Lecture 10 1

Distillation Column External Balance

Lecture 10 2
Column Distillation
Typical Specified Variables

Column pressure, P
c
.

Feed flow rate, F.

Feed composition, z.

Feed temperature, T
F
; enthalpy, h
F
; or quality, q = L/F.

Reflux temperature, T
R
; or enthalpy, h
D
.

Reflux ratio, L/D; or distillate composition, x
D
.

Bottoms composition, x
B
.
Lecture 10 3
Column Distillation
Tools for Solution

Equilibrium relationships

Mass balances

Energy balances
Lecture 10 4
Column Distillation
External Balance

Column

Condenser

Reboiler


Lecture 10 5
Distillation Column External Balance
Lecture 10 6
External Column Balances
Overall
Eq. (4-1)

Component
Eq. (4-2)

Energy
Eq. (4-5)

D B F + =
D B F
Dx Bx Fz + =
B D R C F
Bh Dh Q Q Fh + = + +
Lecture 10 7
Distillate and Bottom Streams
Distillate Stream D

Eq. (4-3)


Bottoms Stream B

Eq. (4-4)
F
x x
x z
D
B D
B F
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
F
x x
z x
D F B
B D
D
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
Lecture 10 8
Condenser Conditions

Partial only part of the incoming vapor stream, V
1
,
is condensed. We have both vapor and liquid streams
at saturated conditions. D is taken as a saturated
vapor and the liquid reflux, L
o
, is returned to the
column as a saturated liquid. Both must be at
saturated conditions since we have equilibrium in
fact the partial condenser is an additional equilibrium
stage. We will look at partial condensers later.

Total all of the incoming vapor stream, V
1
, is
condensed to liquid. We then split the resulting liquid
outlet into the distillate stream, D, and the reflux L
o
,
which is returned to the column. We will consider
only total condensers for now.



Lecture 10 9
Partial Condenser
Lecture 10 10
Distillation Column Total Condenser
Lecture 10 11
Total Condenser Important Note

The important thing to note for a total condenser is
that the mole fraction, y
1
, of the vapor stream from
the top of the column is equal to both the mole
fractions, x
D
and x
o
, of the liquid streams!

y
1
= x
D
= x
o
Eq. (4-7)

The condition of the outlet of the condenser has to be
specified as either a saturated liquid or a subcooled
liquid in order to use the energy balance. The state of
the liquid determines the heat duty of the condenser.

Lecture 10 12
Total Reboiler
Lecture 10 13
Distillation Column Partial Reboiler
Lecture 10 14
Reboiler Conditions

Partial only part of the incoming liquid stream, L, is
vaporized. We have both vapor and liquid streams exiting
the reboiler at saturated conditions. B is taken as a
saturated liquid and the boilup, V
n+1
, is returned to the
column as a saturated vapor. Both streams must be at
saturated conditions since we have equilibrium in the
reboiler in fact the partial reboiler is an additional
equilibrium stage.

Total the incoming liquid stream, L, is split first to obtain
our bottoms stream, B, as a saturated liquid. It has to be a
saturated liquid since it leaves the equilibrium stage at the
bottom of the column. We then reboil all of the remaining
liquid and return it to the column as a vapor stream, V.

Lecture 10 15
Total Reboiler Important Note

The important thing to note for a total reboiler is that
the mole fraction, x
N
, of the liquid stream from the
bottom of the column is equal to the mole fraction, x
B
,
of the bottom liquid stream and that fed to the partial
reboiler!

x
B
= x
N

The condition of the outlet of the reboiler has to be
specified as either a saturated vapor or a superheated
vapor in order to use the energy balance. The state
of the vapor determines the heat duty of the reboiler.

Lecture 10 16
Total-Condenser Mass Balance
Total
Eq. (4-8)

Component


D L V
o 1
+ =
D o o 1 1
Dx x L y V + =
Lecture 10 17
Total Condenser Mass Balance
Lecture 10 18
Reflux Ratio L
o
/D
External reflux ratio


Eq. (4-9)
D
D
L
1 D D
D
L
V
o o
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
=
Lecture 10 19
Total-Condenser Energy Balance

Eq. (4-10)



Eq. (4-14)
o o D C 1 1
h L Dh Q H V + = +
) H D(h
D
L
1 Q
1 D
o
C

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
) H F(h
x - x
x - z
D
L
1 Q
1 D
B D
B F o
C

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Lecture 10 20
Partial-Reboiler Energy Balance

Eq. (4-15a)


Eq. (4-15b)



Eq. (4-16)
C F B D R
Q Fh Bh Dh Q + =
) h D(H
D
L
1 Fh Bh Dh Q
D 1
o
F B D R

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
) h D(H
D
L
1 Fh Fh
x x
z x
Fh
x x
x z
Q
D 1
o
F B
B D
F D
D
B D
B F
R

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|