Gas Dynamics Lab Manual

GAS DYNAMICS
LABORATORY MANUAL
NAME: ___________________________________ROLL NO.:_____________________
BRANCH: ____________________DIV.__________SEMESTER:___________________
BATCH: _____________________
YEAR – 20 - 20
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

C. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BARDOLI.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
C. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BARDOLI.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. _______________________________
Roll No. _____________________ of ______________________________
Semester _______, has satisfactory completed the Laboratory
work in the subject of Gas Dynamics during the academic
year, 20 / 20
Laboratory Incharge
INDEX
Sr. Page
Name of Experiment Date Sign.
No. No.
To study sound velocity in different solids and
1
fluid.
To study various gas properties for different
2
altitude in atmosphere.
To study the wave propagation at different
3
Mach number.
To study the isentropic flow from variable area
4
duct.
To study the flow through constant area duct
5
with friction. (Fanno Flow)
Flow in Constant Area Duct with Heat
6
Transfer. (Rayleigh Flow)
To study the Isothermal flow through constant
7
area duct.
To study the shock waves generated in the flow
8
field.
To study the flow through Supersonic Wind
9
Tunnel.
10 To study different types of aerospace vehicles.

Chhotubhai Gopalbhai Patel Institute of technology Gas Dynamics
Practical - 1
Aim: - To study sound velocity in different solids and fluid.
Theory:-
The disturbance in solid, liquid and gas is transmitted from one point to other. The velocity with
which the disturbance is transmitted depends upon the distance between the molecules of the
medium. In case of solids, molecules are closely packed and hence the disturbance is transmitted
instantaneously. In case of liquid and gases the molecules are relatively apart. The disturbance
will be transmitted from one molecule to the next molecules. But, in case of fluids, there is some
distance between the molecules. Hence each molecule has to travel some distance before it can
transmit the disturbance. Thus the velocity of disturbance in case of fluid will be less than the
velocity of disturbance in solids.
The disturbance between the molecules is related with the density, which in turn depends
upon pressure in case of fluids. Hence velocity of disturbance depends upon the changes of
pressure and density of the fluid.
The disturbance creates the pressure waves in a fluid. The pressure waves travel with a
velocity of sound in all direction. Figure shows the one dimensional propagation of the pressure
waves. It is a right long pipe of uniform cross-sectional area, fitted with a piston. Let the pipe is
filled with a compressible fluid, which is at rest initially. The piston is moved towards right and a
disturbance is created in the fluid. This disturbance is in the form of a pressure wave, which
travels in the fluid with a velocity of sound wave.
Let,
A = cross-sectional area of the pipe,

V = Velocity of piston,
P = Pressure of the fluid in pipe before the movement of the piston,
 = Density of the fluid before the movement of the piston,
Mechanical Engineering Department Page 1

dt =A small interval of time with which piston is moved,

C = Velocity of pressure wave or sound wave travelling in the fluid
By applying the conservation law of mass (Continuity Equation),
Mass of fluid before compression = Mass of fluid after compression

ρ .A .C .dt = (ρ + dρ) . A . (C.dt – V.dt) (1)
By applying mathematical operation with assumption that the velocity of piston is very very
small as compared to the velocity of sound and also the change in density is small.
C.dρ=ρV (2)
Now when the piston is moved with a velocity V for time dt, the fluid which is at rest initially
will move with a velocity equal to the velocity of the piston. Also the pressure of the fluid will
increase from p to p+dp due to the movement of the piston.
Hence applying the impulse momentum equation,
Net force on the fluid = Rate of change of momentum

(p+dp).A – p.A =ρ.A.L.(V-0)/dt (3)
By applying mathematical operation,
C = dp / ρV (4)
From equation (2) and (4)
𝑑𝑝
𝐶=
𝑑𝜌
Hence the velocity of sound wave which is the square root of the ratio of change of pressure to
the change of density of the fluid due to disturbance.
Velocity of sound in terms of bulk modulus (K):-
𝐶= 𝐾/𝜌
Velocity of sound for isothermal process:-
𝐶= 𝑝/𝜌 = 𝑅𝑇
Velocity sound for adiabatic process:-
𝐶= 𝛾𝑅𝑇

Questions:-
Q: 1 Find the velocity of sound in Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Helium, Carbon
dioxide, Freon 12, CNG, LPG, Water, Mercury, Copper, Diamond at normal temperature
and pressure.


Q: 2 Find the change in the velocity of sound with change of temperature of medium (Air,
Water and diamond) and plot the curve of sound velocity v/s temperature.

Q: 3 Aircraft is flying at an altitude of 8 km where the atmosphere temperature is 250 K.

find the Mach no. and classify the flow when the speed of aircraft is (i) 100 m/s (ii) 300 m/s
(iii) 1000 m/s.


Practical - 2
Aim: - To study various gas properties for different altitude in atmosphere.
Theory:-

In general air pressure and density decreases with altitude in the atmosphere. However
temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or
even increase with altitude in some region. Because the general temperature profile is constant
recognizable, it provides a useful distinguish between atmospheric layers. In this way earth‟s
atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. From the highest to lowest, these layers are:
 Exosphere (> 700 Km)

 Thermosphere (80 to 700 Km)
 Mesosphere (50 to 80 Km)
 Stratosphere (12 to 50 Km)
 Troposphere (0 to 12 Km)
The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 standard atmosphere. Total atmospheric mass
is 5.1480 X 1018 kg. Also total earth‟s area of 51007.2 mega hectares, this portion being
displaced by earth‟s mountain terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above
unit area at the location where the pressure is measured.
If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate
abruptly at an altitude of 8.5 km. it actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by
half every 5.6 km or by a factor of 1/e every 7.64 km. however the atmosphere is more
accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of
temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account.
In summary, the mass of earth‟s atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows:
 50 % is below 5.6 km.

 90 % is below 16 km.
 99.99997 % is below 100 km. (The Karman line)
By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human
travelers are considered as astronauts.
Commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km (33,000 ft) and 13 km (43,000 ft) where the
thinner air improves fuel economy. The highest height reached of 108 km (3,54,300ft) by X-15
flight in 1963.
The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed
above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variation in this trend begin
above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest
of the troposphere. In the stratosphere, starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases
with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet
radiation from the sun by the oxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of
increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the thermosphere above 90
km.

Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature,
the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated
temperature profile. The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3. Density is not measured
directly but is calculated from measurement of temperature, pressure and humidity using the
equation of state of air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric density decreases as the
altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula.

Questions:
Q: 1 Calculate the average sound velocity for different atmospheric zone and plot the
graph of speed of sound vs. altitude.

Q: 2 List the different average air property for different atmospheric zone and determine
pressure, temperature and density and viscosity at an altitude of (i) 5000 m and (ii) 10000
m (iii) 20000 m.


Practical - 3
Aim: - To study the wave propagation at different Mach number.
Theory:-
We know that in a flow field the presence of a small disturbance is felt throughout the field by
means of a wave travelling at local velocity of sound relative to the medium.
Let us examine the propagation of pressure disturbance shown in figure. The propagation of
disturbance wave created by an object moving with velocity V=0, V=a/2 and V>a shown in
figure a, b and c respectively. The disturbance wave reach a stationary observer before the source
of disturbance could reach him in subsonic flow as shown in figure a and b. but in supersonic
flow it takes considerable amount of time for an observer to perceive the pressure disturbance,
after the source has passed him. This is one of the fundamental differences between subsonic and
supersonic flows. Therefore in a subsonic flow, the streamline sense the presence of any obstacle
in the flow field and adjust ahead of it and flow around it smoothly. But in the supersonic flow
field, the stream line feels the obstacle only when they hit it. The obstacle act as a source and so
the stream line deviate the mach cone as shown in figure d. the disturbance due to obstacle is
sudden and the flow behind the obstacle has to change abruptly.

Flow around a wedge as shown in figure below shows the smooth change and abrupt change in
flow direction for subsonic and supersonic flow respectively.
For 𝑀∞ <1, the flow changes its direction smoothly and pressure decreases with acceleration, for
𝑀∞ > 1, there is sudden change in flow direction at the body and pressure increases downstream
of the shock.
In figure d, it is shown that for supersonic motion of an object there is a well define conical zone
in the flow field with the object located at the nose of the cone, and the disturbance created by
the moving object is confined only to the field included inside the cone. The flow field zone
outside the cone does not even feel the disturbance.
For this reason von karman termed the region inside the cone as the zone of action, and the
region outside the cone as the zone of silence. The lines at which the pressure disturbance is
concentrated and which generate the cone are called mach waves and mach lines. The angle
between the mach line and the direction of motion of the body is called the mach angle „μ‟.
𝑎𝑡 𝑎 1
sin 𝜇 = = =
𝑉𝑡 𝑉 𝑀
From the disturbance wave propagation shown in figure, we can infer the following features of
the flow regimes,
 When the medium is incompressible (M=0) or when the speed of the moving disturbance
is negligibly small compared to the local sound speed, the pressure pulse created by the
disturbance spreads uniformly in all direction.

 When the disturbance source moves with a subsonic speed (M < 1), the pressure
disturbance is felt in all direction and at all points in space (neglecting viscous
dissipation), but the pressure pattern no longer symmetrical.
 For sonic velocity (M=1), the pressure pulse is at the boundary between subsonic and
supersonic flow and the wave front is in a plane.
 For supersonic speed (M > 1), the disturbance wave phenomenon are totally different
from those at subsonic speeds. All the pressure disturbances are included in a cone which
has the disturbance source at its apex, and the effect of the disturbance is not felt
upstream of the disturbance source.

Questions:
Q: 1 A projectile travels in air of pressure 10.1043 N/cm2 at 100C at a speed of 1500
Km/hour. Find the Mach number and Mach angle. Also find the Mach number
graphically.

Q: 2 An aircraft is flying horizontally at an altitude of 11000 m with a constant flight speed

of 950 km/hr. The aircraft passes directly over a grand observation post. Find the time
taken to hear the sound waves from the air craft at the observation post after it has past
directly over it. Assume temperature -35 0C at 11000 m.


Practical - 4
Aim: - To study the isentropic flow from variable area duct.
Theory:-
It is clear from our past study that the coupling among the velocity, density and flow areas for
isentropic duct flow are more complex. Need to investigate the couplings more thoroughly, and
understanding of development of relations for the variation of static to stagnation property ratio
with the Mach number for pressure, temperature and density.
We begin our theory by seeking relationship among the pressure, temperature, density, velocity,
flow area and Mach number for one dimensional isentropic flow. Consider the mass balance for
the steady flow process:
𝑚 = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … … … … … … (1)
Differentiating and dividing the resultant equation by the mass flow rate, we obtain
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑉
+ + = 0 … … … … … … … (2)
𝜌 𝐴 𝑉
Neglecting the potential energy, the energy balance for an isentropic flow with no work
interactions is expressed in differential form as,
𝑑𝑃
+ 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = 0 … … … … … … … … … (3)
𝜌
This relation is also the differential form of Bernoulli‟s equation when changes in potential
energy are negligible, which is a form of Newton‟s second law of motion for steady flow control
volumes. Combining equation 2 and 3 gives
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑃 1 𝑑𝜌
= 2
− ………………….. 4
𝐴 𝜌 𝑉 𝑑𝑃
Now using general sound velocity equation in differential form of density and pressure,
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑃
= 1 − 𝑀2 … … … … … … … … . . (5)
𝐴 𝜌𝑉 2
This is an important relation for isentropic flow in duct since it describes the variation of
pressure with flow area. We note that the A, ρ and V are the positive quantities. For subsonic
flow the term 1-M2 is positive, and thus dA and dP must have the same sign. That is the pressure
of the fluid must increase as the flow area of the duct increases and must decrease as the flow
area of the duct decreases. Thus at subsonic velocities, the pressure decrease in converging ducts
(subsonic nozzle) and increase in diverging duct (subsonic diffuser).

In supersonic flow, the term 1-M2 is negative, and thus dA and dP must have opposite
sign. That is the pressure of the fluid must increase as the flow area of the duct decrease and the
pressure of the fluid must decrease as the flow area increase. Thus at supersonic velocities, the
pressure decreases in diverging ducts (supersonic nozzle) and increases in converging ducts
(supersonic diffuser).
Another important relation for isentropic flow of a fluid is,
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑉
= − 1 − 𝑀2 … … … … … … … … … … . 6
𝐴 𝑉

Questions:
Q: 1 Carbon dioxide flows steadily through a varying cross sectional area duct at a mass
flow rate of 3 kg/sec. the carbon dioxide enters the duct at a pressure of 1400 KPa and 200 0
C with a low velocity, and it expands in the nozzle to a pressure of 200 KPa. The duct is
design so that the flow can be approximated as isentropic. Determine the density, velocity,
flow area and Mach number at each location along the duct that corresponds to a pressure
drop of 100 KPa.



Practical: 5
Aim:-To study the flow through constant area duct with friction. (Fanno Flow)
A steady, one dimensional compressible flow of a perfect gas through a constant area duct
without heat and work transfer and only driving potential is friction is called “Fanno flow”
process.
Theory:-
Basic Governing Equations for adiabatic flow:
For frictional adiabatic flow in a constant-area duct of anideal gas with constant specific heats, as
shown in Figure:
Fig: Control volume used for integral analysis of frictional adiabatic flow.
We now have A1=A2=A. In addition, for no heat transfer we have δQ/dm= 0.Finally, the force
Rx is now due only to friction (no x component of surface force iscaused by pressure on the
parallel sides of the channel). Hence, for this flow ourequations simplify to

Above equations can be used to analyse frictional adiabatic flow in a channel ofconstant area.
For example, if we know conditions at section 1 (i.e., p1, ρ1, T1, s1, h1,and V1), we can use these
equations to find conditions at some new section 2 after thefluid has experienced a total friction
force Rx. It is the effect of friction that causesfluid properties to change along the duct.
The Fanno Line:
As the flow progresses down the duct, we would develop a relationship between T and s shown
qualitatively in Fig. 1 for two possibilities: a flow that was initially subsonic (starting at some
point 1), and flow that was initially supersonic (starting at some point 1‟). The locus of all
possible downstream states is referred to as the Fanno line. Detailed calculations show some
interesting features of Fanno-line flow. At the point of maximum entropy, the Mach number is
unity. On the upper branch of the curve, the Mach number is always less than unity, and it
increases monotonically as we proceed to the right along the curve. At every point on the lower
portion of the curve, the Mach number is greater than unity; the Mach number decreases
monotonically as we move to the right along the curve.
Fig-1: T-S diagram for frictional adiabatic (Fanno-line) flow in a constant-area duct.
For any initial state on a Fanno line, each point on the Fanno line represents a mathematically
possible downstream state. The total friction force increases as we progress down the duct
because we are including more and more surface area. Note the arrows in Fig. 1, indicating that,
as per second law of thermodynamics, the entropy must increase for this flow. In fact it is
because we do have friction (an irreversibility) present in an adiabatic flow that this must
happen.
Referring again to Fig. 1, we see that for an initially subsonic flow (state 1), the effect of friction
is to increase the Mach number towards unity. For a flow that is initially supersonic (state 1'), the
effect of friction is to decrease the Mach number toward unity.

Fig-2: Fanno flow line on T-S plane, showing reduction in local isentropic stagnation
pressure caused by friction.
In developing the simplified form of the first law for Fanno-line flow, we found that stagnation
enthalpy remains constant. Consequently, when the fluid is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats, stagnation temperature must also remain constant. What happens to stagnation pressure?
Friction causes the local isentropic stagnation pressure to decrease for all Fanno-line flows, as
shown in Fig. 2. Since entropy must increase in the direction of flow, the flow process must
proceed to the right on the T-S diagram. In Fig. 2, a path from state 1 to state 2 is shown on the
subsonic portion of the curve. The corresponding local isentropic stagnation pressures, p01 and
p02, clearly show that p02<p01 . An identical result is obtained for flow on the supersonic branch
of the curve from state 1' to state 2' . Again p02‟<p01‟ . Thus p0 decreases for any Fanno-line flow.
The effects of friction on flow properties in Fanno-line flow are summarized as below:

Questions:
Q: 1 A 150 mm dia. Straight insulated pipe having a mean friction factor 0.005 is used for
carrying the compressed air to an industrial unit at a distance of 390 m from the source.
The compressed air at entry to the pipe has Mach number 0.1. The pressure and
temperature of air at inlet are 0.8 MPa and 27 0C. Calculate the mass flow rate through the
pipe. Also find the pressure, temperature, velocity and Mach no. of air at the delivery end
of the pipe.



Q: 2 Air flow is induced in a smooth insulated tube of 7.16 mm diameter by a vacuum

pump. Air is drawn from a room, wherep0=760 mm Hg (abs) andT0=230C, through a
smoothly contoured converging nozzle. At section 1, where the nozzle joins the constant-
area tube, the static pressure is ̶ 18.9 mm Hg (gauge). At section 2, located some distance
downstream in the constant-area tube, the static pressure is ̶ 412 mm Hg (gauge). The
duct walls are smooth; assume the average friction factor, f, is the value at section 1.
Determine the length of duct required for choking from section 1, the Mach number at
section 2, and the duct length, L12, between sections 1 and 2. Sketch the process on a T-s
diagram.


Practical: 6
Aim:- Flow in Constant Area Duct with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)
A steady, one dimensional compressible flow of a perfect gas through a constant area,
frictionless duct withheattransferis called “Rayleigh Flow” process.
Theory:
Basic Governing Equations for the flow with heat exchange flow:
For frictionless heat exchange flow in a constant-area duct of anideal gas, as shown in Figure:
Fig: Control volume used for analysisof frictionless flow with heat exchange.
We can simplify various Equations using the facts that A1=A2=A. In addition wehave the relation
h0=h1+V2/2. So various governing equations become:

Note that Equations indicates that the heat exchange changes the total energy of the
flow.Equations can be used to analyse frictionless flow in a channel of constantarea with heat
exchange. For example, if we know conditions at section 1 (i.e., p1, ρ1,T1, s1, h1, and V1) we can
use these equations to find conditions at some new section 2after the fluid has experienced a total
heat exchange δQ/dm. For a given heatexchange, we have six equationsand sixunknowns (p2, ρ2,
T2, s2, h2, and V2). It is the effect of heat exchange that causes fluidproperties to change along the
duct
The Rayleigh Line:
If we use above equations to compute property values as a given flow proceeds with aprescribed
heat exchange rate, we obtain a curve shown qualitatively in the T-s planein Fig.1. The locus of
all possible downstream states is called the Rayleigh line.The calculations show some interesting
features of Rayleigh-line flow. At the point ofmaximum temperature (point „a‟ of Fig. 1), the
Mach number for an ideal gas is 1/ 𝛾.At the point of maximum entropy (point „b‟ of Fig. 1),
M=1. On the upperbranch of the curve, Mach number is always less than unity, and it increases
monotonicallyas we proceed to the right along the curve. At every point on the lowerportion of
the curve, Mach number is greater than unity, and it decreases monotonicallyas we move to the
right along the curve. Regardless of the initial Machnumber, with heat addition the flow state
precedes to the right and with heatrejection the flow state proceeds to the left along the Rayleigh
line.
Fig-1: T-s diagram forfrictionless flow in a constant-area duct withheat exchang(Rayleigh-

line flow).
The effects of heat exchange on properties in steady, frictionless, compressible flowof an ideal
gas are summarized in Table. The direction of entropy change is always determined by the heat
exchange;entropy increases with heating and decreases with cooling. Similarly, heating increases

the stagnation enthalpy and cooling decreasesit; since Δh0 = cpΔT0, the effect on stagnation
temperature is the same.
The effect of heating and cooling on temperature may be deduced from the shapeof the Rayleigh
1
line in Fig. 1. We see that except for the region < 𝑀 < 1, heating causes T to increase, and
𝛾
1
cooling causes T to decrease.However, we also see the unexpected result that for < 𝑀 < 1,
𝛾
heat additioncauses the stream temperature to decrease, and heat rejection causes the
streamtemperature to increase.
Fig-2: Reduction in stagnation pressure due to heat addition for two flow cases.
For subsonic flow, the Mach number increases monotonically with heating, untilM=1 is reached.
For given inlet conditions, all possible downstream states lie on asingle Rayleigh line. Therefore,
the point M=1 determines the maximum possibleheat addition without choking. If the flow is
initially supersonic, heating will reducethe Mach number. Again, the maximum possible heat
addition without choking is thatwhich reduces the Mach number to M=1.
The effect of heat exchange on static pressure is obtained from the shapes of theRayleigh line
and of constant-pressure lines on the T-s plane (see Fig. 2).
ForM<1,pressure falls with heating, and forM>1, pressure increases, as shown by the shapes of
the constant-pressure lines.

Questions:
Q: 1 Heat is rejected from the air flowing in a constant area duct. At the duct entrance the
airs is moving at 200 m/sec and possess static conditions of 300 K and 100 kPa. If 50000
J/kg of heat is rejected along the duct, find the exit Mach no., stagnation temperature
change and the stagnation pressure change.


Q: 2 Air flow mixture enters a combustion chamber with an initial of 150 m/sec, pressure
of 4 bar and temperature of 410 K. the Mach no. at the exit of the combustion chamber is
0.8. Taking γ is 1.3, cp is 1.144 kJ/kg K and C.V. of fuel is 43 MJ/kg. Find (i) the entry
Mach no. (ii) Exit temp and pressure (iii) stagnation pressure loss (iv) air fuel ratio
required.


Practical: 7
Aim:- To study the Isothermal flow through constant area duct.
Theory:-
In this chapter a model dealing with gas that flows through a long tube is described.This model
has a applicability to situations which occur in a relatively long distanceand where heat transfer
is relatively rapid so that the temperature can be treated, forengineering purposes, as a constant.
For example, this model is applicable when anatural gas flows over several hundreds of meters.
Such situations are common in largecities in U.S.A. where natural gas is used for heating. It is
more predominant (moreapplicable) in situations where the gas is pumped over a length of
kilometres.
The high speed of the gas isobtained or explained by the combinationof heat transfer and the
frictionto the flow. For a long pipe, thepressure difference reduces the densityof the gas. For
instance, in a perfectgas, the density is an inverse of the pressure(it has to be kept in mind thatthe
gas undergoes an isothermal process.).To maintain conservation of mass, the velocity increases
inversely to the pressure.At critical point the velocity reaches the speed of sound at the exit and
hence the flowwill be choked.
Fig: 1Control volume for isothermal flow
Figure (9.1) describes the flow of gas from the left to the right. The heat transfer upstream (or
downstream) is assumed to be negligible. Hence, the energy equation canbe written as the
following:
The momentum equation is written as the following

where A is the cross section area (it doesn‟t have to be a perfect circle; a close enoughshape is
sufficient.). The shear stress is the force per area that acts on the fluid bythe tube wall. The Awetted
areais the area that shear stress acts on. The second lawof thermodynamics reads.
The mass conservation is reduced to
m˙ = constant = ρUA
Again it is assumed that the gas is a perfect gas and therefore, equation ofstate is expressed as the
following:
P = ρRT
Description of the pressure, temperature relationships as a function of the Machnumber for

isothermal flow is shown in below figure.

Questions:
Q: 1 A tube of 0.25 m diameter and 5000 m in length is attached to a pump. What should
be the pump pressure so that a flow rate of 2 kg/sec will be achieved? Assume that friction
factor f = 0.005 and the exit pressure is 1 bar. The specific heat for the gas, k = 1.31,
surroundings temperature 27 0C, R = 290 J/kg K.


Q: 2 A flow of gas was considered for a distance of 0.5 km. A flow rate of 0.2 kg/sec is
required. Due to safety concerns, the maximum pressure allowed for the gas is only 10 bar.
Assume that the flow is isothermal and k=1.4, calculate the required diameter of tube. The
friction coefficient for the tube can be assumed as 0.02. Note that tubes are provided in
increments of 0.5 in. Assume that the soundings temperature to be 27 0C.


Practical - 8
Aim: - To study the shock waves generated in the flow field.
Theory:-
A compressible fluid under certain conditions of flow can experience in abrupt change in
properties at a location in the flow passage. For some value of pressure ratio P exit/P0 across a
convergent divergent nozzle, continous isentropic variation in fluid properties is not possible.
The properties at some section in the diverging portion, change very rapidly and the flow
suddenly changes from supersonic to subsonic.
The plane of abrupt change in properties is called as a “finite wave front” and is known as
“shock wave”. Across the shock wave, there is very steep pressure rise. The shock wave is
extremely thin, usually a few mm of mean free path thickness of 10-6 mm.
We know already that sound is propagated by very weak pressure waves. The pressure change
across the sound which the human ear can detect unaided, corresponds to a pressure change of
about 3 X 10-6 atm; the loudest which can be tolerated without physical pain corresponds to a
pressure change of about 10-3 atm.
In the case of shock wave, the pressure change across wave is quite large, about 4 or 5 times
initial pressure. Hence the assumption of constant entropy across the shock wave is not justified
for these intense pressure waves and they move at velocities greater than that of sound.
Examples of shock waves: (i) Explosion waves (ii) Detonation waves (iii) Waves created due to
projectile moving at supersonic speed.

Characteristics of shock waves :-
A shock involves,
o Discontinuity in flow momentarily.

o Extremely rapid and abrupt change in properties (pressure, velocity, temperature)
o Shock wave is always compressive, i.e, across the shock wave, pressure, density and
temperature increases, velocity decreases.
o Entropy increases across the shock.
o Since the shockwave is very thin, gradients of velocity and temperature in the shock are
very high. As a result, the effects of viscosity and heat conduction are important within
the shock leading to the entropy increase across the shock waves.
o The flow across the shock is adiabatic. Hence the stagnation temperature remains
constant across a shock wave. However, because of the entropy increase across a shock,
the stagnation pressure always decreases and static temperature increases across a shock
wave.
o No friction effect across the shock.
o Shock wave can occur only if the initial flow is supersonic.
Classification of shock wave:-
According to strength:-
Weak shock waves:
o A weak shock wave is one in which the discontinuities are small, and the flow is
considered as an isentropic.
o A weak wave can be of compression (M2<M1) or expansion(M2<M1) type.

Strong shock wave:
o A strong shock wave is one across which the discontinuities are relatively large.
o It can only be of compression type.
According to the relative velocity of the wave with respect to fluid:-
According to position with respect to the body:-
According to the angle of the shock wave with respect to the flow direction:-

Normal shock waves occur:-
o In the flow through nozzles.

o In the intake to the engines in supersonic aircrafts.
o In the exhaust system of reciprocating engines.
o In long distance gas pipe lines.
o In mine shafts as a result of explosions.
Normal shock property relations:-
1. Static Pressure ratio:

𝑝2 2𝛾 𝛾−1
= 𝑀1 2 −
𝑝1 𝛾 + 1 𝛾+1
2. Static Temperature ratio:

𝛾−1 2 2𝛾 2
1+
𝑇2 2 𝑀1 𝛾 − 1 𝑀1 − 1
=
𝑇1 𝛾+1 2 2
𝑀
2 𝛾−1 1
3. Static density ratio:

𝜌2 𝛾 + 1 𝑀1 2
=
𝜌1 𝛾 − 1 𝑀1 2 + 2
4. Downstream mach number:

2 2
𝛾 − 1 + 𝑀1
𝑀2 2 =
2𝛾 2
𝛾 − 1 𝑀1 − 1
5. Prandtl –meyer equation:

𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑎∗ 2
6. Rankine hugoniot equation:

𝛾 + 1 𝑝2
𝜌2 𝛾 − 1 𝑝1 + 1
=
𝜌1 𝑝2 𝛾 + 1
𝑝1 + 𝛾 − 1

Questions:
Q: 1 A supersonic nozzle draws air from a high temperature air source and supplies to a
constant cross-section duct. The diameter of the duct is same as the nozzle exit diameter
which is 31/2 times the throat diameter of the nozzle. The source contains air at a pressure
and temperature of 1 MPa and 600 K. calculate the mach number, velocity and pressure of
air in the duct, if the nozzle operate at design condition. Also calculate the condition of air
in the duct if a normal shock occurs at a section where the diameter is 2 1/2 times the throat
diameter.



Practical: 9
Aim:- To study the flow through Supersonic Wind Tunnel.
To provide a test section with supersonic flow requires a converging–diverging nozzle. To

operate economically, the nozzle–test-section combination must be followed by a diffusing
section which also must be converging–diverging. This configuration presents some interesting
problems in flow analysis. Starting up such a wind tunnel is another example of nozzle operation
at pressure ratios above the second critical point. Figure 1 shows a typical tunnel in its most
unfavorable operating condition, which occurs at startup. A brief analysis of the situation
follows.
Fig: 1 Supersonic tunnel at startup (with associated Mach number variation)
As the exhauster is started, this reduces the pressure and produces flow through the tunnel. At
first the flow is subsonic throughout, but at increased power settings the exhauster reduces
pressures still further and causes increased flow rates until the nozzle throat (section 2) becomes
choked. At this point the nozzle is operating at its first critical condition. As power is increased
further, a normal shock is formed just downstream of the throat, and if the tunnel pressure is
decreased continuously, the shock will move down the diverging portion of the nozzle and pass

rapidly through the test section and into the diffuser. Figure 2 shows this general running
condition, which is called the most favorable condition.
We return to Figure 1, which shows the shock located in the test section. The variation of Mach
number throughout the flow system is also shown for this case. This is called the most
unfavourable condition because the shock occurs at the highest possible Mach number and thus
the losses are greatest. We might also point out that the diffuser throat (section 5) must be sized
for this condition. Let us see how this is done.
Now, pt2 A2* = pt5 A5*
But Since Mach 1 exists at both sections 2 and 5 (During Startup)
A2 = A2* and A5 = A5*
Fig: 2 Supersonic tunnel in running condition (with associated pressure variation)
Hence
pt2 A2 = pt5 A5
Due to the shock losses (and other friction losses), we know that pt5< pt2, and therefore A5 must
be greater than A2. Knowing the test-section-design Mach number fixes the shock strength in this

unfavorable condition andA5 is easily determined from above equation. Keep in mind that this
represents a minimum area for the diffuser throat. If it is made any smaller than this, the tunnel
could never be started (i.e., we could never get the shock into and through the test section). In
fact, if A5 is made too small, the flow will choke first in this throat and never get a chance to
reach sonic conditions in section 2. Once the shock has passed into the diffuser throat, knowing
that A5> A2 we realize that the tunnel can never run with sonic velocity at section 5. Thus, to
operate as a diffuser, there must be a shock at this point, as shown in Figure 2.We have also
shown the pressure variation through the tunnel for this running condition.
To keep the losses during running at a minimum, the shock in the diffuser should occur at the
lowest possible Mach number, which means a small throat. However, we have seen that it is
necessary to have a large diffuser throat in order to start the tunnel. A solution to this dilemma
would be to construct a diffuser with a variable area throat. After start up, A5 could be decreased,
with a corresponding decrease in shock strength and operating power. However, the power
required for any installation must always be computed on the basis of the unfavourable start up
condition. Although the supersonic wind tunnel is used primarily for aeronautically oriented
work, its operation serves to solidify many of the important concepts of variable-area flow,
normal shocks, and their associated flow losses. Equally important is the fact that it begins to
focus our attention on some practical design applications.

Questions:
Q: 1 Classify wind Tunnel in detail.

Q: 2 Explain working of Subsonic and supersonic wind tunnel with neat sketch.


Practical: 10
Aim:- To study different types of aerospace vehicles.
Boing 747 Concorde
Tupolev Tu-144 Tupolev Tu-95

Micoyan Mig-29 Micoyan Mig-21
Dassault Mirag 2000 HAL Tejash

Shaurya (missile) Brahmos I
Brahmos II

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GAS DYNAMICS

NAME: ___________________________________ROLL NO.:_____________________

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. _______________________________

Roll No. _____________________ of ______________________________

Semester _______, has satisfactory completed the Laboratory

work in the subject of Gas Dynamics during the academic

10 To study different types of aerospace vehicles.

Aim: - To study sound velocity in different solids and fluid.

A = cross-sectional area of the pipe,

Mechanical Engineering Department Page 1

dt =A small interval of time with which piston is moved,

Mass of fluid before compression = Mass of fluid after compression

Hence applying the impulse momentum equation,

Net force on the fluid = Rate of change of momentum

Velocity of sound for isothermal process:-

Velocity sound for adiabatic process:-

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Q: 3 Aircraft is flying at an altitude of 8 km where the atmosphere temperature is 250 K.

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Aim: - To study various gas properties for different altitude in atmosphere.

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 Exosphere (> 700 Km)

In summary, the mass of earth‟s atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows:

 50 % is below 5.6 km.

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Aim: - To study the wave propagation at different Mach number.

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Q: 2 An aircraft is flying horizontally at an altitude of 11000 m with a constant flight speed

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Aim: - To study the isentropic flow from variable area duct.

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Another important relation for isentropic flow of a fluid is,

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Basic Governing Equations for adiabatic flow:

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The Fanno Line:

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Q: 2 Air flow is induced in a smooth insulated tube of 7.16 mm diameter by a vacuum

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The Rayleigh Line:

Fig-1: T-s diagram forfrictionless flow in a constant-area duct withheat exchang(Rayleigh-

NAME: _______________ROLL NO.:_

Roll No. _ of __________