the cognitive radios use sophisticated signal processing and coding to maintain or improve the communication of non cognitive radios while also obtaining some additional bandwidth for their own communication. In interweave systems; the cognitive radios opportunistically exploit spectral holes to communicate without disrupting other transmissions.
2.4.1

Underlay Paradigm

The underlay paradigm encompasses techniques that allow secondary communications assuming that they have knowledge of the interference caused by its transmitter to the receivers of the primary users. Specifically, the underlay paradigm mandates that concurrent primary and secondary transmissions may occur as long as the aggregated interference generated by the secondary users is 14

SOF TWA below some acceptable threshold. In the underlay paradigm, the RE secondary DEF user enters the primary spectrum only when its activity INE will not cause considerable interference or capacity penalty to the D primary user. Measure of interference requires knowledge about COG multiuser CQI. Measurement challenges for underlay paradigm are: NITI VE Measuring interference at NC receiver RAD Measuring direction of NC node for beam steering IO Both easy if NC receiver also transmits, else hard. USI NG MAT Underlay typically coexists with licensed users. Licensed users paid LAB for their spectrum so they dont want underlay, Insist on very

stringent interference constraints which severely limits underlay capabilities and applications. That is the main challenge for underlay policy.
2.4.2

Overlay Paradigm

The overlay paradigm allows the coexistence of simultaneous primary and secondary communications in the same frequency channel as long as the secondary users somehow aid the primary users, for example, by means of advanced coding or cooperative techniques. In particular, in a cooperative scenario the secondary users may decide to assign part of their power to their own secondary communications and the remaining power to relay the primary users transmission. The enabling premise for overlay systems is that the cognitive transmitter has knowledge of the noncognitive users codebooks and its messages as well. A noncognitive user message might be obtained by decoding the message at the cognitive receiver. On the one hand, the information can be used to completely cancel the interference due to the noncognitive signals at the cognitive receiver by sophisticated techniques, like dirty paper coding (DPC). On the other hand, the cognitive users can utilize this knowledge and assign part of their power for their own communication and the remainder of the power to assist (relay) the noncognitive transmissions. By careful choice of the power split, the increase in the noncognitive users signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) due to the assistance from cognitive relaying can be exactly offset by the decrease in the noncognitive users SNR due to the interference caused by the remainder of the cognitive users transmit power used for its own communication.

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2.3.3

Interweave Paradigm

The interweave paradigm was the original motivation for cognitive radio and is based on the idea of opportunistic communications. The interweave paradigm, where a secondary user can opportunistically enter temporary spectrum holes and white spaces existing in both licensed and unlicensed radio spectrum. Fast and reliable spectrum sensing techniques are the key to the success of interweave cognitive radios.
SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD 3.1 Algorithm IO USI NG In the Project, our primary aim was to simulate a working MAT LAB cognitive radio for which we were required to produce a

Chapter 3

IMPLEMENTATION

variable source generator to replicate real life usage of the frequency channels.

After completion of the source generator, the signal in channel, if there, have to be modulated so as for making it suitable for transmission and defining the frequencies that will be used by it during transmission.

All the different modulated carrier signals multiplexed to give a continuous spectrum.

will

then

To detect an empty channel, we have used the power spectral density of all the signals which will provide us the power being transmitted at a particular frequency channel at the moment.

Threshold values will be set for determining whether the channel is empty or not.

Once the sensing part is over, another user will be introduced acting as secondary user and will attain the particular frequency for which the PSD is below the threshold, Thus achieving functionality of cognitive radio.

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SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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SOF TWA RE Related Theory 3.2 DEF INE D COG 3.2.1 About MATLAB & SIMULINK NITI VE RAD 3.2.1.1 MATLAB IO USI MATLAB is a high-level technical computing language and NG interactive environment for algorithm development, data MAT visualization, data analysis, and numerical computation. Using LAB

MATLAB, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional programming languages, such as C, C++, and Fortran. You can use MATLAB in a wide range of applications, including signal and image processing, communications, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in these application areas. MATLAB provides a number of features for documenting and sharing your work. You can integrate your MATLAB code with other languages and applications, and distribute your MATLAB algorithms and applications. Key Features High-level language for technical computing Development environment for managing code, files, and data Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, and numerical integration 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages, such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel

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3.2.1.2

SIMULINK

Simulink is an environment for multidomain simulation and ModelBased Design for dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB, providing immediate access to an extensive range of tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize simulations, create batch processing scripts, customize the modeling environment, and define signal, parameter, and test data.
SOF Key TWA Features RE Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks DEFI Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing NED COG block diagrams intuitive NITI Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models VE into hierarchies of design components RAD Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all IO signals, USI parameters, properties, and generated code associated with your NG model Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you MAT connect LAB with other simulation programs and incorporate hand-

written code MATLAB Function blocks for bringing MATLAB algorithms into Simulink and embedded system implementations Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator) for running simulations interpretively or at compiled Ccode speeds using fixed- or variable-step solvers Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results and then diagnose performance and unexpected behavior in your design Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results, customizing the modeling environment, and defining signal, parameter, and test data Model analysis and diagnostics tools to ensure model consistency and identify modeling errors

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SOF TWA 3.2.2 RE DSB-SC AM Modulation DEF Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC): INE Transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude D modulation are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier COG frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical NITI level, VE ideally completely suppressed. RAD In the double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) IO modulation, unlike AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, a USI great percentage of power that is dedicated to it is distributed NG between the sideband, which implies an increase of the cover in MAT DSB-SC, compared to AM, for the same power used. LAB

This is used for RDS (Radio Data System) because it is difficult to decouple.

3.2.3

Power Spectral Density

The power spectral density (PSD) is a positive real function of a frequency variable associated with a stationary stochastic process, or a deterministic function of time, which has dimensions of power per hertz (Hz), or energy per hertz. It is often called simply the spectrum of the signal. Intuitively, the spectral density measures the frequency content of a stochastic process and helps identify periodicities.

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Chapter 4 SIMULATION

4.1 Simulink Model

SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Fig 2. Primary user model in simulink

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SOF TWA 4.1.1 Block Details RE DEF INE D Spectrum Scope COG NITI The Spectrum Scope block computes and displays the periodogram VE of the input. The input can be a sample-based or frame-based RAD vector or a frame-based matrix. IO USI NG MAT Multiplexer LAB

The Mux block combines its inputs into a single vector output. An input can be a scalar or vector signal. All inputs should be of the same data type and numeric type. The elements of the vector output signal take their order from the top to bottom, or left to right, input port signals.

Sine Wave Block The Sine Wave block provides a sinusoid. The block can operate in either time-based or sample-based mode. In Time-Based Mode the output of the Sine Wave block is determined by Y=Amplitude*sin(frequency*time+phase)+bias Time-based mode has two sub modes: continuous mode or discrete mode. The value of the Sample time parameter determines whether the block operates in continuous mode or discrete mode: 0 (the default) causes the block to operate in continuous mode. >0 causes the block to operate in discrete mode.

Bernoulli Binary generator The Bernoulli Binary Generator block generates random binary numbers using a Bernoulli distribution. The Bernoulli distribution with parameter p produces zero with probability p and one with

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probability 1-p. The Bernoulli distribution has mean value 1-p and variance p(1-p). The Probability of a zero parameter specifies p, and can be any real number between zero and one.

SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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SOF TWA Scope RE DEF The INE Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The D Scope block can have multiple axes (one per port); all axes COG have a common time range with independent y-axes. The Scope NITI allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input VE values displayed. You can move and resize the Scope window and RAD you IO can modify the Scope's parameter values during the simulation. When you start a simulation, Simulink does not open Scope USI NG windows, although it does write data to connected Scopes. As a MAT result, if you open a Scope after a simulation, the Scope's input LAB

signal or signals will be displayed. If the signal is continuous, the Scope produces a point-to-point plot. If the signal is discrete, the Scope produces a stair-step plot.

DSBSC AM Modulator Passband block The DSBSC AM Modulator Passband block modulates using doublesideband suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation. The output is a passband representation of the modulated signal. Both the input and output signals are real sample-based scalar signals. If the input is u(t) as a function of time t, then the output is where fc is the Carrier frequency parameter and ? is the Initial phase parameter. Typically, an appropriate Carrier frequency value is much higher than the highest frequency of the input signal. By the Nyquist sampling theorem, the reciprocal of the model's sample time (defined by the model's signal source) must exceed twice the Carrier frequency parameter. This block works only with real inputs of type double. This block is not suited to be placed inside a triggered subsystem.

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4.1.2

Block Properties

Block Type Scope Sin Product SOF


TWA RE DSBSC AM DEFI Modulator NED Passband COG NITI VE RAD Bernoulli IO Binary Generator USI NG MAT LAB

Coun Block Names t 10 5 5 5 Scope, Scope1, Scope2, Scope3, Scope4, Scope5, Scope6, Scope7, Scope8, Scope9 Sine Wave, Sine Wave1, Sine Wave2, Sine Wave3, Sine Wave4 Product, Product1, Product2, Product3, Product4 DSBSC AM Modulator Passband, DSBSC AM Modulator Passband1, DSBSC AM Modulator Passband2, DSBSC AM Modulator Passband3, DSBSC AM Modulator Passband4 Bernoulli Binary Generator, Bernoulli Binary Generator1, Bernoulli Binary Generator2, Bernoulli Binary Generator3, Bernoulli Binary Generator4 To Workspace Spectrum Scope Mux

ToWorkspace

1 1 1

Spectrum Scope Mux

Table 1. Block type count

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D Name COG NITI VE RAD IO Bernoulli USI Binary NG Generator MAT LAB 1

Seed

Ts

Fram e Based Off

Samp Per Fram e 1

Orien t

Out Data Type double

0.5

61

100

Off

Bernoulli Binary Generator 2 Bernoulli Binary Generator 3 Bernoulli Binary Generator 4 Bernoulli Binary Generator 5

0.5

61

100

Off

Off

double

0.5

61

100

Off

Off

double

0.5

61

100

Off

Off

double

0.5

61

100

Off

Off

double

Table 2. Bernoulli Binary Generator Block Properties

Name Mux

Inputs 5

Display Option bar

Table 3. Mux Block Properties

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SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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SOF TWA Name RE DEF DSBSC AM Modulator INE Passband1 D COG DSBSC AM Modulator NITI Passband2 VE RAD DSBSC AM Modulator IO Passband3 USI DSBSC AM Modulator NG Passband4 MAT LAB

Fc 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000

Ph 45 0 0 0 0

DSBSC AM Modulator Passband5

Table 4. DSBSC AM Modulator Passband Block Properties

Name

Sin Type Time base d Time base d Time base d Time base d Time base d

Time Source Use simulation time Use simulation time Use simulation time Use simulation time Use simulation time

Ampl

Bia s 0

Frequen cy 4340

Phas e 0

Sam ples 20

Offs et 0

Sam ple Time 2

Sine Wave 1 Sine Wave 2 Sine Wave 3 Sine Wave 4 Sine Wave 5

4968

20

628

20

1256

20

3712

20

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Table 5. Sin Block Properties

Scope Use Buff SOF Domai Propert n Buff er TWA iesRE er Size DEFI NED COG NITI On Frequen On 128 VE cy RAD IO USI NG Table 6. Spectrum MAT LAB

FFT leng th

Nu m Av g

Winty pe Spec Scope

Rs Spe c Sco pe 50

Bet a Spe c Sco pe 5

Winsa mp Spec Scope

1024

Hammi ng

Periodi c

Scope Block Properties

Name To Workspace

Variable Name In

Max Data Points Inf

Decimati on 1

Save Format Array

Fixpt As Fi Off

Table 7. To Workspace Block Properties

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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4.2

MATLAB Code

Fs=12000; x1=in(:,1); x2=in(:,2); x3=in(:,3); x4=in(:,4); x5=in(:,5); y=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5; Pxx = periodogram(y); Hpsd = dspdata.psd(Pxx,'Fs',Fs); plot(Hpsd) SOF figure TWA plot(Pxx); RE xlabel('Frequency (KHz)') DEFI ylabel('Power/Frequency (dB/KHz)') NED title('Power Spectral Density via Periodogram') COG NITI VE = Pxx(53); check1 check2 = Pxx(105); RAD check6 IO = Pxx(150); check3 USI= Pxx(187); check4 NG = Pxx(223); check5 = Pxx(239); MAT LAB if(check1 < 80) disp('Assigned to channel 1 as user was not present.'); y1 = ammod(x1,1000,Fs); y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y1; elseif (check2 < 80) disp('Assigned to channel 2 as user was not present.'); y2 = ammod(x2,2000,Fs); y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y2; elseif(check3 < 80) disp('Assigned to channel 4 as user was not present.'); y4 = ammod(x4,4000,Fs); y= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5+ 2*y4; elseif(check4 < 80) disp('Assigned to channel 5 as user was not present.'); y5 = ammod(x5,5000,Fs); y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y5;

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SOF TWA RE elseif(check5 < 80) DEF disp('Assigned to channel 6 as user was not present.'); INE y6 = ammod(x1,6000,Fs); D y = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y6; COG NITI elseif (check6 < 80) VE disp('Assigned to channel 3 as user was not present.'); RAD y3 = ammod(x1,3000,12000); IOy = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 2*y3; USI else NG disp('All user slots in use. Try again later,'); MAT tp=1; LAB

end figure Pxx = periodogram(y); Hpsd = dspdata.psd(Pxx,'Fs',Fs); plot(Hpsd); figure plot(Pxx); xlabel('Frequency (KHz)') ylabel('Power/Frequency (dB/KHz)') title('Power Spectral Density via Periodogram')

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4.3 Results

And Graphs

SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 1. Primary User 1

Plot 2. Primary User 2

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 3. Primary User 3

Plot 4. Primary User 4

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SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 5. Primary User 5

Plot 6. Multiplexed Signal In Time Domain

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 7. Multiplexed Signal in Frequency Domain

Plot 8. Power Spectral Density

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SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 9. Power Spectral Density Via Periodogram

Plot 10. Power Spectral Density With Secondary User

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SOF TWA RE DEF INE D COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

Plot 11. Power Spectral Density With Secondary User via Periodogram

4.4 Interpretation

of Results

Weve simulated the basics of a cognitive radio systems enabling dynamic spectrum access at run time. Our approach was to take the decisions on the basis of power spectral density of the channel which can be used cognitively to find out the available gaps those can be assigned to new incoming users thus improving the overall channels throughput. The project is still incomplete and needs a lot of modifications which will be decided with the instructors. Overall the whole project was a success though it took quite a lot of time and research in finding out some generic algorithm for simulating the cognitive radio systems, but in the end wed to come around with our own idea and implementing it in Simulink and MATLAB. The results are quite accurate and were still working on improving the code for more presentable results.

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Chapter 5 FUTURE SCOPE OF COGNITIVE RADIO

Cognitive radio technology is a smarter, faster, and more efficient way to transmit information to and from fixed, mobile, other wireless communication devices. Cognitive radio builds upon software-defined radio technology. A cognitive radio system is SOF 'aware' TWAof its operating environment and automatically adjusts itself RE to maintain desired communications its like having a trained DEFI operator inside the radio making constant adjustments for NED maximum performance. Operating frequency, power output, COG antenna NITI orientation/beam width, modulation, and transmitter bandwidth are just a few of the operating parameters that can VE RAD automatically be adjusted on the fly in a cognitive radio system
IO USI The phenomenal success of the unlicensed band in accommodating NG a range of wireless devices and services has led the FCC to consider MAT opening further bands for unlicensed use. In contrast, the licensed LAB bands are underutilized due to static frequency allocation. Realizing that CR technology has the potential to exploit the inefficiently utilized licensed bands without causing interference to incumbent users; the FCC released the Notice of Proposed Rule Making to allow unlicensed radios to operate in the TV broadcast bands. The IEEE 802.22 working group formed in November/2004 is equipped with the task of defining the air interface standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks based on CR sensing for the operation of unlicensed devices in the spectrum allocated to TV service.

While CR devices are built with components that have been wellestablished in the telecommunications and computer science disciplines, the existing approaches to provide robustness and effective security for a network of CR devices are inadequate. Due to the particular characteristics of the CR systems, new types of attack are possible and some of the well-known types increase in complexity. Therefore, new ideas are needed to make CR networks

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SOF TWA secure and robust against specific attacks, especially against those RE DEF are inherent to the CR functionality. that INE There is, therefore, the need for comprehensive and energy efficient D COG mechanisms to discourage, identify and mitigate the attacks at all NITI phases of the cognitive cycle, in order to obtain CR systems that are VE trustworthy, efficient and dependable. RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

REFERENCES

[1] Allen B.MacKenzie , Peter Athanas , R. Michael Buehrer , Steven W. Ellingson ,Michael Hsiao , Cameron Patterson and Claudio R. C. M. da Silva, Cognitive Radio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech , Proceedingd of IEEE | Vol. 97, No. 4, April 2009, pp 660 - 688 [2] S. Kaneko, T. Ueda, S. Nomura, K. Sugiyama, K. Takeuchi, and S. Nomoto, The possibility of the prediction of radio resource availability in cognitive radio , Proc. IEICE General Conference, Nagoya| B-17-33, Japan, Mar., 2007 [3] Burke, M.; Lally, B.T.; Kerans, A.J., Virtual Occupancy in Cognitive Radio| 2011 , pp 328 336 [4] A.Venkata Reddy, E.Rama Krishna and , P.Mahipal Reddy, Sensor Networks for Cognitive Radio: Theory and System Design | Volume: 3 , 2011 , pp 229 233 [5] Na Yi, YiMa, and Rahim Tafazolli, Underlay Cognitive Radio with Full or Partial Channel Quality Information C.C.S.R., University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK, Research Article | June 2010 [6] Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practice , 2nd EDITION, 1996 [7] Bruce A. EDITION,2006 Fette, Cognitive Radio Technology, 1st

[8] Kamilo Feher ,Wireless Digital Communication: Modulation and Spread Spectrum Application , 2nd Edition

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SOF TWA RE DEFI NED COG NITI VE RAD IO USI NG MAT LAB

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