Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh I. LY DO CHON E TAI 1.

. C s ly luan: Muc tieu cua oi mi phng phap day hoc la nham gop phan thc hien muc tieu oi mi nen giao duc nc nha. Theo Luat Giao duc Viet Nam, tai ieu 4 co ch ro: Phng phap giao duc pho thong phai phat huy tnh tch cc, t giac, chu ong, t duy sang tao cua ngi hoc, long say me hoc tap va y ch vn len; ieu 12 Luat Giao duc xac nh: au t cho giao duc la au t cho phat trien Muon oi mi giao duc th phai oi mi cach day va cach hoc, ngi giao vien can coi trong viec hnh thanh va phat trien tiem lc tr tue cho hoc sinh, ac biet la nang lc t duy, nang lc hanh ong. Can tao ieu kien cho hoc sinh co y thc va biet van dung tong hp kien thc vao cuoc song thc tien, ong thi chu y ren luyen cho hoc sinh nang lc t duy sang tao; chu y cac thao tac t duy c ban nh phan tch, tong hp, so sanh, khai quat hoa. Nh vay, muon oi mi phng phap day hoc phai chong thoi quen ap at, truyen thu kien thc theo mot chieu ma phai tao c hoi cho hoc sinh phat hien kien thc va tiep can kien thc e giai quyet van e mot cach linh hoat va sang tao. 2. C s thc tien: Trc ay, ieu kien hoa chat, dung cu con thieu thon. Chung ta, nhng ngi giang day mon Hoa hoc cha phat huy c het vai tro cua dang bai tap nh tnh Nhan biet cac chat trong mon Hoa hoc cua trng THCS vao viec on tap, he thong hoa nhng kien thc c ban cua noi dung chng trnh, ong thi cha phat huy tnh sang tao boi dng nang lc t duy cua HS. Ngay nay, viec oi mi phng phap giang day a c thc hien mot cach rong rai va co hieu qua, ac biet la trong cac bai giang ly thuyet. Tuy nhien, oi mi trong phng phap boi dng ky nang giai bai tap cho hoc sinh van con nhieu han che, cha phat huy het tiem lc t duy, sang tao va tr thong minh cua hoc sinh. Qua quan sat d gi mot so lp trong cac gi thao giang cap trng, ac biet trong bon nam cong tac giang day va ba nam boi dng hoc sinh gioi trng THCS Pho Cng, toi nhan thay hoc sinh van con nhieu lung tung trong viec giai cac dang bai tap nh tnh. S lung tung cang the hien ro khi cac em giai cac dang bai tap nhan biet chat. Trong khi loai bai tap nay khong the thieu trong cac k thi hoc sinh gioi cap huyen va cap tnh. Trang 1

A. PHAN M AU

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Xuat phat t nhng l do tren, toi manh dan a ra e tai Hng dan hoc sinh nhan biet cac hp chat vo c bang phng phap hoa hoc e cung trao oi, ban bac cung cac ong nghiep ve vai tro, yeu cau, hnh thc va cac dang bai tap ve nhan biet cac chat nham gop mot phan nho vao viec giang day tot hn. II. MUC CH NGHIEN CU: Gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hoc cua giao vien va hoc sinh nham nang cao chat lng giang day. Giup HS nam vng kien thc ve tnh chat, ac biet tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac chat vao viec nhan biet chat. Gan ket gia l thuyet va thc hanh, giup hoc sinh khoi lung tung trc nhng van e trong thc tien cuoc song co lien quan en viec nhan biet cac chat. ong thi giup HS co the giai thch c cac hien tng xay ra co lien quan en hoa hoc trong thc te cuoc song. Phat huy tnh tch cc, chu ong cua hoc sinh trong hoc tap. ay cung la tai lieu can thiet cho giao vien dung e boi dng HS gioi mon Hoa hoc. III. PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU: Quan sat, theo doi ket qua hoc tap cua hoc sinh tren lp va uc ket kinh nghiem cua ban than trong qua trnh giang day. Nghien cu SGK t lp 9 lp 12 va cac sach tham khao nang cao co lien quan en van e nhan biet chat. Ap dung e tai vao viec giang day tren lp va boi dng hoc sinh gioi tai trng. IV. PHAM VI VA KE HOACH NGHIEN CU. e tai c ap dung cho hau het cac oi tng hoc sinh hoc tren lp, cho oi tuyen hoc sinh gioi cap trng. e tai ch nghien cu en dang bai tap nhan biet di hnh thc t luan, khong nghien cu bai tap nhan biet di dang trac nghiem. Ke hoach thc hien e tai bat au t nam hoc 2010 -2011, c th nghiem trong hoc k I nam hoc 2010 2011. I. THC TRANG CUA VAN E NGHIEN CU. - Nam hoc 2008 2009 trong tiet day bai tnh chat hoa hoc cua muoi, toi co a ra mot bai tap ve nha cho 2 lp 9A1, 9A2 (20 hoc sinh gioi) nh sau: Ch c dung qu tm, hay nhan biet 4 dung dch rieng biet b mat nhan sau: AgNO 3, HCl, CaCl2, Na2CO3. Ket qua ch co 5% lam ung bai toan, khoang 80 % cho rang neu dung qu tm nhan ra HCl roi lay HCl va nhan biet c em th vi cac mau con lai th nhan ra c Trang 2

B. NOI DUNG E TAI

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh AgNO3 v co ket tua trang, Na 2CO3 v co kh thoat ra, CaCl 2 khong phan , so con lai eu cho rang bai tap qua kho. Cung trong nam hoc nay, trong mot buoi boi dng hoc sinh gioi cho trng toi cung a ra bai tap nay cho 6 hoc sinh. Ket qua ca 6 em eu co ket qua giong nh 80% HS cua 2 lp 9A1, 9A2. Dang bai tap nay van c ap dung trong nam hoc 2009 -2010 khi toi tiep tuc c phan cong am nhan mon hoa 9 cua 2 lp 9A5, 9A6 va boi dng oi tuyen hoc sinh gioi cua trng. Ket qua cac em van lung tung vi cac dang bai tap nh the nay. Cac em eu la hoc sinh vung nong thon con nhieu kho khan, cha co u ieu kien hoc tap. Trc nhng thc trang tren, toi ngh can phai nghien cu, tong hp cac phng phap e hng dan HS nhan biet cac hp chat vo c bang phng phap hoa hoc e cac em co nguon kien thc c ban vng bc vao cap hoc tiep theo. II. YEU CAU CUA DANG BAI TAP NH TNH NHAN BIET: ap ng yeu cau oi mi trong phng phap day hoc Hoa hoc trng THCS la trang b cho HS nhng kien thc c ban phu hp vi xu hng phat trien cua thi ai, tiep can vi kien thc hien ai e lam c s cho HS hoc len cac cap tiep theo. Bam sat vi noi dung chng trnh e co nhng bai tap phu hp vi trnh o nhan thc cua HS, tao ieu kien cho HS nam bat mot cach nhanh chong nham giup cho HS hieu ro va nh sau hn kien thc a hoc. Bai tap can co nhieu dang e kch thch s tm toi, nghien cu nham phat trien nang lc t duy cua HS. Cac phan ng hoa hoc c chon e nhan biet la phan ng ac trng n gian va co dau hieu ro rang, thong thng khi tien hanh nhan biet n chat th can phai tien hanh (n-1) th nghiem. Tat ca cac chat c la chon dung e nhan biet cac hoa chat theo yeu cau cua e bai, eu c coi la thuoc th. Khi trnh bay bai tap nhan biet chat bang phng phap thc hanh can giao duc HS y thc tiet kiem, khong gay lang ph, khong lam hong hoa chat cung nh phai bao am ve sinh moi trng.

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh

III. PHNG PHAP LAM BAI Bc 1: Trch mau th (co the anh so cac ong nghiem e tien theo doi) Bc 2: Chon thuoc th e nhan biet (tuy theo yeu cau cua e bai: thuoc th tuy chon, han che hay khong dung thuoc th nao khac). Bc 3: Cho thuoc th vao mau, trnh bay hien tng quan sat, rut ra ket luan a nhan ra hoa chat nao. Bc 4: Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa. IV. PHU LUC MOT SO THUOC TH DUNG E NHAN BIET CAC HP CHAT VO C THONG DUNG. Cht cn NB Thuc th Du hiu Phng trnh phn ng Li cho ngn la ta K cho ngn la tm Li Na cho ngn la t chy K vng Na Ca cho ngn la Ca da cam Ba Ba cho ngn la vng lc n H2O Dung dch + H2 M + nH2O M(OH)n + H2 2 (Vi Ca dd c) Be M +(4-n)OH- + (n-2)H2O Zn n dd kim Tan H2 Al MO2n-4 + H2 KIM LOI
2

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Cht cn NB Thuc th Kloi t Mg Pb dd axit (HCl) KIM LOI Du hiu Phng trnh phn ng Tan H2 n (Pb c PbCl2 M + nHCl MCln + H2 2 mu trng) dch 2Cu + O2 + 4HCl 2CuCl2 + 2H2O mu
t 2Cu + O2 2CuO
0 0

Cu

Ag I2 S PHI KIM

HCl/H2SO4 Tan dung long c sc mu xanh O2 Mu t trong O2 en Tan NO2 HNO3/t0 nu H tinh bt Mu xanh kh SO2 t trong O2 hc

t mu Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O

mi

t S + O2 SO2 t 4P + O2 2P2O5 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 (Dung dch H3PO4 lm qu tm) t C + O2 CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 10HCl + 2HBrO3 Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 I H tinh bt mu xanh
0 2 0

t trong O2 Dung dch to v ha tan sn thnh lm qu phm vo H2O tm t trong O2 Nc Br2 CO2 lm c nc vi trong Nht mu

C KH V HI

Cl2

O2

H2 H2O (hi)

dd KI + h Khng mu tinh bt mu xanh Tn m bng Tn m chy Cu mu mu Cu, t0 en t,lm lnh Hi nc ngng t 0 CuO, t Ha CuSO4 khan Trng xanh CuO en dd PdCl2 Pd vng

t 2Cu + O2 2CuO t 2H2 + O2 2H2O t CuO + H2 Cu + H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O t CuO + CO Cu + CO2 CO + PdCl2 + H2O Pd +2HCl + CO2
0 0 0

CO

CO2 SO2

t trong O2 ri dn sn Dung dch nc phm chy vi trong vn c qua dd nc vi trong Dung dch nc dd vi trong vi trong vn c nc Br2 Nht mu Trang 5

t 2CO + O2 2CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Cht cn NB Thuc th dd thuc tm SO3 KH V HI H2 S HCl NH3 NO NO2 N2 DUNG DCH Dd BaCl2 mi Dd Pb(NO3)2 Qu tm m NH3 Qu tm m HCl Khng kh Qu tim m Lm lnh
Que m chy Qu tm

Du hiu Nht mu BaSO4 trng Trng thi PbS en Ha Khi trng Ha xanh Khi trng Ha nu Ha Mu nu mu Tt Ha

Phng trnh phn ng 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 BaCl2 + H2O + SO3 BaSO+ 2HCl Pb(NO3)2 +H2S PbS + 2HNO3 NH3 + HCl NH4Cl NH3 + HCl NH4Cl 2NO + O2 2 NO2

k0

11 C 2NO2 N2 O4

Axit: HCl

Mui cacbonat; sunfit, sunfua, kim loi ng trc H MnO2 Qu tm Mui cacbonat; sunfit, sunfua, kim loi ng trc H Dung dch mui ca Ba.

Axit HCl c

Axit H2SO4 long

Axit HNO3, Hu ht cc H2SO4 c kim loi (tr nng Au, Pt) Dung Baz dch
Qu tm

2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O C kh CO2, SO2, 2HCl + CaSO3 H2S, H2 CaCl2 + SO2+ H2O 2HCl + FeS FeCl2 + H2S 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2 t Kh Cl2 mu vng 4HCl + MnO2 lc bay ln MnCl2 +Cl2 +2H2O Ho H2SO4 + Na2CO3 2Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O C kh CO2, SO2, H2SO4 + CaSO3 H2S, H2, CaSO4 + SO2 + H2O To kt ta trng. H2SO4 + FeS FeSO4 + H2S H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 4HNO3() + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 2H2O C kh thot ra Cu +2H2SO4(, nng) CuSO4 + 2SO2 + 2H2O Ha xanh
0

Mui sunfat

Dung dch Ha hng phenolphtalein Dd mui Ba trng BaSO4

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4+ 2NaCl

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Cht cn NB Mui clorua Mui photphat
Dd AgNO3

Thuc th

Du hiu trng AgCl vng Ag3PO4

Mui Dd axit cacbonat,sunfit

CO2, SO2

Mui Dd axit hirocacbonat Mui Dd axit hirosunfit DUNG DCH

CO2 SO2

Phng trnh phn ng AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl+ NaNO3 3AgNO3 + Na3PO4 Ag3PO4+ 3NaNO3 CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaSO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + SO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2+ H2O NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + SO2 + H2O MgCl2 + 2KOH Mg(OH)2 + 2KCl CuCl2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl FeCl2 + 2KOH Fe(OH)2 + 2KCl FeCl3 + 3KOH Fe(OH)3+ 3KCl AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

Kt ta trng Mui Magie Mg(OH)2 khng tan trong kim d Mui ng Kt ta xanh lam : Cu(OH)2 Mui St (II) Dung dch Kt ta trng xanh kim NaOH, : Fe(OH)2 Mui St (III) KOH Kt ta nu : Fe(OH)3 Mui Nhm Kt ta keo trng Al(OH)3 tan trong kim d Mui Natri Mui Kaki

La n kh

Na2O, K2O, H2O BaO, CaO P2O5 SiO2 Al2O3, ZnO CuO MnO2 Ag2O
H2O Dd HF

kim Axit HCl un nng HCl un nng

Ngn la mu vng Ngn la mu tm dd lm xanh qu tm (CaO to Na2O + H2O 2NaOH ra dung dch c) dd lm qu P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 tm tan to SiF4 SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 +2H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O dd khng mu ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O dd mu xanh CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O t 4HCl + MnO2 Cl2 mu vng MnCl2 +Cl2 +2H2O AgCl trng Ag2O + 2HCl 2AgCl + H2O
0

OXIT TH RN

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Cht cn NB FeO, Fe3O4 Thuc th HNO3 c Du hiu NO2 mu nu Phng trnh phn ng FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O Fe3O4 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2+ 5H2O

to dd mu nu Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 Fe2O3 HNO3 c , khng c kh 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O thot ra Lu : Mt s dung dch mui lm chuyn mu qu tm: - Dung dch mui cacbonat, sunfua, photphat, axetat ca kim loi kim lm qu tm xanh - Dung dch mui (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, AgNO3, AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, mui hirosunfat ca kim loi kim lm qu tm ha .

V. CAC DANG BAI TAP MINH HOA: 1. Dang bai tap nhn bit bng thuc th t chn. a) Nhan biet chat ran: Khi nhan biet cac chat ran can lu y mot so van e sau: - Neu e yeu cau nhan biet cac chat the ran, hay th nhan biet theo th t: Bc 1: Th tnh tan trong nc. Bc 2: Th bang dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) Bc 3: Th bang dung dch kiem. - Co the dung them la hoac nhiet o, neu can. V du minh hoa: Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet cac chat ran rieng biet sau: a) BaO, MgO, CuO. b) CuO, Al, MgO, Ag, c) CaO, Na2O, MgO va P2O5 d) Na2O, CaO, Ag2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO. e) P2O5, Na2CO3, NaCl, MgCO3 f) NaOH, KNO3, CaCO3, MgO, P2O5, BaSO4 Hng dan: - Trch cac mau th cho vao cac ong nghiem rieng biet e nhan biet. a) - Hoa tan 3 oxit kim loai bang nc nhan biet c BaO tan tao ra dung dch trong suot : BaO + H 2O Ba(OH)2 Trang 8

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh - Hai oxit con lai cho tac dung vi dung dch HCl, nhan ra MgO tao ra dung dch khong mau, CuO tan tao dung dch mau xanh. PT: MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O b) - Dung dung dch NaOH nhan biet Al v co kh bay ra: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 (Khong yeu cau HS ghi) - Dung dung dch HCl nhan biet: + MgO tan tao dung dch khong mau: MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CuO tan tao dung dch mau xanh:CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O Con lai Ag khong phan ng c) - Hoa tan 4 mau th vao nc nhan biet c MgO khong tan; CaO tan tao dung dch uc; hai mau th con lai tan tao dung dch trong suot. - Th giay qu tm vi hai dung dch va tao thanh, neu giay qu tm chuyen sang o la dung dch axit chat ban au la P2O5; neu qu tm chuyen sang xanh la baz chat ban au la Na2O. PTHH: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 d) - Hoa tan cac mau th vao nc nhan biet Na2O tan tao dung dch trong suot; CaO tan tao dung dch uc. Na2O + H2O 2NaOH; CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 - Dung dung dch HCl ac e nhan biet cac mau th con lai Ag2O + 2HCl 2AgCl trang + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (dung dch khong mau) Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + H2O(dd mau vang nhat) CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O (dung dch mau xanh) MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 vang nhat + 2H2O e) -Hoa tan cac mau th vao nc nhan biet c MgCO3 v khong tan, 3 mau th con lai tan tao dung dch trong suot. -Dung giay qu tm th cac dung dch va tao thanh nhan biet c dung dch Na 2CO3 lam qu tm hoa xanh, dung dch lam qu tm hoa o la H 3PO4 chat ban au la P2O5, dung dch khong oi mau qu tm la NaCl. f) - Hoa tan cac mau th vao nc, ta chia thanh hai nhom: + Nhom 1 tan: NaOH, KNO3, P2O5 + Nhom 2 khong tan: CaCO3, MgO, BaSO4 Trang 9

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh - Dung qu tm th cac dung dch nhom 1: dung dch lam qu tm hoa xanh la NaOH, dung dch lam qu tm hoa o la H3PO4 chat ban au la P2O5, dung dch khong lam oi mau qu tm la KNO3. - Cho cac mau th nhom 2 tac dung vi dung dch HCl, mau th co sui bot kh la CaCO 3, mau th tan tao dung dch trong suot la MgO, mau th khong phan ng la BaSO 4. P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O b) Nhan biet dung dch: Mot so lu y kh: - Neu phai nhan biet cac dung dich ma trong o co axit hoac baz va muoi th nen dung qu tm (hoac dung dch phenolphtalein) e nhan biet axit hoac baz trc roi mi nhan biet en muoi sau. - Neu phai nhan biet cac muoi tan, thng nen nhan biet anion (goc axit) trc, neu khong c th mi nhan biet cation (kim loai hoc amoni) sau. V du minh hoa: Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet cac dung dch sau: a) HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl. b) HCl, H2SO4 NaCl, Na2CO3 c) NaOH, BaCl2, Ba(OH)2, NaCl d) Na2SO4, K2CO3, BaCl2, AgNO3 e) KNO3, Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3, Fe(NO3)3 Hng dan:Trch cac mau th e nhan biet a) - Dung qu tm nhan biet HCl v lam qu tm hoa o, NaOH lam qu tm hoa xanh, Na 2SO4 va NaCl khong lam oi mau qu tm. -Dung dung dch BaCl2 e nhan biet 2 dung dch khong lam oi mau qu tm Na2SO4 phan ng tao ket tua trang, NaCl khong phan ng. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 trang + 2NaCl b) - Dung qu tm nhan biet c Na 2CO3 lam qu tm hoa xanh, NaCl khong oi mau qu tm, HCl va H 2SO4 lam qu tm hoa o. - Dung dung dch BaCl2 e nhan biet 2 dung dch lam qu tm hoa o: H2SO4 phan ng tao ket tua trang, HCl khong phan ng. BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 trang + 2HCl c) Dung qu tm chia thanh hai nhom. + Nhom 1: NaOH, Ba(OH)2 lam qu tm hoa xanh + Nhom 2: BaCl2, NaCl khong oi mau qu tm Trang10

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh - Cho dung dch Na2SO4 vao tng mau th hai nhom. nhom 1: mau tao ket tua trang la Ba(OH)2, NaOH khong phan ng. Nhom 2: mau tao ket tua trang la BaCl 2, NaCl khong phan ng. PTHH: Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 trang + 2NaOH BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 trang + 2NaCl d) Dung dung dch HCl nhan biet c K2CO3 v co kh thoat ra, AgNO3 co ket tua trang tao thanh. -Dung dung dch BaCl2 nhan biet Na2SO4 v co ket tua trang tao thanh, BaCl2 khong phan ng. PTHH: K2CO3 + 2HCl 2KCl + CO2 + H2O AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl e)- Dung dung dch NaOH e nhan biet: Cu(NO 3)2 ket tua xanh; AgNO3 ket tua trang sau o hoa en; Fe(NO 3)3 ket tua onau; KNO3 khong phan ng. PTHH: Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 xanh + 2NaNO3 AgNO3 + NaOH AgOH trang + NaNO3 2AgOH Ag2O en + H2O Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 o nau + 3NaNO3 c) Nhan biet chat kh. Lu y: Khi nhan biet mot chat kh bat k, ta dan kh o loi qua dung dch, hoac suc kh o vao dung dch, hoac dan kh o qua chat ran roi nung Khong lam ngc lai. V du minh hoa: V du 1:Bang phng phap hoa hoc, hay nhan biet cac kh ng trong cac bnh rieng biet sau: a) CO, CO2, SO2 b) CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, H2 Hng dan: a) Dan tng kh qua dung dch nc brom nhan biet SO2 lam mat mau nc brom. Hai kh con lai dan qua dung dch nc voi trong nhan biet CO2 lam uc nc voi trong, CO khong phan ng. SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O b) Dan tng kh loi qua dung dch BaCl 2 nhan biet SO3 tao ket tua trang. - Dan cac kh con lai qua dung dch nc brom nhan biet SO2 lam mat mau nc brom. - Cac kh con lai dan qua dung dch nc voi trong nhan biet CO2 lam uc nc voi trong. - Hai kh con lai ot trong oxi roi dan san pham qua dung dch nc voi trong. Neu kh lam uc nc voi trong la CO 2 Trang11

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh chat ban au la CO, kh khong phan ng la H 2O chat ban au la H2. SO3 + BaCl2 + H2O BaSO4 + 2HCl SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O t 2CO + O2 2CO2 V du 2: Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet tng kh co trong hon hp sau: CO, CO 2, H2S, H2 Hng dan: Cho hon hp kh loi t t qua dung dch Pb(NO3)2 d: H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS en +2HNO3 nhan ra kh H2S trong hon hp. Kh con lai gom H2, CO, CO2 cho qua dung dch nc voi trong: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O nhan ra kh CO2 trong hon hp. ot chay hon hp kh con lai, lam lanh e hi nc ngng tu, nhan ra H2. Kh con lai cho qua nc voi trong thay van uc, nhan ra CO2 kh ban au la CO. t 2CO + O2 2CO2 t 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2. Dang bai tap nhan biet vi thuoc th han che. Lu y: - Neu e yeu cau ch dung mot thuoc th: Ban au nen dung dung dch kiem hoac dung axit. Neu khong c hay dung thuoc th khac. - Neu e yeu cau ch dung qu tm th lu y nhng dung dch muoi lam oi mau qu tm (Phan lu y cua phu luc tren). V du minh hoa: V du 1: Ch c dung nc, hay nhan biet cac chat ran sau: NaOH, Al2O3, BaCO3, CaO. Hng dan: Hoa tan cac mau th vao nc nhan biet CaO tan tao dung dch uc, NaOH tan tao dung dch trong suot. Con Al2O3 va BaCO3 khong tan. - Lay dung dch NaOH va nhan ra tren cho vao 2 mau th khong b hoa tan trong nc Al2O3 tan, BaCO3 khong tan. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O (Khong yeu cau HS viet) V du 2: Ch c dung mot hoa chat, hay nhan biet cac dung dch sau: NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, FeCl3, CuCl2, NaCl. Hng dan: Dung dung dch Ba(OH)2 e nhan biet: Co kh mui khai bay ra la NH4Cl
0 0 0

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Co kh mui khai va co ket tua trang la (NH4)2SO4 Co ket tua o nau la FeCl3 Co ket tua mau xanh la CuCl2 Khong co phan ng la NaCl Ba(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl BaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O 3Ba(OH)2 + 2FeCl3 2Fe(OH)3 + 3BaCl2 Ba(OH)2 + CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 + BaCl2 V du 3: Ch c dung qu tm, hay nhan biet cac dung dch sau: HCl, Na2CO3, CaCl2, AgNO3 (Trch e thi HS gioi huyen c Pho nam 2008 2009) Hng dan: Th cac dung dch tren bang giay qu tm. Nhan biet c Na2CO3 v lam qu tm hoa xanh; CaCl 2 khong lam oi mau qu tm. HCl va AgNO3 lam qu tm hoa o. - Dung dung dch CaCl2 va nhan biet tren cho vao 2 mau th lam qu tm hoa o, mau th nao tao ket tua trang la CaCl2, khong phan ng la HCl. PTHH: CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2 V du 4: Ch c dung phenolphtalein hay nhan biet 4 dung dch b mat nhan: KOH, KCl, H2SO4, BaCl2. Hng dan: Th cac dung dch tren bang phenolphtalein nhan ra dung dch KOH lam hong phenolphtalein. Cho dung dch KOH co mau hong tren vao 3 mau th con lai nhan ra H2SO4 lam mat mau hong. Lay dung dch H2SO4 va nhan ra tren cho vao 2 mau th con lai nhan ra BaCl2 co ket tua, KCl khong phan ng. H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl 3. Dang bai tap khong c dung thuoc th ben ngoai. Lu y:Neu e yeu cau khong c dung thuoc th ben ngoai. Nen lam theo th t cac bc sau: Bc 1: Cho tng chat tac dung vi nhau. V du:Gia s phai nhan biet n dung dch hoa chat ng trong n lo rieng biet. Tien hanh th nghiem theo trnh t: - Ghi so th t 1, 2, , n len n lo ng n dung dch hoa chat can nhan biet. - Rot dung dch moi lo lan lt vao cac ong nghiem a c anh cung so. - Nho 1 dung dch vao mau th cua (n 1) dung dch con lai. Bc 2: Sau n th nghiem en khi hoan tat phai lap bang tong ket hien tng. Trang13

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Bc 3: Da vao bang tong ket hien tng e rut ra nhan xet, ket luan a nhan c hoa chat nao (co kem theo cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa). V du minh hoa: Khong c dung them thuoc th nao khac, hay nhan biet cac dung dch bang phng phap hoa hoc. a) Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2 (Trch e thi HSG huyen c Pho nam 2009 2010) b) HCl, H2SO4, Na2CO3, BaCl2 c) MgCl2, NaOH, NH4Cl, BaCl2, H2SO4 Hng dan: a) -Trch ra cac mau th cho vao cac ong nghiem va anh so th t tng ng. -Lan lt cho mot mau th tac dung vi hai mau th con lai. Sau 6 lt th nghiem , ta co ket qua nh bang sau: Na2CO3 Na2CO3 HCl BaCl2 trang Ko phan ng HCl BaCl2 trang Ko phan ng

Da vao bang tren, ta thay lt th nghiem nao tao va co trang th chat nho vao la Na 2CO3, mau th tao la HCl, mau th tao trang la BaCl2. Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl b) Tng t, lan lt cho mot mau th tac dung vi 3 mau con lai. Sau 12 lt th nghiem, ta co bang nh sau: HCl HCl H2SO4 Na2CO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 Na2CO3 trang BaCl2 trang trang

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Da vao bang tren, ta thay lt th nghiem nao co kh thoat ra, co ket tua trang va khong phan ng th chat nho vao la H2SO4, mau th tao kh la Na2CO3, mau th tao ket tua trang la BaCl2, mau th khong phan ng la HCl. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl d) Lam tng t nh tren, ta co bang tong ket sau: Trang14

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh MgCl2 MgCl2 NaOH NH4Cl trang mui khai NaOH trang NH4Cl mui khai BaCl2 H2SO4

BaCl2 trang H2SO4 trang -Da vao bang tren, ta thay lt th nghiem nao co ket tua trang va co kh mui khai bay ra th chat nho vao la NaOH, mau th tao ket tua trang la MgCl 2, mau th tao kh mui khai la NH4Cl. -Lay ket tua trang Mg(OH)2 va nhan biet c cho vao 2 mau th con lai, mau nao lam tan ket tua la H 2SO4, mau con lai khong phan ng la BaCl2. MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl NaOH + NH4Cl NaCl + NH3 + H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2H2O VI. KET QUA AT C VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM. 1. Ket qua at c: e tai a gop phan nang cao rat ang ke chat lng ai tra mon Hoa hoc 9 tai trng THCS Pho Cng. e tai a giup cac em tch cc va t tin hn trong viec tm kiem hng giai cho cac bai tap nhan biet. T cho lung tung khi gap cac bai tap nhan biet chat, nay cac em a biet van dung k nang c boi dng e giai thanh thao nhieu bai tap nhan biet phc tap. Qua e tai nay, kien thc, k nang cua HS c cung co sau sac, vng chac hn, ket qua hoc tap c nang cao. Ket qua at c trong qua trnh van dung e tai trong nam hoc 2010 2011: Ket qua giai c bai tap nhan biet trong bai kiem tra so 1: (tiet 10)
Lp 9A1 9A2 9A3 S so 37 36 32 T le 84,2% 73,3% 79,4%

Ket qua bai kiem tra so 2: (tiet 20)

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Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh

Lp 9A1 9A2 9A3 S so 37 36 32 T le 91,6% 82,9% 90,1%

Ket qua bai kiem tra HKI: (tiet 37)

Lp 9A1 9A2 9A3 S so 37 36 32 T le 97,6% 88,9% 94,1%

2. Bai hoc kinh nghiem. Trong qua trnh van dung dung e tai, toi rut ra mot so kinh nghiem nh sau: -Giao vien phai chuan b k noi dung cho tng dang bai tap, xay dng c cac phng phap giai bai tap o. - Viec hnh thanh cac k nang giai cac dang bai tap nh tnh neu trong e tai phai c thc hien theo hng am bao tnh ke tha va phat trien. Phai bat au t bai tap mau, hng dan phan tch e bai e hoc sinh xac nh hng giai va t giai. - Viec ap dung e tai nay tuy vao tng oi tng hoc sinh ma ngi giao vien co the ap dung nhieu dang bai tap khac nhau. oi vi hoc sinh ai tra nen chu y nhieu hn dang bai tap nhan biet vi thuoc th t chon, con oi vi lp chon hoac boi dng hoc sinh gioi co the ap dung tat ca cac dang bai tap nh trong e tai a neu. ac biet chu y dang bai tap nhan biet vi thuoc th han che hoac khong dung thuoc th nao khac. - Sau moi dang bai tap phai chu trong en viec kiem tra, anh gia ket qua, sa cha rut kinh nghiem va nhan manh nhng sai sot ma hoc sinh thng mac phai.

C. KET LUAN.
Phan loai bai tap hoa hoc va xay dng hng giai hp ly la mot trong cac yeu cau quan trong cua giao vien e kch thch hoc sinh hoc tap mot cach say me va hng thu, ong thi van dung nhng hieu biet cua mnh vao cuoc song. Trang16

Nhn bit cc hp cht v c bng phng php ho hc GV: Nguyn c Hoanh Muon lam c ieu nay, oi hoi giao vien phai co trnh o chuyen mon vng vang, co s hieu biet sau sac. Trong pham vi nghien cu cua e tai ch la mot mang kien thc nho trong toan bo noi dung kien thc cua chng trnh hoa hoc THCS, nhng toi hi vong o la mot noi dung hu ch cho hoc sinh cung nh giao vien khi day en phan kien thc nay. ac biet tai lieu nay rat hu ch cho hoc sinh on luyen e thi hoc sinh gioi cac cap. Tuy nhien, vi phan hieu biet co han nen trong khi viet e tai nay, chac chan toi cha thay het c u iem va ton tai trong tien trnh ap dung, rat mong c s ong gop chan thanh cua ong nghiep e e tai hoan thien hn. Toi xin chan thanh cam n.

D. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

Ten sach Tac gia Nha XB - Nam XB Sach giao khoa Hoa NXB Giao duc Le Xuan Trong hoc 9 Nam 2005 Bai tap l thuyet va thc nghiem Hoa hoc NXB Giao duc Cao C Giac (Tap 1- Hoa hoc vo Nam 2006 c) Cau hoi giao khoa NXB tre - Nam Hoa ai cng va vo Quan Han Thanh 2001 c Boi dng hoa hoc NXB Giao duc -Nam Vu Anh Tuan THCS 2010 Hoa hoc c ban va NXB Giao duc -Nam Ngo Ngoc An nang cao 9 2005 Trong e tai co s dung mot so t lieu cua thay Nguyen nh Hanh. Ngi viet e tai

Nguyen

Hoanh

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