Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

Lecture # 11
11-Oct-2017

by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: mirfan1@msn.com
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session
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FOUNDATION TYPES
1. Shallow Foundations Focus of this course
a. D/B ≤ 1 (Terzaghi, 1943); later researchers said D/B
can be up to 3-4.
b. Depth generally less than 3m
2. Deep Foundations

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURE
1. Due to excessive settlement Focus of this chapter

2. Due to shear failure in soil

Shall be discussed in Chapter titled
“Bearing Capacity of Soil”

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 SOIL SETTLEMENT

Pisa Tower, Italy

The total vertical downward deformation at the surface resulting from the
applied load is called settlement. 4
 TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(A) Types w.r.t. Permanence

(i) Permanent/Irreversible Settlement

• Caused by sliding/rolling of soil
particles under applied stress
• Reduction of void ratio
• Crushing of soil particles
• Consolidation settlement

(ii) Temporary Settlement

• Settlement due to elastic
compression of soil
• Generally very small in soils

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 TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(B) Types w.r.t. Uniformity
(i) Uniform Settlement
• All the points settle by equal
amount
• Generally occur under rigid
foundations loaded with uniform
pressure and resting over uniform
soil
• Minimal risk to structural stability
• Risk to serviceability (eg. utility
lines, etc.)

(ii) Differential Settlement

• Different parts of the structure settle
by different magnitude 6
TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(C) Types w.r.t. Mode of Occurrence
(i) Immediate/Elastic Settlement:
• Caused by elastic deformation of dry/moist/saturated soil
• No change in moisture content
• Occurs immediately after construction
• Computed using elasticity theory
• Important for Granular soils

(ii) Primary Consolidation Settlement:

• Due to expulsion of water from the soil mass
• Dissipation of pore pressure => Increase in effective stresses
• Important for Inorganic clays

(iii) Secondary Consolidation Settlement:

• Volume change due to rearrangement of particles
• Occurs at constant effective stress (i.e. no drainage)
• Important for Organic soils
• Similar to creep in concrete 7
MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
CALCULATION

Consolidation Settlement

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 SETTLEMENT TYPES
Time
Settlement

Si  Granular Soils Sc, Sc(s)  Cohesive Soils

Consolidation Theory Empirical Correlations
Elasticity Theory

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MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
CALCULATION

Consolidation Settlement

Already covered in Geotech-I

Quick Revision in Geotech-II
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CONSOLIDATION OF SOIL
Soil volume reduction due to expulsion of water upon
application of external load/stress.
fully saturated soil, so all voids filled with water only (no air)

Before Consolidation After Consolidation

Water
Water

Solids Solids

Saturated Fine-grained Soil 13

CONSOLIDATION PARAMETERS
Magnitude of consolidation settlement
dependent on compressibility of soil (i.e. the stiffness of the spring)

 expressed in term of compression index (Cc)

Quick Revision in Geotech-II

Rate of consolidation/settlement
dependent on
i. permeability, &
ii. compressibility of soil.

 expressed in term of co-efficient of consolidation (Cv)

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CONSOLIDATION TEST
Interpretation of Test Results
Magnitude of settlement → compression index (Cc)
Rate of consolidation → co-efficient of consolidation (Cv)
T H2 
Time required for consolidation (Consolidation Time) → t   
 V 
C

1. Time ~ Deformation curve

i. Cv (Coefficient of consolidation) Porous
Stones
2. Pressure ~ Deformation curve
i. Cc (Compression index)
ii. Cr (Recompression index) SOIL
iii. aV (Coefficient of compressibility)
iv. mV (Coefficient of volume change)

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 CONSOLIDATION TEST
Pressure ~ Deformation Curve
e

e
e
CC 
e p
aV  log 2
p1
p
e ~ p plot Δe e ~ log p
Δe plot
Δp log (p2/p1)

p
log p
Strain

aV = coefficient of compressibility
e
mV  Cc = compression index
e ~ p plot p
Δe mV = coefficient of volume change
Δp
aV
mV 
p 1 e
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STRESS HISTORY
Normally Consolidated Soil
If the present effective stress (σv0’) in the clay
is the greatest stress it has ever experienced in
its history.
i.e., pre-consolidation pressure (σp’) ≈ present
effective stress (σv0’)

(σp’) ≈  10% of (σv0’)

≈ σVO’
Today
1,000 years ago
5,000 years ago
10,000 years ago
30,000 years ago
80,000 years ago
CLAY
100,000 years ago
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STRESS HISTORY
Over Consolidated Soil
If the present effective stress (σv0’) in the
clay is smaller than the effective stress
experienced in the past.
i.e., present effective stress (σv0’) < re-
consolidation pressure (σp’)
18,000 years ago
σVO’

ICE AGE Today

5,000 years ago
20,000 years
15,000 years ago
ago
30,000 years ago
80,000 years ago
CLAY
100,000 years ago 18
 STRESS HISTORY
Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR)
σ'p
OCR 
σ' v0
σv0’= present effective overburden pressure
σp’= pre-consolidation pressure
(maximum pressure in past)

Normally consolidated soils → OCR = 1

Over-consolidated soils → OCR > 1
Under-consolidated soils → OCR < 1

- Under-consolidated soils are the ones which are undergoing consolidation settlement, i.e.
the consolidation is not yet complete and the equilibrium has not yet been reached under
the overburden load.
- Pore water pressure are in excess of hydrostatic pressure.
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 SETTLEMENT COMPUTATIONS
CASE I: ’p ≈ ’vo < ’vf
If the clay is normally consolidated, the entire loading path is along the VCL.
e
CC 
( vo '  )
log
 vo '
eo initial
 vo '  '
VCL e  Cc log
e Cc  vo '
1
final e
Sc  H
1  eo
’vf

 p’  Cc   vo '  ' 
S c  H   log 
vo’  1  eo   vo ' 
vf ’ = vo’+ ’
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 SETTLEMENT COMPUTATIONS
CASE II: ’vo < ’vf < ’p
If the clay is over-consolidated, and remained so by the end of consolidation.

e
Cr 
( vo '  )
log
 vo '
initial C
eo r
e 1 final  vo '  '
e  Cr log
 vo '
VCL e
Sc  H
1  eo
Cc ’vf
1
 C   '  ' 
vo’  p’ S c  H  r  log vo 
 1  eo   vo ' 
vf ’ = vo’+ 
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 SETTLEMENT COMPUTATIONS
CASE III: ’vo < ’p < ’vf
If the over-consolidated, soil becomes normally consolidated by the end of
consolidation. ’vf
 p'  vo ' '
initial e  Cr log  Cc log
eo Cr  vo '  p'
1
e
e Sc  H
1  eo
final
 Cr   p' 
Cc S c  H   log 
1  1  eo   vo ' 
VCL  Cc   '  ' 
 H   log vo 
vo’  p’   p ' 
 1  eo 
vf ’ = vo’+ 
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 CONSOLIDATION – SUMMARY
 = ’ + u WS H  (GS   w  A)  WS
HS  e0 
T H2  GS   w  A WS
t   
 V 
C
V V H H
e
mV   CC 
 u 
2

T   ; for u  60%  
p
log 2
4  100  p1
T  1.781  0.933  log10 (100  u );
CC  0.009  ( LL  10) Cr  0.1  CC
for u  60%
Terzaghi & Peck (1948)

e
settlement  S c  H
For NCC 1  eo
 C   '  ' 
S c  H  c  log vo 
  If OCC is loaded beyond σp’
 1 eo  vo ' 
For OCC  C   p'   C   '  ' 
S c  H  r  log   H  c  log vo
 C   '  '   vo '    p ' 
S c  H  r  log vo   1  eo   1  eo 
 1  eo   vo ' 
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REFERENCE MATERIAL
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (2nd Ed.)
Robert D. Holtz & William D. Kovacs
Chapter #8 & 9

CONCLUDED

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