CEN 323

Lecture-09
Analysis and design of reinforced
concrete beams using USD method

Engr. M. Anisuzzaman Khan

Assistant Professor, CE
Ultimate Strength Design (USD) of Beam:

The nominal strength of a proposed member is

calculated based on the best current knowledge of
member and material behavior. That nominal
strength is modified by a strength reduction factor
less than unity, to obtain the design strength.
2
Flexural Design

The distribution of concrete compressive stresses at or

near ultimate load have no well-defined shape –parabolic,
trapezoidal, or other shape. For this and other reasons,
wholly rational flexural theory for reinforced concrete has
not yet been developed. Present methods of analysis,
therefore, are based in part on known laws of mechanics
and are supplemented, where needed, by extensive test
information.

3
It has been mentioned before that an exact criterion for
concrete compression failure is not yet known, but that
for rectangular beams, strains of 0.003 to 0.004 have
been measured immediately preceding failure. If one
assumes, usually slightly conservatively, that the
concrete is about to crush when the maximum strain
reaches

4
Figure 1 : Stress distribution at ultimate load
Let
(1)

Then (2)

For a given distance c to the neutral axis, the location of

C can be defined as some fraction of the distance. Thus,
as indicated in Fig. 1 for a concrete of given strength it is
necessary to know only to completely define the
effect of the concrete compressive stresses.

5
Extensive direct measurements, as well as indirect
evaluations of numerous beam tests, have shown that
the following values for are satisfactorily
accurate.

6
Figure 2: Variation of and with concrete strength
If this experimental information is accepted, the
maximum moment can be calculated from the laws of
equilibrium and from the assumption that plane cross
sections remain plane. Equilibrium requires that
(3)

Also, the bending moment, being the couple of the

forces C and T, can be written as either

7
• For failure initiated by yielding of the tension steel,

Substituting this value in Eq. (3), one obtain the

distance to the neutral axis

Alternatively, using the neutral axis distance is

8
giving the distance to the neutral axis when tension
failure occurs. The nominal moment is then obtained
from Eq. (4), with the value for c just determined, and

With the specific, experimentally obtained values for

given previously, this becomes

9
The above equation is valid only for a steel ratio less
than the balance steel ratio,

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution :

A equivalent rectangular stress distribution of concrete

stress was proposed by C. S. Whitney and was subse­
quently elaborated and checked experimentally by others
and accepted in many countries are presented below

10
Figure 3: Actual and equivalent stress distribution at ultimate load

11
The concrete compression force at failure rectangular
beam of with b is

(11)
From of Eq. (10),

12
The value of reduction factor depend upon the net tensile
strain of steel of which can be determined by following
figure.

Figure 5: Net tensile strain

13
Minimum and Maximum Steel Ratio

 Minimum Steel Ratio :

 Maximum Steel Ratio :

 Using in Eq.

and yield point of steel is

14
Example 1

15
SOLUTION:
 For this beam reinforcement ratio,

 Max reinforcement ratio,

As the beam is Underreinforced beam

Nominal Moment,

Design 16
Moment,
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION OF SIMILAR
PROBLEM
 Example : 4.5 (Nilson 15th /16th Edition)

Flexural strength of a given member: A rectangular

beam has width 12 in. and effective depth 17.5 in. It is
reinforced with four No. 8 (No. 25) bars in one row. If fy
= 60,000 psiand f’c = 4000 psi, what is the nominal
flexural strength, and what is the maximum moment that
can be utilized in design, according to the ACI Code?

17
EXAMPLE-2: A RECTANGULAR BEAM MUST CARRY A
DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOAD OF 680 PLF AND SUPPORT
THE DEAD LOAD OF A WALL WEIGHING 380 PLF, IN
ADDITION TO ITS OWN WEIGHT, ON A SIMPLE SPAN OF
24 FT. DESIGN THE BEAM FOR FLEXURE, USING

18
Example 2

Solution :
 The total load acting on the beam includes its own weight,
which must be estimated. As a trial a total depth equal to 1
in. per ft of span and a width of one-half that amount are
assumed; the beam weight is estimated as (12×24⁄
(144)150=300 plf),
Dead load=self weight+wall dead load
=300+380=680 plf
Live load=680 plf
Factored load =1.2×DL+1.6×LL
=1.2×680+1.6×680 19
=1904 plf
 Factored Moment,

Now we have,

by solving this two degree equation,

assume,
20
 Max reinforcement ratio,
 Minimum steel ratio according to ACI 10.5 is

 with this reinforce ration the beam would be under

reinforced one.

21
 This could be provided by two No. 6 (No.19) and two
No.5 (No.16) bars in a row which provide a steel area ,
which is sufficiently close to the required steel.

22
ASSIGNMENT NO 5

23