Evolutionary trends of mobile systems: from GSM to CRS

University of Bologna 14 January 2011

Enrico Buracchini TILAB

Outline
GSM & GPRS Overview UMTS R99 main characteristics HSDPA:
- Rationale, main characteristics and differences vs R99 - R5 UE categories - HSPA evolution hints

Systems beyong 3G: LTE & LTELTE-A

- LTE: 3GPP requirements & enabling technologies - LTELTE-A: 3GPP requirements & additional functionalities vs LTE

SDR (Software Defined Radio) & CRS (Cognitive Radio Systems)

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1

A wireless mobile system

IN Control of Radio Stations (BSC/RNC)
PSTN / ISDN Other Networks

Radio Access

Web, Internet MSC (Switching & MM)

Radio Coverage (BTS, Node B)

ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

FDMA (TACS) P T P T P P - Power T - Time F - Frequency T F CDMA (UMTS) F F

TDMA (GSM)

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2

GSM/GPRS

GSM FREQUENCIES
Up 890
124 channels

Down 960

915

935

GSM 900
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

GSM 1800
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 MHz

Up 1710

374 channels

Down 1880

1785

1805

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3

GSM functions - TDMA access technique

BURST TRANSMITTED BY MOBILE 1 TDMA FRAME (4.6 ms)

MOBILE 2

MOBILE 8 TIME

TIME-SLOT: 577 s

SIGNAL BURST: 543 s

GSM traffic burst structure

Tail bits (guard bits)

Stealing flag

Guard Time

Type Number of Bits

T Coded Data 3 57

S Training Seq. S Coded Data 1 26 1 57 148 Bit

1 GP 3 8.25

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4

The GSM system

Architecture & Equipment
AuC HLR BSS VLR EIR

MS

PSTN

BTS

BSC

MSC

ISDN Other Netws

MS Mobile Station BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller BSS Base Station Subsystem MSC Mobile Switching Center OMC Operations & Maxz intenance Center SM-SC Short Message Service Center

OMC
HLR VLR EIR

SM-SC

Home Location Register \ Center Equipment Identity Register

GSM Standard Evolution (I)

PHASE 1
Basic Services
Telephony Emergency calls Short Message Services (Mobile Terminated & Originated) Group 3 Fax & CS data @ 9.6 kb/s Call Forwarding & Barring

PHASE 2
New Supplementary Services
Call Waiting & Call Hold Line Identification & Multi-Party Call Closed User Group & Advice of Charge

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GSM Standard Evolution (II)

PHASE 2+
CS & PS Data Services
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) GPRS (General Packed Radio Service) EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for the GSM Evolution)

Supplementary Services
CCBS (Completion of Call to Busy Subscriber) USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)

Other
Specific services support (e.g. SIM Toolkit) Mobile Number Portability

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Class A:PS&CS simultaneously Class B: registration to both PS & CS, but no simultaneous usage Class C: registration & usage alternate

HLR
RRM

VLR MSC

SGSN BSC BTS

Signalling Data
Mobility management Authentication Ciphering Routeing

GGSN

External Data Network

Gateway Mobility management Routeing Encapsulation

Two : CS1 /s & scheme kb Two(on (on4) 4)implemented implementedcoding codingscheme: scheme: CS1& &CS2, CS2,for fora abit bitrate rateof of 8 8kb/s kb/s & 12kb/s 12kb/sper perslot slot For Fora a4 4(DL) (DL)+1 +1(UL) (UL)terminal, terminal,maximum maximumbit bitrate rate@ @48kb/s 48kb/s(DL): (DL):the theeffective effectiveone oneis is around around40kb/s 40kb/s

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Enhanced Data rate for the GSM Evolution (EDGE)

New modulation scheme to increase the data rate per slot: 8 PSK Both CS (ECSD) & PS (EGPRS) ECSD: up to 32 kb/s x slot & peak rate of 64kb/s EGPRS: EGPRS: up to 59.2 kb/s per slot & peak rate of 384 kb/s New terminals (dual(dual-mode EDGE/GSM) & new transceiver in BTSs

UMTS R99

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UMTS core bands assignment

ITU ITU
IMTIMT-2000
1885 1920 1980

MSS
2010 2025 2110

IMTIMT-2000

MSS
2170 2200 MHz

EUROPE EUROPE

DECT
1880 1900

IMTIMT-2000
1980

MSS
2010 2025 2110

IMTIMT-2000

MSS
2170 2200 MHz

UMTS R99 architecture

Iub
Node B

Iucs

RNC

3G MSC/VLR HLR
Iucs Iups Gs

PSTN ISDN

Node B

Iur
BTS Node B

RNC
Node B

3G SGSN
Iups Gn

GGSN

Packet Data Networks

UTRAN

Access Network

Core Network

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8

FDD (WB-CDMA) technique

CDMA (UMTS) P T All the users are on the same frequencies and they are distinguished by means of a code P - Power T - Time F - Frequency F

TDD (TD-CDMA) technique

One Time Slot

Energy

Codes

WB-TDMA/CDMA
Fr eq ue nc y
1 2 3 . . . 14 15

ch ip /s

3.

84

Time

frame with 15 time slots

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9

Main parameters
UTRA/FDD Access technique Chip rate Carrier spacing Frame duration N. slot per frame BTS synchronization Modulation Coherent receiver Multi-rate Not required WCDMA UTRA/TDD Hybrid WCDMA+TDMA

3.84 Mcps (SF FDD:4-256, TDD 1-16) 4.4-5 MHz 10 ms 15 Not required (advisable) DL: QPSK DL: QPSK UL: Dual-channel QPSK UL: QPSK Uplink e downlink Variabile SF + Multi-code + Multi-slot (TDD)

Soft Handover and Macrodiversity (WCDMA)

S RN
RNC -A
no de

C N

no

de

No d A e

R UT

No d B e

AN

RNC -B

no

S RN
no de

UE

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10

de

Macrodiversity
Node B 1

circuit 2

RNC
circuit 1

UMSC

Node B 2

Frame selection

Soft capacity & cell dynamic

Cell with radius R and N users N C/I 1/N

N+X N

We assume that the user density increase: Cell with radius R and (N+X) > N users (C/I) 1/(N+X) < C/I In the new load situation if we want to stick to the original C/I target we have to reduce the cell radius

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UMTS- HSDPA (R5)

HSDPA positioning vs other solutions

10 Mbit/s

WLAN (802.11b)
1 Mbit/s

HSDP

A (U M T

S R e le ase 5 )

UM TS Rele ase 99
100 kbit/s

EDGE
GPRS

Velocit bit rate di Trasmissione Raggio di cell radius Cella 100 m 1000 m 10 km

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12

HSDPA rationale
to improve data speeds per user
High speed download (mails, video and mp3) Video streaming Highly interactive games High speed browsing

to improve service latency to improve Network Capacity The HSPA deployment is based on the reuse of 3G network infrastructure:
same NodeB (modified) and RNC same Core Network same site/mast/antennas.

3GPP HSDPA Rel.5

Introduced in 3GPP Release 5 Main Characteristics vs R99: Shared packet transmission Higher order modulation (16QAM) Shorter TTI (2ms vs 10ms) Adaptive modulation & coding Fast Link Adaptation Fast Hybrid HARQ Advanced packet scheduling

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13

HSDPA: Main characteristics vs UMTS R99

R5 UE categories

UE 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

categories defined on the basis of: Number of codes that can be elaborated per each TTI Maximum bit rate over the entire frame Minimum interval elapsing between two subsequent TTIs Possible modulation schemes (only QPSK, or both QPSK and 16-QAM) Storage dimension for the HARQ, e.g the less powerful class does not accept the Incremental Redundancy at the maximum bit rate.

3GPP TS 25.306

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14

R5 UE categories and related bit rates

Classe class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

peak bit rate peak bit rate Bit rate di Bit rate di Max. Num. Minimo intervallo max minimum TTI picco al livello picco al livello at layer 1 at RLC level Codici inter-TTI codes # interval fisico [Mbit/s] RLC [Mbit/s] (mbps) (mbps)
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 15 15 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,8 1,8 3,6 3,6 7,2 7,2 10 14 0,9 1,8 1,1 1,1 1,6 1,6 3,4 3,4 6,7 6,7 9,6 13,4 0,8 1,6

IR atmax peak IR al
bit rate No Si Yes No

bit rate

supported Modulazioni modulation supportate

QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM QPSK QPSK

Yes Si
No

Yes Si
No Si Yes No No No No

3GPP TS 25.306

HSPA Evolution hints

HSPA Evolution 710 Ericsson White Paper: www.3g4g.co.uk/Hspa/HSPAE_WP_0710_Ericsson.pdf

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Systems beyond 3G: LTE & LTE-A

3GPP Requirements of LTE

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LTE: key enabling technologies

Scalable Bandwidth

OFDM

M M E/UPE

M M E/UPE

S1
x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
eNB

Evolved Packet Core

X2 X2
eNB eNB

E-UTRAN
X2

MIMO

Network Evolution

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation

OFDM as modulation
Spectrum is divided in several orthogonal sub-carriers : f=1/Ts f=1/Ts Information flow is divided over the sub-carriers Mo-demodulation by FFT/iFFT

OFDM as mulitple access (OFDMA)

A group of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users inside the available bandwidth

f
single-carrier m od. conventional m ulticarrier m odulation

f
O FDM

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OFDM: Characteristics
FFT
N subcarriers in W Bandwidth Sub-carriers f=1/Ts f=1/Ts Guard Intervals Symbols Frequency

Time

OFDM: pros & cons

Advantages
 High resistance to multipath propagation  Low implementation complexity (IFFT/FFT)  Sharp power spectrum decrease at the band edges  Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) is eliminated at the receiver by removing the cyclic prefix (i.e. no need for channel equalizers or Rake receivers)  Space-time processing operations performed independently for each sub-carrier (lower receiver complexity that single carrier transmission)

Disadvantages
 High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)  Power amplifiers with high linearity are required (critical issue on the terminal side)  Sensitivity to frequency offset and phase noise

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OFDM in 3GPP Long Term Evolution

In 3GPP Long Term Evolution:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is to be used in downlink direction Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is to be used in the uplink direction
Downlink Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users. The subcarrier spacing in the OFDM downlink is 15 kHz and there is a maximum of 2048 subcarriers available. The transmission is divided in time into time slots of duration 0.5 ms and subframes of duration 1.0 ms. A radio frame is 10 ms long. Supported modulation formats on the downlink data channels are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.

Uplink

SCSC-FDMA was chosen in order to reduce Peak to Average Ratio (PAR), which has been identified as a critical issue for use of OFDMA in the uplink where power efficient user-terminal amplifiers are required. Another important requirement was to maximize the coverage. For each time interval, the base station scheduler assigns a unique time-frequency interval to a terminal for the transmission of user data, thereby ensuring intra-cell orthogonality.

E-UTRAN architecture
The E-UTRAN consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.

MME / S-GW

MME / S-GW

S1

eNB
X2

S1
S1

S1

X2

E-UTRAN eNB

X2
eNB

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LTE-A requirements: R8 and beyond

The Table summarizes some requirements of the Release 8 LTE system and of the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) (1). Release 8 LTE Downlink
Peak data rate Bandwidth Peak Spectrum efficiency Average Spectrum efficiency [bit/s/Hz/cell] Latency 326.4 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) 172.8 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 16.3 bit/s/Hz 1.69 (2x2 MIMO) (3)

Next Releases LTE-A (3GPP targets in TR 36.913) Uplink Downlink

1 Gbps (8x8 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz (2) 30 bit/s/Hz 2.4 (2x2 MIMO) (1)

Uplink
500 Mbps (4x4 MIMO, low mobility) Up to 100 MHz (2) 15 bit/s/Hz

86.4 Mbps (1x2 SIMO) 172 Mbps (Virtual MIMO) Up to 20 MHz 4.3 bit/s/Hz (1x2 SIMO) 8.6 bit/s/Hz (Virtual MIMO)

1.87 (4x2 MIMO) 0.74 (1x2 SIMO) (4) 2.67 (4x4 MIMO) Data plane : 10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 100 ms (idle to active state)

1.2 (1x2 SIMO) (1) 2.6 (4x2 MIMO) 2.0 (2x4 MIMO) 3.7 (4x4 MIMO) Data plane : <10 ms (round trip delay) Control plane : 50 ms (idle to active state)

(1) 3GPP TR 36.913 , Requirements for LTE-Advanced (2) Achievable by means of Carrier Aggregation (3) R1-072444, Summary of Downlink Performance Evaluation. Ericsson, TSG-RAN WG1 #49 (4) R1-072261, LTE Performance Evaluation - Uplink Summary. Vodafone, TSG-RAN WG1 #49

New features of LTE-Advanced

Support of wider bandwidth
Carrier aggregation, where two or more component carriers, each with a bandwidth up to 20 MHz, are aggregated, is considered for LTE-Advanced in order to support downlink transmission bandwidths larger than 20 MHz, e.g. 100 MHz.

Extended Multi-Antenna configurations

Extension of LTE downlink spatial multiplexing to up to eight layers is considered. For the uplink spatial multiplying to up to four layers is considered.

Coordinated Multiple Point transmission and reception

This feature is considered as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput

Relaying functionality
Relaying is considered for LTE-Advanced as a tool to improve e.g. the coverage of high data rates, group mobility, temporary network deployment, the cell-edge throughput and/or to provide coverage in new areas.

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.and what else? SDR & CRS

Software Defined Radio

Emerging technology for flexible radio systems, systems, multimulti-service service, multimulti-standard standard, multimulti-band band, reconfigurable and reprogrammable by software
Core Network Interworking

Multiple Radio Interfaces Multiple Environments

Multiple Needs & Locations

USER USER

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Software radio transceiver

IDEAL SOFTWARE RADIO RECEIVER: RECEIVER:

DIGITAL RADIO RECEIVER

Technical issues for a SW radio transceiver

Te ch n ical issu e s Sw rad io fe at u re s Wid e b an d RF Fle x ib ilit y M u lt im o d e / M u lt ib an d / M u lt ist an d ard Wid e b an d / h ig n sp e e d / h ig h re so lu t io n A / D D / A co n v e rt e r A d ap t ab ilit y A d ap t iv e Sig n al P ro ce ssin g

H ig h p e rfo rm an ce sig n al p ro ce ssin g d e v ice s ( D SP s, FP GA s, u P s) So ft w are

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Cognitive Radios
Cognitive Radio definitions:
First defined by Mitola as the point in which wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the related networks are sufficiently computationally intelligent about radio resources and related computer-to-computer communications to: (a) detect user communications needs as a function of use context, and (b) to provide radio resources and wireless services most appropriate to those needs. The FCC suggests: A Cognitive Radio (CR) is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The majority of cognitive radios will probably be Software Defined Radios (SDRs), but neither having software nor being field programmable are requirements of a cognitive radio.

Cognitive Radios
Cognitive Radio System definition by ITU R Wp1B:
Cognitive Radio System (CRS): A radio system employing technology that allows the system: to obtain knowledge of its operational and geographical environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to its obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objectives; and to learn from the results obtained. [ITU-Report SM.2152 Definitions of Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio System (CRS)]

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The Cognition Cycle

A cognitive radio continually observes the environment, orients itself, creates plans, decides, and then acts (Mitola) :

Cognitive radio systems

Application/User

Over the TOP

Cognitive Cycle Cognitive Framework Applications for cognitive nodes

Advanced Antenna Systems Multi-RAT Resource Management Management of multiple connections

Specification Language

Cognition Layer

Cognitive Process

Network Status Sensors

Network API

Software Configurable Equipment

Configurable Network Elements

Cognition enablers, e.g. CPC (Cognitive Pilot Channel)

DYNAMICAL resource adaptations on the basis of: Radio conditions Traffic conditions User context

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Impacts of SDR/CR
FOR NETWORK OPERATORS:
Simultaneous implementation of more standards on the same BS: possible reduction of investments, investments, coverage flexible upgrade and future adaptability to traffic variations

FOR MANUFACTURERS:
Reduced set of HW platforms development for each radio system and for each market cost reduction, reduced inventory, scale economy possibility to correct and improve SW in successive phases

FOR COSTUMERS:
Better fruition of existing/new services depending on the context

Open issues
R&D efforts still necessary and ongoing (maturity of technology
and reliability of related algorithms/ algorithms/methodologies, methodologies, impact on network management and planning processes, processes, .)

Dawning of standardisation & regulation

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Thanks for your kind attention

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