HM Manuals With Calculation 090618

Anjuman College Of Engineering & Technology, Sadar, Nagpur LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANUAL
Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18
Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES
EXPERIMENT NO:01
Aim:- To determine metacentric height of ship model.
Apparatus:- The apparatus consist of a ship model, which is made op rectangular
shape for the purpose of simplicity. A movable weight slides in a guide bar at the
deck. An up right is provided at the centre of the ship from which is hung a plumb.
When the weight is shifted from the centre position, the ship tilts slightly. The angle
of tilt (or angle of heel) is determined with the help of plumb. The position of
metacenter is then determined by displacement of weight and angle of heel.
Theory:- When a body is immersed in fluid, it is subjected to an upwards force which

tends to lift up the body. This is called buoyancy and the upward force is called
buoyant force. Archimede’s principle states that when a body is immersed in a fluid,
wholly or partially, it is buoyed or lifted up by a force which is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the body.
When a body is floating in liquid, it is acted upon by two forces viz. weight of body
acting downwards through centre of gravity and upward buoyant force acting through
centre of buoyancy. Both these forces are equal and opposite in direction and the body
is an equilibrium. Centre of buoyancy of a body is centroid of the volume of liquid
displaced. If the body is tilted slightly, then position of centre of gravity remains the
same but centre of buoyancy occupies the new position, as geometry volume changes.
If a vertical line is drawn through the new centre of buoyancy, it intersects the line
joining initial centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity at a point, known as
metacentre. The distance between metacentre and centre of gravity is called
metacentric height.
Stability of a floating body depends upon the metacentric height. If metacentre lies
above the centre of gravity, the slight angular displacement of body cause to form a
restoring couple, which tends to bring the body to it’s original position. This is called
stable equilibrium. When metacentre lies below the centre of gravity, then slight
angular displacement of body cause to form a couple, which tends to increase the
angular displacement further. This is called unstable equilibrium. When metacentre
lies exactly on centre of gravity then slight angular displacement does not create any
Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

1
couple, hence body remains in it’s new position. This is called neutral equilibrium.
Hence, in design of ship, care has to be taken to keep the metacentre well above the
centre of gravity, so that ship is in stable equilibrium.
Experimental setup:
Experimental setup of Metacentric Height

Procedure:-
1. Fill up water in the floating tank.
2. Keep the ship floating over the water.
3. See that plumb indicates zero reading.
4. Displace the weight on the deck.
5. Measure the displacement of weight and distance indicated by plum.
6. Repeat the procedure for different displacement of weight.
Observation Table:-

2
Sr. No. Weight displacement x cm Plumb displacement d cm

01 3.5 3.2
Calculation:-
Weight of ship, W = 3.870 Kg
Sliding weight on the deck, w = 0.19 Kg
Vertical distance of plumb scale from plumb suspension point,
L= 0.200 m.
Let distance moved by the weight w at the deck be x.
Let angle heel (through which the ship is tilted) be θ
Then, Metacentric height,
GM = w.x ‘
W tan θ
GM = 0.19 x 0.035
3.870 tan 190
If L is vertical distance from plumb suspension and d is horizontal distance moved by
plumb, then
tan θ = d
L
tan θ = 0.032
0.200
GM = w.x .d ‘
WL
= 00.19x0.035x0.032
3.870 x 0.200
= 0.01072 m
RESULT: The Average value of GM is:________________

3
EXPERIMENT NO:02
Aim:- To verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.
Apparatus:- The apparatus consist of a rectangular flow channel which is tapered
along the length. Flow area at inlet is maximum and it goes on reducing towards
outlet. Water is fed to flow channel through a supply tank. Outlet is also collected
through outlet tank. A collector fitted can be directed either in drain or flow
measurement tank.
Theory:- When an incompressible fluid is flowing through a closed conduit, is may
be subjected to various forces, which cause change of velocity, acceleration or
energies involved. The major forces involved are pressure and body forces. Due to
elevation of conduit, pressure may change or due to change of cross section, velocity
of fluid may change. But, through there is change of velocity, pressure also change
accordingly. In other words, if velocity energy of fluid is raised, its pressure will drop
i.e. total energy of fluid is constant at any two points in the path of flow. The theorem
is known as Bernoulli’s theorem. Hence, when applied to steady irrotational flow of
incompressible fluids.
P + V2 +Z = C
w 2g
Where, P = Pressure
V = Velocity at the point
Z = potential head from datum
Experimental setup:
Experimental setup of Bernoulli’s Theorem

4
Procedure:-
1. Connect the water pipe to the inlet valve.
2. Reduce flow by inlet gate valve, so that there is only a small rise of water in the lst
pressure tapping.
3. Allow the levels to stabilies and note down the heads.
4. Close outlet valve of the measuring tank, put the collector in the measuring tank
and measure the time to rise water level by 10 litres.
5. Now, repeat the procedure by changing the discharge and note the drop of head
towards outlet for each observation.
Observation Table:-
Sr. Head in cms Discharge
No. Tappings time for
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 8
10 11 12 13 14 10 litres
of water
flow
01 26.8 26.4 25.9 25.2 24.6 23.9 23.1 22.3 21.4 20 18.6 16.6 14 10.5 19.22 sec
Calculations:-
(Consider section at 1st tapping)
Area of flow channel A1 = 7.2x10-4 m2 (refer table)
1) Discharge, Q = 0.01 m3sec
T
Q= 0.01 m3sec
19.22
Q = 5.20x10-4 m3sec
2) Velocity of water, V1 = Q m/sec

A
V1 = 5.20x10-4 m/sec
7.2x10-4
V1 = 0.72 m/sec
In this way V2 = 0.75, V3 = 0.78…. V9 = 1.08… V14 = 1.57 m/sec
3) Velocity energy or head = V12

2g
= (0.72)2
2 x 9.81
= 0.02642

5
V22 = 0.02866 …. V32 = 0.003100 …. V92 = 0.05944

2g 2g 2g
4) Pressure head , H1 = h + h1
= 0.268 + 0.0300
= 0.298 m
H2 = 0.264 + 0.02825 = 0.2922… H14 = 0.105 + 0.01750 =0.1225 m
where, h = water rise from top channel, (m)

h1 = Distance from top of channel to its centre ( see chart)
5) Now, datum line is same at inlet and outlet

Hence, Z1 = Z2 = Z3= 0
0.268 +0.02642 = 0.2922 + 0.02866
0.29442 = 0.3208 = C
Find out the value of C for each section (at same flow rate). It is same for all section.
NOTE:- Practically, value of C goes on reducing slightly towards outlet, due to

various factors which are not considered e.g. friction, turbulence etc.
Conclusion:-
1. As value of C is fairly constant, total energy of flow is same over the entire length.
2. As velocity of flow increases, pressure head drops.
3. Bernoulli’s equation i.e.
P + V2 + Z = C is thus verified
w 2g
Precautions:-
1. Note down the head readings after the level has been stabilized.
2. After noting the discharge drain the measuring tank.
3. After completion of experiment drain all the water from the equipment.
Table
Tapping h1 Area
Sr. No. m m2
Inlet 7.5 x 10-4
1 0.03000 7.2 x 10-4
2 0.02925 6.90 x 10-4
3 0.02825 6.60 x 10-4
4 0.02700 6.30 x 10-4
5 0.02600 6.00 x 10-4
6 0.02525 5.70 x 10-4

6
7 0.02450 5.40 x 10-4

8 0.02325 5.10 x 10-4
9 0.02220 4.80 x 10-4
10 0.02150 4.50 x 10-4
11 0.02050 4.20 x 10-4
12 0.01950 3.90 x 10-4
13 0.01800 3.60 x 10-4
14 0.01750 3.30 x 10-4
Outlet 3.00 x 10-4

7
EXPERIMENT NO:03
Aim:- To determine coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter.
Apparatus:- Venturimeter are widely used for determination of flow of fluid. While
using the Venturimeter their calibration is important. The equipment enables to
determine the coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter.
Experimental setup:
Experimental setup of Venturimeter
Procedure:-
1. Check all the clamps for tightness.
2. Open the gate valve and start the flow.
3. Open the outlet valve of the venturimeter.

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4. First open air cocks then open the venturimeter cocks, remove all the air bubbles
and close the air cocks slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away
into water.
5. Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for 10 liters water
discharge and also the manometer difference.
6. Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge .
Observation Table:-
Sr. No. Manometer difference h (m) Time for 10 liter water discharge t
(sec.)
1 0.032 19
Calculations:-
Actual discharge, Qa = 0.01
T
Qa = 0.01
19
= 5.26 x 10-4 m3/s
Let H be the water head across manometer in, m.
Therefore, H= Manometer difference (Sp. Gravity of mercury – sp. Gravity of water)

Or, H = Manometer difference x (13.6-1)=12.6 x h
A = cross sectional area at inlet to venturimeter = 3.63 x 10-4 m2
a = cross sectional area at throat to venturimeter = 1.76 x 10-4 m2
Therefore, Theoretical discharge,

Qth = A. a. √2gH
√A2 – a2
Or , Qth = 0.00318 √ h m3/s------ (h in mtr.)
Qth = 0.00318 √ 0.032
= 5.68 x 10-4 m3/s
Coefficient of discharge Cd = Qa
Qth
Cd = 5.26 X 10-4
5.68 X 10-4
= 0.926

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RESULT: The Average value of Co-efficent of discharge of

venturimeter is :________________
Conclusion:-
1. Calibrated values of coefficient of discharge for venturimeter is 0.926
Precautions:-
1. Operate manometer valve gently while removal of air bubble so that mercury in
manometer does not run away with water.
2. Do not close the outlet valve completely.
3. Drain all the water after completion of experiment.

10
EXPERIMENT NO:04
Aim:- To determine coefficient of discharge of Orificemeter.
Apparatus:- Orificemeter are widely used for determination of flow of fluid. While
using the Orificemeter their calibration is important. The equipment enables to
determine the coefficient of discharge of Orificemeter.
Procedure:-
1. Check all the clamps for tightness.
2. Open the gate valve and start the flow.
3. Open the outlet valve of the close the valve of orificemeter.
4. First open air cocks & removes all the air bubbles and close the air cocks slowly
and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away into water.
5. Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for 10 liters water
discharge and also the manometer difference.
6. Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge for orificemeter.
Experimental setup:
Experimental setup of Orificemeter

11
Observation Table:-
Sr. No. Manometer difference h (m) Time for 10 liter water discharge t
(sec.)
1 0.088 18.72
Calculations:-
Actual discharge, Qa = 0.01
T
Qa = 0.01
18.72
= 5.34 X 10-4 m3/s
Let H be the water head across manometer in, m.
Therefore, H= Manometer difference (Sp. Gravity of mercury – sp. Gravity of water)
Or, H = Manometer difference x (13.6-1)
A = cross sectional area at inlet to orificemeter = 3.14 x 10-4 m2
a = cross sectional area to orificemeter = 1.54 x 10-4 m2
Therefore, Theoretical discharge,
Qth = A. a. √2gH
√A2 – a2
Or , Qth = 0.00277 √ h m3/s------ (h in mtr.)

Qth = 0.00277 √ 0.088
= 8.24 x 10-4 m3/s
Coefficient of discharge Cd = Qa
Qth
Cd = 5.34 x10-4
8.24 x 10-4
= 0.64
RESULT: The Average value of Co-efficent of discharge of orificemeter
is :________________
Conclusion:-
1. Calibrated values of coefficient of discharge for orificemeter is 0.64

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Precautions:-
1. Operate manometer valve gently while removal of air bubble so that mercury in
manometer does not run away with water.
2. Do not close the outlet valve completely.
3. Drain all the water after completion of experiment.

13
EXPERIMENT NO:05
Aim:- To determine losses in pipe friction
Apparatus:- The apparatus consist of four pipes with inner diameters 23 mm G.I.
pipe, 16.5 mm G.I. pipe, 14 mm copper and 13 mm aluminium pipe, so that loss of
head can be compared for different diameters and different materials. A flow control
valve is provided at outlet of pipes. This enables experiment to be conducted at
different flow rates i.e at different velocity.
Tappings are provided along the length of pipes, so that drop of head can be
visualized along the length of pipe. Each pipe is provided with valve at outlet which
enables heads to control.
Experimental setup:
Experimental set up of Friction losses in pipe.
Procedure:-
1. Fill up water in the sump tank (This water should be free of any oil content).
2. Open all the outlet valves and start the pump.

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3. Check for leakages by closing three of outlet valves, for each pipe and correct the
leaks, if any.
4. Open the outlet valves of the pipe to be tested.
5. Remove all the bubbles from manometer and connecting pipes.
6. Reduce the flow. Adjust outlet valves, so that water heads in manometer are to the
readable height.
7. Note down the heads and flow rate.
8. Now, increase the flow and accordingly adjust the outlet valve, so that water will
not overflow. Note down heads and flow.
9. Repeat the procedure for other pipes.
(Note:- During measuring the heads, slight variation may occur due to voltage
changes, valves etc. in such cases average readings may be taken)
Observation Table:-
Sr. No. Pipe Type Head Drop h Flow rate t sec
(m) (Time for 10 lit. in
sec.)
1 21 mm G.I. pipe 8.0 21.19
2 16.5 mm G.I. pipe 43.5 24.72
3 14 mm Copper pipe 56.0 25.53
4 13 mm aluminium pipe 39.0 27.81
Calculations:-
Ф 21 mm G.I. Pipe
Area of pipe, A = ∏ x D2 m2
4
= ∏ x (0.021)2 m2
4
= 0.000346 m2
Discharge, Q = 0.01 m3/sec

t
= 0.01
21.19
= 4.72 x 10-4 m3/s
Velocity of water, V= Q m/sec

A
= 4.72 x 10-4

15
3.46 x 10-4
= 1.36 m/s
Let f be the coefficient of friction. Test length of pipe is 1 meter.

For 1 meter length, drop of head hf
Therefore, hf = manometer difference
According to Darcy’s Weish batch equation,
hf = f.L.V2
2.g.d
Where, f = coefficient of friction.
L= Length of pipe = 1m
V= velocity of water m/sec.
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
d = Inside diameter of pipe m
Then,
f= 2. hf.g.d
L.V2
= 2 x 0.08 x 9.81 x 0.021
1 x 1.362
= 0.0178
The value of coefficient of friction is not constant and depends upon roughness of
pipe inside surface and Reynold’s number. Any oil content in water also affects value
(Repeat the same procedure for other pipes)
Result :Friction losses in pipes is found as under:
Sr. No. Pipe Type Friction loss

1 21 mm G.I. pipe
2 16.5 mm G.I. pipe
3 14 mm Copper pipe
4 13 mm aluminium pipe
Conclusion:-
1. Loss of head due to friction is proportional to length of pipe and square of velocity.
2. Loss of head is inversely proportional to inside diameter of pipe.
3. Average value of f for:
a) 21 mm G.I. pipe = 0.0178

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EXPERIMENT NO: 06
Aim:- To determine losses in pipe fitting.
Apparatus:- The apparatus is designed to demonstrate the loss of head due to
following fittings.
1. Pipe bend 2. Pipe elbow 3. Sudden expansion 4. Sudden contraction . The set up
consist of 15 mm basic piping, in which the above fittings are installed. A pressure
tapping is provided at inlet and outlet of each fitting, which is connected to a common
differential manometer. A gate valve at outlet and a bypass valve at pump discharge
control the flow of water.
Experimental setup:
Procedure:-
1. Fill up sufficient clean water in the sump tank.
2. Fill up mercury in the manometer.

17
3. Connect the electric supply. See that the flow control valve and bypass valve are
fully open and all the manometer cocks are closed. Keep the water collecting funnel
in the sump tank side.
4. Start the pump and adjust the flow rate. Now, slowly open the manometer tapping
connection of small bend. Open both the cocks simultaneously.
5. Open air vent cocks. Remove air bubbles and slowly & simultaneously close the
cocks. Note down the manometer reading and flow rate.
6. Close the cocks and similarly, note down the readings for other fittings.
Repeat the procedure for different flow rates.
Observation Table:-
Type Manometer Flow rate (Time for

difference 10 litrs. Of water) t
m of Hg sec.
Elbow 3.3 18.82
Bend 4.1 18.82
Sudden Expansion 0.4 18.82
Sudden 3.5 18.82
Contraction
Calculations:-
Elbow:
In elbow, there is no change in the magnitude of velocity of water, but there is
change in the direction of water, hence head loss exists.
Elbow, mean area, A = (∏/4) d2
= 2.83 x 10-4 m2
Diameter of the elbow, d = 19mm = 0.019m.
Mean velocity of flow, V= Q/A m/sec.

= 5.31 x 10-4 /2.83 x 10-4
= 1.88 m/s
3
Where, Q = 0.01/t m /sec.
= 0.01/18.82
= 5.31 x 10-4 m3/sec
Therefore, loss of head at elbow

h1 = K (V2/2g) m of water
0.41= K (1.882/2x 9.81)
K= 2.28

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Actual head loss, h1 = manometer diff. x 12.6

= 0.033 x 12.6
= 0.41
Bend:
Similar to elbow, loss of head at bend is due to change in the direction of water.
But unlike the elbow, change of direction is not abrupt, hence loss of head is less
as compared to elbow.
Bend, mean area, A = (∏/4) d2
= 1.54 x 10-4 m2
Diameter of the bend, d = 14mm = 0.014m.
Mean velocity of flow, V= Q/A m/sec.

= 5.31 x 10-4 /1.54 x 10-4
= 3.45 m/s
Where, Q = 0.01/t m3/sec.
= 0.01/18.82
= 5.31 x 10-4 m3/sec.
Therefore, loss of head at bend

h1 = K (V2/2g) m of water
0.41 x 12.6 = K (3.45)2/2 x 9.81
K= 0.86
Actual head loss, h1 = manometer diff. x 12.6
Experimentally obtained value of K is greater than this as it includes the loss of head
for the two collars also.
Sudden Contraction:-
At sudden contraction, velocity of water increases which causes pressure head to
drop (according to Bernoulli’s theorem), in addition to this there is loss of head
due to sudden contraction.
Hence,
Manometer reading = (Head drop due to increment of velocity) + (head loss due
to sudden contraction)
Assuming no loss to be there due to contraction and applying Bernoulli’s
theorem at inlet and outlet of the section,
Pi + Vi2 = Po + Vo2
w 2g w 2g
Pi + Vi2 = Po + Vo2
w w 2g 2g
Inlet size = Ф 27.5 mm = 0.0275 m, Ai = 5.94 x 10-4 m2

Out let size = Ф 16 mm = 0.016 m, Ao = 2.01 x 10-4 m2
Where, Q = discharge = 0.01/time required for 10 lit.
Q = 0.01/18.82

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= 5.31 x 10-4 m3/s

Vi = Q/ Ai m/s.
= 5.31 x 10-4 / 5.94 x 10-4
= 0.89 m/s
Vo = Q/Ao m/s
= 5.31 x 10-4 / 2.01 x 10-4
= 2.64 m/s
Drop of head due to velocity increment,
hv = Vo2 /2g – Vi2/2g
= (2.64)2/2x9.81 – (0.89)2 x 9.81
= 0.31
Actual drop, h = (manometer reading x 12.6)
= (0.035x 12.6)
= 0.44
Loss of head due to sudden contraction
hc = h – hv
= 0.44 – 0.31
= 0.13
Theoretically, hc = K (Vo2/2g)
0.13= K (2.64)2/2x 9.81
K = 0.37
Actually, value of K depends upon inside diameter, curvature radius, turbulence,

surface roughness and many other factors. Hence, it is better to determine the
value of K experimentally.
Sudden Expansion:-
At sudden expansion of flow, pressure increases due to reduction in velocity, but
there is pressure drop due to sudden expansion also. Hence, at sudden expansion
one gets rise of pressure lesser than that predicted theoretically.
Assuming no loss of head and applying Bernoulli’s equation at inlet and outlet ,
similar to equation used for sudden contraction,
Rise of pressure,
hv = Vi2/2g – Vo2/2g
Inlet size = φ 16 mm = 0.016 m

Ai = 2.01 x 10-4 m2
Outlet size = φ 27.5 mm = 0.0275 m

Ao = 5.94 x 10-4 m2
Q = 0.01/t
= 0.01/18.82
= 5.31 x 10-4m3/s
Vi = Q/ Ai m/s.
= 5.31 x 10-4/2.01 x 10-4

20
= 2.64 m/s
Vo = Q/Ao m/s
= 5.31 x 10-4/5.94 x 10-4
= 0.89 m/s
Drop of head due to velocity increment,

hv = Vo2 /2g – Vi2/2g
= (2.64)2/2x9.81 = (0.89)2/2 x 9.81
= 0.31
Actual drop, h = (manometer reading x 12.6)
Loss of head due to sudden contraction
he = hv – h
= 0.31 – (0.004 x 12.6)
= 0.26
Theoretically, he = K (Vi – Vo)2/2g
0.26 = K ( 2.64 – 0.89)2/2 x 9.81
K = 1.625
Conclusion:-
1. For any type of fitting, there is a loss of head, but its magnitude depends upon the
type of fitting.
2. Loss of head occurs due to change in magnitude or direction of the fluid velocity.
Precautions:-
1. Open both the manometer cocks slowly and simultaneously, otherwise the mercury
will run away from the manometer.
2. Operate the valves gently. Do not force rotate them.
3. Always use clean water for the experiment.

21
EXPERIMENT NO:07
Aim: To determine the performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine test rig.
Apparatus:- The pelton wheel turbine consist of runner mounted over the main shaft.
Runner consist of buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a shape of double
ellipsoidal cups. The runner is encased in a casing provided with a Perspex window
for visualization. A nozzle fitted in the side of casing directs the water jet over the
splitter or centre ridge of the buckets. A spear operates inside the nozzle to control the
water flow. On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake is mounted for loading the
turbine.
Introduction:- Hydro power is one of major cheap source of power available on
earth, and hence it is widely used for generation of electric power world wide. Water
stored in the dam contains potential energy. The water flows through the turbine, so
that power is generated by impact of water or reaction of water flow. The turbine
drives a generator which delivers electrical power. Thus, turbines are of great
importance.
Turbines are basically of two types viz. impulse turbine and reaction turbines. In
impulse turbines, water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high
velocity water jets strikes the bucket of the turbine runner and cause it to rotate by
impact. In reaction turbine, total head of water is partly converted into velocity head
as it approaches turbine runner and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually
changes changes as it flows through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine used
now-a-days is pelton wheel turbine. In reaction turbines Francis turbine and Kaplan
turbine are the examples.
(Write working of pelton turbine with neat sketch,its advantages,disadvantages,its
difference with another turbine,its application and installation in india.)
Experimental setup:

22
Procedure:-
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.
2. Keep the venturimeter valve closed.
3. Close nozzle by operating the spear. Press green button of starter, so that pump
starts running.
4. Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen
from fan end. If it is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line. If direction of
pump is correct, pressure gauge will read the pressure about 4-4.5 Kg/cm2. If it is
reverse, pressure gauge will read 1-2 Kg/cm2.
5. First open air valves then open the venturimeter valves, remove all the air bubbles
and close the air valves slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away
into water. Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating. Adjust the spear so that
turbine is rotating at 1000 rpm.
6. Put the load using loading stud. Open the nozzle, so that turbine is again rotating at
1000 rpm.
7. Note down the readings in observation table.
8. Repeat the procedure for different speeds, say 800 rpm, 600 rpm, 500 rpm.
9. Release all the load. Keep at ¼ opening. Load the rope brake with 0.5 kgs. Load.
Note down the speed.
10. Go on adding the load, without disturbing spear position. Note down head, speed,
discharge and load each time.

23
11. Repeat the procedure for ½, ¾, and full spear opening. This is constant head test.
Observation Table:-
1. Constant speed test – Turbine speed , N= 700 RPM
Sr. No. Spring balance Manometer Pressure gauge

difference (Kg) difference (m) reading
(Kg/cm2)
1 2.8 0.004 4.6
Calculations:-
1. Head over the turbine:
Since 10 m of water head corresponds to 1 kg/cm2
Therefore, H = (pressure gauge reading kg/cm2) x 10 m.
H= 4.6 x 10
= 46 m
2. Water flow rate:
Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x (2ghw)0.5 m3/sec
(a12 – a22)0.5
= 0.0212 (h in meter)0.5
= 0.0212 (0.004)0.5
= 1.34 x 10-3 m3/s
Where, a1 = inlet area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.05 m = 1.963 x 10-3 m2
a2= throat area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.038 m = 1.13 x 10-3 m2
Cd = Coefficient of discharge = 0.98
hw = water head across venturimeter
= manometer difference (h) x 12.6 m of water.
3. Power supplied to turbine:

Pin = WQH x 9.81/1000 watts
= (1000 x 1.34x10-3 x 46x9.81)/1000
= 0.605 kW
Where, W = specific weight of water = 1000 kg/m3
4. Brake power:
T = (Spring balance difference ) x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= (2.8 ) x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= 3.79 N-m

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Brake power = 2∏NT watts

60000
= 2x3.14x700x3.79 watts
60000
= 0.277 kW
6. Overall efficiency of turbine:

η = BP/ Pin x 100 %
= 0.277/ 0.605 x 100
= 45.78 %
Graphs:-
1. Constant speed test: plot the graph of load (B.P) vs. efficiency and discharge vs.
B.P and efficiency.
Find out value of the Q0. This is the minimum discharge required to rotate the turbine
from rest.
2. Constant head test: plot the graph of speed N vs. B.P. and N vs. overall efficiency
for various spear openings.
Precautions:-
1. While putting ON the pump see that the nozzle is closed by the spear and load on
the brake drum is released.
2. Use clean water in the tank.
3. Operate all the controls and switches gently
4. Lubricate the bearings before experiment.

25
EXPERIMENT NO:08
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Francis turbine test rig.
Apparatus:- The unit consist of a spiral casing, outer bearing pedestal and rotor
assembly with runner, shaft and brake drum , all mounted on a suitable sturdy cast
iron base plate. A straight conical draft tube is provided for the purpose of regaining
the kinetic energy from the exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the
turbine due to its location at a higher level than the tail race. A rope brake
arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output of the turbine can be
controlled by adjusting the guide vanes for which a hand wheel and suitable link
mechanism is provided. The net supply heads on the turbine is measured by a pressure
gauge and for the measurement of speed, use hand tachometer.
The turbine is placed on sturdy sump tank at suitable height. The supply pumpset
mounted on sump, draws water from the same and supplies it to the turbine. The 100
mm venturimeter and manometer arrangement are mounted to measure the flow rate.
A gate valve is provided just above the inlet of the turbine to regulate the discharge
and supply head on the turbine in relation to the guide vane settings. A set of guide
vanes are provided around the periphery of the runner to control the load, whole of the
guide vane mechanism being operated through a hand wheel by suitable link
mechanism.
The flow measuring unit, venturimeter and manometer is so arranged and mounted
that the readings can be conveniently taken. The discharge from the turbine is directly
led into the sump tank.
Introduction:- Hydro power is one of the major source of power in the world now-a-
days. To convert potential energy of water into mechanical power, turbines are used.
Depending upon the head and quantity of water available, various turbines are
installed. When water is available at high heads, normally impulse turbines i.e Pelton
wheel turbines are used. For low head and greater quantity of water, reaction turbines
are used. Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines widely used. In reaction
turbines, pressure of the water changes gradually as it flows through the runner.

26
Theory:- In Francis turbine, water from the penstock enters the scroll casing, which
completely surrounds the runner. From scroll casing, water passes through a series of
guide vanes, which are provided around the periphery of the runner. The guide vanes
direct the water to runner at an appropriate angle and also regulate the flow of water
through runner. The guide vanes are of streamlined shape.
From the guide vanes, water enters the runner radially. After flowing through the
runner passages and having imparted all the energy to the runner, water leaves the
runner axially. Normally, negative head is established at the exit of the runner, hence
a draft tube of divergent section is fitted at exit of the runner. The lower end of the
draft tube is always submerged in the water. Due to divergent section of the draft
tube, it converts a large portion of velocity energy into pressure energy thus makes it
possible to install the turbine above the tail race without loss of head.
Experimental setup:

27
Procedure:-
2. Pump to be primed while starting the turbine.
3. Keep the venturimeter cocks closed.
4. Insure that there should not any load on the turbine. Close gate valve (top of the
turbine) & guide vane pointer should be in zero position. Press Green button of
starter, hold it for 1-2 seconds and release so that pump starts running.
5. Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen
from fan end. It is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line.
6. Slowly open the venturimeter cocks and remove the air bubbles. Then slowly open
the gate valve.
7. Adjust the guide vanes so that turbne will start rotating.
8. Open the cock for the cooling water to the loading drum.
9. Take the readings at different load.
11. Repeat the procedure for different speed also, say 1300 rpm, 1400 rpm, 1500 rpm,
1600 rpm.
12. This is a constant speed test.
13. Repeat the procedure for constant guide vane position.
Observation Table:-
1. Constant speed - 1500 RPM
(By changing guide vanes position at full opening of gate valve)
Sr. Spring Manometer Pressure Vacuum Guide
No. balance difference (hw) gauge gauge vane
difference mm of water (kg/cm2) mm of Hg position
L ,kg
01 18.7 177 1.65 0 7.5
Calculations:-
Therefore, H = pressure gauge reading kg/cm2 x 10 m.

28
= 1.65 x 10
= 16.5 m
2. Water flow rate:

Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x √2ghw m3/sec
√ (a12 – a22)
= 0.98 x 7.854 x 10-3 x 4.4178 x 10-3 x (2 x 9.81 x 12.6)0.5 x hw
[(7.854 x 10-3)2 –(4.4178 x 10-3)2]0.5
= 0.0824 (0.177 )0.5 m3 /sec
= 0.0344 m3/s
Where, a1 = inlet area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.1 m = 7.854 x 10-3 m2
a2= throat area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.075 m = 4.4178 x 10-3 m2
hw = manometer difference (h ) mtr.

Pin = WQH x 9.81/1000 Kwatts
= (1000 x 0.0344 x16.5x 9.81)/1000
= 5.56 Kwatts
4. Brake power:
T = (Spring balance difference) x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= 18.7 x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= 25.32 N-m
Brake power = 2∏NT Kwatts

60,000
= 2 x3.14x1500x25.32
60,000
= 3.98 Kwatts

η = BP/ Pin x 100 %
= 3.98/5.56 x 100
= 71.58%
Graphs:-
1. Constant speed test: plot the graph of load (B.P) vs. efficiency.
Precautions:-
1. Before switching off the supply of pump set, first remove all the load.
2. Close the cooling inlet water gate valve.

29
3. Slowly close the guide vanes to its full closed position. Then close the gate valve
just above the turbine.
4. Switch off the supply of pump set. Never switch off the supply of pump set when
the turbine is working under load.

30
EXPERIMENT NO:09
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine test rig.
Theory:- The unit consists of a spiral casing and rotor assembly with runner, shaft
and brake drum, all mounted on a suitable capacity tank. A conical draft tube is
provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy from exit water.
A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output of the turbine
can be controlled by adjusting the guide vanes or blade position for which a
handwheel and suitable link mechanism is provided. The net supply head on the
turbine is measured by a pressure gauge. Pumps are provided for independent
circulation through the unit for experimentation.
Procedure:-
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank .
2. Keep the manometer cocks closed.
3. Insure that there is no load on the turbine. Close gate valve near the pump, guide
vane pointer should be in zero position & also the blade position should be zero (top
of the brake drum) & start the pump.
4. Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise as seen
from fan end, If it is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line.
5. Open the valve (near pump set). Slowly open the manometer cocks and remove the
air bubbles by using air removing valves. Close the cock.
6. Adjust the guide vane so that turbine will start rotating.
7. Adjust the blade position say 3 or any.
8. Open the cock for the cooling water to the loading drum.
9. Take the reading at different load, the turbine speed 1500 rpm.
10. For constant speed change guide vanes or blade position.
12. Repeat the procedure for different speeds also says 1700 rpm., 1600 rpm or any.

31
Observation Table:-
1. Constant speed – 1500 RPM & Guide vane position 3

(By changing blade position at constant guide vanes position and full opening of
gate valve)
Sr. Spring Manometer Pressure Vacuum Blade
No. balance difference (hw) gauge gauge position
difference mtr. of water 2
(kg/cm ) mm of Hg
L ,kg
01 16.9 6 1.1 -- 02 mm
Calculations:-
Therefore, H = pressure gauge reading kg/cm2 x 10 m.
= 1.1 x 10
= 11m
2. Water flow rate:

Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x (2ghw)0.5 m3/sec
(a12 – a22)
= 0.98 x 0.0314 x 0.0137 x (2 x 9.81 x 12.6)0.5 x (hw)0.5
[(0.0314)2 –(0.0137)2]0.5
= 0.2299 (hw )0.5 m3 /sec
= 0.2299 (6 )0.5
= 0.0563 m3 /sec
Where, a1 = inlet area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.2 m = 0.0314 m2
a2= throat area of venturimeter at dia. = 0.131 m = 0.0134 m2
hw = manometer difference (h ) mtr.

Pin = WQH x 9.81/1000 Kwatts
= 1000 x 0.0563 x 11 x 9.81/1000
= 6.075 Kwatts
4. Brake power:
T = (Spring balance difference ) x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= 16.9 x 9.81 x (0.135 + 0.003)
= 22.87 N-m

32
Brake power = 2∏NT Kwatts

60,000
2 x3.14 x1500 x22.87
60,000
= 3.60 Kwatts

η = BP/ Pin x 100 %
= 3.60/ 6.075 x 100
= 59.26 %
Graphs:-
1. Plot the graph of load (B.P) vs. efficiency.
Precautions:-
1. Before switching off the supply of pump set, first remove all the load.
2. Close the cooling inlet water gate valve.
3. Slowly close the guide vanes to its full closed position & blade position at zero.
Then close the gate valve just above the pump.
4. Switch off the supply of pump set. Never switch off the supply of pump set when
the turbine is working under load.
5. After completion of experiment drain all the water.

33
EXPERIMENT NO:10
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Centrifugal pump test rig.
Apparatus:- The apparatus consist of a centrifugal pump driven by a DC motor.

Input to meter is measured on energymeter. A measuring tank is provided to measure
the discharge. Suction vacuum and discharge pressure is measured by gauges. A gate
valve on discharge varies the head. Thus, performance of pump can be estimated at
various speed and heads.
Theory:- Centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic machine which develops dynamic

pressure of liquid by virtue of rotation for pumping of liquid to a higher height. In
centrifugal pump, liquid in the impeller of the pump is made to rotate by external
force, so that it is thrown away from the centre of rotation. As constant supply of
liquid is made available at the centre, liquid can be pumped to higher level.
Experimental setup:

34
Procedure:-
2. Open the priming nipple plug (At the top of pump) and fill water upto the nipple.
Replace the plug.
3. Shut off the discharge valve.
4. Start the pump. As discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed, but
discharge pressure will be indicated. This is called ‘Shut off head’ of the pump.
5. Slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.
6. Note down discharge head, suction vacuum and time required for 10 ltrs. of water
level rise in measuring tank and 10 revolution of energymeter disc.
7. Note down the observations at different valve openings.
8. Repeat the procedure for different speeds.
Observation :-
Sr.No. Pump speed Discharge Suction Time for 10 Time for 10
(RPM) N pressure vacuum (mm lit. water level rev. of
(Kg/cm2) of Hg) rise (sec) energymeter
Pd Ps tw (sec)
Te
01 2400 0.47 160 6.37 22.12
Calculations:-
1. Discharge pressure Pd = 0.47 Kg/cm2
For water, 10 m height corresponds to 1 kg/cm2
Therefore, discharge head, hd = Pd x 10 m of water.
= 0.47 x 10
= 4.7 m of water
2. Suction head
Suction vacuum, Ps = 160 mm of Hg
Therefore, suction head, hs = Ps /1000 x 13.6/1
= 160 /1000 x 13.6/1
= 2.18 m of water
Where, sp. Gravity of Hg = 13.6
Sp. Gravity of water = 1
3. Total head, ht = hd + hs + hf
= 4.7 + 2.18 + 2
= 8.88 m of water
Where, hf = 2 mtrs. Is the head loss due to friction.

35
4. Discharge
Let time for 10 litrs. Level rise be tw sec.
Then, Discharge Q = 0.01/tw m3/sec.
= 0.01/6.37
= 1.57 x 10-3 m3/sec
5. Otput power (or water power)

W.P. = W.Q. ht kw
1000
= 9810x1.57x10-3x8.88
1000
= 0.137 kW
Where, W = specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3
Q = Discharge m3/sec.
ht = Total head , mtrs.
6. Electrical input
Let time required for 10 rev. of energymeter disc be tc sec.
Electrical input power, I.P = 10/tc x 3600/450
= 10/22.12 x 3600/900
= 0.362 kW
Where, energy meter constant = 900 rev/kw/hr.
Taking motor efficiency as 75 %, we have input shaft power
S.P = Elect.I.P x 0.75
= 0.362 x 0.75
= 0.272 kW
7. Overall efficiency of the pump

ηo = W.P/ S.P x 100 %
= 0.137/ 0.272 x 100
= 50.37%
8. Graphs
1. Main characteristics – plot the graphs of discharge vs total head, input power and
overall efficiency at different speeds.
2. Operating characteristics- plot the graph of discharge vs total head, overall
efficiency, Input power and water power, at rated speed.
Precaution:-
1. Priming is must before starting the pump. Pump should never be run empty.

36
2. Use clean water in the sump tank.

3. After completion of experiment drain all the water.

37
EXPERIMENT NO:11
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Reciprocating pump test rig.
Apparatus:- The apparatus consists of a single cylinder, double acting reciprocating

pump mounted over the sump tank. The pump is driven by a variable speed D.C.
motor. An energy meter dimmer measures electrical input to motor. Measuring tank is
provided to measure discharge of the pump. The pressure & vacuum gauges provided
to measure the delivery pressure and suction vacuum respectively.
Theory:- Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It is often used where

relatively small quantity of water is to be handled and delivery pressure is quite large.
Reciprocating pump are widely used as automobile stations, chemical industries or as
metering and dosing pumps.
Procedure:-
1. Fill up sufficient water in sump tank.
2. Fill up the air vessel for about 2/3rd capacity (It is already filled)
3. Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully.
4. Keep the speed control (Dimmer) knob at minimum position and switch on the
supply.
5. Check nut bolts & the driving belt for proper tightening.
6. Divert funnel into the measuring tank and slowly increase the pump speed, slightly
close the discharge valve. Note down the various readings in the observation table.
Repeat the procedure for different gate valve openings. Take care that discharge
pressure does not rise above 4 Kg/cm2.
7. Change the speed and take readings for different gate valve openings. Repeat the
procedure for different speed and complete the observation table.
Observation Table:-
Sr.No. Pump speed Discharge Suction Time for 10 Time for 10
(RPM) Np pressure vacuum lit. water rev. of
(Kg/cm2) (mm of Hg) level rise energymeter
t sec (sec)
tw te sec.
01 335 2.05 130 18.09 82

38
Calculations:-
1. Volume per stroke = ∏/4 D2 x l x2 - (piston rod volume)
= ∏/4 x (3.81)2 x (4.53) x 2 –(∏/4 x 0.12 x 4.53)
= 103.26 cc/stroke
= 0.103 x 10-3 m3/stroke
2. Theoretical discharge,
Qt = 0.103 x 10-3 x Np m3 /sec
60
Qt = 0.103 x 10-3 x 335
60
= 5.75 x 10-4 m3 /sec
3. Actual discharge,
Qa = 0.01/tw m3/sec
= 0.01/18.09
= 5.53 x 10-4 m3 /sec
4. Suction head,
Hs = suction vacuum of Hg x (ρHg – ρw)
Where, ρHg = Sp. Gravity of mercury = 13.6

ρw = Sp. Gravity of water = 1
Therefore, Hs = 13.6 x suction vacuum in m.
= 13.6 x 0.130
= 1.638 m of water
5. Delivery head,
Hd = Discharge pressure, Kg/cm2 x 10
(as 10 m of water = 1 Kg/cm2)
= 2.05 x 10
= 20.5 m of water
6. Total head,
HT = Hs + Hd + Hf meter
= 1.638 + 20.5 + 3
= 25.138 m of water
Where, Hf = 3 meter is the head loss due to friction.
7. Output power of pump,

Pw = W. Qa .HT Kw
1000
= 9810 x 5.53x10-4 x 25.138
1000
= 0.136 kW

39
Where, W = specific weight of water = 9810 N/m2

Qa = Discharge m3/sec
HT = Total head m
8. Input power to pump ,

Let time required for 10 rev. of energymeter be te sec.
Then,
I.P. = 10/te x 3600/900 Kw
= 10/82 x 3600/900
= 0.488 kW
Where, energy meter constant is 450 rev./Kwh.
Taking motor efficiency 80, we have input shaft power.
S.P. = I.P. x 0.80
= 0.488 x 0.80
= 0.39 kW
9. Overall efficiency of pump,

ηo = Pw/S.P. x 100 %
= 0.136/0.39 x 100
= 34.87%
10. Coefficient of discharge of pump,

Cd =Actual discharge = Qa
Theoretical discharge Qt
= 5.53 x 10-4
5.75 x 10-4
= 0.96
11. Slip,
Slip = Qt – Qa x 100%
Qt
= 5.75 x 10-4 – 5.53x10-4 x 100
5.75 x 10-4
= 3.8%
12. Graphs,
Plot the graph of head vs discharge, input power and efficiency of the pump ( at
constant speed).
Plot the graph of speed vs discharge for constant head.

40
Precautions:-
1. Operate all the controls gently.
2. Never allow to rise the discharge pressure above 4 Kg/cm2.
3. Always use clean water for experiment.
4. Before starting the pump ensure that discharge valve is opened fully and speed
control knob is at zero position.

41
EXPERIMENT NO:12
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Axial Flow Pump test rig.
Apparatus:-
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. Water level should be at least 50 mm.
above the lower baffle in the sump tank.
2. See that the butterfly valve is fully open (00 position of the butterfly valve is fully
open position)
3. Start the pump with starter. Now water is flowing through the piping.
4. Note down the heads developed and other observations as indicated in observation
table.
5. Slightly close the butterfly valve so that more head is developed. Note down the
observations.
Repeat the procedure at different heads.
Theory:- A pump is a device used to increase the pressure energy of liquids. In other
words pump is a device used to lift the required quantity of liquid to required height.
Pump imparts energy to the liquid which in turn is supplied by a prime mover. The
pumps are mainly classified as positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps.
Piston pumps and other rotary pumps like gear pump, vane pump etc. fall under
category of positive displacement pump, while centrifugal pump, axial flow pump are
called rotodynamic pump.
Rotodynamic pumps are being used widely because of continuous flow, compactness,
low maintenance and capacity to handle large volumes at low heads. In this pumps
centrifugal pumps are used for relatively high heads while axial flow pumps are used
for handling large volumes of liquids at low heads maximum heads heads being
limited to about 12 meters.
The axial flow pumps have limited suction lift, hence the impeller is located to the
water source as far as possible. Also these pumps are capable of handling muddy
water. These are widely employed for jobs like land drainage storm water disposal
irrigation etc.

42
Observation Table:
Sr. Discharge pressure Manometer Time for 5 rev. of

No. kg/cm2 difference mm of Hg energymeter ‘t’
‘h’
01 0.16 178 68.78
Calculations:-
1. Discharge
Q = 0.048√h
= 0.048√0.178
= 0.01755 m3/s
2. Delivery head,
Hd = discharge pressure x 10 + Zd + hvd
= 0.16 x 10 x 0.522 x 2.026
= 4.148 m
Where, Zd = Elevation of discharge pressure gauge over the impeller centre line.
= 0.522 m.
hvd = velocity head in discharge pipeline.
hvd = Q/A
= 0.01755/0.00865
= 2.026 m
A = area of discharge pipeline = 0.00865 m2
3. Water power,
Pw = w Q Hd watts
= 9810 x 0.01755 x 4.148
= 714.14 watts
Where w = specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3
4. Input power,
Pin = 5/T x 3600/EMC x 1000 watts
Where, t = time for 5 revolution of energymeter , sec.
EMC = Energymeter constant = 240 rev/kWh
Pin = 75000/t watts.
= 75000/68.78
= 1090 watts
Assuming motor efficiency of 80 %
Shaft power Ps = 0.80 x Pin watts
= 0.80 x 1090
= 872.34 watts

43
5. Efficiency,
η = Pw/Ps x 100 %
= 714.14/872.34 x100
= 81.86 %
Graph:-
Plot the graphs of H, Ps & efficiency Vs.Q
Conclusion:-
1. The axial flow pump has a steeper slope of H Vs. Q graph. This states use of pump
is for limited head range.
2. Shaft power of pump increases with head, unlike the centrifugal pump. Hence,
there is possibility of motor becoming overloaded at excessive head.
Precautions:-
1. Before starting the pump, see that butterfly valve is fully opened.
2. Water level in sump tank must be at least 50 mm above the lower baffle.
3. Use clean water in the sump tank.
4. A drip of about 30-60 drops per minute from pump shaft guide are essential for
lubrication & cooling of guide during running.

44
EXPT NO:13.
Aim:- To determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice and

mouthpiece.
Theory:- An orifice is an opening made in the side or bottom of tank,

having a closed perimeter, through which the fluid may be discharged.
A mouthpiece is short tube fitted to s same size circular opening
provided in a tank so that fluid may be discharged through it. Orifice
and mouthpiece are used to measure the rate of flow of liquid. The
apparatus is designed to measure the coefficient of discharge of orifice
and mouthpiece.
Apparatus:- The apparatus consist of a supply tank, at the side of

which a universal fixture for mounting orifice or mouthpiece is
attached. A centrifugal pump supplies the water to supply tank. Head
over the orifice/mouthpiece is controlled by a bypass valve provided at
pump discharge. A measuring tank is provided to measure the
discharge. A gauge for measuring X and Y coordinates of jet from the
orifice is provided, which is used to calculate Cv of orifice.
Experimental setup:
Procedure:-
I) Orifice:
1. Fill up sufficient water in sump tank & supply tank, upto the level
of orifice fixture.
2. Fit the required orifice to the tank.
3. Start the pump. Adjust the supply valve. Wait for some time for
water level in supply tank to become steady.
4. When water level become steady, note down time required for 10 lit.
level rise in measuring tank.
5. Measure X and Y coordinates of two points in jet , one of which
should be closed to orifice and the other away from the orifice.
6. Repeat the procedure for different heads and for the other orifice.
II) Mouthpiece:
1. Fit the required mouthpiece and start the pump.
2. When water level in supply tank becomes steady, note down the
time required for 10 lit. level rise in measuring tank.
3. Repeat the procedure for different heads and different mouthpiece
& complete the observation table.

45
Observation Table:-
1. Orifice diameter:-__________
Sr. Head Time for 10 litres X1 Y1 X2 Y2

No. m level rise in cm cm cm Cm
measuring tank, t
(sec)
2.Mouthpiece:-
Sr. Mouthpiece Head Time for 10 litres

No. used m level rise in
measuring tank, t
(sec)
Calculations:-
1. Orifice:
1. Diameter of orifice, d = m
Therefore, area of orifice, A = (∏/4) d2 = m2
Head over orifice, h = m
Therefore, theoretical discharge, Qth = A (2gh)0.5 m3/sec.
Qact = 0.01/t m3/sec
3. Coefficient of discharge,
Cd = Qact/Qth
4. Coefficient of velocity,
Let X = X2-X1 & Y = Y2-Y1
Then, Cv = √ X2 / 4.h.Y
Where, h = head over the orifice, m
2. Mouthpiece:

46
1. Diameter of orifice, d = m
Therefore, area of orifice, A = (∏/4) d2 = m2
Head over orifice, h = m
Therefore, theoretical discharge, Qth = A (2gh)0.5 m3/sec.
Qact = 0.01/t m3/sec
3. Coefficient of discharge,
Cd = Qact/Qth

47
EXPT NO:14
Aim:- To determine the performance characteristics of Centrifugal
blower test rig.
Theory:- Centrifugal blowers are used to force the air where moderate
pressure (of the order of 50 to 500 mm) with large quantity of air is
required. When pressures required are higher, then multistage
blowers, centrifugal compressors, rotary compressors, reciprocating
compressors etc. are used, depending upon the requirements.
Apparatus:- The unit consist of a spiral casing inside which rotates an

impeller. Impeller driven by a variable speed d.c. motor. Air is
discharged through delivery pipe fitted with a venturimeter and a
control valve. Three different types of impellers are provided viz.
backward vanes, radial vanes and forward vanes, which can be
alternately fitted inside the casing and their performance can be
estimated.
Experimental setup:
Procedure:-
1. Fix the required impeller and tighten the bolts properly.
2. Keep the dimmerstat at zero position and switch ON the unit,
slowly increase the speed and set it to, say 1000 rpm. Keep control
valve full open.
3. Note down the difference in both the water manometer.
4. Note down the time required for 10 rev. of energymeter disc.
5. Slightly close the control valve and note down the readings.
6. Note down the readings at different valve openings.
7. Repeat the procedure at different speed. Do not exceed the speed
above 2800 rpm.
8. Repeat the experiment by changing the impeller.
Observation Table:-
Impeller- Radial/Backward/Forward
Sr. Speed Venturimeter Discharge Time for 10
No. Rpm diff. pressure rev. of
hv h energymeter
mm of water mm of water sec.

48
Calculations:-
1. Discharge head-
Density of air ρa = P/R Ta Kg/m3
Where, P = Atmospheric pressure 1x 105 N/m2
R = Gas constant = 287
Ta = Ambient temperature
ρw = density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
Therefore, Discharge head or discharge air head
H = h x ρw
ρa
2. Air flow-
Q = Cd a1 x a2 x (2 x g x hv)0.5
(a12-a22)0.5
= 1.745 x 10-3 (2 x g x hv)0.5 m3/sec
Where, Cd = coefficient of discharge of venturimeter = 0.98
a1 = Inlet area of venturimeter (dia. 67 mm)= 3.53 x 10-3 m2
a2 = Throat area of venturimeter (dis. 45mm) = 1.59 x 10-3
m 2
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/sec2

hv = Air head of the venturimeter
3. Output power or Air power-

A.P. = WQH/1000 Kw
Where, W = specific weight of air
= ρa x 9.81 N/m3
4. Input power-
Let time required for 10 rev. of energymeter be t sec.
I.P. = 10/t x 3600/450
Where, energymeter constant is 450 rev/kw hr.
Shaft power = I.P. x 0.75
5. Overall efficiency of blower-

ηo = A.P./S.P x 100 %
Graph:-
Plot the graph of discharge air head , A.P. and overall efficiency at
various speeds.
Precautions:-
1. Never increase the speed beyond 2800 rpm.
2. When the control valve setting is changed motor speed will change.
It is necessary to revise the motor speed at the start of each reading.

49
3. While changing the impeller, see that impeller fits flush over the
flange. Do not forget to put spring washers for the bolts. Tighten the
bolts evenly and firmly.

50

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Anjuman College Of Engineering & Technology, Sadar, Nagpur LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANUAL

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Theory:- When a body is immersed in fluid, it is subjected to an upwards force which

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Experimental setup of Metacentric Height

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Sr. No. Weight displacement x cm Plumb displacement d cm

RESULT: The Average value of GM is:________________

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Experimental setup of Bernoulli’s Theorem

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

2) Velocity of water, V1 = Q m/sec

3) Velocity energy or head = V12

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

V22 = 0.02866 …. V32 = 0.003100 …. V92 = 0.05944

where, h = water rise from top channel, (m)

5) Now, datum line is same at inlet and outlet

NOTE:- Practically, value of C goes on reducing slightly towards outlet, due to

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

7 0.02450 5.40 x 10-4

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Experimental setup of Venturimeter

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Therefore, H= Manometer difference (Sp. Gravity of mercury – sp. Gravity of water)

Therefore, Theoretical discharge,

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

RESULT: The Average value of Co-efficent of discharge of

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Experimental setup of Orificemeter

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Therefore, Theoretical discharge,

Or , Qth = 0.00277 √ h m3/s------ (h in mtr.)

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Prepared By : Prof. P.N. Wadaskar Approved By : Dr. A. M. Langde

Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet YEAR : 2017-18

Second Year SEM- IV SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Experimental set up of Friction losses in pipe.