MOBILE COMMUNICATION THROUGH CDMA TECHNOLOGY

CDMA OVERVIEW
Presentation byArunabh Kumar & Pravir Kumar with ECE Final Year,R.P.S.I.T Patna.

SAHID MASWOOD (HRD PATNA)

SIGNATURE

B.C.NAYAK (CDMA LEAD)

SIGNATURE

COMMENTS:

COMMENTS:

Contents

Acknowledgement Mobile communication history Multiple Access methods GSM And CDMA Departments of CDMA R F Overview Switch Overview Call Flow Signaling POI NLD/ILD Transportation Overview Fixed Access Out-side Plant Advantages, Disadvantages

Acknowledgement
We got this great opportunity to present project on CDMA Overview prepared on the basis on four week training in Reliance Info COM Pvt. Ltd. Patna. We owe our sincere thanks to Shahid Maswood (HRD Patna) B. C. Nayak (CDMA LEAD) Manoj Sinha (MCN Cluster in charge)

We express sincere thanks to the management at RELIANCE INFOCOMM Pvt. Ltd. Mr. R.N.Rathore & MCN Patna, in particular to Mr. Saurav Chaurasiya,Mr. Amar Nath Prasad & Mr. Dhananjay Kumar, all are arranging and scheduling our training for 4 weeks. Without their generous support, We could not have completed our training so efficiently. At last, we are really thankful to Mr. Himanshu Shekhar & Miss. Priyanka Priya without there co-operation ,it couldnt be possible.

MOBILE COMMUICATION HISTORY

3rd. Generation (2000s)

2nd. Generation (1990s) 1st.Generation (1980s)
Analog
NMT TACS AMPS CT0 CT1
IMT-2000 CDMA2000 W-CDMA

Digital
GSM DCS1800 PDC IS-54 IS-95 IS-136 UP-PCS DECT CT2 PHS

1946 1946to1970 1970 1979

Mobile communication Appeared St. Louis USA Slow growth of mobile networks all over world. BELL LAB introduced Cellular Principle. AMPS System in US Analogue technology used. Technologies incompatible. Modules cumbersome & heavy. TACS & NMT systems introduced by Europe & Nordic countries. Digital Systems introduced.

1980s

1990s

1946- 1960s Appeared

1980s 1G Analog

1990s 2G Digital

2000s 3G Digital

Multi Standard
Terrestrial

Multi Standard
Terrestrial

Unified Standard
Terrestrial & Satellite

Analog Systems (1st Generation)

AMPS:

TACS:

NMT450:

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (US, 800 MHz Band) Total Access Communication System (UK , 900 MHz Band) Nordic Mobile Telephone Service

(Scandinavian, 450 MHz & 900 MHz Band)

Digital Systems ( 2nd Generation) 1990s

DAMPS:

Digital AMPS

(US, 800 MHz Band, IS-54 IS-136)

CDMA:

Code Division Multiple Access System

(US, 900 MHz Band, 1S-95)

GSM: Global System For Mobile Communication.

(Europe, 900 / 1800 MHz Band)

Requirements for 3rd generation Mobile Systems

High Capacity Tolerance for interference Privacy Tolerance for fading Ability to various data rate transmission Flexible Quality of Service (QoS)

Multiple access method

Multiple Accesses:
*Multiple Accesses is the simultaneous use of a communication system by one or more user. *Each users signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from users signals to allow private communications on demand. *Users can be separated many ways: .Physically: on separated wires . By arbitrarily defined channels established in frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable.

155 Mbps Fixed Wireless

Very High Data Rate up-to 155 Mbps.
No Mobility. High Data Rate up-to 54 Mbps.

Data Rate

54 Mbps

W-LAN

Little Mobility. Moderate Data Rate.

Data Rate VS Mobility

Cellular
2 Mbps
In-door

High Mobility.
Moderate Data Rates. Very long distances. Out-door very high Mobility. Vehicular. 2G

3G

Satellite

Cellular Technologies

Mobility

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

Base Station

Forward link Reverse link Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access Oldest &most familiar method of radio communication Each user is assigned with unique channel of frequency Acts as private freq. for its call duration As call terminates, the channel is released and available for new call. Number of users are less

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access A users channel is a specific frequency But only allotted for a certain duration It belongs to the user for certain time slots in repeating sequence. Numbers of users are much greater Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) uses this technique

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access Each user has specified frequency for all time Each user has been given a unique code pattern From these codes connections are identified. This unique code is buried within a shared signal, mingled with other users code patterns. If a users code pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be detected, thus conveying information. Numbers of users are very large

In Technology CDMA Has Plus Point Over GSM, Why?

Because CDMA is faster CDMA is more secure Connection on a CDMA network will never get dropped when moving from cell to cell CDMA base stations cover a large area

1 Billion GSM Subscribers To CDMAs 270 Million

GSM replaced archaic analogue system Late appearance of CDMA Adopting CDMA means paying royalty to QUALCOM World standard for mobile communication Availability of international roaming

FUTURES TECHNOLOGY

GSM & CDMA both are moving towards improved technology based on CDMA technique These techniques are Wideband-CDMA & CDMA 2000.

DEPARTMENTS OF CDMA
RF

POI

MSC

CDMA NLD/ID
TRANSPORT

OSP

FIXED ACCESS

R F OVERVIEW

What is cell? A cell is a small area of service within a city, serviced by its own antenna. Frequency Reuse In CDMAAll users use same frequency Universal frequency reuse applies to the users in the same cell as well as to those in others Complicated reuse pattern is not necessary

Spread Spectrum Concept

1800 1850 1910 1930 1990
Mobile TX m User 1 User 2 User 3 Cell TX Code 1 Code 2 Code 3

2000MHz

User n

Code n

Spread spectrum uses much larger slice(1.25MHz) of the available bandwidth. Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but user is assigned with a different code of to uniquely identify them.

CDMA Cellular Spectrum

824MHz A 825MHz A REVERSE LINK 835MHz B 845MHz A B 846.5MHz 849MHz

869MHz
A 870MHz A

880MHz
B A

890MHz
B

894MHz

FORWARD LINK

891.5MHz

Band Of CDMA

The 850MHz CDMA band is most popularly used all over the world This band works between
824-849MHz used for the Reverse link communication 869-894MHz used for the Forward link communication each of 25MHz.

The total band of 25MHz is divided into small channels of 30KHzeach.An actual CDMA carrier will be using a multiple of the 30KHz channels. This means for an actually utilized bw of 1.23MH will need 41*30KHz channels. Relationship between the channel numbers and actual freq. Reverse link frequency =(825+N0.03)MHz Forward link frequency=(870+N0.03)MHz N=CDMA Channel Number

Spread Spectrum Concept

Spread spectrum uses much larger slice (1.25 MHz) of the available bandwidth. Same slice is used for all users with no time multiplexing but each user is assigns with a different code to uniquely identify them. CDMA uses a modulation technique called Spread Spectrum to transport a narrow band voice signal over a wide bandwidth channel .The wide bandwidth for IS-2000 is 1.23 MHz . The CDMA modulation technique uses three methods for spectrum spreading: . frequency hopping (FH) . time hopping (TH) . direct sequence (DS) While FH is more popular in CDMA system used for military purpose in commercial CDMA system DSSS is popularly used.

Direct Sequence-Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Techniques

CDMA is a scheme in which multiple users are assigned radio resources using the DSSS techniques. Although all users are transmitting in the same RF band, all users arte separated from each other via the use of orthogonal codes (Walsh Code). Each user has full time use of the entire spectral allocations. Each users signal is spread over the entire bandwidth and codes so as to appear like broadband noise to every other user.

CDMA SPREADING (Time Domain)

Spreading System
In a spread system the data information signal, b(t), is multiplied by a wideband signal, c(t), which is the output signal of the Direct Sequence (DS) generator a pseudorandom noise (PN) output signal. The signal which will eventually be transmitted, y(t) = b(t) c(t), will occupy bandwidth far in excess of the minimum m bandwidth to transmit the data information. Spreading Gain or Processing Gain (G) = Tb/Tc,

Where, Tb is the bit interval of the Information steam & Tc is the bit interval of the DS stream. Tc is also called Chip Time .

CDMA SPREADING (Frequency Domain)

The Processing Gain & Capacity Relation

CDMA spreading gain consider a user with a 9600 bps Vocoder talking on a CDMA signal 1,228,800 Hz wide. The processing gain is 1228800/9600 = 128, which is 21 db. Shannons work suggests that a certain bit rate of information deserves a certain bandwidth .If one CDMA user is carried alone by a CDMA signal, the processing gain is large (roughly 21 db for an 8k vocoder). Each doubling of the number of users consumes 3 db of the processing gain. Somewhere above 32 users, the signal-to-noise ratio becomes undesirable and the ultimate capacity of the sector is reached. Practical CDMA systems restrict the number of users per sector to ensure processing gain remains at usable levels.

. . .

WALSH CODES

64 are available 64 Chips long lasts 1/19200 sec mutually orthogonal The user signal (or control channel) is multiplied by the Walsh code. The Walsh code provides each user or channel with an unique identifier and, in DS spreading, spreads the frame across the entire 1.23MHz bandwidth.

PN SHORT CODES

one pair is used (I & Q) 32 K long lasts 26-2/3 ms, repeats 75x in 2sec. Generated in 15 bit tapped shift register. Nearly self orthogonal if compare out of sync On the Reverse link it is used only for quadrature spreading without any offset or The PN Short Code is used only for tracking the mobile that means to calculate the round trip delay or path delay for the mobile.

PN LONG CODE

only one is used (2)42 1 chips long lasts 40+ days! generated in 42 bit shift register. Any short sample is nearly orthogonal with any other short sample. Information about the long code is broadcast to the mobile station by the sync channel to help the mobile lock onto the base station and helps provide separation from other station. It is used to scrambled the interleaved signal and provide additional security against interception and interference. An additional advantage of the long code is that it allows the transmitter to use less power ,maintaining control over the ambient RF environment and increasing the overall capacity of the cell.

Steps evolved for signal transmission

1. A pseudo random code is generated, different for each channel& successive connections. 2. The information data modulates the pseudo random codes. 3. The resulting signal modulates the carrier. 4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

Steps evolved for receiving the signals

1.The carrier is received and amplified. 2.The received signal is now demodulated by receiving the codes. 3.The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it. 4.The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the information data.

CDMA Switch Overview

CDMA Network Architecture

MS(Mobile Switch)

This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the network that the subscriber will see. The MS consists of two parts, the Mobile Equipment (ME) and an electronic smart card called a Universal Identity module (UIM). The ME(Mobile Equipment) is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the network. The hardware has an identity number associated with this identity number is called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The UIM is a card which plugs into the ME or programmed into it. This identifies the MS subscriber. The subscriber is identified by an identity number called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Mobile Equipment may be purchased from any store but the UIM must be obtained from the CDMA network provider. Without the it, the ME will only be able to make emergency calls.

BTS(Base Tranciever Station)

This is a part of the CDMA network which communicates with MS . The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell.The antenna is included as part of the BTS. The BTS comprises the radio equipment such as transreceivers and antennas which are needed to serve each cell in the network . A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC. BTS in Trans-direction does:

Channel Coding Interleaving Frame Building Modulation Up-Conversion Amplification.

Continued...

BTS in Receive-direction does: Down-Conversion Demodulation De-Scrambling Decoding . Digital to Analog (D/A) conversion.

BTS is usually located in the center of the cell. BTS has 1 to 16 RF channels. These channels are to be different from those of the adjacent cells It acts as mobile interface to the cellular network.

BSC(Base Station Controler)

The BSC manages all the radio-related functions of a CDMA network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS handover,radio channel assignment and the collection of cell configuration data.A number of BSCs may be controlled by each MSC.

Performs radio resource management

Assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for all the MSs in its area Reallocation of frequencies among cells Hand over protocol is executed here. Time and Frequency Synchronization signals to BTSs. Time Delay Measurement and notification of an MS to BTS Power Management of BTS and MS.

HANDOVER
Handover occurs when a call has to be passed from one cell to another as the user moves between cells. In a traditional "hard" handover, the connection to the current cell is broken, and then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known as a "break-before-make" handover. Since all cells in CDMA use the same frequency, it is possible to make the connection to the new cell before leaving the current cell. This is known as a "make-before-break" or "soft" handover. Soft handovers require less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity.

MSC(Mobile ServicesSwitching Centers)

The MSC is included in the CDMA system for call-switching. Its overall purpose is the same as that of any telephone exchange. Each MSC provides service to MSs located within a defined geographic coverage area. One MSC is capable of supporting a regional capital with approximately one million inhabitants. An MSC of this size will be

contained in about half a dozen racks.

GMSC(Gateway Mobile Services Switches Centers)

Connects mobile network to a fixed network. Entry point to a PLMN. Usually one per PLMN. Request routing information from the HLR and routes the connection to the local MSC

MSC(Mobile ServicesSwitching Centers)

The functions carried out by the MSC are listed below: a. Call Processing b. Operations and Maintenance Support c. Billing Signaling protocol with BSC. Paging and Short Message Services. Routing of traffic and signaling. It undertakes Radio Resource Management. Verifying IMSI, Authentication, Interrogation of HLR.

HLR(Home Location Register)

n/w database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. The information stores includes: . Subscriber identity. . Subscriber supplementary services. . Subscriber location information. . Subscriber authentication information. The HLR is a centralized

VLR(Visitor Location Register)

The VLR database contains informations about all mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area. There is one VLR for each MSC in a network. When a subscriber roams into new MSC service area, the VLR connected to that MSC requests information about the subscriber from the subscribers HLR. The HLR sends the copy of the information to the VLR and updates its own location information. When subscriber makes a call,the VLR will already have the information required for call set up.

EIR & AuC

Equipment Identity Register (EIR):

Contains three lists for IMEI check: White list contains mobile equipment approved without restriction. Grey list contains the equipment to be observed. Black list contains the unapproved equipment. EIR checks whether the IMEI fits into one of these lists and passes result to MSC. For example, if mobile fits into the black list, it cannot participate in the call setup.

Authentication Center (AuC):

Security related functions. Verifies individual parameters assigned to each mobile subscriber.

CALL FLOW

Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN):

Country Code (CC) (Up-to 3 decimal places) National Destination Code (NDC) (2 to 3 digits). Subscriber Number (SN) (Max up-to 10 digits). A subscriber can hold several ISDNs for selection of different services.

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI):

Mobile Country Code (MCC) Mobile Network Code (MNC) Mobile Subscriber Identification No. (MSIN) IMSI is stored in the SIM. Mobile Station can be operated if SIM with the valid IMSI is inserted in the equipment. The Equipment should have valid IMEI.

Types Of Call

On Net Call

Off Net Call

Local

STD

Local

STD

o On Net Call-call in same network n Off Net Call-call in other network

Call Initiation, Setup and Termination

The mobile user when decides to make a call, enters the desired phone number. This initiates an access probe. The mobile uses the access channel and attempts to contact the serving base station. Since no traffic channel has been established, the mobile uses open loop power control. Multiple tries are allowed at random times to avoid collisions that can occur on the access channel. Each successive attempt is made at a higher power level. After each attempt, the mobile listens to the paging channel for a response from the base stations.

Call Initiation, Setup and Termination

Once the access request has been received by the base station, the base station responds with an assignment to a traffic channel (Walsh code). The base station initiates the land link, and conversation takes place. Call termination can be initiated either from the mobile or the land side. In either case the transmissions are stopped, the Walsh code is freed, and the land line connection is broken. The mobile unit resumes monitoring the page channel of the current serving cell.

Outgoing Call

Receiving Incoming Call

CALL FLOW SCENARIO FOR 93MOBILE NO.S..

Call from 9334.to local 9334.

MSC Patna

Call from 9334.to STD Delhi No.093. A MSC Patna GMSC Patna GMSC Delhi MSC Delhi

93 Local to B.S.N.L Local

MSC Patna

GMSC Patna

B (through BSNL tax POI)

93 Local to B.S.N.L. STD

MSC Patna

ILT
Switch

ILT
Switch Delhi

Patna

(thrbsnl NLD POI)

Ending Call

WHAT IS E1?

E1 is a signal in which voice as well as data flow through it. On It consists of 32 channels which can carry the data up to 2.04 mbps. Multiplying 64kbps of data with the 32 channels it will be 2.04mbps of information which is carried by 1E1. THEREFORE, E2=2E1=2 * 2.048 =4.096mpbs of data As we go further, E3=2E2=2*4.096=81.96mbps of data & so on. The above mentioned hierarchy is called plieo digital hierarchy (PDH). These are electrical transmission hierarchy. If there is need to have more active channels we can add E1s according to subscriber and traffic needs, for having more active channels there is a hierarchy called synchronous digital hierarchy i.e. SDH(STM). 1 STM = 63 E1. 1 STM = 63 * 2.048 +(Extra padding bits + dummy for synchronization) = 155.5mbps of data is being carried.

SIGNALING INTRODUCTION

Switching
Centre

Transmission Links

Terminal

MANUAL EXCHANGE

Calling party off, hook lamp on Verification of eligibility-query for called party information Called party information-analysis by the operator Ring to called party if true Called party answer- connection Either party on hook lamp off Recapitulation of the link-disconnection

Exchange Model

Compared to manual exchange, we can say Hardware = Chords, Lamps Eyes ,Hands e.t.c. Software = Brain ,Reasoning ,Judgment

ELEMENT OF AN EXCHANGE
Subscriber Interface Subscriber Interface

M.S.

M.S.

Switch

Control System

A SWITCH
Subscriber Services
Operation & Maintenance Function

Signaling Function
Call Handling Function

Processors

NETWORK CONCEPT
PN

Processor (Call handling Function)

O&M N/W

Processor (Call handling Function)

Signaling N/W

Access Network
P P P RLL Subscriber Multiplex P Local Exchange Subscriber Switch Group Switch

P P Tower RSS P Remote Subscriber Switch

Switching in telecom network

Service Subscriber -voice -data -video

Service Subscriber -voice -data -video

The ITU-T defines switching as :

the establishing ,on demand, of an individual connection from a desire inlet to a desired outlet within a set of inlets &outlets for as long as is required for the transfer of information.
Today the word information not only denotes the speech we hear in our telephone receiver, but also incorporate all types of information from several telephone services

INTER EXCHANGE SIGNALING

CAS Channel Associated Signaling

e.g. R1,R2,system no.5

CCS Common Channel Signaling

e.g. system no. 7

Muscles and Nerves of a N/W

A digital telecom n/w conist of a n/w of bearer channels (Muscles). An overlaping n/w of signaling channels (Nerves).
Switch Switch Switch

Switch Switch = Signal = Speech

Speech & Signaling Concepts

This signaling is message based signaling.It is widely used signaling in ckt switched n/w. Signling is separated from speech.It can now travel on separate n/w. CAS CCS
Signaling Signaling Signaling

Speech

Why a common channel signaling standard?

Obtimized for operation in digital telecommunication network in conjunction with stored program controlled exchanges. It can meet present and future requirements of information transfer for interprocessor transactions within telecom network for call control, remote control & management and maintenance signaling. It provides a reliable means for transfer of information in correct sequence and without loss or duplication. The signaling system meets requirements of call control signaling for telephone, ISDN & ckt switched data transmission services that can also be used as a reliable transport system for other types of information transfer between exchanges & specialized centers in telecom network (e.g. for management & maintenance purpose).

CCS#7 NETWORK : BASIC ELEMENTS

Signaling Point Code (SPC) It is the identity of an exchange. It is addresed by a 14 bits code (OPC,DPC). A signaling point handles the signaling information. One exchange may have more than one point code. SPC can be 14 bits or 24 bits long. Formats for its representation will depend on signaling network where it is used Signaling End Point (SEP) Its a source or a sink of signaling traffic.

CCS#7 NETWORK : BASIC ELEMENTS

STP SL
LS LS

SP

SP

Signaling points are connected with signaling data links. SP-Signaling point STP- Signaling transfer point OWNSP-Own signaling point signaling speech

Architecture OF CCS#7
TCAP
TUP SCCP MTP LEVEL 3 MTP LEVEL 2 MTP LEVEL 1 TSUP

Architecture OF CCS#7

The message transfer part consists of three levels. The lowest level MTP 1 is equivalent to the OSI Physical layer. It defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of the digital signaling. The middle level MTP level 2 is equivalent to the OSI Data link layer. It assures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message across a signaling link. It implements flow control message sequence validation and error checking. When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message (or set of messages) is retransmitted.

Architecture OF CCS#7

MTP level 3 is equivalent to OSI Network layer. It provides message routing between signaling points in the SS7 network.MTP level 3 re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling points and controls traffic when congestion occurs. SCCP provides connectionless and connection oriented network services and global title translation (GTT) capabilities above MTP level 3.

POI
(Point of Interconnection)
Point of Interconnection (POI) is a sort of interconnection established between two service providers when communication to be made between their subscribers. There are various types of POI, such as NLD POI, ILD POI, SDC POI, etc. These help to route an inter-network call at different locations following different procedures and different taxes such as: L1 tax, L2 tax, etc.

NLD/ILD (National Long Distance / International Long

Distance)
When a subscriber makes a call, the signal is received by BTS and is transmitted to MSC by transport equipments. MSC, after receiving the signal, verifies the validity of the subscriber and then sends the signal to ILT (Integrated Local Trunk) switch. The call now is routed according to its destination code; such as 0 for national call, 00 for international call, 2 for calls going to BSNL subscribers, 3 for calls going to Reliance subscribers, etc. The ILT switch then sends the signal to its destination based on the destination code through proper routing. The STD calls are routed through the NLD route. The ISD calls are routed through ILD route.

TRANSPORT and I&C

Transport provides the communication paths that carry user and network control information between nodes in a network. In general, transmission facilities consist of a medium (e.g., free space, the atmosphere, copper or fiber optic cable) and electronic equipment located at points along the medium. This equipment amplifies (analog systems) or regenerates (digital systems) signals, provides termination functions at points where transmission facilities connect to switching systems, and may provide the means to combine many separate sets of call information into a single "multiplexed" signal to enhance the transmission efficiency .The Transport network consists of the SDH. The SDH has various advantages in the respect that it can be used to provide higher bandwidth that is so much in demand nowadays for providing services such as internet, video on demand, etc.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) refers to a group of fiber-optic transmission rates that can transport digital signals with different capacities. SDH OverviewAs semiconductor circuits appears and demand for telephone capacity increased, PCM (transmission method, in 1960) developed. With PCM (multiple use of a single line by digital time domain multiplexing), the analog telephone signal is first sampled at a bandwidth of 3.1 kHz, quantized and encoded then transmitted at a bit rate of 64 kbps.

SDH overview contd

When 30 such coded channels are collected together in a frame along with the necessary signaling information, a transmission rate of 2048 kbps is achieved. This so-called primary rate is used throughout the world. Only the USA, Canada and Japan use a primary rate of 1544 kbit/s, formed by combining 24 channels instead of 30. The growing demand for more bandwidth meant that more stages of multiplexing were needed throughout the world. A practically synchronous (or, to give it its proper name: plesiochronous) digital hierarchy is the result Towards the end of the 1980s, the so-called synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) was introduced

SDH overview contd

This paved the way for a unified network structure on a worldwide scale, resulting in a means of efficient and economical network management for network providers. The networks can easily be adapted to meet the evergrowing demand for bandwidth-hungry applications and services.

SDH overview contd

Japanese Standard North American Standard European Standard

OSP (Out-Side Plant)

The OSP department in any telecom service provider looks after the various utility items such as: the batteries the DG set at the Switch the BTS the Repeater stations Ability to various data rate transmission This is done to ensure that the equipments are never allowed to shut down, as this may cause serious disruption of service. There are two things that are necessary for the proper working of any telecom network OSP and ISP (Inside Plant).

FIXED ACCESS

Fixed Access constitutes of the wireless (LMDS)/wireline (DLC) services provide for voice and data transfer. Reliance has deployed a nationwide Fibre Optic backbone, as its main mode of transport of the network traffic. LMDS is a broadband wireless point-to-multipoint communication system operating above 20 GHz (depending on country of licensing) that can be used to provide digital two-way voice, data, Internet, and video services

TRANSMISSION MEDIAS

MICROWAVES:- It is used when there is a lack of digging area, for that we need to have the microwaves for transmitting and receiving for maturing the call or is used when quick transmission is required. COAXIAL CABLES:- It is generally used as transmission media. It is underground & most of the places there is a use of coaxial cable. This is less expensive. OPTICAL FIBERS:- It is also known as OFT. There are very less losses using optical fibers. Data is converted into light rays. Transmission is done through glasses. This is much expensive with concern to other transmission medias.

ADVANTAGES
1. It has high capacity.

2. It has the capability of using signals that arrive in the receivers with different time delays. 3. It is interference limited multiple access system. 4. It uses unique spreading codes due to which it has low noise level. 5. High capacity increases as well as extended battery life for handsets. 6. Increased cellular communications security. 7. Simultaneous conversations. 8. Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscriber. 9. Smaller phones. 10. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators.

DISADVANTAGES
1. It causes near-far problem i.e. a transmitter near the receiver sending a different code than the receivers desired code produces in the receiver a signal comparable wit that of a far transmitter sending the desired code. 2. Synchronization of the receiver and the transmitter is complex. 3. Due to its proprietary nature,all of CDMAs flaws are not known to the engg. Community. 4. CDMA is relatively new,and the network is not as mature as GSM. 5. CDMA cannot offer international roaming,a large GSM advantage.

REFFRENCES

CDMA Overview Supplied by RIL. Fast Track Magazine 2006. Study Materials Supplied by MCN Patna.

THE END