Evaporation: Evaporators and Its Design Concepts

Evaporation
Evaporators and its design concepts

Content of Lectures
 Evaporation
 Types of evaporators
 Factors affecting evaporation
 Energy Balance for Single effect and multiple effect
evaporators
 Mathematical problems on evaporation
May 2, 2019 | Slide 2

Terminology
Evaporation – process by which liquid

water passes directly to the vapor
phase
Transpiration - process by which liquid
water passes from liquid to vapor
through plant metabolism
Sublimation - process by which water
passes directly from the solid phase
to the vapor phase
May 2, 2019 | Slide 3

Evaporation
 Suppose that we have a dilute solution
of a solute (say, sugar) dissolved in a
solvent (say, water)
 We need to remove part of the solvent
(water) to produce a concentrated
solution
 This can be achieved by heating the
solution so as to evaporate the solvent
(water)
 This process is known as evaporation.
 The industrial equipment used for this
purpose in known as an evaporator.
 In process industry: The thick liquor is
the valuable product and the vapour is
condensed and discarded
 Water industry: concentrated sea water
discarded and vapour is condensed
used as product water
May 2, 2019 | Slide 4

Types of Evaporator
 Single effect evaporators

 Open kettle or pan evaporator
 Multiple effect evaporators
 Horizontal-tube evaporator
 Forward feed
 Vertical-type short-tube evaporator
 Backward feed
 Long-tube vertical evaporators
 Mixed feed
 Upward flow (climbing-film)
 Parallel feed
 Downward flow (falling-film)
 Thermal distillation evaporators
 Forced circulation
 Multi Stage Flash (MSF)/ Single
 Agitated-film evaporators Effect Distillation (SED)
 Mechanical movement
 Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
 Ultrasonic agitation
 Vapour Compression (VC)
 Thermal
 Mechanical
May 2, 2019 | Slide 5

Types of evaporators
Open kettle or pan evaporator: Pan
Pressure gauge
Steam
Boiler
Jacket
- simplest form of evaporators

Condensate
- inexpensive
- simple to operate
- very poor heat economy Concentrate
- in some cases paddles and scrapers
for agitation are used
May 2, 2019 | Slide 6
Horizontal-tube evaporator Vapor
 relatively cheap
 used for non-
viscous liquids
having high heat-
transfer coefficients Dilute feed
and liquids that do
not deposit scales Steam
inlet
 poor liquid Condensate
circulation (and
therefore unsuitable
for viscous liquids)
Concentrated
product
May 2, 2019 | Slide 7

Vertical - tube evaporator:
 Liquid is inside the tubes

 Steam condenses outside the tubes
 Used for non-viscous liquids having high
heat-transfer coefficients and liquids that
do not deposit scales
Vapor
Dilute feed
Condensate Steam
inlet
Concentrated
May 2, 2019 | Slide 8 product
Climbing-film long-tube vertical evaporator Falling film long-tube vertical evaporator
May 2, 2019 | Slide 9

Forced-circulation evaporator with separate two- Agitated film evaporator

pass horizontal heating element
May 2, 2019 | Slide 10

Types of evaporator
Triple-effect evaporator
May 2, 2019 | Slide 11

Types of evaporator
With respect to feed flow direction
May 2, 2019 | Slide 12

Multi Stage Flash (MSF)/Single Effect Distillation (SED)
Flow diagram
 Steam is used to heat tubes of saline water

 Heated water flows into “stages” that are at lower pressure
 Water boils rapidly and “flashes” into steam
 Different types of MSF technology available with respect to internal
configuration and flow direction
May 2, 2019 | Slide 13

MSF desalting
Major units Brine Heater
MSF Stages
Desuperheater
Brine Blowdown
Distillate Brine Blowdown Pump
Brine Recirculation Valve
 Brine heater 5% 1% 2%
11%
 To boil incoming seawater to its boiling 8%
point
 Flashing chamber 19%
 Water and vapor separation
54%
 Condensing chamber
 Condensation of vapor to water
 Ejector
 Remove non-condensable gases
 Sea water pump
 To pump pretreated sea water to flash
champers
 Brine pump
 To pump brine from flashing chamber
 Condensate pump
 To pump condensate from brine heater
 Product pump
 To pump product water from flashing unit
May 2, 2019 | Slide 14

Multi Effect Distillation
Overview
 The Brine is heated in multiple effect and multiple

stages
 Based on operating temp – high and Low
 Based on heating arrangement
 Vertical tube evaporator
 Horizontal tube evaporator
 Based on compression
MED-Horizontal tubes
 MED with Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)
 MED with Thermal Vapor Compression (MED-

TVC)
MED-MVC
MED-TVC
May 2, 2019 | Slide 15

Horizontal evaporators
May 2, 2019 | Slide 16

With vertical evaporators
May 2, 2019 | Slide 17

With thermal vapor compression
May 2, 2019 | Slide 18

Vapor compression
Technology overview
 Technology is similar to MSF and MED

 VC processes expose influent water in a tube to a vacuum that causes the water to
boil. The resulting vapor is transferred to another tube, where it is compressed back
into liquid water.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 19

Thermal desalination
Comparison
Source @ 2009 Lux Research report to ABB
May 2, 2019 | Slide 20

Factors effecting evaporation: (1/1)
 Concentration in the liquid:
 Liquid feed to an evaporator is relatively dilute.
 So its viscosity is low, and heat-transfer coefficient high.
 As evaporation proceeds, the solution becomes concentrated.
 So viscosity increases and heat-transfer coefficient drops.
 Density and the boiling point of solution also increase.
 Solubility:
 As solution is heated, concentration of the solute in the solution
increases.
 In case the solubility limit of the solute in solution is exceeded, then
crystals may form.
 Solubility of the solute therefore determines the maximum concentration
of the solute in the product stream.
 In most cases, the solubility of the solute increases with temperature.
This means when a hot concentrated solution from an evaporator is
cooled to room temperature, crystallization may occur.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 21
 The vapor pressure of aqueous

solutions is less than that of water
at the same temperature.
Consequently, for a given pressure
the boiling point of the solutions is
higher than that of pure water. The
increase in boiling point over that
of water is known as the boiling-
point elevation (BPE) of the
solution.
 Duhring's rule: The boiling point of
a given solution is a linear function
of the boiling point of pure water at
the same pressure
May 2, 2019 | Slide 22

 Pressure and temperature:
 The boiling point of the solution is
related to the pressure of the
system.
 The higher the operating pressure
of the evaporator, the higher the
temperature at boiling.
 Also, as the concentration of the
dissolved material in solution
increases by evaporation, the
temperature of boiling may rise (a
phenomenon known as boiling point
rise/elevation).
 To keep the temperatures low in High velocity due to
boiling and bubble
heat-sensitive materials, it is often rise
necessary to operate under

atmospheric pressure (that is,
under vacuum).
 Effect of liquid head and friction
May 2, 2019 | Slide 23
 Temperature sensitivity of materials:
 Pharmaceuticals products, fine chemicals and foods are damaged when heated to
moderate temperatures for relatively short times.
 So special techniques are employed to reduce temperature of the liquid and time of
heating during evaporation
 Scale deposition:
 Some solutions deposit solid materials (called scale) on the heating surfaces.
 The result is that the overall heat-transfer coefficient (U) may drastically decrease,
leading to shut down of the evaporators for cleaning purposes.
 Materials of construction:
 Evaporators are made of some kind of steel.
 However many solutions attack ferrous metals and are contaminated by them.
 Copper, nickel, stainless steels can also be used.
 Foaming and frothing:

 Solutions like organic compounds tend to foam and froth during vaporization.
 The foam is carried away along with vapour leaving the evaporator.
 Entrainment losses occur.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 24

Method of operation of evaporators
 Single-effect evaporation:
 When a single evaporator is used ,the vapor from the boiling liquid is
condensed and discarded. This is called single effect evaporation.
 It is simple but utilizes steam ineffectively.
 To evaporate 1 kg of water from the solution we require 1-1.3 kg of steam.
 Multiple-effect evaporation:
 Increasing the evaporation per kg of steam by using a series of
evaporators between the steam supply and condenser is called multiple
effect evaporation
 Economy: Economy is the number of kilograms vaporized per kilogram of
steam fed to the evaporator unit.
 Capacity: Capacity is defined as the number of kilograms of water vaporized
per hour by evaporator unit
 In a single-effect evaporator the economy is nearly always less than 1, but in
multiple-effect equipment it may be considerably greater.
 The steam consumption, in kilograms per hour = capacity / economy.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 25

Heat transfer coefficient
For evaporators
 The overall resistance to heat transfer between the steam and the boiling liquid is the
sum of five individual resistances: (i) the steam-film resistance; the two scale
resistances, (ii) inside and (iii) outside the tubes; (iv) the tube-wall resistance; and (v)
the resistance from the boiling liquid.
 In most evaporators the fouling factor of the condensing steam and the resistance of
the tube wall are very small, and they are usually neglected in evaporator calculations.
In an agitated-film evaporator the tube wall is fairly thick, so that its resistance may be
a significant part of the to total
1 1 1 d o xw d o 1 d o 1
    
U o ho h fo d L k di hi di h fi
1 di 1 di 1 di xw 1 1
    
U i d 0 ho d 0 h fo d L k w hi h f i
May 2, 2019 | Slide 26
Heat transfer coefficient
For evaporators
 Steam side coefficients:

 Film wise (refer condensation chapter)
 Drop wise (refer condensation chapter)
 Liquid side coefficient:
 The liquid-side coefficient depends to a large extent on the velocity of the liquid
over the heated surface.
 In natural-circulation evaporators the liquid-side coefficient for dilute aqueous
solutions is between 1500 and 3000 W/m2 C
 Forced circulation one has use appropriate correlation discussed pervious
chapters
 The Colburn equation for forced circulation viscus flow,
 Dittus – Boelter equation
 Overall coefficient:
 Because of the difficulty of measuring the high individual film coefficients in an
evaporator, experimental results are usually expressed in terms of overall
coefficients.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 27

Typical overall coefficients in evaporators
May 2, 2019 | Slide 28

Calculation methods for single-effect evaporators
Vapor, V
Feed:
yV, T1, HV
F – mass flow rate
xF – mass fraction of solute in feed
P TF – temperature of feed
Feed, F hF – enthalpy of feed
xF, TF, hF
Vapor leaving the evaporator:
T1 V – mass flow rate
Steam, S
Condensate, S yV – mass fraction of solute in vapor
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS T1 – temperature of vapor
HV – enthalpy of vapor
Concentrate leaving the evaporator:

Concentrate, L
L – mass flow rate
xL, T1, hL xL – mass fraction of solute in concentrate
Steam: T1 – temperature of concentrate
S – mass flow rate hL – enthalpy of concentrate
PS – steam pressure P – pressure in the evaporator
TS – steam temperature T1 – temperature in the evaporator
HS – enthalpy of steam
May 2, 2019 | Slide 29
hS – enthalpy of condensate
Overall material balance:
F=L+V
Vapor, V
yV, T1, HV Solute balance:
F xF = L xL + V yV
P
Feed, F If the vapor is free of solute:
xF, TF, hF
F xF = L xL
T1
Steam, S
Condensate, S Heat balance:
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS F hF + S HS = L hL + V HV + S hS
Rewriting:
Concentrate, L F hF + S (HS - hS) = L hL + V HV
xL, T1, hL
F hF + S λ = L hL + V HV
where λ = HS - hS
May 2, 2019 | Slide 30
Vapor, V
yV, T1, HV
Energy lost by the steam
q = S λ = S (HS – hS)
P
Feed, F
xF, TF, hF In case of no energy loss to the
environment, q amount of energy
T1
Steam, S gets transferred from steam to
Condensate, S the solution through the tube wall
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS of area A and overall heat
transfer coefficient U.
Concentrate, L
xL, T1, hL Therefore,
q = U A ΔT = U A (TS – T1)
May 2, 2019 | Slide 31

Enthalpy Vs concentration diagram,
System sodium hydroxide-water
May 2, 2019 | Slide 32

Single Effect Evaporator
Example 1:
A continuous single-effect evaporator

concentrates 9072 kg/h of a 1.0 wt % salt
solution entering at 38ºC to a final
9072 kg/h
concentration of 1.5 wt %. 1 wt%
38 C 1.0 atm abs
The vapor space of the evaporator is at

101.325 kPa (1.0 atm abs) and the steam
supplied is saturated at 150 kPa. The
overall coefficient U = 1704 W/m2.K.
Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid 150 kPa

products and the heat-transfer area
required. Assumed that, since it its dilute,
the solution has the same boiling point as
water. 1.5 wt%
May 2, 2019 | Slide 33

Vapor, V
yV, T1, HV Data provided:
F = 9072 kg/h
P xF = 1 wt % = 0.01 kg solute / kg feed
Feed, F
xF, TF, hF TF = 38ºC
T1 xL = 1.5 wt %
Steam, S
Condensate, S = 0.015 kg solute / kg liquid product
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS P = 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm abs)
PS = 150 kPa
Concentrate, L U = 1704 W/m2.K
xL, T1, hL
T1 = saturated temperature at P (= 101.325 kPa) = 100ºC
TS = saturated temperature at 150 kPa = 111.4ºC

May 2, 2019 | Slide 34
Data provided: Available equations:
F = 9072 kg/h Overall material balance:
xF = 0.01 kg solute / kg feed F=L+V
TF = 38ºC
Solute balance:
F xF = L xL (no solute in the vapor)
xL = 0.015 kg solute / kg liquid product
P = 101.325 kPa; T1 = 100ºC Heat balance:
F hF + S λ = L hL + V HV
PS = 150 kPa; TS = 111.4ºC
where λ = HS – hS
U = 1704 W/m2.K
q = S λ = U A ΔT = U A (TS – T1)
Amounts of vapor and liquid products = ?

F, xF and xL are known, and therefore
L = 6048 kg/h and V = 3024 kg/h
May 2, 2019 | Slide 35

Data known: Available equations:
F = 9072 kg/h; L = 6048 kg/h, V = 3024 kg/h Heat balance:
TF = 38ºC F hF + S λ = L hL + V HV
P = 101.325 kPa; T1 = 100ºC where λ = HS – hS
PS = 150 kPa; TS = 111.4ºC q = S λ = U A ΔT = U A (TS – T1)
U = 1704 W/m2.K
Heat transfer area A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = ?
S λ = L h L + V HV – F hF
= (F – V) hL + V HV – F hF
= F (hL – hF) + V (HV – hL )
= F Cp (T1 - TF) + V (Latent heat of vapourization at 101.325 kPa )
May 2, 2019 | Slide 36

Data known:
F = 9072 kg/h; L = 6048 kg/h, V = 3024 kg/h
TF = 38ºC
P = 101.325 kPa; T1 = 100ºC
PS = 150 kPa; TS = 111.4ºC
U = 1704 W/m2.K

S λ = F Cp (T1 - TF) + V (Latent heat of vapourization at 101.325 kPa)
F, T1 , TF and V are already known.
Cp = 4.14 kJ/kg.K (assumed)
Latent heat of vapourization at 101.325 kPa = 2256.7 kJ/kg
Therefore,
S λ = (9072) (4.14) (100 – 38) +(3024) (2256.7) kJ/h
= 9152862 kJ/h
May 2, 2019 | Slide 37
Data known:
F = 9072 kg/h; L = 6048 kg/h, V = 3024 kg/h
TF = 38ºC
P = 101.325 kPa; T1 = 100ºC
PS = 150 kPa; TS = 111.4ºC
U = 1704 W/m2.K
S λ = 9152862 kJ/h = 9152862 * 1000 / 3600 W

T1 and TS are known
U = 1704 W/m2.K
Therefore,
A = S λ / U (TS – T1)
= [9152862 * 1000 / 3600] / [1704 * (111.4 – 100)]
= 130. 9 m2
May 2, 2019 | Slide 38
Effects of processing variables on evaporator operation
 Effect of feed temperature:
 The inlet temperature of the feed has a large effect on the evaporator operation.
 When feed is not at its boiling point, steam is needed first to heat the feed to its boiling
post and then to evaporate it.
 Preheating the feed can reduce the size of evaporator heat-transfer area.
 Effect of steam pressure:

 High pressure provides high Ts values, and hence TS – T1 will increase.
 High pressure steam is however more costly.
 Therefore, overall economic balances must be considered to determine the optimum

steam pressure.
 Effect of feed pressure:
 Pressure in the evaporator sets the boiling point of the solution (T1).
 Steam pressure determines the steam temperature (Ts)
 Since q = U A (TS – T1), larger values of (TS – T1) will help reduce the heat-transfer area
needed and hence the cost of evaporator.
 Vacuum can be maintained in the solution side using a vacuum pump.
 For example, if the pressure in Example 1 is reduced to 41.4 kPa, boiling point of water
reduces to 349.9 K and that would increase the (TS – T1) from 10 K to 33.3 K. A large
decrease in heat-transfer area would be obtained.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 39

Example 2:
An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20%

NaOH solution entering at 60ºC to a product of 50% solids.
The pressure of the saturated steam used is 170 kPa and the
vapor space pressure of the evaporator is at 12 kPa. The
overall coefficient U is 1560 W/m2.K.
Calculate the steam used, the steam economy (in kg

vapourized / kg steam used) and the heating surface area.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 40

Vapor, V
F = 4536 kg/h
Feed, F
xL = 50 wt %
T1
Steam, S
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS P = 12 kPa = 0.12 bar
PS = 170 kPa = 1.7 bar

xL, T1, hL
T1 ≠ saturated temperature at P (= 0.12 bar) = 49.4oC
TS = saturated steam temperature at 1.7 bar = 115.2oC

May 2, 2019 | Slide 41
F, xF and xL are known, and therefore L = 1814 kg/h and V = 2722 kg/h
Steam used = ?
S λ = L hL + V HV - F hF
hF = enthalpy of 20% solution at 60oC = 214 kJ/kg

(using the enthalpy–concentration chart)
hL = enthalpy of 50% solution at T1 = ?
(using the enthalpy–concentration and boiling-point rise charts)
Saturated temperature at P (= 0.12 bar) = 49.4oC

Using the boiling-point rise chart, we get 89.5oC ( read against 49.4oC and 50 wt%)
as the boiling point of the solution. That is T1 = 89.5oC
hL = enthalpy of 50% solution at 89.5oC = 505 kJ/kg

(using the enthalpy–concentration chart)
HV = enthalpy of superheated steam at 89.5oC and 0.12 bar = 2667 kJ/kg
(using the superheated steam table)
May 2, 2019 | Slide 42

Steam used = S = ?
S λ = 1814 x 505 + 2722 x 2667 – 4536 x 214 = 7204940 kJ/h
λ = latent heat of vapourization of water at 1.7 bar and 115.2oC

= 2216 kJ/kg (using the steam table)
Therefore S = 7204940 / 2216 kg/h = 3251 kg/h

Steam economy = kg vapourized / kg steam used = V / S = ?
Steam economy = 2722 / 3251 = 0.837
A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = [7204940 * 1000 / 3600] / [1560 * (115.2 – 89.5)]

= 49. 9 m2
May 2, 2019 | Slide 43

Example 3 (Repeat Example 2 assuming that the thermal properties of
the liquid in the evaporator can be approximated by those of water):
An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20%

NaOH solution entering at 60ºC to a product of 50% solids.
The pressure of the saturated steam used is 170 kPa and the
vapor space pressure of the evaporator is at 12 kPa. The
overall coefficient U is 1560 W/m2.K.
Calculate the steam used, the steam economy (in kg

vapourized / kg steam used) and the heating surface area.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 44

Vapor, V
F = 4536 kg/h
Feed, F
xL = 50 wt %
T1
Steam, S
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS P = 12 kPa = 0.12 bar
PS = 170 kPa = 1.7 bar

xL, T1, hL
T1 = saturated temperature at P (= 0.12 bar) = 49.4oC
TS = saturated steam temperature at 1.7 bar = 115.2oC

May 2, 2019 | Slide 45
Steam used = ?
S λ = L hL + V HV - F hF = (F – V) hL + V HV – F hF = F (hL – hF) + V (HV – hL )
= F Cp (T1 - TF) + V (Latent heat of vapourization at 0.12 bar)
= (4536) (4.14) (49.4 – 60) +(2722) (2383) kJ/h (Cp = 4.14 kJ/kg.K is assumed)
= 6301078 kJ/h
λ = latent heat of vapourization of water at 1.7 bar = 2216 kJ/kg
Therefore S = 6301078 / 2216 kg/h = 2843.5 kg/h
Steam economy = kg vapourized / kg steam used = V / S = ?

Steam economy = 2722 / 2843.5 = 0.957
A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = [6301078 * 1000 / 3600] / [1560 * (115.2 – 49.4)]

= 17 m2
May 2, 2019 | Slide 46

Compare the solutions of Examples 2 and 3 and

discuss the importance of considering the boiling pint
rise and enthalpy change of concentrated solution.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 47

Double-effect evaporators
May 2, 2019 | Slide 48

Calculation methods for double-effect evaporators
If liquid is to be evaporated in each effect,
and if the boiling point of this liquid is unaffected by the solute concentration,
then writing a heat balance for the first evaporator:
q1 = U1 A1 ΔT1 = U1 A1 (TS – T1)
Similarly, in the second evaporator,

remembering that the "steam" in the second is the vapor from the first
evaporator
and that this will condense at approximately the same temperature as it
boiled, since pressure changes are small,
q2 = U2 A2 ΔT2 = U2 A2 (T1 – T2)
If the evaporators are working in balance, then all of the vapours
from the first effect are condensing and in their turn evaporating
vapours in the second effect. Also assuming that heat losses can be
neglected, there is no appreciable boiling-point elevation of the more
concentrated solution, and the feed is supplied at its boiling point,
q1 = q2
May 2, 2019 | Slide 49
Calculation methods for double-effect evaporators
If the evaporators are working in balance,
then all of the vapours from the first effect are condensing
and in their turn evaporating vapours in the second effect.
Also assuming that heat losses can be neglected,
there is no appreciable boiling-point elevation of the more concentrated
solution, and the feed is supplied at its boiling point,
q1 = q2
That is, U1 A1 ΔT1 = U2 A2 ΔT2
Further, if the evaporators are so constructed that A1 = A2,

the foregoing equations can be combined.
U2 / U1 = ΔT1 / ΔT2
That is, the temperature differences are inversely proportional to the

overall heat transfer coefficients in the two effects.
This analysis may be extended to any number of effects operated in series, in the
same way.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 50
Effect of boiling-point elevation
For triple effect evaporators
∆Ttotal 105 85 79
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =UtAtotal∆Ttotal
209C
281C
252C
261C 176C
226C
May 2, 2019 | Slide 51

A triple-effect evaporator
Calculation methods
 Energy Balance equations for triple  Assume values for the boiling
effect evaporator temperatures in the first and second
 (1) the rate of steam flow to the first effects.
effect,  From enthalpy balances find the rates of
 (2) to (4) the rate of flow from each steam flow and of liquor from effect to
effect, effect.
 (5) the boiling temperature in the first  Calculate the heating surface needed in
effect, each effect from the capacity equations.
 (6) the boiling temperature in the second  If the heating areas so found are not
effect, and nearly equal, estimate new values for
 (7) the heating surface per effect. the boiling temperatures and repeat
items 2 and 3 until the heating surfaces
 It is possible to solve these equations are equal.
for the seven unknowns
May 2, 2019 | Slide 52

Example 4:
Estimate the requirements of steam and heat transfer surface, and the
evaporating temperatures in each effect, for a triple effect evaporator
evaporating 500 kg h-1 of a 10% solution up to a 30% solution.
Steam is available at 200 kPa gauge and the pressure in the evaporation
space in the final effect is 60 kPa absolute. Assume that the overall heat
transfer coefficients are 2270, 2000 and 1420 J m-2 s-1 °C-1 in the first,
second and third effects, respectively.
Neglect sensible heat effects and assume no boiling-point elevation, and

assume equal heat transfer in each effect.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 53

Solids Liquids Total
Mass balance (kg h-1) Feed 50 450 500
Product 50 117 167
Evaporation 333
From steam tables, the condensing temperature of

steam at 200 kPa (g) is 134°C and the latent heat is
2164 kJ kg -1. Evaporating temperature in final effect
under pressure of 60 kPa (abs.) is 86°C, as there is no
boiling-point rise and latent heat is 2294 kJ kg-1.
Equating the heat transfer in each effect:
so that DT1(1 + U1/U2 + U1/U3) = 48,
q1 = q2 = q3
DT1 x [1 + (2270/2000) + (2270/1420)] = 48
U1A1DT1 = U2A2 DT2 = U3A3DT3
3.73 DT1 = 48
And DT1 + DT2 + DT3 = (134 - 86) = 48°C.
DT1 = 12.9°C,
Now, if A1 = A2 = A3
DT2 = DT1 x (2270/2000) = 14.6°C
then DT2 = U1DT1 /U2 and DT3 = U1DT1 /U3
and DT3 = DT1 x (2270/1420) = 20.6°C
May 2, 2019 | Slide 54

And so the evaporating temperature:
in first effect is (134 - 12.9) = 121°C; latent heat (from Steam Tables) 2200 kJ kg-1.
in second effect is (121 - 14.6) = 106.5°C; latent heat 2240 kJ kg-1
in the third effect is (106.5 - 20.6) = 86°C, latent heat 2294 kJ kg-1
Equating the quantities evaporated in each effect and neglecting the sensible heat changes,
if w1, w2, w3 are the respective quantities evaporated in effects 1,2 and 3, and ws is the
quantity of steam condensed per hour in effect 1, then
w1 x 2200 x 103 = w2 x 2240 x 103
= w3 x 2294 x 103
= ws x 2164 x 103
The sum of the quantities evaporated in each effect must equal the total evaporated in all
three effects so that:
w1 + w2 + w3 = 333 and solving as above,
w1 = 113 kg h-1 w2 = 111kg h-1 w3 = 108kg h-1
ws = 115 kg h-1
Steam consumption
It required 115 kg steam (ws) to evaporate a total of 333 kg water, that is

0.35kg steam/kg water evaporated.
Heat exchanger surface.
Writing a heat balance on the first effect:
(113 x 2200 x 1000)/3600 = 2270 x A1 x 12.9
A1 = 2.4 m2 = A2 = A3
total area = A1 + A2 + A3 = 7.2 m2.
May 2, 2019 | Slide 55

Evaporation: Evaporators and Its Design Concepts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evaporation: Evaporators and Its Design Concepts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evaporation

Evaporators and its design concepts

May 2, 2019 | Slide 2

Evaporation – process by which liquid

May 2, 2019 | Slide 3

May 2, 2019 | Slide 4

 Single effect evaporators

May 2, 2019 | Slide 5

- simplest form of evaporators

May 2, 2019 | Slide 7

 Liquid is inside the tubes

Climbing-film long-tube vertical evaporator Falling film long-tube vertical evaporator

May 2, 2019 | Slide 9

Forced-circulation evaporator with separate two- Agitated film evaporator

May 2, 2019 | Slide 10

May 2, 2019 | Slide 11

May 2, 2019 | Slide 12

 Steam is used to heat tubes of saline water

May 2, 2019 | Slide 13

May 2, 2019 | Slide 14

 The Brine is heated in multiple effect and multiple

 Horizontal tube evaporator

 MED with Thermal Vapor Compression (MED-

May 2, 2019 | Slide 15

May 2, 2019 | Slide 16

May 2, 2019 | Slide 17

May 2, 2019 | Slide 18

 Technology is similar to MSF and MED

May 2, 2019 | Slide 19

Source @ 2009 Lux Research report to ABB

May 2, 2019 | Slide 20

 So its viscosity is low, and heat-transfer coefficient high.

 As evaporation proceeds, the solution becomes concentrated.

 So viscosity increases and heat-transfer coefficient drops.

 Density and the boiling point of solution also increase.

 The vapor pressure of aqueous

May 2, 2019 | Slide 22

necessary to operate under

 Copper, nickel, stainless steels can also be used.

 Foaming and frothing:

 Entrainment losses occur.

May 2, 2019 | Slide 24

 To evaporate 1 kg of water from the solution we require 1-1.3 kg of steam.

May 2, 2019 | Slide 25

 Steam side coefficients:

May 2, 2019 | Slide 27

May 2, 2019 | Slide 28

Concentrate leaving the evaporator:

May 2, 2019 | Slide 31

May 2, 2019 | Slide 32

A continuous single-effect evaporator

The vapor space of the evaporator is at

Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid 150 kPa

May 2, 2019 | Slide 33

T1 = saturated temperature at P (= 101.325 kPa) = 100ºC

TS = saturated temperature at 150 kPa = 111.4ºC

Amounts of vapor and liquid products = ?

May 2, 2019 | Slide 35

Heat transfer area A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = ?

May 2, 2019 | Slide 36

Heat transfer area A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = ?

Heat transfer area A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = ?