Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

Lecture # 26
13-Dec-2017

by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session
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STABILITY OF SLOPES
Slope
An exposed ground surface that stands at an angle with the
horizontal is called an unrestrained slope.

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TYPES OF SLOPES
A) w.r.t. Method of Construction
1. Natural Slopes
2. Man-made / Engineered Slopes
Embankments, earthen dams, river dikes, excavation trenches, etc.

Natural Slope Engineered Slope

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TYPES OF SLOPES
B) w.r.t. Extents
1. Infinite Slopes
Having constant slope of infinite extent, e.g. long slope of a mountain
face.
2. Finite Slopes
Slopes of limited heights and extents, e.g. typical man-made slopes

Infinite Slope Finite Slope 4

TYPES OF SLOPES
C) w.r.t. Slope Material
1. Cohesionless
2. Cohesive

Cohesionless Cohesive
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STABILITY OF SLOPES
A slope is said to be stable if
it meets a prescribed need for
a fixed period of time with a
suitable safety factor (FOS).
California, USA
January, 1997

Nova Frebergo, Brazil

January 13, 2011
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CAUSES OF SLOPE FAILURE

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CAUSES OF SLOPE FAILURE

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CAUSES OF SLOPE FAILURE

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TYPES/MODES OF SLOPE FAILURE

Toe Failure
 Failure surface passing through
toe of slope
 Material of slope is
homogeneous
 Relatively steep slope angles
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 TYPES/MODES OF SLOPE FAILURE

Base Failure
 Failure surface passing through foundation
 Foundation soil somehow weaker than slope material
 Relatively gentle slopes
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SLOPE STABILIZING MEASURES

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SLOPE STABILIZING MEASURES

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SLOPE STABILIZING MEASURES

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 LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
 Most common quantitative measure of slope stability
 Stability of slope expressed in terms of factor of safety just
before failure
Failure Surface
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

FOS < 1 → Failure

FOS = 1 → Verge of failure/Just stable
FOS > 1 → Stable

Typical design criterion for stable slope; FOS > 1.5

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 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Infinite Slope
L

d
Assumptions:
a
1. Slope face is planar and
of infinite extent a

2. Failure surface is║to c

slope face H h b
3. Water surface is║to
slope face

𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
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 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Infinite Slope
Case-A: c-f Soil (c>0; f>0) L

𝑊 = 𝛾𝐻𝐿 d

𝑁 = 𝑊 cos 𝛼 = 𝛾𝐻𝐿 cos 𝛼 a

𝑇 = 𝑊 sin 𝛼 = 𝛾𝐻𝐿 sin 𝛼 a

a
c
Available Shear Strength H b
h
of Soil (tr) tr N
W T
𝜏𝑟 = 𝑐 ′ + 𝜎𝑛 ′ ∙ tan 𝜑′ 𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝑭𝑶𝑺 =
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

Normal stress on the

failure plane
𝑁 𝛾𝐻𝐿 cos 𝛼
𝜎𝑛 = = = 𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
(𝐿 cos 𝛼)(1) (𝐿 cos 𝛼)(1)
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 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Infinite Slope
Case-A: c-f Soil (c>0; f>0) L

Available Shear Strength of Soil (tr) d

𝜏𝑟 = 𝑐 ′ + 𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 ∙ tan 𝜙′ a

a
Applied Shear Stress (t) a
c
𝑇
𝜏= H b
(𝐿 cos 𝛼)(1) h
tr N
W
𝛾𝐻𝐿 sin 𝛼 T
𝜏= 𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍
(𝐿 cos 𝛼)(1) 𝑭𝑶𝑺 =
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝜏 = 𝛾𝐻 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝑐 ′ + 𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 ∙ tan 𝜙′
Factor of Safety (FOS) 𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝛾𝐻 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
Without considering the effect of WT 19
 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Infinite Slope
Case-A: c-f Soil (c>0; f>0) L

Considering 𝑐 ′ + 𝜎𝑛 ′ ∙ tan 𝜙′ d
presence of WT 𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝛾𝐻 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
a H
 c’ & f’; effective strength parameters
a
 Obtained through drained triaxial test B a
C c
𝜎𝑛 = 𝛾𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝜎𝑛′ = 𝜎𝑛 − 𝑢 D

h b
a tr N
𝐴𝐵 = ℎ W T
A
𝐴𝐶 = ℎ cos 𝛼
𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝑤 = 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝛼 = ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
Pore water pressure, u
𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 𝑐 ′ + (𝛾𝐻 − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ) ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 tan 𝜙′
𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
ℎ𝑤 = 𝐴𝐷 = ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝛾𝐻 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼

𝑢 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 20
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering – (7th Edition)
Braja M. Das
Chapter #13

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations (7th Edition)

David F. McCarthy
Chapter #17

Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practices – (2nd Edition)

Coduto, Yueng, and Kitch
Chapter #17

CONCLUDED
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