Prediction of Evaporated Fuel-Air Ratio in MPFI Engines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Reduce the Gap between

Injected,Evaporated & Burnt Fuel-Air
Instantaneous Rate of Fuel Evaporation in
Port

• Instantaneous rate of fuel evaporation

in a port is the sum of evaporation rate
of fuel droplets and evaporation rate of
fuel films
 port   drops   films

 port   space   wall

 Film Evaporation

• The film vaporization rate is determined by

h film  1 
 film  ln  
C p ,air 1  Y fs 
where hf is the heat transfer coefficient, and Yfs the the mass
fraction of the fuel vapor near the film surface.
1
 M  p 
air 
Y fs  1   1
 M fuel  p fs 
Where p and pfs are the total local pressure and the pressure of the
saturated fuel vapor near the surface of the wall film.
pfs can be calculated from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation
presented in the following form  b 
 a  
 T film  43 
p fs  e
 Droplet evaporation

• The droplet evaporation rate is given by

 fuel DAB *
  Sh ln1  BM 
d SMD
where DAB the gas diffusivity,
Sh* the non-dimensional Sherwood number, and
Bm the mass transfer number.
The mass transfer number BM is equal to:
Y fs  Y f
BM 
1  Y fs

 where Yfs and Yf are the mass

fraction of vapor fuel at the droplet
surface and the surrounding
Distribution of Injected Fuel

Injected fuel

Liquid Fuel
Vapour Fuel

Fuel in Films
Film distributions at various Zones
Wall Film Thickness vs evaporation Rate @
Different Locations
Effect of Injection Timing
Effect of Injector Location
Effects of Impingement Angle
Fuel Evaporation in Port Injection Engine
Partial-heating of the Intake Port
Surface temperature of the Port under different
heating powers.
Distributions of the film thickness under
three different wall temperatures
Effect of PH on In-cylinder HC Concentration
Increment of in-cylinder HC concentration
Compression of liquid Fuel, Vapour fuel &
Air Mixture in SI Engine

Air+Fuel vapour An infinitesimal wet compression can be

+ fuel droplets modelled as:
+Residual gas
q  du  pdv  h fg df ev

An adiabatic wet compression can be

modelled as:
0  du  pdv  h fg df ev
Compression
Process Working fluid possess ideal gas nature:
RT
Cv dT  dv  h fg df ev  0
v
 Adiabatic Wet Compression Process
RT
Cv dT   dp  h fg df ev
v
Using first order model for specific heat
2 2 2
dT df evhave 14:1.
dvG engines

The newb Mazda
o  k1T
The knock at high
1

Skyactive
 R
T compression
1
 h fg 
v 1 is avoided
T  mainly
by proper injection regulation .
h fg  f T 
2 2 2
dT df ev dv
1 bo  k1T  T  1 h fg T   R 1 v
2 2
dT dv Supports increased
1 bow  k1wT  T   R 1 v Compression Ratio
 What is Next????

All set to Provoke Highest Entropy Generation !!!

Micro-Engineering of Extreme Natural

Events….
Confidence : An essential quality for Innovator

Edmond Berger
348 pm

287.46 billion km
The Extreme Art of Miniaturization
• The average lightning bolt measures
about an inch wide and five miles
long.
• The temperature of lightning can
reach around 30,000 K.
• The electricity in a single bolt can
reach 200 million volts.
• An average duration of time for a
stroke of lightning is about 30
microseconds.
• The average peak power of a stroke of
lightning is about 1012 watts.
Spark plugs in automobiles generally have
a• gap
A single bolt0.6
between of lightning
and 1.8 mmcarries an
energy 5 billion joules.
Spark Plug
 Physics of Sparking

• In 1889, F. Pashchen published a paper which set out what

has become known as Paschen's Law.
• The law essentially states that, at higher pressures (above a
few torr) the breakdown characteristics of a gap are a
function (generally not linear) of the product of the gas
pressure and the gap length.
• Usually written as V= f( pd ), where p is the pressure and d
is the gap distance.
• Extensive additional experiments for different materials,
lower pressures, different gases and a variety of electrode
shapes have expanded the data set involved.
 Paschen Law

Paschen found that breakdown voltage was described by the equation

Where V is the
breakdown voltage, pWhatis is the main requirement for Ignition ?
the pressure, d is the gap
distance.
The constants a and b
depend upon the
composition of the gas.
For air at standard
atmospheric pressure of
101 kPa, a = 43.6×106
V/(atm·m) and b = 12.8.
Pd (Pa-m)