Professional Documents
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Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Recognized under section 2(f) and 12 (B) of
UGC act 1956 Mota Bazaar, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat 38812058
PG Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Driving force:
Temperature difference in between steam chest temperature and product
temperature.
Result :
Volatile solvent is removed from the feed.
Product out
An evaporator is used to evaporate a volatile
solvent, usually water, from a solution. Its purpose
is to concentrate non-volatile solutes such as
organic compounds, inorganic salts, acids or bases.
Typical solutes include phosphoric acid, caustic
soda, sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, gelatine,
syrups and urea.
In many applications, evaporation results in the
precipitation of solutes in the form of crystals,
which are usually separated from the solution with
cyclones, settlers, wash columns, elutriating legs,
filters or centrifuges. Examples of precipitates are
sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate
and calcium sulphate. The desired product can be
the concentrated solution, the precipitated solids,
or both.
Concentration of milk to produce condensed milk
Concentration of juices
Concentration of NaOH, NaCl from aqueous solutions
to produce salt.
Ether recovery from fat extraction
Heat-
exchanger
Condenser Vacuum
Vapour
separator
Concentration of solute in feed.
Foaming
Low heat transfer rate
Entrainment loss
Open kettle
Open pan or pan Single
solar Effective
evaporator evaporator
Agitated Multiple
film Effective
evaporator evaporator
Types of
Forced Evaporators Horizontal
circulation type natural
type circular
evaporator evaporation
Vertical
Falling film
type natural
type
Long tube circulation
evaporator
vertical type evaporation
evaporator
Feed water Vaporised
tank feed water
Tank Volume out to
0.92 litre/cm atmosphere
Overflow
to drain Water
main
Steam in
Constant
level Sight
device glass
Steam
trap
Condensate
out
Condensate
tank
Tank Volume
1.31 litre/cm
Calandria Pre-heater
Condenser
Feed in
Steam for
Vapor Separator
heating Feed out
Multiple effect evaporator Due to heat transfer, the liquid
temperature increases & reaches the B.P. during this process,
vapor well be generated from the liquid feed.
So, formed vapor displaces air in the upper part of 1st
evaporator.
Moreover, the vapor also displaces the air in the steam space of
the 2nd evaporator.
After complete displacement of air by vapor in the steam
compartment of 2nd evaporator, the second
valve is closed.
The vapor of 1st evaporator transmits its heat to the liquid of
2nd evaporator & gets condensed.
Condensate is removed through the second condensate valve.
These steps continue in the 3rd evaporator also.
As the liquid in 1st evaporator gains temperature the
difference in temperature between the liquid & steam
decreases, hence, the rate of condensation decreases.
As a result, the pressure in the vapor space of 1st
evaporator gradually increases to P1 by increasing
temperature to T1 , which is the B.P. of the liquid in first
evaporator & decreasing the temperature difference (t0-
t1).
A similar change takes place in the 2nd evaporator &
the liquid reaches the B.P.
similarly, the process will be repeated in 3rd evaporator.
Finally 3 evaporators come to a steady state with the
liquid boiling in all the 3 bodies.
As boiling proceed, liquid level in 1st evaporator comes down.
Feed is introduced through the feed valve to maintain the
liquid level constant.
Similarly evaporation of liquid takes place in 2nd & 3rd
evaporators.
To maintain the liquid levels constant, feed valves F2 & F3 are
used for 2nd & 3rd evaporator respectively.
This process is continued until the liquid in all the evaporators
reaches the desired viscosity.
Now the product valves are opened to collect the thick liquid.
Thus in this evaporators, there is continuous supply of feed,
continuous supply of steam & continuous withdrawal of liquid
from all 3 evaporators. Hence, evaporators work continuously.
It is the quantity of vapor produced per unit steam
admitted.
Feed is admitted at its B.P. so it does not require any
more heat to raise its temp.
Hence, the supplied steam is condensed to give heat
of condensation. This heat will then transferred to
the liquid.
The heat transferred now serves as latent heat of
vaporization, i.e. liquid undergoes vaporization by
receiving heat. Loss of heat by means is negligible.
There are four types of MEE based upon feeding methods:
Backward
feeding
Forward Mixed
feeding feeding
Parallel
feeding
Feed should be near the B.P. of the
solution at the pressure in the 1st effect
Previous unit vapour serves as a heating
medium for the next effect
Here latent of the vapour can be reused
and recovered again
Uses when feed is hot or when the
concentration product might be damaged
at high temperature
B.P decreases from effect to effect
Pressure is 1 atm at 1st effect and under
vaccum in other effects
This procedure is highly advantageous if
the feed is hot. The method is also used
if the concentrated product may be
damaged or may deposit scale at high
temperature
Feed
Steam
Steam Feed
Steam
the concentration of the salt solution,
where the solute crystallizes on
concentration without increasing the
viscosity.
Operations :-The equipment is at
room temp. & at atm. Pressure at the
beginning. The liquid feed is
introduced into all the 3 evaporators
up to the level of upper tube sheets. Feed
Feed
Eg- evaporation of brine to make salt Feed
When feed moves
forward with fresh feed
is entering at the 2nd or
3rd effect called as
mixed type.
Used in solutions
having considerable
change in viscosity
with temperature over
concentration range
Steam Feed
Suitable for large scale & for
continuous operation.
• The product may be backing up in the • Open discharge lines to check and
evaporator body due to choking. eliminate cause of choking.
• The evaporator body may be heavily • Dismantle the unit and check for scaling.
scaled.
• The feed rate is excessive. • Control the feed rate.
• There might be a problem with the drive • Check for malfunctioning of the drive
motor. motor.
• System starts vibrating
• There may be heavy scaling. • Go through the cleaning procedure.
• The product is backing up in the body due • Check and eliminate the cause of product
to choking. backup.
• Uneven heating of evaporator shell • Check the steam pressure of
causing thermal stresses on its body. thermocompressor.
Thank you…