School of CEGE

Shear & Deflection

PPT Notes of Dr. Gilford B. Estores
 Shear Strength

SHEAR STRENGTH
Before covering the AISC provisions for shear strength, we will first review some basic
concepts from mechanics of materials. Consider the simple beam of Figure 5.17. At a distance
x from the left end and at the neutral axis of the cross section, the state of stress is as shown
in Figure 5.17d. Because this element is located at the neutral axis, it is not subjected to
flexural stress. From elementary mechanics of materials, the shearing stress is
FIGURE 5.17

where

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Shear Strength

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Shear Strength

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4
5
6
 Shear Strength

Allowable Stress Formulation

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Example: Check the beam in previous example for flexure.

SOLUTION:

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 Shear Strength

From previous example,

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 Block Shear

Block shear, which was considered earlier in conjunction with tension

member connections, can occur in certain types of beam connections. To
facilitate the connection of beams to other beams so that the top flanges are at
the same elevation, a short length of the top flange of one of the beams may
be cut away, or coped. If a coped beam is connected with bolts as in Figure
5.20, segment ABC will tend to tear out.

The applied load in this case will be the vertical beam reaction, so shear
will occur along line AB and there will be tension along BC. Thus the block
shear strength will be a limiting value of the reaction.
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 Shear Strength

Failure is assumed to occur by rupture (fracture) on the shear area (subject

to an upper limit) and rupture on the tension area. AISC J4.3, “Block Shear
Strength,” gives the following equation for block shear strength:

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 Shear Strength

Example: Determine the maximum reaction, based on block shear, that can be
resisted by the beam shown below.

SOLUTION:

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Shear Strength

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 Deflection

DEFLECTION
For a beam, being serviceable usually means that the deformations, primarily the vertical sag, or
deflection, must be limited. Excessive deflection is usually an indication of a very flexible beam,
which can lead to problems with vibrations. The deflection itself can cause problems if elements
attached to the beam can be damaged by small distortions. In addition, users of the structure
may view large deflections negatively and wrongly assume that the structure is unsafe.

For the common case of a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam such as that in Figure 5.22,
the maximum vertical deflection is

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 Deflection

The appropriate limit for the maximum deflection depends on the function of the beam and
the likelihood of damage resulting from the deflection. The AISC Specification furnishes little
guidance that deflections should not be excessive. Appropriate limits for deflection can
usually be found from the governing building code, expressed as a fraction of the span length
L, such as L/360. The limits given in the International Building Code (ICC, 2009) are typical.
Table 5.4 shows some of the deflection limits given by that code.

The limits shown from Table 5.4 for deflection due to dead load plus live load do not apply to
steel beams, because the dead load deflection is usually compensated for by some means,
such as cambering. Camber is a curvature in the opposite direction of the dead load
deflection curve and can be accomplished by bending the beam, with or without heat. When
the dead load is applied to the cambered beam, the curvature is removed, and the beam
becomes level. Therefore, only the live load deflection is of concern in the completed
structure. Dead load deflection can also be accounted for by pouring a variable depth slab
with a level top surface, the variable depth being a consequence of the deflection of the
beam (this is referred to as ponding of the concrete). 16
 Deflection

Example: Compute the dead load and live load deflections for the beam shown in Figure
5.23. If the maximum permissible live load deflection is L/360, is the beam
satisfactory?

SOLUTION:

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