Slope stability analysis

1. Transitional movement
2. Rotational movement (circular slip
surface)
3. Method of slice
4. Slope stability software for 2D analysis
5. 3D landslide movement simulation
 Slope Stability Analysis
• Slope stability concept: limit plastic equilibrium
• Purpose  to determine the safety factor (FS) of the potential slip
surface
• Assumption:
 Sliding occurs at a certain slip surface  2 dimensional
problem
 Sliding material  massif
 Isotropic shear strength
 FS is analyzed based on average shear strength at the slip
surface
 Difference between landslide and slope failure
Landslides Slope Failures
Geology Occur in places with particular Slightly related to geology
geology or geological formation
Soils Are mainly active on cohesive Frequently occur even in sandy
soil such as slip surface soils
Topography Occur on gentle slopes of 5° to Frequently occur on the slopes
20° steeper than 30°
Situation of Continuous, or repetitive Occur suddenly
activities occurrences
Moving velocity Low at 0.001 to 10 mm/day High speed > 100 mm/day
Masses Have little disturbed masses Have greatly disturbed mass
Provoking causes Greatly affected by groundwater Affected by rainfall intensity
Scale Have a large scale between 1 Have a small scale. Average
and 100 ha volume is about 440 m3
Symptom Have cracks, depressions, Have few symptoms and
upheavals, groundwater suddenly slip down
fluctuation, before occurrence
Gradient 10° to 25° 35° to 60°
Slope failure

Height of steep slope

(h)
Steep slope
area
Landslide

Landslide area
Chiufengershan Landslide
 Induced by 1999 Chi-chi
Earthquake, Taiwan
 Volume : 3 x 107 m3
 Affected area : 180 ha
 Total length : 1.2 km
 Width: 1.1 km
 Average depth: 30~50m
 Destruction of 21 houses,
resulting in 41 deaths.
 The landslide blocked
the river along 1 km, and
2 small lakes have been
formed at the upstream.
 Shear Strength Parameters

Shear strength parameter:

Internal resistant force per unit area
Failure of shear at a slip surface due to applied force to the soil.

Shear resistant:
1. Cohesion (c): depend on the type of soil and its density,
independent from normal stress () at the shear surface.
2. Friction inter material ( tan f): depend on the normal
stress () at the shear surface and internal friction angle (f)
3. Combination of c and f
MOHR-COULOMB Failure Criteria

Mohr (1900): Failure of a material due to the combination of critical

condition between normal stress () and shear stress ()
  f  
Coulomb (1776)  f () :
  c   tanf
N
F N
 c  tanf F
A A
 = shear strength (kN/m2)
c = cohesion (kN/m2) A
f = internal friction angle ( 0)
 = normal stress at the failure
surface (kN/m2)
MOHR-COULOMB Failure Criteria
y
 C 

Mohr   f    
B f x
A
f
Mohr-Coulomb
  c   tanf
c

A  Failure does not occur

B  Failure occurs
C  Failure never happen
In effective stress condition (Terzaghi, 1925):

  c'   u  tanf'

  c'  ' tanf'

   'u

c’ = effective cohesion (kN/m2)

f’ = effective internal friction angle ( 0)
’ = effective normal stress (kN/m2)
u = pore water pressure (kN/m2)
 SLOPE STABILITY

 Resistance force
F 
d Driving force

 = average shear stress

d = average shear stress at the critical slip surface due to the weight of
sliding material

Mohr-Coulomb   c   tanf

c-f = shear strength parameter at the critical slip surface

d  cd   tanfd

c   tanf
F
cd   tanfd
 c   tanf
F
cd   tanfd

c tanf
cd   tanfd   
F F

c
F c Safety factor for cohesion component
cd

tanf
Ff  Safety factor for friction component
tanfd

In general FS ≥ 1,2
FS = Fc = Ff
 Analysis on a translational slip surface
A. Infinite slope
A.1. Without seepage
W   b H
 Na  W cos     b  H cos 
b
P
Q
 Ta  W sin     b  H sin 
E
Na W Na
    H cos 2 
E B
b / cos  1
H Ta T
Ta
Bedrock     H cos  sin 
b / cos  1
S
Tr
A
Nr
P

Nr  P cos     b  H cos  Tr
d     H cos  sin 
Tr  P sin     b  H sin  b / cos  1
 Na
    H cos 2 
b / cos  1
d  cd   tanfd
Tr
d     H cos  sin 
b / cos  1

  H sin   cos   cd    H cos 2   tan fd


 cos 2 tan   tan fd 
cd b
Q
H P 
E
c tanf
cd  tanfd  Na W
F F E B
H Ta T

S Bedrock
c tan f Tr
F  A
  H cos   tan  tan 
2
Nr
P
 
b c tan f
Q
 F 
P   H cos   tan  tan 
2

E
Na W If F = 1 (critical), so H = Hc:
E B
H Ta T c
Hc 
S
Tr
Bedrock   cos 2 tan   tan f
A
Nr
P

tan f
Granular soil (c = 0) F   f  F 1
tan 
c
Cohesive soil (f = 0) F
  H cos 2   tan 

c
F = 1 (critical), (f = 0):  cos 2   tan   Stability number
H
A.1. With seepage Due to water flow 
shear strength:

b
P
Q    c    u  tanf
  c  ' tanf
Na W
Hcos2

B
W   sat  b  H
H Ta T
Bedrock Na  W cos    sat  b  H cos 
S Tr
A
Nr
Ta  W sin    sat  b  H sin 
P
Nr  P cos    sat  b  H cos 


Nr
  sat  H cos 2  Tr  P sin    sat  b  H sin 
b / cos  1
Tr
d    sat  H cos  sin 
b / cos  1
 Nr
   sat  H cos 2 
b / cos  1 d  cd    u  tanfd
Tr
d    sat  H cos  sin 
b / cos  1 c tanf
cd  tanfd 
u   w  H cos 2  F F

c ' tan f
F 
 sat  H cos 2   tan   sat tan 

' tan f
Granular soil (c = 0) F
 sat tan 
c
Cohesive soil (f = 0) F
 sat  H cos 2   tan 
 Example 1 
a) H = 8 m ;  = 22o calculate FS & Hc
 = 1,86 t/m3
c tan f
c =1,8 t/m2 F 
H f =20o   H cos   tan  tan 
2

1,8 tan 20

Bedrock
F   1,25
1,86  8 cos 22  tan 22 tan 22
2   

c 1,8
Hc    28,1 m
2 2

  cos tan   tan f 1,86  cos 22 tan 22  tan 20
  

b) H = 8 m ;  = 25o , Calculate FS and Hc
1,8 tan 20
F   1,07
1,86  8 cos 25  tan 25 tan 25
2   

1,8
Hc   11,5 m
2 

1,86  cos 25 tan 25  tan 20
 

Example 2 

sat = 2 t/m3
c =1,8 t/m2
H f =20o

Bedrock

If H = 8 m ;  = 22o ; calculate FS

c ' tan f
F 
 sat  H cos   tan   sat tan 
2

1,8 1  tan 20

F 
2  8 cos 22  tan 22
2  
2  tan 22

F  0,78  1,0  unstable

Analysis on a translational slip surface
B. Finite slope
B.1. Culman’s method

C B

 sin    
W
Na Ta W  1 2 H 
2

H  sin  sin  
Tr Nr
P 
 
A


Na

1 / 2H sin  cos  sin   
H / sin  1 sin  sin 


Ta

1 / 2H sin 2  sin   
H / sin  1 sin  sin 
 C B
W Shear resistant (d) at AB:
Na Ta
d  cd   tanfd
H
Tr Nr
P  Critical condition F=1 
 
 = d
A

 sin   sin   cos  tan fd  

cd  1 / 2H  
 sin  
cd    fd 
0 c   
  2  Critical condition
 1  cos   fd   H F=1  cd = c ; fd = f
cd   
 sin  cos fd  4 4c  sin  cos f 
H c   
  1  cos   f 
Example 1 New landfill

Previous
timb = 1,96 t/m3 landfill
c =2,5 t/m2
f =17o H=?

 = 48,5o Calculate the maximum height of

  = 40o new landfill, if the safety factor is
decided to be F=2
c c 2,5
F c cd    1,25 t/m3
cd Fc 2
tanf
Ff  fd  8,69
tanfd
4c  sin  cos f 
H c     8,15 m
  1  cos   f 
 Example 2

C B W  1 2 H 2  ctg   ctg 
 = 19 kN/m3 W  225,3 kN
c = 25 kN/m2 Na Ta
f =12o H=5 m Ta  W sin   112,7 kN
 = 52o Tr Nr
 = 30o P d  cd   tanfd
 
A Tr  L  1cd   tanfd 

 c N a tanf  1
Tr  L    Lc  N a tan f
F L F  F
Na  W cos   195,1 kN
L  5 sin 30  10 m
290
Tr  Ta  112,7 
1

Tr  10  25  195,1tan12 


290
F
F F F  2,57
B. Finite slope
B.2. Analysis on a circular slip surface

O
O

bedrock

(a) Toe circle (b) Slope circle

 O

L L
O

(c) Shallow slope circle

bedrock

(d) Mid circle

 Slope stability analysis on cohesive soil
Without y
groundwater O

B C

R
W
C

A f=0

SF 
 M R

Resistant moment
W = weight of sliding material (kN)
M D Driving moment L = length of circular plane (m)
AC
c = cohesion (kN/m2)
R  c  LAC
SF  R = radius of slip surface circle (m)
Wy
y = distance between W to point O (m)
 Slope stability analysis on cohesive soil
With the
existence of O
groundwater
B C

R
W
W’ C
f=0
A
U

F
 M R

Resistant moment W’ = effective soil weigth (kN)
M D Driving moment LAC = length of circular slip surface (m)
c = cohesion (kN/m2)
R  c  LAC
F R = radius of slip surface circle (m)
W ' y
y = distance between W’ to point O (m)
 Slope stability analysis on cohesive
O soil, using Taylor Diagram (1948)


C B W1 = area (EFCB) x  x 1

W2 = area (EFDA) x  x 1
R y1
y2 f=0

W1 Cd
A D F
W2
E Nd

F
 M R

cd LAEB R 

cd R 2
M D W1 y1  W2 y2 W1 y1  W2 y2

 = angle from the figure in radian

 O
Equilibrium condition

C B M R  MD
R y1
cd R 2  W1 y1  W2 y2
y2 f=0

A D F
W1 Cd
cd 
W1 y1  W2 y2 
W2 R 2
E Nd
cu
cd 
F

cu R 2
F R  trial and error  minimum FS
W1 y1  W2 y2
 O Taylor Method (1948)
 Stability number:
C B
cd cu
Nd  F
R y1  H cd
y2 f=0
Cd cu
A F
W1 Nd 
FH
D
W2
E Nd

cu
Critical condition (F=1); H = Hc ; cd = cu Hc 
  Nd

Nd value is decided by using STABILITY DIAGRAM : f=0 Taylor (1948)

 cd
Nd 
 H

height from bedrock surface to the top of the slope

D Depth factor, D
heigth of the slope
 cd
Nd 
 H

Slope angle, 
Example:

Excavation of 10 m depth in saturated cohesive soil. Unit volume of

saturated clay is 18,5 kN/m3 and cohesion is 40 kN/m2. Bedrock located
at 12 m below the surface. If the internal friction angle of the soil is f =
0, calculate the inclination of the slope if the safety factor is decided to
be F=1,5.

Depth factor : D = 12/10 = 1,2

c 40
Nd    0,144
FH 1,5 18,5 10
 cd
Nd 
 H

Depth factor, D
 Slope stability analysis for the soil f > 0,
O using Taylor Diagram (1948)


C B

  c   tan f
A D F

 n  f  
E

If the soil has the friction component (f)  normal stress distribution (N)
affect the distribution of shear stress
Normal stress resultant and friction component have the inclination of f
based on normal line direction
 Critical condition F=1:

cd
Nd 
 f  ,  , , f 
c
 H
  Hc

Slope inclination, 
Example:
An earthfill H =12,2 m,  = 30o. Bedrock at infinite depth. c = 38,3 kN/m2,
f = 10o and total unit weight  = 15,7 kN/m3. Calculate safety factor of
cohesion (Fc), to internal friction (Ff) and overall safety factor (F).

a. Assuming all f works f = 10o ;  = 30o

From figure  cd/H = 0,075  cd = 14,4 kN/m2
Fc = c/cd = 38,3 / 14,4 = 2,67

b. Assuming all c works c = 38,3 kN/m2 ;  = 30o ; cd/H = 0,2

From figure f < 0  Ff = 
(Resistant moment due to cohesion > driving moment)
c. F to shear strength  Fc  Ff by trial and error

 All f works Ff = 1  Fc = 2,67

 Fc = c/cd = 2  cd = 38,3/2 = 19,2 kN/m2  cd/H = 0,1

From figure fd = 7o  Ff = tan 10o / tan7o = 1,44

 Fc = c/cd = 1,8  cd = 38,3/1,8 = 21,3 kN/m2  cd/H = 0,11

from figure fd = 5o  Ff = tan 10o / tan5o = 2,02
Slope stability analysis

Method of slice
 Stability Analysis of Landslide Slope

 The design of a slope  should ideally be based on an

allowable deformation
 The difficulty with deformation analysis  stress-strain
relationship, peak and residual strengths, anisotropic, pore
pressure distribution, the non-homogeneity, and the effect
due to initial stress.
 Finite element method  reflecting all of the factors.
 As an alternative, a limit equilibrium analysis  stability of a
slope, in terms of a safety factor F.
 Limit equilibrium method  analysis of natural & artificial
slopes (cut and fill)
 Slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium
and slice method

No Method Equilibrium equation

Force Moment
Horizontal Vertical
1 Fellenius (1927) – – 
2 Bishop’ Simplified (1955) –  
3 Janbu’s Simplified (1954)   –
4 Corps of Engineering (1982)   –
5 Lowe and Karfiath (1960)   –
6 Spencer (1967)   
7 Sarma (1973)   
8 Morgenstern and Price (1975)   

Remarks :
” ” : The equilibrium of horizontal forces, vertical forces or moments are taken
into account for analysis.
 Circular slip surface
 Bishop Method
 Fellenius Method

These methods are currently being widely used

in the field of landslide analysis.
 l x O

Bishop method S

R

W P’
A n n+1
b P

ul
Xn
En Xn-Xn+1
W Xn+1 h En-En+1
tan=1/F.tanf’
En+1 D
B
ls C
P 
 Bishop method

The Bishop method is a method for analyzing the equilibrium of a sliding

block, which slumps in a single movement about a given point.

The equilibrium equation for moments about the center of rotational

movement is expressed as :

W .x   S.R

The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is :   c'( n  u ) tan f '

1
F

F
R
 c' l  ( P  ul ) tan f '
 W .x
In solving stability problems  determine statically indeterminate elements,
obtaining equilibrium among the slice in horizontal and vertical directions.

In the simplified Bishop method, horizontal forces are ignored, and only the
vertical forces in each slice are taken into account:

 c' b  (W  ub) tan f '/ m 

F
W sin 
 1  tan f '. tan  
m  cos   
 F 

Since both sides of expression contain F, the safety factor has to

be obtained by a series of calculations.
 l x O

Fellenius Internal forces applied to the wall

method of each slice are ignored:

N  W cos 
R

The moments of the entire

sliding block are in equilibrium:
A n n+1
b
 c'l  (W cos   ul ) tan f '
F
En
Xn
W
W sin 
Xn+1 h
En+1 D
B
ls C
P 
  c' b  (W  ub) tan f '/ m 
Bishop method F
W sin   1  tan f '. tan  
m  cos   
 F 

 c'l  (W cos   ul ) tan f '

Fellenius method F
W sin 
F : the safety factor,
c’ : cohesion of the slip surface (kN/m2),
W : weight of each slice (kN), W =  A
 : unit volume weight (kN/m3),
A : area of each slice (m2),
u : water pressure on the slip surface of each slice (kN/m2),
l : length of slip surface of each slice (m),
f’ : friction angle of slip surface,
 : angle between the center bottom of each slice and the vertical line of the
center of sliding surface circle.
Non-circular slip surface
 Janbu Method
 Morgenstern and Price Method
Janbu Method

Janbu method : an analytical method for analyzing the stability of a

landslide block  sliding surface has a complex shape

 c' b  (W  ub) tan f ' 

fo  
 m cos  . sin  
F
W tan 
where fo is a modifying coefficient representing the influence of the
shearing force acting on the walls of each slice.

The coefficient can be decided from analysis of soil and other

conditions, covering more than 40 different cross sections.
Simplified Janbu’s method

Xi+Xi Ei
1 kHWi
2
Xi
3
Ei+Ei (1+kV)Wi
i i
n Ti

x Ni

Fs  f 0 
 A i
 f0
[c l cos   {(1  k )W  U l cos  } tan f ] / n
i i i V i i i i i i

B i [(1  k )W tan   k W ]
V i i H i

where ni  cos 2 i {1  tani tanfi / Fs }

Janbu’s correction factor :

f 0  (50d / L)0.03
Hitung FS dengan metode Irisan sederhana