EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - Overview of lab equipments and safety Precautions Theory:The high voltage laboratory consist of (A) 420 kV Impulse Test 1) H.V. Test transformer Technical specification: Type: TEO 100/10 Rated primary voltage: (0-220 V) Rated secondary voltage: (0-100kV) Rated primary current: 22.75 A Rated secondary current: 50Ma Thermal rating: 5KVA- Continuous, 10KVA short time duty 2) Impulse Capacitor: Technical specification: Type: CS 100 Rated dc and impulse voltage: 140 kV peak Rated capacitance: 100Nf10% Rated test voltage: 160 kV peak 3) Load capacitor: Technical specification: Type: CB 140 Rated dc and impulse voltage: 140 kV peak Rated capacitance: 1200 pF 10% Rated test voltage: 160 kV 4) Measuring Resistor Technical specification: Type: RM 280 Rated DC voltage: 140 kV peak Rated resistor: 280 M Rated current cont: 0.5Ma

5) Charging resistor: Technical specification: Type: RL 2.5 Rated DC voltage: 140kV peak Rated resistance: 2.5M 6) Wave front resistor: 7) Wave tail resistor: 8) H.V.Silicon rectifier 9) Earthing switch 10) Sphere Gap 11) Drive for sphere Gap 12) Earthing Rod 13) Connecting Cup 14) Floor Pedestal 15) Connecting Rod 16) Sphere Bar 17) Support insulator B) Horn gap apparatus (Make High voltage India) Specification of transformer:Input voltage: 230 v, AC Output voltage: 0-10Kv Output current: 20Ma Operation duty: Continuous Type of cooling: Air-cooled C) Digital cable fault locator 2000 A (P.E.Systems Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore) D) ELTEL Cts-500 kit for Measurement of capacitance and Dissipation factor (Tan ) of Insulating material. E) 25 KV High Voltage Tester Specification:-Input: 0-230, AC, 50 C/S, single phase Output: 0-25kV AC, Leakage current: 15mA, 30mA Type of cooling: Air cooling. Timer: 0-30 hours.

F) Oil Tester for testing of Transformer oil. Safety Precautions:

Safety Rules for Moderate and High Voltages

High Voltage: All conductors on which high voltage may be present should be confined within grounded or properly insulated enclosures. Instrumentation cabinets containing high voltage conductors should have safety interlocks on access doors. If confinement of high voltage is not possible, then bare conductors at high voltage must be enclosed within grounded safety enclosures with working interlocks. Except by deliberate breach of the enclosure, contact with bare conductors at high voltage should be impossible without tripping the interlock. The proposed test area configuration requires written approval from the following: One-time approval by the Group Leader for two-person operation Annual approval by the Group Leader and Division Chief for one-person operation Case-by-case approval by the Group Leader and Division Chief for unattended operation One-time notification of Division and Laboratory safety officers for new systems All interlocks should be tested during Division safety reviews. When the use of permanent enclosures would be impossible or impractical, temporary setups are permitted contingent upon operation by two people and obtaining the necessary approvals. The test area must be surrounded by a temporary grounded safety fence or by ropes. Interlocks are strongly recommended, and the absence of interlocks will require justification. The distance between the fence or rope and the exposed conductor must be 1 m or greater. Climbing over ropes is strictly forbidden, and the voltage must be controlled by a switch outside of the test area. Case-by-case written approval by the Group Leader and Division Chief is required for this mode of operation. Moderate Voltage: All permanent setups with bare conductors at moderate voltages (voltages exceeding 120 V rms or dc, but not exceeding 1000 V rms or dc) must be EEEL Safety Rules for Moderate and High Voltages

surrounded by a safety fence or other barrier for one-person or unattended operation, with working interlocks in place for unattended operation. The distance between the fence or rope and the exposed conductor must be 1 m or greater. Climbing over ropes is strictly forbidden, and the voltage must be controlled by a switch outside of the test area. Special confinement (fences or other barriers) is not required for two-person operation, but is recommended. The proposed test area configuration requires written approval from the following: One-time approval by the Group Leader for one-person operation Annual approval by the Group Leader and Division Chief for unattended operation One-time notification of Division and Laboratory safety officers for new systems The requirements for temporary setups with bare conductors at moderate voltages are the same as for permanent setups, but with case-by-case approval for one-person or unattended modes of operation. Permanent setups with covered or insulated conductors, and unexposed terminals, require one-time approval from the Group Leader, and this approval is sufficient for unattended operation.

Signs and Warning Lights

DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE signs must be on display on all entrances to all test areas where bare conductors are present at both moderate and high voltages. These signs should be in the vicinity of the test area and on the outside of the door leading to the laboratory area. A warning light, preferably flashing, must be on when high or moderate voltages are present, and ideally should be activated by the energizing of the apparatus. The warning light must be clearly visible from the area surrounding the test area. In special cases where such a light interferes with an experiment, it can be omitted with special permission from the Group Leader and Division Chief. In all cases where there is direct access from the outside hallway to the area where high or moderate voltages are present, a warning light, DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE sign, a safety interlock (for high voltages) and a locked door are required. For unattended setups with bare conductors at high or moderate voltage, a warning sign with the names of two contact persons and the dates of unattended operation must be posted on the door leading to the high-voltage area. In addition, written notice of unattended testing of high or moderate voltage with bare conductors must be sent to the NIST Fire Department (in Gaithersburg) or to the Engineering, Safety, and Support Division (in Boulder) clearly stating the anticipated dates of operation. A warning light on or near the door to the laboratory must be illuminated when high or moderate voltages with bare conductors are present. 4

Grounding Stick Before touching a high-voltage circuit or before leaving it unattended and exposed, it must be deenergized and grounded with a grounding stick. The grounding stick must be left on the high-voltage terminal until the circuit is about to be re-energized. Grounding sticks must be available near entrances to high-voltage areas. Automatic grounding arrangements or systems that employ audible warning tones to remind personnel to ground the high-voltage equipment are strongly encouraged for two-person operation, and are mandatory for one-person or unattended operation. For systems with bare conductors at moderate voltages, the use of grounding stick is strongly recommended, particularly if the setup contains energy-storage devices.

Modes of Operation
Two-person: Two-person operation is the normal mode of operation where high or moderated voltages are present. Allowed exceptions are: When all potentially dangerous voltages are confined inside a grounded or insulated box, or where the voltages are constrained in a shielded cable, or where the is no access to bare conductors When one-person or unattended operation setups have been designed and approved according to the rules set out in this document and with appropriate approval. It is presumed that both individuals participating in two-person operation will follow basic highvoltage safety procedures and will monitor each others actions to ensure safe behavior. One-person: One-person operation of systems using high and moderate voltages with bare or exposed conductors may be approved, after appropriate review and authorization, in order to provide for the efficient use of staff for long-term applications where it is judged that safety would not be compromised. Unattended: It is recognized that in order to run efficient calibration services and maintain appropriate delivery schedules, unattended operation of systems using high and moderate voltages may be necessary. In such cases, unattended operation is permitted. With appropriate review and authorization, for systems having no bare or exposed conductors, and where required warning signs, lights, and barriers are present. Unattended operation of setups with bare or exposed conductors at high and moderate voltages may be necessary under special circumstances, such as for unusually long data-acquisition periods. This is meant to be a rare occurrence. Should this 5

mode of operation be frequently employed, then the apparatus should be modified to enclose all potentially dangerous voltages.

Circuit Breakers and Disconnects

Circuit breakers, disconnects or contactors used to energize a high-voltage source must be left in an open position when the supply is not in use. Laboratories should always be left in a configuration that at least two switches must be used to energize high-voltage circuits. Whenever possible a return-to-zerobefore energizing interlock should be incorporated into the high-voltage supply. Proper Circuit Design Recommendations Draw the circuit and study it before wiring it for operation at high voltage. Make sure all devices that require grounding are securely grounded. Allow adequate clearances between high-voltage terminals and ground. Solicit a second opinion before operation for the first time.

Transformers and Variacs

Make certain that one terminal of each transformer winding used to provide a separately derived system (this excludes the winding connected to the power supply) as well as the transformer or variac case are properly grounded. The common terminal of a variac should be connected to the supply neutral. Cascade transformers and, in some cases, isolation transformers are exceptions.

Result: - High voltage lab equipment and safety precaution has been studied.

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - To study high voltage equipments and high voltage laboratory Theory: - Theory should covered 1) 2) 3) 4) H.V.Transformer Impulse generator 100kVac, 140kV dc,420kVImpulse,2.94kJ,3-stage High voltage potential divider Different types of electrodes with different sizes (sphere gap, rod gap and point gap) 5) Rectifier circuit 6) Earthing switch 7) Earthing rod 8) Control panel 9) Horn gap apparatus 10) Digital cable fault locator 11) Eltel-cts-500 kit. 12) 25 kv High voltage tester 13) Oil testing kit 14) Pin type insulator. 15) Suspension type insulator Result: Hence studied the high voltage equipments and high voltage laboratory.

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - To study different types of insulator and High voltage cable Theory:Types of Insulators

There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are pin type, suspension type, strain insulator and shackle insulator.
1 Pin type Insulators

Fig.Pin Type Insulator As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Pin Type Image

2 Suspension Type

Suspension Type For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure. consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage, say 11 kV. The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage. For instance, if the working voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series will be provided on the string.

Suspension Type Image

3 Strain Insulators

Strain Type Insulator When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the line is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used. For low voltage lines (< 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators as shown in Figure. The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical plane. When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.
4 Shackle Insulators

Shackle Type Insulator In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now a days, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

10

Different Types of cables

1) 2) 3) 4) Low voltage cables Medium voltage cables High voltage cables Extra high voltage cables

Result: Hence we studied the different types of insulators and cables

11

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - Calibration of voltmeter by using sphere gap method. (1) 10 cm dia. (2) 5 cm dia.
Apparatus: - Sphere gap, 10cm / 5cm dia, Control Panel, H.V. transformer (230V / 100kV, 10kVA), Capacitor Divider (100 pf), Connecting wires etc. Circuit diagram: -

HT SWITCH FUSE

VOLTAGE DIVIDER

230 V AC SUPPLY

230 V

1OO kV

100 pf 100 kV

V
SPHERE GAP

REGULATING TRANSFORMER

230 V / 100kV 10kVA

Scale

Theory: - A uniform field spark gap will always have a spark over voltage within a known tolerance under constant atmospheric conditions. Hence sphere gap can be used for the measurement of the peak value of the voltage, if the gap distance is known. The voltage to be measured is applied between the two spheres and the distance between them gives a measure of spark over voltage. Irradiation of sphere gap is needed when measurements of voltage less than 50kV are made with sphere gaps of 10cm dia. or less. There are various factors that affects the spark over voltage of the sphere gap are, nearby earthed objects. 1) Atmospheric conditions & Humidity. 2) Irradiation, & 3) Polarity and rise time of waveforms,etc. 12

Procedure: 1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Using spheres of same diameter. 2) Adjust the suitable distance between the electrical say 0.5 cm or 1 cm from control panel. 3) Increase the voltage gradually from control panel till breakdown occur. 4) Measure this breakdown / spark over voltage for a given gap. 5) Change the distance & increase the voltage gradually. 6) Repeat the same procedure for both the sphere set. 7) Find the percentage error and plot the graph between distance and RMS BDV (measured value) Observation Table: Sr. no. Distance between the sphere in cm Peak BDV at 20o and 76 cm of Hg (A) Actual BDV = kV B=KA RMS BDV (V2) =B/ 2 kV RMS Value of V1-V2 BDV as per voltmeter KV (V1) V1-V2 / V1 *100 = % Error

01 02 03 04 BDV: - Break Down Voltage Relation between air density factor and correction factor K K 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.86 0.90 0.91 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.0 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.09 1.15 1.12

= p /760 * (273+20 / 273+ t) p & t: - are atmospheric pressure and temperature while performing the experiments i.e. at room temperature : - Air density factor K: - correction factor Result: - From this experiments we are able to get the various breakdown voltages for different gaps between the electrodes. It is observed that as distance between the spheres increases, break down voltage also increases. Graph: - 1) Plot the graph between distance and RMS BDV (measured value) 2) Plot the graph between distance and percentage error.

13

Questions: - 1) Write in brief the effect of near by earthed object on the spark over voltage of sphere gap. 2) Write in brief the effect of irradiation on the spark over voltage of sphere gap. 3) Explain the measurement of high voltage by capacitance voltage divider method.

14

EXPERIMENT NO: Aim: -Calibration of voltmeter by using Rod gap

Apparatus: - Transformer (230/100 kV, 10 kVA) Voltage Divider (100pf) Control Panel, connecting rods, connecting wires, etc. Rod gap method:Circuit diagram: FUSE HT SWITCH

230 V AC SUPPLY

230 V

VOLTAGE DIVIDER 100 kV 100 pf 100 kV

V
ROD GAP

REGULATING TRANSFORMER

230 V / 100kV 10kVA

SCALE

Theory: - A rod gap is also sometimes used for approximate measurement of peak values of power frequency voltages and impulse voltages. The rods will be either square edged or circular in spacing varies from 2 to 200 cm. The spark over voltage, as in other gaps is affected by humidity and air density. (The power frequency breaks down voltage for 1.27 cm square rod in air at 250 C and a pressure of 760 torr with the vapour pressure of water of 15.5 torr.

15

Observation Table: 1) For Rod gap Sr. No. Distance between rods in cm B. D. V. Standard Peak value at RMS value existing value (peak temperature = B / 2 value in B = KA .(kV) kV) (A) RMS value of % error BDV V1 (from = V1-V2 /V1 voltmeter) *100

1 2 3 4 Relation between air density factor and correction factor K K 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.10 1.15 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.09 1.12 = p/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t) p & t: - are the atmospheric pressure and temperature while doing the practical : - Air density factor K: - correction factor

Result: - From the experiment BDV for different spacing have been found out .It is observed as distance between the electrodes increases BDV also increases. Graph: - For Rod gap (i) Distance Vs RMS BDV (ii) Distance Vs % Error.

16

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - Determination of break down voltage of Pin type insulator 1) Under dry condition 2) Under wet condition Apparatus: - 1) H. V. transformer, 230V / 100kV, 10 kVA 2) 11kV pin type fixed on table and its bottom is earthed. 3) Connecting wires & rod. 4) Control panel etc. Circuit diagram: HT SWITCH FUSE VOLTAGE DIVIDER 100 pf 100 kV

230 V AC SUPPLY

230 V

V
100 kV PIN INSULAT OR

REGULATING TRANSFORMER

230 V / 100 kV 10 kVA

Theory: - It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting line conductor. The pin insulator is supported on the forged steel pins and bolds, which are skewed to the cross section of this supporting structure. The conductor is lied to insulator on the grooves. In order to increase the leakage path, one, two or three rain shades are so designed when these insulators are wet even then sufficient dry space is provided by the inner shades. For higher voltages the thickness of the material required for the purpose of the insulation. But the practical way is to use more than one insulator unit instead of increasing the thickness. Flashover distances when the insulators are dry and wet are different. The flash over voltage when the insulator is wet is less. The rain shades should not disturb the voltage distribution. They are so designed that their surface is right angle to electrostatic lines of forces or they must try to lie in the equipotential. The pin type insulator is reliable for voltage level upto 33 kV max. and they are never used for voltage beyond 80 KV. Since the suspension insulator is more reliable and cheaper. The modern practice is not too used the pin type insulator beyond 33 kV. Procedure: 1) Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram. 2) Increase the voltage across pin type insulator (Dry condition) gradually from control panel till spark over gets. 17

3) Note down this spark over voltage. 4) Repeat the process for Wet condition. 5) Compare the observed value with standard value & find out the percentage error. Observation Table: Pin Type Insulator = WD-10 type Flash over voltage Dry condition = 62.5 kV RMS Wet condition = 38 kV RMS 1) For Dry Condition: Sr. No. Std. Flash over Voltage (V1) RMS KV Measured flash over voltage (V2) KV RMS voltmeter reading % error = (V1V2/V1)* 100 Avg. error

2) For Wet Condition: Sr. No. Std. Flash over Voltage (V1) RMS KV Measured flash over voltage (V2) KV RMS voltmeter reading % error = (V1V2/V1)* 100 Avg. error

Result: - The flashover voltage across pin type insulator is found to be ______kV in dry condition. And _________kV in wet condition. Questions: 1. Write the dimensions of the different types of pin insulator and their flash over voltage under dry and wet condition.. 2. Compare the properties of porcelain and glass insulator 3. List the solid dielectrics used in practice. 4. Why breakdown voltage reduces in case of wet condition.

18

EXPERIMENT NO: Aim: - To study phenomenon of arc in Horn gap Apparatus:-Horn gap (make High voltage India) Specification of transformer:Input voltage: 230 v, AC Output voltage: 0-10Kv Output current: 20Ma Operation duty: Continuous Type of cooling: Air-cooled Theory:-

This is the most ideal equipment for class demonstration to explain the phenomenon of corona formation, due to high voltage sparking. This is self contained and compact unit. This equipment is known as Horn gap equipment because two high voltage electrodes are of the shape of horn. There is specially designed high voltage transformer with center tap grounded. The horns are connected to the high voltage outputs of the transformer. For the safety of the operator the horns, which are at high voltage, are covered with transparent cover. A suitable push button is provided in the front panel of the equipment. The equipment starts operating as soon as we press the button. The input supply is 230 v ac. Operation:Provide 230 v, ac to the equipment with the help of power chord provided with the equipment. Now press the push the button in the front panel to see the corona formation.The equipment continues to operate as long as we press the push button.We see that the spark starts from button of the horn, where the gap is minimum but sufficient
19

to cause the break down due to the application of 20 kV. Now the gap goes on increasing and hence the spark also moves up and the length of the spark of the horns. This spark is nothing but corona formation. How corona occurs? As we apply the high voltage to the horn gap. The spark over or breakdown will occur at the point of minimum gap of the horns. The upper layer of the of the air will get ionized and its density and resistance will decrease. So, the spark will move up progressively as the phenomenon goes on repeating until the corona reaches the peak of the horns.

Precautions:1. Keep processing the push button as long as you want to see the corona. 2. Never touch the horn as long as the equipment is connected to 230v input supply. 3. Dont touch the horns without grounding them. 4. The equipment must be grounded. Result:Hence studied the arc in Horn gap.

20

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - To determine string efficiency of suspension type insulator. Apparatus: - String of Suspension Type Insulator, Sphere Gap, HV transformers 230V/100 kV 10
kVA, Control Panel, Connecting rods etc.

Circuit diagram: -

THEORY: - Suspension type insulator consists of number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at bottom end of the string while the other end is secured to the cross arm of tower. Each disc is designed for low voltage say 11KV. The number of discs in series would obviously depend on working voltage e.g. for 66KV, 6discs are required. The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs & voltage across discs nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.

Voltage across string

String efficiency = ______________________________________________________ n * voltage across disc to nearest conductor 21

Where n = number of discs. String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides potential distribution along string. The greater the string, more uniform is the voltage distribution. Although it is impossible to achieve 100% string , yet efforts should be made to improve it as close as possible to this value. The inequality of voltage distribution increases which in increase in no. of discs in the string. Therefore shorter string has more efficiency than longer one. String efficiency can be increased by 1 1) Using longer cross-arm. 2 2)Grading the insulator 3) Using a grid ring. PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. 2) Set the distance between 10cm diameter sphere to maximum value. 3) Apply a constant voltage to the string say for 7 discs,11KV*7=77KV 4) Now reduce the distance between the spheres till flashover occurs. 5) Note the corresponding distance between the spheres at flashover. 6) Make supply off and make connections for second step, keep maximum distance between the spheres 7) Decrease the distance from control panel till flash over occurs. It gives the BDV for (n-1) discs excepting the bottom discs. 8) Repeat the procedure for all discs. Observation Table: = P/760 * (273+20 / 273+ t) P & t: - are atmospheric pressure and temperature while performing the experiments : - Air density factor K: - correction factor For 10 cm Diameter Sphere: Sr. No. Distance between sphere at which spark over takes place in cm Spark over KV peak at 200 C & 760mm HG std. From manufactures table A BDV peak at room temp. & pressure in KV B= KA RMS value of BDV in KV =B/2 String efficiency

01 02 03

22

Voltage across the string String efficiency = = n * voltage across the disc nearer to conductor
__________________________________________________________

V1
________________

n* (V1 - V2)

Result: - It is found that voltage across the each disc is not uniform. & string efficiency of suspension type insulator is found to _________ % .

Discussion: 2 3

1) Why it is necessary to calculate string efficiency. 2) How string efficiency can be increase. 3) What is efficiency for pin type insulator? 4) It is necessary to calculate string efficiency in case of dc supply.

23

EXPERIMENT NO: Aim: -Calibration of voltmeter by using Point gap

Apparatus: - Transformer (230/100 kV, 10 kVA) Voltage Divider (100pf) Control Panel, connecting rods, connecting wires, etc

Point Gap Method:

Circuit diagram: HT SWITCH FUSE VOLTAGE DIVIDER 100 pf 100 kV

230 V AC SUPPLY

230 V

100K V

POINT GAP

REGULATING TRANSFORMER

230 V / 100kV 10kVA

SCALE

Theory: - A point gap method is also used for measurement of a peak value of power frequency, voltage and impulse voltage. Standard point gap is constructed and arranged according to the rules specified by standard. Performing to high voltage testing techniques and point gap should be thoroughly studied. Complete arrangement consisting of two rods of equal length and cross section area with their operating gear. Insulating sphere supporting frames leads up to the point at which the volt is to be measured. One point is perfectly connected directly to earth, while the other sphere is connected to high voltage conductor leads coming from H. T. transformers.

24

2) For Point Gap Sr. No. 01 02 03 04 Distance in cm BDV in kV (voltmeter)

Procedure: - 1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Using spheres of same diameter. 2) Adjust the suitable distance between the electrical say 0.5 cm or 1 cm from control panel. 3) Increase the voltage gradually from control panel till breakdown occur. 4) Measure this breakdown / spark over voltage for a given gap. 5) Change the distance & increase the voltage gradually. 6) Repeat the same procedure for both the sphere set. 7) Find the percentage error and plot the graph between distance and RMS BDV (measured value) Result: - From the experiment BDV for different spacing have been found out .It is observed as distance between the electrodes increases BDV also increases. Graph: - For Point gap (i) Distance Vs RMS BDV (ii) Distance Vs % Error.

Questions: (1) (2) (3) Write the advantages of high voltage voltage measurement by electrostatic voltmeter. Explain the high voltage measurement by resistance voltage divider method. Discuss the electrostatic field in case of sphere, flat and pointed electrodes.

25

EXPERIMENT NO:
Aim: - Determination of fault by digital cable Fault Locator Model 2000A.

Apparatus: - Digital cable fault locator Kit, with circuit, connecting wires etc. Circuit diagram: A) Single phase to Earth fault
EN D R EN D

& I1 1 C lip 20% 40% 60% R 80% B

Y Lo op

2 & I2 C lip

100%

12

C lip

N e u tra l

A)
v
1

Two phase to Earth fault :

& I1 C lip v 2 & I2 C lip R 20% 40% 60% R v
12 F F

END

END

Loop

80%

C lip

N e u tra l

26

B)
v
1

Three Phase to Earth fault

&I Clip v &I Clip
2

END
1

External wire

END

20%

40%

60% R
F

80%

Loop

Y R v
12

Clip R
F

Neutral

B)

Phase to Phase fault : v 1 & I1 C lip v 2 & I2 C lip END

1

END

20%

40%

60%

80%

Loop

B v
12

C lip

N e u tra l Theory: - Fault locator is an essential complement to distance protective relay for transmission lines and fault recorder. Fault location are installed along with distance protection scheme and fault recorders, fault locator measures and indicates accurately the distance between the substation and the point of fault. Fault locator is connected to the line secondary CTs & VTs of the line under normal conditions, the fault locator monitors three phase currents & the ground current, voltage input signals continuously. The operation of the fault locator is with following steps (1) Data collection, (2) Starting of fault locator, (3) Sorting of measured instantaneous values, (4) Filtering of measured signals, (5) Determination of type of fault, (6) Solution of fault equation, (7) Pre-location of results. 27

The input analog signals are converted into digital signals in A/D converter and stored in memory for every six cycles continuously. When a fault occurs, trip circuit from the protective relay initiates the fault locators calculation program. The pre-fault sample values & during fault sample values are used for calculating the distance of the fault. The calculation of distance is based on the principle relays. The fault distance is shown as % of total line length on two digital front mounted LED display. Various types of fault that occur in a power systems are 1) Shunt type fault a) Single line to ground fault (LG) b) Line to line ground fault (LL) c) Double line to ground fault (LLG) 2) Series type fault a) Open conductor fault (one or two conductors are open) Procedure: 1) Connect all batteries i.e. 6V 10A & 12V, 3.8A. 2) Switch ON the instrument. 3) Create a fault at (20% to 100%) in between appropriate phases. 4) Connect stimulating Board according to diagram. 5) Keep Earth / open switch in earth position. 6) Keep V1/V2 voltage switch in V1 position. 7) Keep fault resistance selector in 1M position. 8) Keep V1/V2 voltage range selector switch at 20V position. 9) Null display reading to zero. 10) Press push to read V1 display. 11) Change V1/V2 switch to V2 position. 12) Press push to read V2 display. Observation Table: Distance to fault from End 1, in case of LLL G fault =
1 __________

x 100

V1 + V2 Distance to fault from End 1 = 2 V1 __________ x 100 V1 + V2 E

Sr. No.

Type of Fault

Fault location chosen in % of total length B

Reading of voltmeter V1

Reading of voltmeter V2

Remarks compare B&E

A 1. L to G fault

28

2. 3. 4.

L-L-G fault L-L-L-G fault L-L fault

Result: - All types of faults are located by digital cable fault locator. Conclusion: - It is found that the calculation of distance is based on the principle of distance relay. Also fault location chosen in a % of total length is nearly equal to the distance of fault from end (calculated) i.e. selected value of fault locations & calculated value of fault locations are found to be same.

29

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - Measurement of capacitance and dissipation factor (Tan ) of solid insulating material by Eltel CTS-500Kit. Apparatus: - Eltel Tan Delta Set, Testing transformer, connecting wires, etc. Theory: - Write about (Tan Delta) Dissipation factor. Its basic theory Write about Shearing bridge used for measurement of Capacitance and Tan delta. General description of the equipment:General description about ELTEL CTS 500 Model: - It is a, Self contained instrument designed for the accurate measurement of capacitance and Tan delta of electrical insulation. The test set is suitable for making two terminals or three terminal measurements on a specimen that may be grounded or floating. The test set operates at a frequency of 80KHZ with voltage at 500v. Equipment works on the principle of transformer ratio bridge type circuit. Operating Instructions: 1) Connect the ground test lead to station ground using the test lead provided. 2) Set the selector switch to the required position. 3) Connect the instrument to the specimen to be tested. 4) Connect H & L cable of meter to High and Low voltage side transformer respectively 5) Guard connects to earth and transformer body to earth separately. 6) Set detector phasing switch. 7) Set DF range 0 to 1%. 8) Set Cap multiplier to .01 uF. 9) Set capacitance switch to 5 & capacitance dial to 000. 10) Turn bridge power Switch ON. 11) If the detector swings to the right, turn the capacitance multiplier switch in counter clockwise direction until the detector swings to the left. 12) Advance the Capacitance switch clockwise until the detector swings to the then turn the switch back by one step. 13) Adjust the multiturn Capacitance dial to bring the detector to zero position. 14) Turn the detector phasing switch to DF. 15) Bring the detector to zero by the DF range switch and DF dial. 16) Turn the detector phasing switch to C and adjust C to null position. 17) Repeat above three steps until no further adjustment is required. Procedure: 1) Clean the transformer after isolating from the system and other accessories. 2) Remove oil and dry it. 3) Short the HV & LV terminals. 30

4) Short the Neutral to corresponding terminal. 5) For UST Place the selector switch at UST (Ungrounded Sample Test CHL) For UST - means measurement of H L. 6) Repeat the operating instruction (1 to 14). 7) For second set of observation ie. For measurement of H GND keep selector switch at L Guard. And repeat the operating instruction. Observation: UST = Ungrounded Specimen Test. GST = Grounded Specimen Test

1) FOR CAPACITANCE: Sr. No. 01 02 Calculations: Capacitance = A X ( B+0.C) = .001*7 + .001* .561 = 0.007561 uF = 7561 PF= 75.61% 2) For dissipation factor (tan ): Sr. No. Mode Dissipation Factor (DF) Range 10-20 Dial D 258 % tan = Lower Scale + 0.D * (Difference of Scale) Mode UST Multiplier A 0.001uf Switch B 7 Dial C 561 Capacitance calculation = A X (B + 0.C ) .007561

01 02

UST

Result: - Capacitance and % tan between two winding are found to be as follows, 1) between H & L UST ----------, ----------% 2) between H & L Guard ---------, ---------% 3) between L & H Guard ----------, ----------%

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Precautions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Transformer must be isolated from the supply and load. Clean the transformer and transformer bushings. Results will be better in the dry atmosphere. While shorting the HV & LV terminals sag is not allowed. Person should kept away several feet the test object, otherwise it may affects on the results. It should be noted that in the GST mode of testing, the full test voltage is present between the shells of the UHF connector and the body of the unit. Take care as to not to come in contact with these two simultaneously. 7) This instrument must always be connected to ground with the supplied leads and front panel ground binding post prior to and during all measurements. The apparatus being tested must be cleaned and correctly grounded to avoid any possibility of lethal floating potential.

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EXPERIMENT NO:
Aim: - Measurement of oil loss angle by loss angle meter.

Apparatus: - Oil Loss Angle Meter (Model MLO 1D), Million Mega ohm Meter (Model LS 3D), Three Terminal Oil Test Cell, Heating Chamber etc. Theory: Explain the Schering Bridge

Procedure: A) Measurement of Dielectric Constant Equipment: - Oil Loss Angle Meter, Three Terminal Oil Test Cell. Before proceeding to make this test, clean the oil cell throughly. This may be ensured by testing empty clean cell on Million Megohm Meter. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Connect the oil loss angle meter to 230V AC, 50 Hz power supply. Switch on the equipment. Keep OPERATE switch in SET ZERO position. Keep the voltage at zero. Mount the oil cell on insulated base plate and connect the empty cell to the oil loss angle meter by the cable provided. The connection should be (a) Terminal HV connect to outer case. (b) Terminal LV to inner case & (c) Guard terminal should be connect to middle terminal of oil test cell. 6) Now put OPERATE switch in HV ON position. 7) Gradually raise the voltage to about 300V. 8) With the help of NULL control adjust the null meter to read 1.00. 9) Put OPERATE switch in SET ZERO position. 10) Do not alter or disturb the voltage or control knob. 11) Pour required quantity of oil in the cell 12) Now put OPERATE switch in HV ON position. 13) Null meter will show a different reading. This new reading directly shows the Dielectric Constant of the sample under test.

B) Measurement of Dissipation Factor(Tan ) 33

Equipment: - Oil Loss Angle Meter, Three Terminal Oil Test Cell, Heating Chamber etc. Tan for oils is normally measured at 900C as recommended by I. S. I., but for R& D purpose it can be at any temperature upto 1500C. 1) Clean the Oil Cell thoroughly, this can be ensured by measuring resistance on Million Megohm Meter which should by practically infinite. 2) Pour oil to be tested in the cell gradually, the oil enters the space cavity in between the electrodes of cell through holes provided. 3) Keep Oil Cell in Heating Chamber. 4) Connect Heating Chamber to 230V AC, 50 Hz supply. 5) Switch on the Heating Chamber. Pilot lamp will come on. 6) Switch on the Heater by a switch marked Heater ON/OFF. LED will glow indicating that Heater is ON. 7) Connect the sensing probe to the Heating Chamber by means of connecting its 3 pin lunar socket probe in the oil cell carefully. 8) The meter on Heating Chamber will indicate the temperature of the oil in cell. 9) Connect Oil Loss Angle Meter to 230V AC, 50Hz power supply. 10) Keep the voltage Zero and OPERATE switch in SET ZERO position. 11) Connect the Three Terminal Oil Cell to the instrument. 12) Slowly raised the voltage to create the desired stress level. 13) When the temperature of oil cell in heating chamber reach to 900C, then heater supply will be cut off automatically and heater ON indication lamp will go off. The trip setting may be changed if required by adjusting the TRIP SET control. 14) Put OPERATE switch in HV ON position. 15) When the temperature is 900C, with the help of NULL control adjust the null indicator to read 5.00. 16) Again put OPERATE switch in SET ZERO. Set the zero on tan meter carefully with the help of set zero control. 17) Put OPERATE switch in HV ON position and read the value of tan on the DP % directly in percentage.

Result: - Hence measured value of dielectric constant ---------------.and Dissipation Factor is ----------------------------------.

34

EXPERIMENT NO:

AIM: - To determine the breakdown voltage of Paper Insulator. Apparatus: - 25 kV High voltage Paper Insulation Tester. Specification:-Input: 0-230, AC, 50 C/S, single phase Output: 0-25kV AC, Leakage current: 15mA, 30mA Type of cooling: Air cooling. Timer: 0-30 hours. Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:High voltage tester plays a vital role in the industry and research institutes. This tester enables the operator to measure the high voltage withstand level at the required material. Particularly it plays important role to measure the voltage withstand level between primary and secondary of the distribution transformer, insulating material and electrical equipments. Apparatus is an air-cooled single unit consisting of high voltage transformer and the control. High voltage transformer is the key part of the equipment. This transformer has primary and secondary windings, separated from each other with proper insulation. These coils are epoxy potted to provide insulation. H.T is bought out through a bushing. Control panel is also a part of the equipment. 35

Control pane has all the necessary meters, switches indicators etc, for easy operation. Zero interlock has been provided in the test specimen. High voltage is always applied gradually to the test specimen.

Procedure:1. Connect H.T of the transformer to the test specimen and that specimen ground to the control panel ground and mother ground. 2. Connect the control panel power card to the supply, 230 V, ac, 50c/s.

36

3. Select the leakage current selector (15mAor 30mA) with the help of leakage current selector switch. 4. Put the mains on of the control panel then mains on, H.T off indicator will glow. 5. Bring the dimmer to zero position of zero interlocking, as result Unit ready indicator will glow. 6. Press the H.T. ON push button, HT on indicator will glow and H.T OFF indicator will stop glowing. (H.T will not be ON till dimmer comes to zero position). 7. Increase the variable voltage to the required level, if you want timer immediately put ON the timer otherwise leave it in bypass position. 8. If specimen withstands applied voltage at set time then equipment H.T. is OFF, we conclude sample has passed the test. If equipment will trip before set time then we conclude the sample failed(sample failed indicator will glow), if sample failed reset it then dimmer bring to zero then press the H.T. on push button conduct the next test. 9. In case of emergency only the emergency push button, for releasing just rotate clockwise, it comes up. 10. After testing put the Mains OFF, remove power card. Precaution:1. Always put a proper fuse. 2. Nobody should go near the bushing when the test being conducted.
Observation Table:Sr.No. 1. 2. 3 Thickness of the specimen(paper) in mm 0.5 0.7 1.0 Time (sec) Breakdown Voltage

Results:The breakdown voltage of paper insulator is studied.

37

EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: - To determine the breakdown strength of transformer oil Apparatus: - Transformer oil tests kit, transformer oil. Circuit diagram:-

Procedure:1. Study the enclose instructions on Transformer oil testing. 2. Switch on the test kit. 3. Slowly raise the voltage, and keep it at 30kV for one minute. At the end, record whether the oil sample with stood 30 kV for one minute. If it fails earlier, note the time it stood, 30kV. If it fails at a voltage lower than 30kV, record that voltage as breakdown voltage. 38

4. Then raise the voltage till such time there is a break down, and record the breakdown voltage. All the time take care not to exceed the maximum voltage of 60kV. 5. Remove the suspended particles due to breakdown with the help of glass tube provided. 6. Wait for 5 minutes. 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6, five times given a total of six observations. 8. Switch off the test kit.

Observation Table:Sr. No. 1. 2. 3 4 5 Oil Sample Transformer oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Distance between electrodes in (mm) 1mm 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm Breakdown voltage in (kV)

Result: - The break down voltage of given sample of transformer oil is ---------------------- kV.

39

EXPERIMENT NO:
AIM: To study Impulse Generator Apparatus: Impulse Generator, Control Panel, CRO

Specification: 100 kV AC, 140kV DC, 420 kv Impulse, 3-Stage Theory: Multistage Impulse Generator Circuits

The difficulties encountered with the requirement of very large size of spheres for the switching of higher voltages, the increase of the physical size of other circuit elements, the problems in obtaining high dc voltage for charging C1 and, last but not the least, the requirement of corona free structure and leads makes the single stage circuit inconvenient for producing higher voltages. In order to overcome these difficulties, in 1923 Marx suggested an arrangement where a number of condensers are charged in parallel over high ohmic resistances and then discharged in series through spark gaps. A multistage impulse generator, proposed originally by Goodlet, is shown in Fig . It adopts the efficient circuit discussed earlier.

Fig. Multistage impulse generator with wave tail and front resistors in each stage. R'2:stage wave tail resistors, R'1: stage wave front resistors, R"1 : External wave front resistor, R': Charging resistors

The charging resistors R' are always large compared with the stage resistors R'1and R2, R2 is made 40

as small as is necessary for the required wave tail. Adding the external front resistor R"1 helps to damp oscillations causal by the inductance and capacitance of the connecting leads between the generator and the load, if these leads are long.

It may be readily seen that this circuit can be reduced to the single-stage impulse generator circuit shown in Fig. When the generator is fired, or in other words, the stage spark gaps have flash over in sequence, the stage capacitors C1' come in series in the complete circuit. Hence the total discharge capacitance C1 can be determined as:

and the effective wave front resistance R1 can be calculated as,

and the effective wave tail resistance R2 is given as

where n is the number of stages.

For this circuit, the wave front resistors R'1 do not contribute to the discharge process of the main capacitors C'l The current through R'2 does not flow through R'1 and hence does not reduce the initial generator output voltage, the wave front magnitude of the voltage.

In a multistage impulse generator; it is desired that triggering or flashover takes place first at the stage No. 1 and then in sequence at the higher number stages. Hence, the gap distance setting requirement is such that the gap distance set at stage one is smallest and the gap distances in higher stages are in increasing order by a small difference. There are three ways of triggering an impulse generator; 1. Fix the gap distance between the spheres and increase the stage applied dc voltage till the flashover occurs. 2. Set the gap distance between the spheres large enough apply a desired voltage across them and then reduce the gap distance till flashover takes place. 3. Fix both, the desired stage voltage and corresponding gap distance within prescribed limits Fig. Then apply the trigger pulse to the trigatron on the first stage.

Result: Hence studied the Impulse generator

41

EXPERIMENT NO: -

Aim: - Study of break-down voltage for different combination of electrodes.

1) Sphere 10 cm dia & Sphere 5cm dia. 2) Sphere 10 cm & rod. 3) Sphere 10 cm dia & Point.

Apparatus: - Sphere, Rod, & Point electrode, control unit, HV transformer 10KVA, 230V/100KV, Capacitor Voltage Divider, Connecting wires etc.

Theory: - The sphere gap between two spheres is a classical example of weakly non uniform field, the degree of non-uniformity increases with increase in the ratio in the distance S between the electrodes to their diameter D. the sphere gap happen to be commonly acknowledged means in the inter-national practice for the measurement of amplitudes of direct ac & impulse voltages. Volt- Second characteristics of a sphere gap over a large internal of time is a horizontal straight line & consequently the breakdown voltage of the gap does not depend upon the duration of application of voltage & on the low of its variation with time. Out of all the gaps having a weak non uniform field the sphere gap can be prepared mast easily & is has least dimensions. In case of a gap between two planes each plane will require to have rounded off edges & for the value discharge distance, diameter of the plane electrode will have to be a few times larger than the diameter of sphere.

42

Procedure: 1) Place the two spheres of diameter 10cm & 5cm. respectively are shown in circuit diagram. 2) Set the distance between them at 0.5cm. 3) Increase the voltage with the help of tap changing transformer. 4) Observe the voltage at which breakdown takes place. 5) Now increase the gap between the two spheres in steps of 0.5cm & observe the breakdown voltage. 6) Take 5 set of readings. 7) Now replace the 5cm sphere with i) A rod electrode ii) A point electrode & Repeat from step1. Observation Table: 1) For sphere 10cm & 5cm diameter Sr. No. 01 02 03 2) For sphere 10cm & Rod electrode Sr. No. 01 02 03 3) For sphere 10cm & Point electrode Sr. No. 01 02 03 Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS Gap between the electrode (cm) BDV RMS

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Result: - The flashover voltage for the various combination of electrodes have been observed by varying the distance between them & graph of breakdown voltage Vs distance between electrodes for these combinations have been plotted. 43

Conclusion: - It is known that as the surface area between the two electrodes is reduced the electric field between than becomes non- linear in nature. Thus for the sphere gap the surface area is maximum and hence the graph revels maximum linearity. As the surface area decreases from rod gap to point gap graph becomes more non-linear.

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