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Fluid Mechanics
- is that branch of mechanics which deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest and in motion.
Three branches of fluid mechanics:
1. Fluid Statics - is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest.
2. Kinematics - deals with velocities and streamlines without
considering forces or energy.
3. Fluid Dynamics – is concerned with the relations between
velocities and accelerations and the forces
exerted by or upon fluids.

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Development of Fluid Mechanics

- from classical hydrodynamics and hydraulics.
*Classical Hydrodynamics
- it deals with an imaginary ideal fluid that is completely
frictionless.
*Hydraulics
- is confined largely to water
- from experiments that is used to developed empirical
formulas which supplied answers to practical problems.

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Fluid Properties:
1. Density(or Mass density)
- a mass per unit volume.

2. Specific Weight
- is weight per unit volume.
- is dependent upon the gravitational force.

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Relationship between specific weight and density:

where:
g- gravitational

acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2
g = 32.2 ft/s2

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3. Specific volume,
- is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid
- is the reciprocal of density.

4. Specific Gravity,
-is the dimensionless ratio of the specific weight ( or density) of
the fluid to the specific weight (or density) of a standard substance
at a specified standard temperature.
for liquid: std fluid – water
for gases:std fluid – air (or sometimes
hydrogen as specified
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for Gases:
from Ideal Gas Equation,

where:
P – absolute pressure,
T - absolute temperature
R – specific gas constant

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Example 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 200 kg and a volume of
0.952 cu.m. Find it’s a) weight b) unit weight c) mass density
and d) specific gravity

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Example 2:
The specific gravity of a certain oil is 0.82. Calculate it’s a)
specific weight in and b)density in

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Example 3:
Find the density and specific weight of helium at a temperature
of 4 C and a gage pressure of 184 KPa. RHe = 2078 J/kg K

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5. Viscosity – is that property of a fluid which causes
resistance to relative motion
- measures fluid resistance to flow.

FLUID MECHANICS by rnavarro jr
where:
Ss- shearing stress, KPa or psi
dv/dy – velocity gradient
 – viscosity
- coefficient of viscosity
- absolute viscosity
- dynamic viscosity
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6. Kinematic Viscosity
- the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid to its
mass density.

Dimensions of viscosity: for water:

, Pa.sec or N.sec/m2  = 1 cP @ 20 C
also,
1 Poise(P) = 0.1 Pa.sec
= 0.1 N.sec/m2
In English,
lb.sec/ft2
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7. Surface Tension
- the work that must be done to bring enough molecules from
inside the liquid to the surface to form one new unit area of that
surface.

Pressure inside a droplet of liquid:

where:
P = pressure of droplet in gage, Pa
D= diameter of the droplet, m
= surface tension in N/m2
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8. Capillarity
- the rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube which is caused by surface
tension on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the the
adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
* liquid rise in tubes they wet ( adhesion> cohesion)
* liquid fall in tubes they do not wet ( cohesion > adhesion)
* Is important when using tubes smaller than about

where:
h =capillary rise or depression
 = wetting angle
use,
 = 140 for mercury on clean
glass/tube
 = 0 for water on clean tube

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9. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, E
- expresses the compressibility of the fluid.
- it is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the
corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

where:
ΔP = change in pressure
ΔV = change in volume
V = volume ( initial)

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Example 4:
What is pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by
0.6 percent? Bulk modulus of elasticity of water, E= 2.2 GPa.

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Example 5:
If the viscosity of water at 70 C is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is
0.978, determine its absolute viscosity in Pa.sec and its kinematic viscosity in
m2/sec and in stokes.

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Example 6:
Distilled water stands in a glass tube of 9 mm diameter at a
height of 24 mm. What is the true static height? Use  =
0.0742 N/m.

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Example 7:
Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space between them is filled
with a liquid of viscosity,  = 0.958 Pa.sec. Assuming the velocity gradient to be
straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of 0.37 m 2 area at a
constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces?

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Example 7, con’t:

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Fluid Statics
- fluid at rest

Pressure, P Pressure Representation:

- is the force per unit area

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Standard Atmospheric Pressure :

= 1 atm
= 101,325 N/m2 or Pa
= 101.325 KN/m2 or Kpa
= 1.01 bar
= 14.7 psi Pressure in a column of fluid:
= 29.92 in Hg
= 760 mm Hg

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Pressure difference in a column of fluid:

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Example 8:
A rectangular tank is filled with oil, specific gravity of 0.9 to
a depth of 4 m. Calculate a) the pressure at the bottom of
the tank? b) what would be the pressure 1.2 m from the oil
surface?

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Example 9:
A pressure gage above from the bottom of the tank reads
10 KPa. Determine: a) the absolute pressure of the fluid
at the bottom of the tank? b) the depth of the tank?

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Example 10:
A pressure gage at elevation 8m on the side of a tank
containing a liquid reads 57.4 KPa. Another gage at
elevation 5.0m reads 80 KPa. Compute the specific weight
and density of the liquid.

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Piezometer
- a simple device for measuring pressure of liquids.

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Example 11:
In the piezometer shown, liquid stands 1.3m above point M.
What is the pressure at M in KPa if the liquid is:
a) water b) oil c) mercury and d) molasses

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Example 11, con’t:

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Example 12:
The fluid in the figure is water and hm = 7.2 m. Assuming
that atmospheric pressure is standard, compute the gage
pressure and absolute pressure at M.

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MANOMETERS
- is a U-tube, containing homogeneous fluid of known
specific gravity in which the surface moves proportionally as
pressure changes.

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Example 13:
In the figure shown, what is the height “ h” if fluid A is
water, fluid B is mercury. The gage pressure at “M” is 138
KPa and y= 1.5m.

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Example 13, con’t:

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Example 14:
In the figure shown, the distance y+ ½ z = 1.2 m when fluid
A is water, fluid B is mercury and the pressure at “M” is
vacuum of 37 KPa, compute “ z ”.

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DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
-are manometers used to measure pressure difference
between two regions.

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Calculate the difference of pressure at M and N.

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Example 15:
In the figure, fluid A is water, fluid B is oil ( SG = 0.85), z =
686 mm, y’ = 1,450mm. Compute the pressure difference
between M and N.

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Example 16:
In the figure shown, fluid A is water, fluid B is mercury, z = 450mm, y =
900mm. Compute the pressure head difference between M and N.

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Example 17:
Fluid A is water, fluid B is oil ( SG = 0.8), z = 350mm. Compute the
pressure difference between M and N.

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Example 18:
In the figure, fluid A is oil (SG = 0.9), fluid B is calcium chloride solution ( SG =
1.1) , Z = 800mm. Compute the pressure difference between M and N.

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BOUYANCY
Principle: A submerged or floating object is bouyed up
with a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the object. Also known as the Archimedes Principle.
Any body immersed in a fluid is subjected to a bouyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

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Example :
A 40 metric ton barge, 5 m x 10 m, as shown in the figure.
What is its draft a) in fresh water b) in seawater (SG =
1.025).

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Example :
A spherical balloon 6 m in diameter is filled with gas weighing 5.5
N/m3. Air weighs 12 N/m3, what is the maximum load, including is
own weight that the ballon can lift?

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Example 18:
An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.92 floats in salt water having
a specific gravity of 1.03. If the volume of ice above the surface is 500
m3, what is the total volume of the iceberg?

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