Seismic Response of Barrel Vault Structure with 3D-Panel Prefabricated System Using Different Types of Seismic Analyses

H. Chavoshi & H. Kananipour

Graduate M.Sc. Student in Structural Engineering, University of Science & Culture, Tehran, Iran

A. Massumi
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran

SUMMARY: In this study, comparison and surveying between different seismic stability analyses of barrel vault structure with 3D-Panel prefabricated system have been accomplished. For this structural system in addition to prefabricating, some other structural advantages can be mentioned in two general cases: First, in structure principal modes, the dome pattern of system has distributed the tension and compression stresses on its surface and maximum efficiency of the system of seismic and gravity load-bearing structure is made. On the other hand, because of using three dimensional panels for structural shell, the weight and the thickness of the structure was reduced and distancing of two membrane concretes from the neutral axis of section (-due to the existence of central poly styrene layer-) created a noticeable stiffness. The present layout gathers all of the advantages above according to the capability of the 3D-panel system to make various space shapes, whereas the other structural systems do not have this capability to make simply different architectural sketches like dome and barrel vault. For the supposed structure statically equivalent analysis, spectral analysis and time-history analysis are carried out by records of some strong earthquake motions with rather high local magnitudes (i.e., M > 6.5). The results showed that for all cases due to limiting of maximum compressive stress in thin shell concrete membrane to minimum allowable tensile stress in concrete, the thickness of concrete membrane as the structural element considered desirable and the structural situation is suitable for any increasing in the length and the height of special structure that has been considered in this study as a sample. Keywords: Barrel-vault structures, 3D-Panel system, Thin membrane concrete, Seismic stability analyses, Industrial and modern construction technologies

1. INTRODUCTION In the present industrial building & construction of the world, the usage of 3D-panel prefabricated systems has been spread swiftly. Three dimensional panels can be used as the load-bearing elements in box frames or the partition walls in ordinary structures. The buildings with 3D-panel systems have many privileges such as reducing the human cost of work, waste of stuffs, control of construction quality and reducing the construction time and dependence of it to the weather conditions. The threedimensional panels are light and ease in transportation due to nonentity of concrete membrane before the final installation in the site, whereas the difficulties and the expenses of elements transportation in other prefabricated systems are not existed in this system. One of important advantages in this system is completion of junctions after installation of panels in the site and before the shotcrete of them, this processor cause to a uniform structure with confident conjunctions. So, it can be concluded that 3Dpanel system in a moderate manner in compare with on site and complete prefabricated systems has the all advantages of prefabricated systems and in the other hand it has eliminated some deficiencies of them. The first justification of the space sketch of the model is surveyed by chavoshi, sharikian & Massumi. In this paper the results of various seismic analyses on the sample model are compared. In this model light 3D-panel shell element is considered as the gravity and lateral load-bearing structural element. It should be mentioned that the cylindrical vault is a rudimentary pattern for the other available sketches

and the shell conditions show that usage of the other patterns such as parabolic cross sections or the different spans in the building is possible.

2. SHELL THEORIES Shells are three-dimensional bodies bounded by two, relatively close, curved surfaces. The threedimensional equations of elasticity are complicated when written in curvilinear or shell coordinates. Typically, researchers make simplifying assumptions for particular applications. Almost all shell theories (thin and thick, deep and shallow) reduce the three-dimensional (3D) elasticity equations to the two-dimensional (2D) representation. This is done usually by eliminating the coordinate normal to the shell surface in the development of the shell equations. The accuracy of thin and thick shell theories can be established if these theories are compared to the 3D theory of elasticity. A summary of equations for laminated composite shells is made in this section. In particular, the straindisplacement equations, the stressstrain equations and the equations of motion are described. These equations and the associated boundary conditions constitute a complete set of shell theory equations. 2.1. Three-dimensional elasticity theory A shell is a three-dimensional body confined by two parallel (unless the thickness is varying) surfaces. In general, the distance between those surfaces is small compared with other shell parameters. In this section, the equations from the theory of 3D elasticity in curvilinear coordinates are presented. The literature regarding vibrations of laminated shells using 3D elasticity theory will then be reviewed. Consider a shell element of thickness h, radii of curvature R and R (a radius of twist R is not shown here) (Fig. 2.1.). Assume that the deformation of the shell is small compared to the shell dimensions. This assumption allows us to neglect non-linear terms in the subsequent derivation. It will also allow us to refer the analysis to the original configuration of the shell. The strain displacement relations can be written as:
1 1 1 1 , , 1 / 1 / 1 A1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / B 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 /

2.1

Where , , z are the normal strains, R , R are the radii of curvature and R is the radius of twist. u, v, w are the displacements at a point in the , and z directions, respectively and A, B are the Lame parameters. , z, z are the in-plane and transverse shear strains, respectively and finally t is the time parameter.

Figure 2.1. Stresses in shell coordinates (free outer surfaces).

For the development of the constitutive relations, the laminated composite thin shells are assumed to be composed of plies of unidirectional long fibers embedded in a matrix material such as epoxy resin. On a macroscopic level, each layer may be regarded as being homogeneous and orthotropic. However, the fibers of a typical layer may not be parallel to the coordinates in which the shell equations are expressed. The stressstrain relationship for a typical nth lamina (typically called monoclinic) in a laminated composite shell made of N laminas, is shown in Fig. 2.2, and given by Eqn. 2.2.:

Figure 2.2. Lamination parameters in shells. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

(2.2)

Where , , z are the normal stresses in the , and z directions and , z, z are the in-plane and are the stiffness parameters for layer k and the other transverse shear stresses, respectively. parameters were explained in Eqn. 2.1. The positive notations of the stresses are shown in Fig. 2.1. In order to develop a consistent set of equations, the boundary conditions and the equations of motion will be derived using Hamiltons principle. Substituting the equations for potential energy (U), external work (W) and kinetic energy (T), performing the integration by parts, and setting the coefficients of the displacement variations equal to zero, in a normal manner, yields the equations of motion:

(2.3)

Where q, q, qz are the body forces in the , and z directions, respectively and is the density per unit volume. The other parameters were explained in Eqn. 2.1. and Eqn. 2.2. The above equations do not depend on the shell material. Hamiltons principle will also yield boundary terms that are consistent with the other equations (straindisplacement and equilibrium relations). The boundary terms for z = constant are:
0 0 0 0

where 0z, 0z and 0z are surface tractions and u0, v0 and w0 are displacement functions at z = constant. Similar results are obtained for the boundaries = constant and = constant. A threedimensional shell element has six surfaces. With three equations at each surface, a total of 18 equations can be obtained for a single-layered shell. The above equations are valid for single-layered shells. To use 3D elasticity theory for multilayered shells, each layer must be treated as an individual shell. Both displacements and stresses must be continuous between each layer. 2.2. Thin-shell theory If the shell thickness is less than 1/20th of the wavelength of the deformation mode and/or radii of curvature, a thin-shell theory, where shear deformation and rotary inertia are negligible, is generally acceptable. Depending on various assumptions made during the derivation of the straindisplacement relations, stressstrain relations, and the equilibrium equations, various thin shell theories can be derived. Among the most common of these are Loves, Reissners, Naghdys, Sanders and Flugges shell theories. All these theories were initially derived for isotropic shells and expanded later for laminated composite shells by applying the appropriate integration through laminas, and stressstrain relations. For very thin shells, the following additional assumptions simplify the shell equations and their order. The shell is thin such that the ratio of the thickness compared to any of the shells radii or any other shell parameter, i.e., width or length, is negligible when compared to unity.

(2.4)

The normals to the middle surface remain straight and normal when the shell undergoes deformation. The first assumption assures that certain parameters in the shell equations (including the z/R) term mentioned earlier in the thick shell theory can be neglected. Due to the second assumption, the shear deformation can be neglected in the kinematic equations and this allows the in-plane displacement to vary linearly through the shells thickness as given by:

Applying Kirchhoff hypothesis of neglecting shear deformation and the assumption that ez is negligible, the stressstrain equations for an element of material in the kth lamina may be written as:

(2.5)

(2.6)

where Qij are the elastic stiffness coefficients for the material. After calculating some mathematical configurations, force and moment resultants will be obtained. Using Hamiltons principle and applying boundary conditions affiliate to thin shells yield the equations of motion.

3. THE SEMI CYLINDRICAL SAMPLE ANALYSIS PROCESSOR In this section a barrel vault structure sample with 3D-Panel system in a semi cylindrical form has been conducted using the computer program SAP 2000. Gravity loads are applied to the structure regard to Iranian National Building Code for Structural Loadings: Part6 and seismic loads by different methods are applied to the model that the details of these analyses will explained in part 3.2.

Figure 3.1. Finite elements model in the barrel vault sample

The model characteristics are mentioned as below: According to the architectural plan the diameter of cylinder is seven meters and the length of it is 15 meters.

 The doorway and windows of building are voided in the finite elements model as the architectural plan. The poly-styrene layer thickness of panel is about eight centimetres and a concrete layer with three centimetres thickness is considered in both sides of it. The steel mesh are wires in square shapes with eight centimetres lengths and three millimetres diameters that they are related to each other by shear connectors through the central foam.(Fig. 3.2.)

Figure 3.2. Exhibition of different elements in 3D-Panel

3.1. Materials and element characteristics in model The modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, Poissons ratio and unit weight of concrete are taken as 8.58 GPa, 21.4 MPa, 0.2 and 2400 kg/m3, respectively. It should be mentioned that modulus of elasticity for concrete is reduced to 40% of normal concrete as it circumstances during shotcrete, Also the modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, Poissons ratio and unit weight of the central polystyrene foam are taken as 3.0 MPa, 0.11 MPa, 0.37 and 15 kg/m3, respectively. For the steel mesh ultimate tensile strength, yield stress, minimum reducing in area section, the modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, Poissons ratio and unit weight are taken as 515 MPa, 450 MPa, 30%, 200GPa, 0.3 and 7850 kg/m3, respectively. 3.2. Gravity loading The unit area weight of panel is about 173 kg/m2, so it conservatively considered 200 kg/m2 in the model, also the snow loading for buildings in the assumed city should be taken 150 kg/m2 but as the dome shape of sketch it is assumed in three phase with three reduction coefficient equal to 1, 0.66, 0.25: 1/3 top of barrel vault: 150 kg/m2 1/3 middle of barrel vault: 100 kg/m2 1/3 bottom of barrel vault: 40 kg/m2 3.3. Seismic loading For the supposed structure statically equivalent, spectral and time-history analyses are carried out to compare shell conditions after various analyses. First, statically equivalent analysis is carried out with calculated earthquake factor equal to 0.22. Iranian Seismic Code is used to compute this factor design according to the sample circumstances. Then modal analysis is carried out and the fundamental periods of structure are extracted as follows: 0.093s, 0.083s, 0.054s. Spectral analysis is accomplished according to the fundamental periods of main modes and standard design spectrum at Iranian Seismic Code. As the last analysis, five selected strong ground motion records are used for input excitation as listed in Table 3.1. All of these excitations are recorded in a low to moderate distance from the epicenter (less than 45 km) with rather high local magnitudes (i.e. M > 6). Due to the high intensities demonstrated in the records, they are used directly without being normalized. The stiffness proportional damping is applied on the structure in which the damping ratio for the fundamental mode is selected as 2%.The fundamental frequency of the structure system and therefore, the coefficient of the stiffness matrix of the model are 10.7251Hz and 0.0037,respectively.The integration parameters of , and are taken -0.2, 0.36 and 0.7, respectively.

Table 3.1. Strong ground motion characteristics Earthquake Station M 1 Chi-Chi,Taiwan Chi Chi,Taiwan 1999 TCU-074 TCU 7.6 2 3 4 5 Imperial Valley 1979 Tabas 1978 Kobe 1995 Northridge 1994 94 Bonds Corner Tabas Tabas-9101 KJMA Santa Monica 6.5 7.4 6.9 6.7

PGA(g)-L PGA(g) 0.35 0.59 0.84 0.60 0. 0.37 0.

PGA(g)-T PGA(g) 0.60 0.78 0.85 0.82 0.88

PGA(g) PGA(g)-V 0.29 0.43 0.69 0.34 0.23

USGS soil C C C B B

As shown in results graphs, , due to the dome geometry of building and lightness of 3D-panel panel shell, shell lateral drifts drift are negligible and the allowable limitations limitation of Seismic Codes are regarded. According to the Iranian Seismic Code the maximum lateral drift for this th model is calculated equal to 0.875 Percents, so the structure lateral drifts are limited to allowable values in all of analyses and earthquake records (Fig. ( 3.3).
0.5 Max Drift (Percent%) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Chi-Chi Chi Imperial Tabas Kobe Analysis Northridge spectural Statically equivalent

Figure 3.3. 3. Maximum nodal lateral drifts of shell for different analyses methods

As shown in Fig. 3.4. the maximum normal stresses stress in the shell are compared for different dynamic & statically equivalent loadings. loadings As can be seen in the graph, graph, the maximum stress stresses among different analyses do not exceed 25 kg/cm m2 , also it should be noted that these maximum values are related to the doorway and windows areas and this deficiency can be improved proved by some special performances mechanisms.
25 20 15 10 5 0 Chi Chi-Chi Imperial Tabas Kobe Analysis Northridge spectural Statically equivalent

Max Normal Stress (Kgf/cm2)

Figure 3.4. 3. Maximum normal stresses stress in the shell for different analyses methods

As the concrete compressive strength ( ) is considered equal to 210 kg/cm2 and also according to the equation 8.6.1 at (ACI 318-08) 6.7 in psi , the concrete tensile strength (fct) is calculated equal to 25.7 kg/cm2 .Now, it can be concluded that for all analyses due to limiting of maximum compressive stress in thin shell concrete membrane to minimum allowable tensile stress in concrete, the thickness of concrete membrane as the structural element considered desirable (Chapter 19. ACI 318-08) and the structural situation is suitable for any increasing in the length and the height of special structure that has been considered in this study as a sample.

4. CONCLUSIONS In this study, comparison and surveying between different seismic stability analyses of a barrel vault structure (semi cylindrical) with 3D-Panel prefabricated load-bearing system have been accomplished. Finite elements method is employed to simulate the shell sketch. To simplify the model, the effect of foundation wasnt involved in the simulation but in other way to design tie beam (foundation) the constraint reactions can be extracted from the program results. As shown in final graphs, nodal lateral drifts of shells and various in plane stresses for different analyses method had sure safety factors and the structural situation is suitable for any modifying in semi cylindrical architecture scheme .It should be mentioned that the semi cylindrical skeleton construction is a rudimentary sketch for many various other plans, such as different parabolic cross sections. Also to improve the inner space of building, some flat 3D-panels can be used from the foundation level to arbitrary height of periphery walls and then the main arch structure will be stood on it and it is obvious that every little modification in these designs need more observation about it.

REFERENCES Chavoshi, H., Sharikian, K. and Massumi, A. (2012). Barrel vault structure with 3D-panel prefabricated modern System. 9thInternational Congress on Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. Code:11304. Qatu, M.S. (2004). Vibration of laminated shells and plates. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. Qatu, M.S., Sullivan, R.W. and Wang, W. (2010). Recent research advances on dynamic analysis of composite shell. Composite Structures Journal, 93, 14-31. Ray, M.C. and Reddy, J.N. (2004). Optimal control of thin circular cylindrical laminated composite shells using active constrained layer damping treatment. Smart Mater Struct, 13, 64-72. Librescu, L. and Hause, T. (2000). Recent developments in the modeling and behavior of advanced sandwich constructions. a survey, Compos Struct, 48, 1-17. Iranian Code for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings. (2005). Third ed., Building and Housing Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Iranian National Building Code for Structural Loadings: Part6. (2006). Iranian office of collection and development of building code, Tehran, Iran. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, an ACI standard reported by American Concrete Institute committee 318, January 2008.