Evaporators

Nimish Shah
 INTRODUCTION:

 vaporization of a liquid or that of a

solvent from a solution.

 Thus, water 'evaporates' from a river,

or cane-sugar juice is 'evaporated' to
concentrate it.
 INTRODUCTION:

 In chemical engineering terminology,

evaporation means … removal of a
part of the solvent from a solution of
a non-volatile solute by vaporization.
 INTRODUCTION:

 The objective of vaporization is to

concentrate the solution.

 What is difference between

Evaporation and Vaporization?
 Vaccum for non
Evaporator condensable
Coolant In
Vapor out
Coolant out
Condensor unit

Vapor
Separator
Feed in
Steam in (Saturated
vapor)
Heat Exchanger
Condensate out
(Saturated Liquid)

Product out
 Classification of Evaporators:
 most evaporators are broadly classified as: (1)
natural circulation, and (2) forced circulation.

1 Solar evaporator 2 Batch pan evaporator

3 Natural circulation E. 4 Short tube vertical evaporator

5 Horizontal tube evaporator 6 Basket type evaporator

7 Long tube vertical E. 8 Forced circulation evaporator

9 Rising film evaporator 10 Falling film evaporator

11 Agitated thin film evaporator 12 Horizontal spray film E

13 Plate type evaporator 14 Vapour compression E.

Vertical Tube Evaporator
 Short tube vertical (STV)/horizontal
evaporator:
Advantages:
 fouling liquids can be
handled
 So cleaning of tube is easy.
 High heat transfer
coefficients can be achieved
with dilute solutions.
 Cost of unit is less if
fabricated from carbon
steel.
 Their main advantages are
low cost, easy cleaning, and
low 'headroom'
requirement.
Limitations:
 Large liquid holdup.
 It cannot be used for:
– heat sensitive materials.
– if the solute has a tendency to crystallize.
– for viscous liquids
– for solutions in which precipitation or salting out of a
solid may occur.
 low heat transfer coefficient
 need a larger floor space.
 The natural circulation velocity in the evaporator is
not sufficient to keep the solid particles in suspension.
 The problem may be overcome by installing a
propeller in the down take pipe to increase the
circulation rate.

Application:
 used to concentrate a variety of solutions.
 It is good for non-corrosive, clear and non-crystalline
liquors, e.g. cane sugar solution.
Horizontal Tube Evaporator
Advantages:
 high heat transfer
coefficient, low cost, low
liquid hold-up and less
floor space requirement.
 large heat transfer surface
area can be provided in
compact surface.

Limitations:
 High headroom
requirement,
 unsuitable for viscous and
scale-forming materials.
Advantages:
 Heat transfer coefficient is high.
 Offer highest operational
flexibility.
 It is useful for crystallizing and
concentrating thermally
degradable product.
 It is useful for viscous solutions.

Disadvantages:
 Cost is very high, because of
high maintenance cost.
 Corrosion-erosion can occur in
the evaporator.
 If liquid forms scale, tube
plugging can occur.
 High headroom requirement,
and high floor area requirement
if a horizontal heat exchanger is
used.
Forced Circulation Evaporator
Forced Circulation Evaporator
A = Product
B = Concentrate
C = Condensate
D = Heating steam
E = Vapour
1 = Flash vessel/separator

2 = Calandria
Rising film evaporator
Rising film evaporator
Rising film evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Falling film evaporator
A = Product
B = Concentrate
C = Condensate
D = Heating steam
E = Vapour
 1 = Head
2 = Calandria
3 = Separator
4 = Separator duct
5 = Calandria base
Agitated thin film evaporator
Plate Type Evaporator
 A = Product
B = Concentrate
C = Condensate
D = Heating steam
E = Vapour
 1 = Main separator
2 = Pre-separator
3 = Plate calandria
Plate Type Evaporator
 Characteristics of different types of evaporators
Evaporator Typical products Comments
handled
Calandria Salt; glycerine from Suitable for batch or
spent soap lye continuous operation in
single or multiple effects.

Natural Foaming liquids; External separator provides

circulation less viscous some holding time
(Thermos materials; black adjustment;
yphon) liquor from the integral vapour-head type with
pulp industry; downcomer gives
spent soap lye; minimum hold-up.
electroplating
solutions; spin
bath liquid.
Forced Salting or scale- Available with:
circulation forming materials (1)horizontal steam-chest with
depending on external vapour-separator
steam-chest (less used now);
configuration; (2)vertical steam-chest with
caustic soda external separator;
solution, sodium (3)vertical steam-chest with
sulphate, tomato integral vapour head.
juice to 30% Operates with either
concentration, etc. submerged or partially filled
tubes in single or multiple
effects.
 Characteristics of different types of evaporators
Evaporator Typical products Comments
handled
Rising film Caprolactum; Allows single-pass operation
ammonium nitrate; with high liquid and
fruit juices; for vapour velocities;
crystal producing minimum liquid hold-up
solutions with
suspended solids.
Falling film Low to medium Single or multiple effects;
viscosity materials, can be operated on single
heat sensitive pass or with partial
products, fruit recycle of concentrated
juices, and products.
pharmaceuticals.
Agitated Handles the full Available:
film range of feed (1) vertical with integral
viscosities; vapour separator;
gelatin; fruit (2) vertical with external
puree; glue separator, cocurrent
flow;
(3) horizontal with
tapered shell,
countercurrent flow;
Plate type Fruit juices, extracts; Liquid and vapour flow
gelatin; essentially as in rising-
condensed and and falling-film
whole milk. evaporators without
liquid distribution
problems.