HYDRAULICS AND FLUID

MECHANICS SHEETS

Prof. Dr. Gomaa Abdulrahman Bakeer Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab Kassem
Dr. Mohamed Elsayed Abuoarab Dr. Ahmed Mahrous Hassan

2017/2018
Cairo University – Faculty of Agriculture – Agricultural Engineering Department
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Student Name:
Student Number:

Sheet No. Sheet Tittle Degree Signature

1 Water Properties

2 Fluid Pressure and its Measurements

3 Hydrostatics

4 Applications of Hydrostatics

5 Hydrokinematics

6 Bernoulli's Equation and its Applications

7 Flow through Orifices

8 Flow through Mouthpieces

9 Flow over Notches

10 Flow over weirs

11 Flow through Simple Pipes

Average

1
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [1]: Water Properties

Water Properties:
1. Density: the mass per unit volume at standard temperature and pressure

2. Specific weight: the weight per unit volume at standard temperature and
pressure

3. Specific gravity: the ratio between specific weight of liquid and specific
weight of water at standard temperature and pressure

4. Capillarity of Water:

Where:
h = Height of capillary rise,
d = Diameter of the capillary tube,
α = Angle of contact of the water surface, and
σ = Force of surface tension per unit length of the periphery of the capillary
tube in N/mm.

2
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1- Differentiate between:
a) Density – Sp. Weight - Sp. Gravity

b) Capillarity – Surface Tension

2- Calculate the density, sp. weight, sp. gravity and sp. volume of an oil of 5.6m3
and 46800 N weights.

3
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

3- Show that rise of liquids in capillary tube is given by the equation:

4 cos 
h
d

4- Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm

diameter, when immersed in (1) water and (2) in mercury. The
temperature of liquid is 20ºC and the values of surface tension of
water and mercury at 20ºC in contact with air are 0.0075 kg/m and
0.052 kg/m respectively. The contract angle for water θ = 0º and for
mercury θ = 130º.

4
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

5- Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm

diameter, when immersed in water. The temperature of liquid is 20ºC
and the values of surface tension of water at 20ºC in contact with air
are 0.008 kg/m (The contract angle for water θ = 5º).

6- Calculate the viscosity of a certain oil if the layer of this oil 1mm
thickness separate an inclined table (30º with the horizontal) from the
flat plate weight 1kg and having an area 2000cm2, the plate moved
with the velocity 8cm/sec.

7- Calculate the coefficient of viscosity (poise) of a certain oil if the layer

of this oil 1mm thickness separate an inclined table (30º with the
horizontal) from the flat plate weight 10N and having an area
1000cm2, the plate moved with the velocity 6cm/sec.

5
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [2]: Fluid Pressure and its Measurements

1. Pressure: the force per unit area. If P is the force acting on area a, then
intensity of pressure .

2. Pressure Head:

p = (Weight of the liquid in the cylinder)/(Area of the cylinder base)=ωAh/A=ωh

Where:
ω = Specific weight of the liquid,
h = Height of liquid in the cylinder
A = Area of the cylinder base.

3. Pascal’s Law:
The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid. at rest, is the same in all
directions
Px = Pv = Pz
Px = Intensity of horizontal pressure on the element of the liquid ,
Py = Intensity of vertical pressure on the element of the liquid,
Pz = Intensity of pressure on the diagonal of the triangular element of the liquid.
4. Atmospheric Pressure:
It has been established, since long, that the air possesses some weight.
Subsequently, it was also thought that the air, due to its weight, must exert
some pressure on the surface of the earth. Since the air is compressible,
therefore its density is different at different heights. The density of air has also
been found to vary from time to time due to the changes in its temperature and
humidity. It is thus obvious, that due to these difficulties, the atmospheric

6
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

pressure (which is due to weight of the atmosphere or air above the surf ace of
the earth) cannot be calculated, as is done in the case of liquids. However, it is
measured by the height of the column of liquid that it can support.
It has been observed that at sea level. the pressure exerted by the column of air
of 1 square meter cross-sectional area and of height equal to that of the
atmosphere is 103 kN. Thus, we may say that the atmospheric pressure at the
sea level is 103 kN/m2 (or103 kPa). It can also be expressed as 10.3 meters of
water, in terms of equivalent water column or 760 mm of mercury in terms of
equivalent mercury column.
5. Gauge Pressure
It is the pressure, measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument,
in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. Or in other words, the
atmospheric pressure on the gauge scale is marked as zero. Genera1Jy, this
pressure is above the atmospheric pressure.
6. Absolute Pressure
It is the pressure equal to the algebraic sum of atmospheric and gauge
pressures. It may be noted that if the gauge pressure is minus (as in the case of
vacuums or suctions), the absolute pressure will be atmospheric pressure minus
gauge pressure. Mathematically,
P absolute = P atmospheric + P gauge
7. Manometer
Manometer is an improved form of a piezometer tube. With the help of a
manometer, we can measure comparatively high pressures and negative
pressures also. Following are the few types of manometers:
a. Simple manometer,
b. Micromanometer,
c. Differential manometer, and
d. Inverted differential manometer.

7
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

a. Simple manometer

Positive Pressure Negative Pressure

h = (S2h2 - S1h1) m of water h = - (S1h1 + S2h2) m of water

h1 = Height of the light liquid in the left limb above the common surface in
meters,
h2 = Height of the heavy liquid in the right limb above the common surface in
meters,
h = Pressure in the pipe, expressed in terms of head of water in meters.
S1 = Specific gravity of the light liquid
S2 = Specific gravity of the heavy liquid.
b. Micromanometer
 Vertical Tube Micromanometer

8
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Note: Sometimes, the cross-sectional area of the basin (A) is made very large
and that of the tube (a) is made very small. Then the ratio a/A is extremely very
small, and thus is neglected. Then the above equation becomes:

δh = Fall of heavy liquid level in the basin in m,

h1 = Height of light liquid above the datum line in m,
h2 = Height of heavy liquid (after experiment) in the right limb above the datum
line in m,
h = Pressure in the pipe expressed in terms of water in m,
A= Cross-sectional area of the basin in m2,
a = Cross-sectional area of the tube in m2,
S1 = Specific gravity of the light liquid,
S2 = Specific gravity of the heavy liquid.
 Inclined Tube Micromanometer

9
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

c. Differential manometer

hA – hB = S2h - S1h = h (S2 - S1) hA + S1h1 = S2h2 + S3h3 + hB

h = Difference of the levels of the heavy liquid in right limb and left limb (also
known as the reading of the differential manometer) in mm,
hA = Pressure head in pipe A,
hB = Pressure head in pipe B,
S1 = Specific gravity of the light liquid in the pipes ,
S2 = Specific gravity of the heavy liquid
h1 = Height of liquid in the left limb above the datum line in mm,
h2 = Difference of levels of the heavy liquid in the right and left limb (also known
as reading of the differential manometer) in mm ,
h3 = Height of the liquid in the right limb above the datum line in mm ,
hA = Pressure head in the pipe A,
hB = Pressure head in the pipe B,
S1 = Specific gravity of the liquid in the left pipe (A),
S2 = Specific gravity of the heavy liquid ,
S3 = Specific gravity of the liquid in the right pipe (B).

11
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

d. Inverted Differential Manometer

hA - S1h1 = hB - S2h2 - S3h3

h1 = Height of liquid in the left limb below the datum line in mm,
h2 = Difference of levels of the light liquid in the right and left limbs (also known
as manometer reading) in mm,
h3 = Height of liquid in the right limb below the datum line in mm ,
hA = Pressure in the pipe A, expressed in terms of head of the liquid in mm ,
hB = Pressure in the pipe B, expressed in terms of head of the liquid in mm ,
S1 = Specific gravity of the liquid in the left limb,
S2 = Specific gravity of the light liquid ,
S3 = Specific gravity of the liquid in the right limb.

11
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1- Find the height of water column equivalent to a pressure of 2 kg/cm2.

2- Determine the pressure in kg/cm2 at a depth of 4 meters below the free

surface of an oil of specific gravity 0.75.

3- Find the pressure at a depth of 10 m below the free surface of water in a

reservoir.

4- Find the height of water column corresponding to a pressure of 0.55 kg/cm2.

5- (S.I. Units). Determine the height of an oil column of specific gravity 0.8 which
will cause 5 N/mm2.

12
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

6- Calculate the height of mercury equivalent to a gauge pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2.

7- A simple-nanometer is used to measure the pressure of oil (sp. gravity= 0.8)

flowing in a pipe line. Its right limb is open to the atmosphere and the left limb is
connected to the pipe. The center of the pipe is 9 cm below the level of mercury
(sp. gravity=13.6} in the right limb. It the difference of mercury level in the two
limbs is 15cm, determine the absolute pressure of the oil in the pipe m kg/cm2.

8- (S. I. Units). A simple-manometer containing mercury was used to find the

negative pressure in the pipe, containing water as shown in Fig. 2-6. The right
limb of the manometer was open to atmosphere. Find the negative pressure
below the atmosphere in the pipe, if the manometer reads in mm as given in the
figure.

13
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

9- The pressure of water flowing in a pipe line is measured by a manometer with

U tubes shown as in Fig. 2-7. The measuring fluid is mercury in all the tubes and
water is enclosed between the mercury columns. The last tube is open to the
atmosphere. Find the pressure of oil in the pipeline.

10- Fig. 2-8 shows a conical vessel having its outlet at A to which U tube
manometer is connected. The reading of the manometer given in the figure
shows when the vessel is empty. Find the reading of the manometer when the
vessel is completely filled with water.

11- A U-tube containing mercury is used to measure the pressure of an oil (of
specific gravity 0.8) as shown in Figure.

14
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

12- To determine the pressure in a pipe, containing liquid of specific gravity 0-8,
a micromanometer was used as shown in Pig. 2-11. The ratio of area of the
basin to that of the limb is 50. Find the pressure in the pipe in kg/cm2 for the
manometer read.

13- A micrometer, having ratio of basin to limb areas as 40. was used to
determine the pressure in a pipe containing water. Determine the pressure in
the pipe for the manometer reading shown in Fig. 2-25.

14- A differential manometer was connected with two points in a pipe

containing liquid of specific gravity 0.85 as shown in Fig. 2-26. Determine the
difference of pressures at the two points in kg/cm2, if the difference of mercury
levels be 15 cm.

15
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

15- A differential manometer containing mercury was used to measure the

difference of pressures in two pipes containing water as shown in Fig. 2.27. Find
the difference of Pressures in the pipes, if the manometer reading is 80cm.

16- With the manometer fading as shown in Fig.2.29, calculate the difference of
pressures in the two tubes A and B containing water.

17- An inverted differential manometer, when connected to two pipes A and B,

gives the readings as shown in Fig. 2.30. Determine the pressure in the tube B, if
the pressure in the pipe A be1 kg/cm2.

16
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

18- A manometer containing mercury is connected to two points 15 m apart, on

a pipe line conveying water. The pipe line is straight and slopes at angle 15º with
the horizontal. The manometer gives a reading of 150 mm. Determine the
pressure difference between the two points of the pipe line. Take specific
gravity of mercury as 13.6 and that of water as 1.0.

19- A closed tank filled with a gauge and a nanometer contains water as shown
in Fig. 2.20. Determine the gauge reading in N/mm2 if the manometer,
containing mercury shows a reading of 200 mm.

20- A closed vessel is divided info two compartments. These compartments

contain oil and water as shown in Fig. 2.21. Determine the value of h, if the
gauges show the readings as shown in the figure.

17
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [3]: Hydrostatics

1. Total Pressure
The total pressure, on an immersed surface, may be defined as die total
pressure exerted by the liquid on it.

p1, p2, p3 = Intensities of pressure on different strips of the surface,

a1, a2, a3 = Areas of the corresponding strips.

2. Total Pressure on a Horizontally Immersed Surface

P = Weight of the liquid above the immersed surface
ω = Specific weight of the liquid,
A = Area of the immersed surface in m,
̅ = Depth of the horizontal surface from the liquid level in meters

3. Total Pressure on a Vertically Immersed Surface

̅
ω = Specific weight of the liquid,
A = Total area of the immersed surface, and,

18
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

̅ = Depth of center of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid

surface.

4. Total Pressure on an Inclined Immersed Surface

̅
ω = Specific weight of the liquid,
A = Area of the surface,
̅ = Depth of center of gravity of die immersed surface from the liquid
surface,
θ = Angle at which the immersed surface is inclined with die liquid surface.

5. Centre of Pressure
The point, through which this resultant pressure acts, is known as center of
pressure and is always expressed in terms of depth from the liquid surface.

 Centre of Pressure of a Vertically Immersed Surface

̅ ̅
̅
IG = Moment of inertia of the figure about horizontal axis through its center of
gravity,
19
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

A = Area of the immersed surface,

̅ = Depth of center of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface.
The center of gravity (G) and moment of inertia (I) of some important
geometrical figures is given below:
I about an
axis passing
C.G. from the
S. No. Name of shape through C.G. I about base
base
and parallel
to base

4 --

 Center of Pressure of an Inclined Immersed Surface

̅ ̅
̅
θ = Angle at which the immersed surface is inclined with the liquid surface.
21
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

 Centre of Pressure of a Composite Section

1. Split up the composite section into convenient sections (i.e., rectangles,
triangles or circles).
2. Calculate the pressures, i.e., P1, P2 ……on all the sections.
3. Then calculate the total pressure P on the whole section by die algebraic
sum of the pressures.
4. Now calculate the depths of centers of pressures i.e., ̅ ̅ for all the
sections from the water surface.
5. Then equate ̅ ̅
̅ = Depth of center of pressure of die section from the water level.

 Pressure on a Curved Surface

PH = The horizontal pressure,

PV = The vertical pressure, and,
α = The angle, which the resultant pressure makes with the horizontal.

21
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A rectangular tank 5 m long 2 m wide contains water up to a depth of 2.5 m.

Calculate the pressure on the base of the tank.

2. A tank 10 × 10m contains water up to a height of 5 m. Determine the

intensity and total pressure on the bottom of the tank.

3. Find the total pressure on a rectangular plate 2 m wide and 4m deep

vertically immersed in water, such a way that 2 m side is parallel to the water
surface and 2.5 m below it.

4. a vertical circular plate of 1.2m diameter is immersed in water, such that its
center is 3m below the water surface. Determine the total of pressure on the
plate.

22
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

5. A rectangular plate 3m long and 1m wide is immersed vertically in water in

such a way that its 3m side is parallel to the water surface and 1m below it.
Find the total pressure on the plate and the position of center of pressure.

6. A circular plate of 2.5m diameter is vertically immersed in an oil of specific

gravity 0.9. The center of the plate is 2m below the oil surface. Determine
the total pressure on the plate and the position of center of pressure.

7. An isosceles triangular plate 3m high and 2m base is immersed vertically in

water so that its apex below the base, is at a distance of 4m from the water
surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and the position of center of
pressure.

23
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

8. A rectangular plate 5 * 5m hangs in water from one of its corner. The center
of gravity of the plate is at a depth of 10m from the water surface. Find the
total pressure on the plate and the position of center of pressure.

9. A circular plate 3m diameter is submerged in water with its greatest and

least depth below the surface being 2m and 1m respectively. Find the total
pressure on one face of the plate and the position of center of pressure.

10.Find the resultant pressure due to water per meter length acting on a gate of
radius 2m, also find out the angle at which the total pressure will act.

24
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [4]: Applications of Hydrostatics

1- Pressure Diagrams
 Pressure due to one kind of liquid on one side

P = Area of the triangle

= ½ * H * ωH= ωH2/2
 Pressure due to one kind of liquid over another, on one side.

 Pressure due to liquids on both the sides.

25
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A wall 5 m long contains water which is 3 m deep. What is the total pressure
on the wall.

2. A partition wall contains water for a depth of 24 m on one side and oil of
specific gravity 0·8 for a depth of 1.5 m on the other side. Find (i) resultant
thrust on the wall per meter length, and (ii) the point where it acts.

3. A masonry retaining wall 5.5 m high and 2.4 m wide contains water up in its
top. Find (i) total pressure per meter length of the wall. (ii) Resultant thrust
on the base of the wall per meter length. Take weight of the masonry as 23
kN/m3

26
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. A concrete dam 12 m high and 3.5 m wide contains 9 m deep water.

Calculate the water pressure per meter length of the dam and the point
where the resultant cuts the base. Assume weight of concrete as 24 kN/m3.

5. A masonry dam 1.5 m wide at the top and 4 m wide at the bottom is 6 m
high. The face exposed to water is vertical and water stands up to the top
level of the dam. Find (i) total pressure due to water per meter length of the
dam; (ii) resultant thrust per meter length of the dam and (iii) the point
where it acts. Take weight of the concrete as 24 kN/m3.

27
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

6. A masonry wall 8 m high and 3 m wide contains water for a height of 7 m.

Check the stability of the wall, if the coefficient of friction between the wall
and the soil is 0.55. Take weight of masonry as 22·2kN/m3

7. A concrete trapezoidal dam 2·5 m wide at the top and 10 m wide at the
bottom is 25 m high. It contains water on its vertical side. Check the stability
of the dam when it contains water for a depth of 20 m. take coefficients of
friction between the wall and soil as 0·6 and weight of the concrete as
24kN/m3

28
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [5]: Hydrokinematics

The subject of hydrokinematics deals with the study of velocity and acceleration
of the liquid particles without taking into consideration any force or energy.

 Rate of Discharge
a = Cross-sectional area of the pipe, and
v = Average velocity of the liquid,
:. Discharge, Q = Area × Average velocity = a × v

 Equation of Continuity of a Liquid Flow

a1 = Cross-sectional area of the pipe at section 1-1,

v1 = Velocity of the liquid at section 1-1,
a2, v2 = Corresponding values at section 2-2.
a3, v3 = Corresponding values at section 3-3.

29
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. The water is flowing through a pipe line of 100 mm diameter with a

velocity of 1.5 m/s. Determine the discharge through the pipe in litres/s.

2. Find the size of a pipe, which has to discharge an oil, at the rate of 2 m 3/s
and of specific gravity 0.8 with a velocity of 3 m/s.

31
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

3. A pipe of 100 mm diameter branches into two pipes of diameters 100 mm

and 50 mm respectively. The flow in the larger branch pipe is 2/3 of the
main pipe and the remaining discharge is through the smaller branch
pipe. Determine the rate of flow in the main pipe, if average velocity of
flow in any of the pipes is not to exceed 3 m/s.

4. A stream function is given by the relation = x + y2. Find the velocity at a

point P (1, 3).

31
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [6]: Bernoulli's Equation and its Applications

1- Total Energy of a Liquid Particle in Motion

Z = Potential Energy of a Liquid Particle in Motion,

= Kinetic Energy of a Liquid Particle in Motion,

= Pressure Energy of a Liquid Particle in Motion

2- Bernoulli's Equation

3 -Practical Applications of Bernoulli's

 Venturimeter

√
√

C = Coefficient of venturimeter,
a1 = Area of the venturimeter at section 1,
a2 = Area of the venturimeter at section 1, and,
h = The liquid head.

13.6 = Specific gravity of mercury.

ω = Specific weight of oil.

32
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

 Orifice Meter

h = Reading of the mercury manometer,

a1 = Area of the pipe at inlet,
a2 = Area of the pipe at the throat.

 Pitot Tube

√
h = Height of the liquid in the pitot tube above the surface,
H = Depth of tube in the liquid, and
v = Velocity of the liquid.

33
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A uniformity tapering pipe has a 120 mm and 80 mm diameters at its

ends. If the velocity of water at the larger end is 2 m/s, find the discharge
at the larger end and the velocity head at the smaller end.

2. Find the total head of water flowing with a velocity of 8 m/s under a
pressure of 80 kPa. The center line of the pipe is 5 in above the datum
line.

3. A horizontal pipe 100 m long uniformity tapers from 300 mm diameter to

200 mm diameter. What is the pressure head at the smaller end. if the
pressure at the larger end is 100 kPa and the pipe is discharging 50 liters
of water per second?

34
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. Water is flowing through a pipe at the rate of 35 liters/s having

diameters 200 mm and 100 mm at sections 1 and 2 respectively. The
section 1 is 4 m above the datum and section 2 is 2 m above the datum.
Find the pressure at section 2, if the pressure at section 1 is 40 kPa

5. A 200 m long pipe slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 0.25 m
diameter to 0.15 m diameter at the lower end. If the pipe carries 100
liters of oil of specific gravity 0·85, find the pressure at the lower end.
The upper end gauge reads 50 kPa.

35
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

6. A tapering pipe is used to carry water as shown in Figure. The discharge

through the pipe was observed to be 170 liters/s. If the pressures at A
and B are 100 kPa and 75 kPa respectively. determine the direction in
which the water will flow through the pipe.

7. A 200 mm × 120 mm venturimeter is installed in a pipe carrying water. If

the mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 200 mm. find the
discharge through the pipe. Take coefficient for the venturimeter as
0.98.

8. A venturimeter has 400 mm diameter at the main and 150 mm at the

throat. If the difference of pressures is 250 mm of mercury and the
metre coefficient is 0.97, calculate the discharge of oil through the
venturimeter. Take specific gravity of oil as 0.75.

36
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

9. A venturimeter is inserted in a 150 mm diameter pipe carrying an oil of

sp. gr. 0·85. If the differential head indicated by the mercury manometer
is 0.25 m. and the rate or flow is 80 liters/s. find the diameter of the
venturimeter at its throat. Take coefficient for the venturimeter as 0.97.

10. In a laboratory, a 100 mm × 50 mm venturimeter was used, which

recorded a discharge of 18 liters of water per second, when the mercury
reading was 300 mm. What is the value of venturimeter coefficient?

11.A 150 mm × 75 mm venturimeter is connected in a pipe discharging

water, which is inclined at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Find the
discharge through the venturimeter. if the mercury gauge shows a
deflection of 175 mm and coefficient for the venturimeter as 0.95.

37
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

12.A 200 mm non-standard orifice is installed in a 250 mm pipe carrying

water. When the flow is 165 liters/s, the mercury differential gauge
reads 50 mm. Compute the value of coefficient for the orifice meter.

13.A pitot tube is installed in the center of a pipe 80 mm diameter. Find the
velocity of water in the center of the pipe, if the water rises 300 mm in
the tube.

38
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [7]: Flow through Orifices

Orifice: An opening, in a vessel, through which the liquid flows out.
Types of Orifices:
Types of orifices
According to

nature of
size shape Edge shape
discharge

partially
small circular sharpe
submeged

fully
large rectangular bell mouthed
submeged

triangle

Jet of Water: The continuous stream of a liquid, that comes out or flows out of
an orifice.
Hydraulic Coefficients:
1. Coefficient of contraction.

2. Coefficient of velocity.

3. Coefficient of discharge, and

4. Coefficient of resistance.

39
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A jet of water issues from an orifice of diameter 16 mm under a constant

head of 1 ·5 m. Find the coefficient of discharge for the orifice. when the
actual discharge is 0·65 liters/s.

2. The head of water over an orifice of diameter 40 mm is 10 m. What is the

actual discharge and actual velocity of the jet? Take Cd= 0·6 and Cv= 0·98.

3. In an experiment water issues horizontally from an orifice under a head of

160 mm. Determine the coefficient of velocity of the jet, if the horizontal
distance travelled by a point on the jet is 320 mm and vertical distance is 170
mm.

41
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. A jet of water issues from an orifice 1250 mm2 in area under a constant head
of 1.125 m. It falls vertically 1 m before striking the ground at a distance of 2
m measured horizontally from the vena contracta. Calculate the coefficients
of discharge, velocity and contraction.

5. An orifice of 25 mm diameter has coefficients of velocity and contraction as

0.98 and 0.62respectively. Find the head of water and its discharge, if the jet
drops 1 m in a horizontal distance of 2·65 m.

6. A tank has two similar orifices in one of its vertical sides. The upper orifice is
situated 3 m below the water surface and the lower 5 m below the water
surface. If the value of Cv for both the orifices is 0·97, find the horizontal
distance of the point from the orifices where the two jets intersect.

41
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. An orifice meter consisting of 10cm diameter orifice in a pipe 25 diameter

has coefficient = 0.65. The pipe delivers oil (Sp.gr. 0.8). The pressure
difference on the two sides of the orifice plate is measured by a mercury oil
differential manometer. If the differential gauge reads 80 cm of mercury,
calculate the rate of flow in lit/sec.

2. A 20-cm non-standard orifice is installed in 25cm pipe carrying water, at a

flow of 115 lit/sec, a water mercury differential gauge reads 4.25cm,
compute the value of C (coefficient of meter( .

3. A swimming pool 11m long and 7m wide holds water to a depth of 4 m. If the
water is discharged through an orifice of an area 0.3m at the bottom of the
pool. Find the time taken to empty the pool (Cd = 0.62(.

42
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. A large vertical orifice 1.5m wide and 1m deep is discharging water from a
tank. if the water level is 4m above the bottom edge of the orifice. Find the
discharge through the orifice (Cd = 0.62).

5. A partially drowned orifice is 1.2 m wide and 0.6 m deep the water level on
one side of the orifice is 1.2m above the top edge and on the other side the
water level is 0.30m below the top edge. Determine the flow through the
orifice, if Cd = 0.62.

6. A tank has its upper cylindrical-portion of 4m diameter and 6m high and

lower hemispherical portion. Find the time required to completely emptying
the tank, if initially it was full of water, through an orifice of 9cm diameter
provided in the bottom of the tank take coefficient of discharge as 0.60.

43
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

7. A hemispherical tank of 1m radius is completely filled with water. Find the

time required to completely empty through an orifice of 10 square cm
provided in the bottom of the tank. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0.6.

8. A horizontal boiler of 2m diameter and 3m long is fitted with an orifice of

5cm diameter at its bottom. Find the time required in which the half-full
boiler will be emptied through an orifice. Take Cd = 0.6.

9. Two tanks 3m x 2.5m and 2.5 m x 1m are connected by an orifice of 25-sq.

cm area. Find the time taken to reduce the difference of their water levels
from 3 m to 1m. Take Cd = 0.6

44
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [8]: Flow through Mouthpieces

Mouthpiece: a pipe attached, externally or internally, to an orifice, whose length
is generally more than 2 times the diameter of the orifice.
Types of Mouthpieces:
Types of mouthpieces
According to

Nature of
Position Shape
discharge

Running
Internal Cylindrical
full

External Convergent Running free

Convergent-
Divergent

Loss of Head of a Liquid Flowing in a Pipe:

1. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement (he)

Where:
v1 = Velocity of the liquid at section 1-1
v2 = Velocity of the liquid at section 2-2

2. Loss of head due to sudden contraction (hc)

45
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Where:
k = constant depend on value of d1/d2
v2 = Velocity of the liquid at section 2-2

3. Loss of head at the entrance in a pipe (hen)

4. Loss of head at the exit in a pipe (hex)

5. Loss of head due to an obstruction in a pipe

( )

Discharge through a Mouthpiece

Where:
Q = Discharge through a Mouthpiece
v = Velocity of the liquid at outlet
a = Area of the orifice or mouthpiece
Cd = Coefficient of discharge

1. Coefficient Discharge of external mouthpiece

Cd = 0.855
2. Coefficient Discharge of internal mouthpiece
Cd = 0.5 for internal mouthpiece running free
Cd = 0.707 for internal mouthpiece running full
3. Coefficient Discharge of convergent mouthpiece
Cd = 1
4. Coefficient Discharge of convergent-divergent mouthpiece
Cd = 1

46
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A short pipe of 23cm diameter suddenly enlarges to 30cm diameter and after
some length it reduces to 15cm, If the discharge through the pipe is 200
lit/sec. Find:
a) Losses on head due to sudden enlargement.
b) Losses of head due to sudden contraction.

2. A short horizontal pipe of 10cm diameter its central portion is enlarged to

20cm diameter. If the discharge through the pipe is 1360 lit/min. Determine:
a) Loss of head at entrance
a.) Losses on head due to sudden enlargement.

47
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

3. The passage of water flowing through a pipe of 22.5cm diameter is restricted

by a diaphragm with 10cm hole. If the water flows with a velocity of 0.5
m/sec, determine the losses of head due to obstruction (Cc = 0.62).

4. An external mouthpiece of 6cm diameter is fitted to a vertical side of a tank

containing water up to a height of 3m above the center of mouthpiece,
determine the discharge through it.

5. Find the discharge from a 100mm diameter external mouthpiece, fitted to a

side of a large vessel, if the head over the mouthpiece is 4m.

48
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

6. A borda's mouthpiece of 5cm diameter is provided on one side of a tank

containing water up to a height of 3m above the center line of the orifice.
Find the discharge through the mouthpiece, if the mouthpiece is running
free.

7. An internal mouthpiece of 100mm diameter is discharging water under a

head of 4m. Find the discharge in lit/min through the mouthpiece when:
a) The mouthpiece is running free
b) The mouthpiece is running full

8. A convergent mouthpiece is discharging water under a constant head of 9m.

Find the discharge if diameter of the mouthpiece is 6cm.

9. A convergent-divergent mouthpiece having throat diameter of 2.5cm is

discharging water under constant head of 1.5m, determine the discharge
through the mouthpiece.

49
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [9]: Flow over Notches

Notch: is an opening in one side of a tank or a reservoir, over which the liquid
flows.
Types of Notches:
1. Rectangular notch,
2. Triangular notch,
3. Trapezoidal notch, and
4. Stepped notch.
Discharge over a Rectangular Notch

Where;
H = Height of water above sill of the notch,
b = Width or length of the Notch, and
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
Discharge over a Triangular Notch

Where;
H = Height of water above sill of the notch,
Ɵ = angle of the Notch
Cd = Coefficient of discharge

51
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Discharge over a Trapezoidal Notch

√ √

Where;
H = Height of water above sill of the notch,
b = Width or length of the Notch, and
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
Discharge over a Stepped Notch

√ ( )

51
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A rectangular notch 2.5 meter wide has a constant head of 40cm. Find the
discharge over the notch, in liters per second if coefficient of discharge for
the notch is 0.62.

2. A rectangular notch gas a discharge of 21.5 cubic meters per minute, when
the head of Water is half the length of the notch. Find the length of the
notch. Assume Cd = 0.6.

3. A right angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal

pump. If the depth of water at V-notch is 200mm, calculate the discharge
over the notch in liters per minute. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0.62.

4. During an experiment 50m3 of water flowing over 90° V-notch was collected
in a one minute. Calculate the coefficient of discharge if the head of water is
15cm

52
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

5. A trapezoidal notch 120cm wide at the top and 45cm at the bottom and
30cm high. Find the discharge through the notch, if the head of water is
22.5cm. Take coefficient of discharge as 0.6.

6. A trapezoidal notch 60cm wide at the bottom, has side slope 1:1, if the
discharge over the notch 300 lit/sec. Determine the head of water over the
notch, if Cd = 0.62.

7. Find the discharge over a stepped notch as shown below. The level of of
water coincides with the top oh the notch. Take coefficient of discharge for
all sections as 0.6.

53
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

8. A reservoir 100m long and 100m wide is provided with a rectangular notch 2
meters long. Find the time required to lower the water level in the reservoir
from 2 meters to 1 meter. Take Cd = 0.6.

9. A sharp-edged 90○ V-notch (Cd = 0.62) is inserted in a side of Q rectangular

tank 3 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. Find, how long it will take to reduce
the head in tank from 300mm to 75mm if the water discharge freely over the
notch and there is no inflow into the take.

54
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

10. A tank 25m long and 15m wide is provided with right angled V-notch. Find
the time required to lower the water level in the tank from 1.5m to 0.5m.
Take coefficient of discharge as 0.62.

11.A discharge of 60 lit/sec was measured over a right-angled V-notch while

measuring the head over the notch, an error of 0.3mm, was made,
determine the error percentage in the discharge. Take the coefficient of
discharge 0.6.

12. A discharge of 85 lit/sec was measured over a rectangular notch 30cm wide,
while measuring the head over the notch an error of 0.25mm was made,
calculate the error percentage in the discharge. If coefficient of discharge for
the notch is 0.62.

55
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [10]: Flow over Weirs

Weir: A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows
Types of Weirs:

Types of Weirs
According to

Nature of
Shape Width of crest Nature of crest
discharge

rectangular Ordinary Narrow-crested Sharp-crested

Cippoletti Submerged Broad-crested Ogee

Discharge over a Rectangular Weir

Where;
H = Height of water above crest of the weir,
L = length of the Weir, and
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
Francis's Formula for Discharge over a Rectangular Weir (Effect of End
Contractions):

Where;
56
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

H = Height of water above crest of the weir,

L = length of the Weir, and
n = number of end contractions

Bazin's Formula for Discharge over a Rectangular Weir:

m = constant
Discharge over a Cippoletti weir:

Discharge over a Narrow-crested Weir

Discharge over a Broad-crested Weir

√
H = Height of water on the upstream side of the weir,
h = Height of water on the downstream side of the weir,

Discharge over a Sharp-crested Weir

57
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Discharge over an Ogee Weir

Discharge over Submerged or Drowned Weir

58
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

1. A weir 3 m long bas a head of water 1 m. Find the discharge over the weir, if
the coefficient or discharge is 0.61.

2. A weir 10 m long bas a constant head of water 300mm. Taking the coefficient
of discharge as 0.62, determine the discharge over the weir in liters/sec.

3. Daily record of the rainfall over a catchment area is 250 million liters. 30% of
the rain water is lost, and the remaining reaches the reservoir, which passes
over a weir. Find the length of the weir, if the water over the sill of weir shall
never rise more than 60 cm. Tate Cd = 0,6.

59
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. A weir 10 m long Is divided into 4 bays by vertical posts each 30 cm wide.

Determine the discharge, if the head of water over the weir is 1 m

5. A weir 100 m long is discharging water under a bead of 1.25 m. Using Bazin's
formula; determine the discharge over the weir.

6. A weir 300 m long is discharging water under a head of 1.25 m .Calculate the
discharge over the weir by using Bazin's and Francis' formula.

7. A Cippolelti weir 30 m long is discharging water under a constant head of 90

cm. Find the discharge over the weir, if the coefficient of discharge for the
weir is 0.66.

61
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

8. A weir 5 m long is discharging water under constant head of 1.25 m. Find the
discharge over the weir, if the water is approaching the weir with velocity of
1 m/sec. Take Cd = 0.62.

9. A narrow-crested weir 10 m long is discharging water under a constant head

of 40 cm. Find the discharge over the weir in liters/sec. Assume coefficient of
discharge as 0.623.

10.A broad-crested weir 10 m long is discharging water under a constant head

of 20 cm. Determine the discharge over the weir, if the water approaching
the crest of the weir has a velocity of 5 meters per second. Assume Cd =
0.60.

11.In a laboratory experiment, water flows over a sharp-crested weir 200 mm

long under a constant head of 75 mm .Find the discharge over the weir, if Cd
= 0.60.

61
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

12.A rectangular sharp-crested weir is to be constructed in a stream in which

the discharge varies from 50 liters/sec and 1250 liters/sec. Find the suitable
length of the weir if the minimum head to be measured is 50 mm and the
maximum head on it does exceed one-third of its length.

13.An ogee weir 3 m long, with suppressed end contraction, is discharging water
under a head of 25 cm. Using Bazin's and Francis' formula calculate the
discharge over the weir in Liters/sec.

14.A submerged weir 2.25 meters long has upstream and downstream water
levels 1.5 meter and 0.5 meter above the crest of the weir. Find the
discharge over the weir. Take coefficient of discharge for the free portion as
0.6 and that for the lower portion as 0.8.

62
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Sheet [11]: Flow Through Simple Pipes

Loss of Head in Pipes
8. Darcy's Formula for Loss of Head in Pipes

all losses are considered

I = Length of pipe,
d = Diameter of the pipe,
v = Velocity of water in the pipe,
f’ = Frictional resistance per unit area (of wetted surface) per unit velocity, and
hf = Loss of head due to friction.
9. Chezy’s Formula for Loss of Head in Pipes

C = Chezy’s constant
Hydraulic Gradient Line and Total Energy Line

63
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

I. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe 500 m long and 20cm diameter,
when the water is flowing with a velocity of 3 m/sec. Take f = 0.01.

2. Water is flowing in pipeline 400 m long and 15 cm diameter at the rate of

35.4 liters/sec. Find the loss of head due to friction, if the coefficient of
friction is 0.01.

3. Water is flowing through a pipe 1.5 km Long and 1 m diameter with a

velocity of 1 m/see. Find the head lost due to friction by using:
a) Darcy's equation, with f = 0.005
b) Chezy's equation, with C = 64

64
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

4. A town with 4 lakh inhabitants is to be supplied with water from a reservoir

6.4 km away from the town with 15 m available bead. Calculate the size of
the pipeline, if half of the daily supply of 180 liters/sec per head is to be
pumped within 8 hours. Take coefficient of friction for the pipeline as 0.0075.

5. At a sudden enlargement of a water line from 240 mm to 480 mm diameter

pipe, the hydraulic gradient rises by 10 mm. estimate the rate of flow.

6. A hydraulic machine is supplied 282.8 liters of water per second through a

horizontal pipe 200 m long and 30 cm diameter. Find the power supplied to
the machine, if the pressure at the entrance is 6 kg/cm2. Take f = 0.01.

65
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

7. 40 liters of water is supplied to a hydraulic machine per second through a

pipeline 3 km long and 15 cm diameter. Find the maximum horse power
supplied to the machine, if the pressure of water at the outlet of the pipe is 9
kg/cm2.

8. It is required to pump 20 liters of water per second through a pipe 1.5 km

long and 15 cm diameter. Find the horse power to raise the water through
24 meters height. Assume f = 0.01.

66
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

9. The pressure at the inlet of a pipe is 100 kg/cm2 and the pressure drop is 1.0
kg/cm2 per kilometer of the pipe. Find the diameter or the pipe and
efficiency of transmission, if the length of the pipe is 10 kilometers and 100
hp is to be transmitted. Take f = 0.006.

10.A. tank 18 m long and 15 m wide contains water 4 m deep. Find the time
required to empty the tank Through a pipe 25 m long and 12 cm diameter.
Assume f = 0006.

11.A. cylindrical tank of 1.6 m diameter contains water 5 m. Find the time taken
for the water level to fall through a height of 3 m through a pipe 20 m long
and 10 cm diameter, connected to the bottom of the tank: Take f = 0.

67
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

12.A tank 20 m x 20 m Contains water 4 m deep. The tank is provided with a

pipe 400 m long and 20 cm diameter at the bottom of tank. Find:
a) Time taken to fall the water level to 2 meter
b) Time taken in emptying the tank completely.

68
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics 2003-2004
Agric. Eng. Dept. Time: One hour
Answer the following questions:
1. Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when
immersed in water. The temperature of liquid is 20ºC and the values of surface tension of
water at 20ºC in contact with air are 0.008 kg/m (The contact angle for water θ = 5º).
2. A micrometer, having ratio of basin to limb areas as 40. was used to determine the
pressure in a pipe containing water. Determine the pressure in the pipe for the manometer
reading shown in Figure.

3. A circular plate 2.5m diameter is immersed vertically in water so that, the centre of the
plate is 4m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and the point at
which it acts.
4. A pipe AB branches into two pipes C and D. The pipe has diameter 45cm at A, 30cm at B,
20cm at C and 15cm at D. Determine the discharge at A, if the velocity at A is 2 m/sec.
Also determine the velocities at B and D, if the velocity at C is 4 m/sec.
5. A venturiemeter has diameter of 1.2 meter pipe and 0.6 meter at the throat, with water
flowing through it. The difference of pressure between the main and the throat is
measured by a differential mercury gauge, which shows a deflection of 5.1 cm. Find the
discharge through the meter and also calculate the velocity of water at throat. Take
coefficient of meter as 0.98.

69
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulic and Fluid 2007-2008
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics Time: 1 hour
Answer the following questions:
1. Calculate the density, sp. weight, sp. gravity and sp. Volume of an oil of 5.6m3
and 4680kg weights.
2. A micrometer, having ratio of basin to limb areas as 40 was used to determine the
pressure in a pipe containing water. Determine the pressure in the pipe for the
manometer reading shown in Figure.
a
(h = S2h2 - S1h1 + h2 (S2 – S1))
A

3. Find the total pressure on a rectangular plate 2 m * 4 m vertically immersed in

water, in such a way that the 2 m side is parallel to the water surface and 3.5 m
below it.
4. A venturimeter 15cm * 7.5cm is used to measure the discharge of water flowing
through a pipe. The difference of pressure at the two sections was measured by a
mercury manometer is 15cm. Calculate the discharge in liter/sec, if the venturi
coefficient is 0.97.
Ca1a2
(Q  2 gh )
a12  a22

71
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics 2005-2006
Agric. Eng. Dept. Time: One hour
Answer the following questions:
1. Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when
immersed in water. The temperature of liquid is 20ºC and the values of surface
tension of water at 20ºC in contact with air are 0.008 kg/m (The contract angle for
water θ = 5º).
2. A differential manometer was connected with two points in a pipe containing liquid
of specific gravity 0.85 as shown in Fig. 2-26. Determine the difference of
pressures at the two points in kg/cm2, if the difference of mercury levels be 15 cm.

3. A circular plate 2.5m diameter is immersed vertically in water so that, the centre
of the plate is 4m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and
the point at which it acts.
4. An open rectangular tank 4m long and 2.5m wide contains an oil of specific
gravity 0.85 up to a depth of 1.5m . Determine the total pressure on the bottom of
the tank, when the tank is moving with an acceleration of g/2 m/sec2
a. Vertically upwards.
b. Vertically downwards.
5. An open rectangular tank 3m long, 2.5m wide and 1.5m deep is completely filled
with water. If the tank is moved with an acceleration 1.5 m/sec2, how many liters
of water will spill out of the tank.

71
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam Second Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and Fluid 2008 -2009
Engineering Mechanics 105 Time: One hour
1. A differential manometer containing mercury was used to measure the difference
of pressures in two pipes containing water as shown in Fig. Find the difference of
Pressures in the pipes, if the manometer reading is 80cm.

2. A circular plate 2.5m diameter is immersed vertically in water so that; the centre
of the plate is 4m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and
the point at which it acts.
3. A bulkhead 3 m long divides a storage tank. On one side, there is a petrol of
specific gravity 0.78 stored on a depth of 1.8 m, while on the other side there is an
oil of specific gravity 0.88 stored to a depth of 0.9 m. Determine the resultant
pressure on the bulkhead, and the position at which it acts.
4. A block of wood 4m long, 3m wide and 1.5m deep is floating horizontally in
water. If Sp. Wt. of the wood be 800 kg/m3 find the volume of water displaced
and the position of center of buoyancy.
5. An open rectangular tank 3m long, 2.5m wide and 1.5m deep is completely filled
with water. If the tank is moved with an acceleration 1.5 m/sec2, how many liters
of water will spill out of the tank.

72
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam Second Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and Fluid 2008 -2009
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics 105 Time: One hour
1. A differential manometer containing mercury was used to measure the difference
of pressures in two pipes containing water as shown in Fig. Find the difference of
Pressures in the pipes, if the manometer reading is 80cm.

2. A circular plate 2.5m diameter is immersed vertically in water so that; the centre
of the plate is 4m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and
the point at which it acts.
2. A bulkhead 3 m long divides a storage tank. On one side, there is a petrol of
specific gravity 0.78 stored on a depth of 1.8 m, while on the other side there is an
oil of specific gravity 0.88 stored to a depth of 0.9 m. Determine the resultant
pressure on the bulkhead, and the position at which it acts.
3. A block of wood 4m long, 3m wide and 1.5m deep is floating horizontally in
water. If Sp. Wt. of the wood be 800 kg/m3 find the volume of water displaced
and the position of center of buoyancy.
4. An open rectangular tank 3m long, 2.5m wide and 1.5m deep is completely filled
with water. If the tank is moved with an acceleration 1.5 m/sec2, how many liters
of water will spill out of the tank.

73
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and Fluid 2008 -2009
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics 105 Time: One hour
1. A differential manometer containing mercury was used to measure the
difference of pressures in two pipes containing water as shown in Fig. Find the
difference of Pressures in the pipes, if the manometer reading is 80cm.

2. Find the total pressure and center of pressure on a rectangular plate 2 m * 4 m

vertically immersed in water, in such a way that the 2 m side is parallel to the
water surface and 3.5 m below it.
3. A block of wood 4m long, 3m wide and 1.5m deep is floating horizontally in
water. If Sp. Wt. of the wood be 800 kg/m3 find the volume of water displaced
and the position of center of buoyancy.
4. A pipe AB branches into two pipes C and D. The pipe has diameter 45cm at A,
30cm at B, 20cm at C and 15cm at D. Determine the discharge at A, if the velocity
at A is 2 m/sec. Also determine the velocities at B and D, if the velocity at C is 4
m/sec.
5. A venturimeter 15cm * 7.5cm is used to measure the discharge of water flowing
through a pipe. The difference of pressure at the two sections was measured by a
mercury manometer is 15cm. Calculate the discharge in liter/sec, if the venturi
coefficient is 0.97.

74
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Mid Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and Fluid 2006-2007
Engineering Mechanics 105 Time: One hour
Answer the following questions:
1. Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when
immersed in water. The temperature of liquid is 20ºC and the values of surface
tension of water at 20ºC in contact with air are 0.008 kg/m (The contract angle for
water θ = 5º).
2. A differential manometer was connected with two points in a pipe containing liquid
of specific gravity 0.85 as shown in Fig. 2-26. Determine the difference of
pressures at the two points in kg/cm2, if the difference of mercury levels be 15 cm.

3. A circular plate 2.5m diameter is immersed vertically in water so that; the centre of
the plate is 4m below the water surface. Find the total pressure on the plate and
the point at which it acts.
4. An Isosceles triangular of base 3m and altitude 6m, is immersed vertically in water
with its axis of symmetry horizontal as shown fig. Find the total pressure and the
center of pressure.
Water

9m
3m

6m

75
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Final Term Exam Second Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulic & Fluid 2008-2009
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics Time: 1:30 hour
Answer the following questions:
1. A venturimeter 15cm * 7.5cm is used to measure the discharge of water flowing
through a pipe. The difference of pressure at the two sections was measured by a
mercury manometer is 15cm. Calculate the discharge in liter/sec, if the venturi
coefficient is 0.97.
2. A rectangular orifice of 1.5 m wide and 1 m deep is discharging water from a
tank, if the water level in the tank 3 m above the top edge of the orifice, find the
discharge through the orifice. Take coefficient of discharge for the orifice as 0.6.
3. horizontal pipe 200 mm diameter suddenly enlarges to 300 mm diameter, and then
after length it suddenly reduces to 150 mm diameter. If the water flowing in the
pipe be 200 liters/sec, find
 Loss of head due to sudden enlargement, and
 Loss of head due to sudden contraction.
4. Water is flowing over a Cippoletti weir of 4m long under a head of 1m, compute
the discharge if the coefficient of discharge equal 0.62.
5. Water is flowing in a trapezoidal open channel of 3m broad width under a head of
1.5m, clay soil and the slope is 1:2000. Calculate the discharge in cubic meters per
second by using Chezy's formula (take C = 55).
6. A compound pipe line 1650 meters long is made up of pipes 45 cm diameter for
900 meters, 37.5 cm for 450 meters and 30 cm for 300 meters, is required to be
placed by a pipe of a uniform diameter. Find the diameter of the new pipe,
assuming the length to remain the same.

76
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Final Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulic & Fluid 2008-2009
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics Time: 1:30 hour
Answer the following questions:

1. Water is flowing through a pipe of 10 cm diameter with an average velocity of 10

m/sec. what is the rate of discharge of the water, also determine the velocity at the
other end of the pipe, if the diameter of the pipe is gradually changed to 20 cm.

2. A swimming pool 10 meters long and 6 meters wide holds water to a depth 1.25
meter. If the water is discharged through an opening at the bottom of the pool of
an area 0.23 square meter, find the time taken to completely empty. Take
coefficient of discharge for the opening as 0.62.

3. A convergent mousepiece is discharging water under a constant head of 9 meters.

Find the discharge if the diameter of mousepiece is 6 cm.

4. A right-angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal pump,

if the depth of water at V-notch is 200 mm, calculate the discharge over the notch
in liters per minute. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0.62.

5. Find the discharge over a rectangular weir 1.5 m long under a head of 400 mm by
using Basin’s formula.

6. Find the loss of head due to friction, in a pipe of 1m diameter and 15 kilometers
long. The velocity of water in a pipe is 1m/sec, take coefficient of friction as
0.005.

77
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Final Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulic & Fluid 2007-2008
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics Time: 1 hour

Answer the following questions:

1. Water is flowing through a pipe of 10 cm diameter with an average velocity of 10

m/sec. what is the rate of discharge of the water, also determine the velocity at the
other end of the pipe, if the diameter of the pipe is gradually changed to 20 cm.

2. A convergent mousepiece is discharging water under a constant head of 9 meters.

Find the discharge if the diameter of mousepiece is 6 cm.

3. A right-angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal pump,

if the depth of water at V-notch is 200 mm, calculate the discharge over the notch
in liters per second. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0.62.

4. Find the loss of head due to friction, in a pipe of 1m diameter and 15 kilometers
long. The velocity of water in a pipe is 1m/sec, take coefficient of friction as
0.005.

78
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Final Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics 2003-2004
Agric. Eng. Dept. Time: 1:30 hour
Answer the following questions:
1. A wooden block 4m X 1m X 0.5m and of sp. Gr. 0.76 is floating in water.
Determine the of the concrete, of sp. Weight of 2500 kg/cm2, that may be placed
on the block which will immerse (i) block completely in water and (ii)block and
concrete completely in water.

2. A rectangular orifice 1.5 m wide and 1 m deep is discharging water from a tank.
If the water level in the tank is 3.0 m above the top edge of the orifice, find the
discharge though the orifice. Take coefficient of discharge for the orifice as 0.6.

3. A horizontal pipe 200 mm diameter suddenly enlarges to 300 mm diameter, and

then after length it suddenly reduces to 150 mm diameter. If the water flowing in
the pipe be 200 litres/sec, find
(a) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement, and
(b) Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

4. During an experiment in a laboratory, 50 litres of water flowing over a right-

angled notch was collected in one minute. If the head of the sill is 50 mm
calculate the coefficient of discharge of the notch.

5. A broad-crested weir 10 meters long has a maximum discharge of 10000 litres of

water per sec. Determine the head of water on the upstream side of the weir for
this discharge , if the coefficient of discharge is 0.62.

6. A pipe 60 meters long and b15 cm in diameter is connected to a water tank at one
end, and flows freely into the atmosphere at the other end. The height of water
level in the tank is 2.6 meters above the center of the pipe. The pipe is horizontal
and f = 0.01. Determine the discharge through the pipe in litres/sec, if all minor
losses are to be considered.

7. A compound pipe line 1650 meters long is made up of pipes 45 cm diameter for
900 meters, 37.5 cm for 450 meters and 30 cm for 300 meters, is required to be
placed by a pipe of a uniform diameter. Find the diameter of the new pipe,
assuming the length to remain the same.

79
 Cairo University
Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics and
Fluid Mechanics
Agric. Eng. Department

Cairo University Final Term Exam First Semester

Faculty of Agriculture Hydraulics & Fluid 2008-2009
Agric. Eng. Dept. Mechanics Time: 1 hour

1. A rectangular orifice of 1.5 m wide and 1 m deep is discharging water from a

tank, if the water level in the tank 3 m above the top edge of the orifice, find the
discharge through the orifice. Take coefficient of discharge for the orifice as 0.6.
A short horizontal pipe of 10cm diameter its central portion is enlarged to 20cm
diameter. If the discharge through the pipe is 0.023 m3/sec. Determine:
 Loss of head at entrance
 Losses on head due to sudden enlargement.
2. A convergent mousepiece is discharging water under a constant head of 9 meters.
Find the discharge if the diameter of mousepiece is 6 cm.
3. A right-angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal pump,
if the depth of water at V-notch is 200 mm, calculate the discharge over the notch
in liters per second. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0.62.

4. Water is flowing through a pipe 1.5 km Long and 1 m diameter with a velocity of
1 m/sec. Find the head lost due to friction by using Darcy's equation, with f =
0.005.

81