LTE Principle

-UMTS Radio Network Planning & Optimization Dept

Contents

Standard Development of LTE

Overview of LTE Technical Characteristics of LTE

Development and Evolution of Wireless Technologies

2G 2 .5 G 2 . 75 G 3G 3.5 G 3 . 75 G 3 .9 G
GSM GPRS

WCDMA R99

HSDPA

HSUPA

LTE

EDGE

HSPA+

IS-95

CDMA 2000 1X

CDMA2000 1X EV-DO

EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO Rev. B

AIE

CDMA2000 1X EV-DV

Competitive Situation of LTE

2006 GSM EDGE Evolution
EDGE DL:474 kbps UL:474 kbps HSDPA DL:14.4 Mbps UL:384 kbps In 5 MHz

2007
Enhanced EDGE DL:1.3 Mbps UL:653 kbps HSDPA/HSUPA DL:14.4 Mbps UL:5.76 kbps In 5 MHz

2008

2009

2010

2011

UMTS HSPA Evolution

Long Term Evolution CDMA2000 Evolution Mobile WiMax Evolution

HSPA Evolution DL:28 Mbps UL:11.5 Mbps In 5 MHz

LTE DL:100 Mbps UL:50 Mbps In 20 MHz

EVDO Rev 0 DL:2.4 Mbps UL:153 kbps In 1.25 MHz EVDO Rev A DL:3.1 Mbps UL:1.8 Mbps In 1.25 MHz EVDO Rev B DL:14.7 Mbps UL:4.9 Mbps In 5 MHz EVDO Rev C DL:100 Mbps UL:50 Mbps In 20 MHz Phase 2 DL:46 Mbps UL:4 Mbps 10 MHz 3:1 TDD

Fixed WiMax

Phase 1 DL:23 Mbps UL:4 Mbps 10 MHz 3:1 TDD

Standard of HSPA+/LTE/SAE

Standard Evolution & Industrial Life Circle

2006 R5 2007 2008 R6 2009 2010 R7 2011 R8 Commercial Test NGMN IOT Test Standard Stability Standard Release Commercial Release

R5

R6

R7

R8

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Standard Frozen

The development of the standard and industrial has its own rule and circle: Standard Frozen Standard Release Standard Stabilization Industrial Development; The standard stabilized time and commercial launch time always has a interval of about one and a half year. NGMN testing schedule doesnt comply with the rule foregoing, so, NGMN testing is a prototype testing, not a commercial product testing.

LTE commercial launch time in forecast: 2011 year.

Contents

Standard Development of LTE

Overview of LTE Technical Characteristics of LTE

Origination of LTE
3GPP started RAN (Radio Access Network) technology evolution process in Canada Toronto meeting in Nov 2004, which is opened to all organization who has interested in. Over 40 operators & vendors have participated in the work of Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) technologies evolution.

In the evolution process, operators propose their request to NGMN, which make LTE better meet the operation requirement.

Introduction of LTE

LTE3GPP Long Term Evolution

LTE is a technology which focuses on UTRAN Evolution

LTE adopts optimized UTRAN structure

Purpose of LTE is to guarantee the

continuous Objectives of LTEcompetitive power of 3GPP in future. Reduce the cost per data bit

Introduce more service, better user experience and lower cost

More flexible utilization of existing and new

LTE Project Schedule

LTE Project Establishm ent
Commer cial Launch

Work Item Start

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Study Item Completi Work Item Stage on 2 Completion

Work Item Stage 3 Completion

LTE Project Progress

Study Item Work Item

Request confirmation

RAN structure and Multi-access technology confirmation

Study Item Phase 2 completion

12

2005

12

2006

12

2007

RAN-CN function split Channel structure and mobility detail confirmation

Feasibility Study

Core characteristic confirmation

LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 1

Peak data rate
DL peak data rate: 100Mb/s in 20MHz bandwidth, DL spectrum efficiency: 5 bps/Hz UL peak data rate: 50Mb/s in 20MHz bandwidth, UL spectrum efficiency: 2.5 bps/Hz

Control-plane latency
Idle Mode (R6 Idle) -> Active Mode (R6 CELL_DCH): Less than100ms Dormancy Mode (R6 CELL_PCH) -> Active Mode (R6 CELL_DCH): Less than 50ms

Control-plane capacity
Support at less 200 activated subscribers per 5MHz bandwidth cell

User-plane latency
Small IP packet and empty system load (single subscriber in one cell): Less than 5ms

LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 2

User throughput
DL: 3~4 times average through per subscriber/MHz as R6 HSDPA
UL: 2~3 times average through per subscriber/MHz as R6 HSUPA

Spectrum efficiency
DL: 3~4 times spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site) in full load network as R6 HSDPA UL: 2~3 times spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site) in full load network as R6 HSDPA

Mobility
E-UTRAN should have best performance in the speed of 0~15 km/h High performance in higher speed of 15~120 km/h Guaranteed cellular network performance in the speed of 120~350 km/h (Up to 500 km/h in some specified frequency band)

LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 3

Coverage
Best spectrum efficiency and mobility performance in 5 km cell radius; only tiny decline in 30km cell radius; 100 km cell radius should be considered.

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Support

Lower complexity of terminal: adopt unique modulation, coding, multi-access and

frequency band.
Support voice and MBMS combination service. Support both paired and unpaired frequency band.

Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA should be able to utilize the following bandwidth in both UL and DL: 1.25 MHz,

1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz; Support both paired and
unpaired frequency band; Support resource flexibility, include power, modulation, unique band, various band, uplink and downlink, frequency assignment, etc. Radio Band Resource (RBR) means all available radio resource of the operator.

LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 4

Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP Radio Access Technology
Support co-existence and HO with GERAN/UTRAN network. E-UTRAN terminal support inter HO with UTRAN and or GERAN. RT service HO between E-UTRAN and UTRAN (or GERAN) should finish within 300ms.

Architecture and migration

Unique E-UTRAN architecture; E-UTRAN architecture should base on packet, and support RT and Conversation service. E-UTRAN architecture should lower single points of failure phenomenon.

E-UTRAN architecture should support end-to-end QoS

The protocol of backbone network should be high efficiency.

LTE Key Technical-Characteristics 5

Radio Resource Management requirements
Enhanced end to end QoS More efficiency high-level packet Support load sharing and policy management inter Radio Access Technologies (RAT)

Complexity
Minimize optional item Lower redundancy

Contents

Standard Development of LTE

Overview of LTE Technical Characteristics of LTE

LTE/SAE Network Architecture

Relationship with SAE (CN Evolution) and 2G/3G

and other network

UTRAN

GERAN

SGSN
S3

HSS
S6a

S1-MME

MME
S11 S10 LTE-Uu
UE

PCRF
S4 S7
Rx+

E-UTRAN
S1-U

Serving Gateway

S5

PDN Gateway

SGi

Operator 's IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

LTE/SAE Network Architecture

MME Function

NAS signaling and security function CN signaling due to 3GPP RAN mobility UE tracing and achievability in Idle mode

Roaming
Authorization Bearer management function (include dedicated bearer establishment)
Serving GW

Support UE mobility HO user plane function

LTE/SAE Network Architecture

LTE related node interface: S1-MME Control plane protocol referenced node between E-UTRAN and MME S1-U Interface between E-UTRAN and transmit Serving-GW Each bearer user plane tunnel and path handover between eNodeB X2 Interface between eNodeB, which is similar with 3GPP Iur interface. LTE-Uu Air interface, which is similar with 3GPP Uu interface.

LTE Network Architecture

In LTE architecture, RAN is evolved to E-UTRAN, and only one node

eNodeB left.

MME/S-GW

MME/S-GW

EPC
EP S

S1

X2
eNodeB

E-UTRAN
eNodeB

X2
eNodeB

X2

LTE Network Architecture

eNodeB Function

eNodeB has the full function of Node B and major function of RNC in 3GPP R5/R6/R7, include Physical layer function (HARQ etc.), MAC, RRC Scheduling,

RAC, Mobility, etc.

Node B

RNC

eNodeB

LTE Protocol Structure

eNB Inter Cell RRM RB Control Connection Mobility Cont. Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC RLC MAC S1 PHY SAE Gateway Mobility Anchoring PDCP MME NAS Security Idle State Mobility Handling SAE Bearer Control

internet

E-UTRAN

EPC

S1 Interface Protocol & X2 Interface Protocol S1 Interface User Plane (eNB-SAE GW) S1 Interface Control Plane (eNB-MME)

User plane PDUs

S1-AP

GTP-U UDP IP Data link layer Physical layer

SCTP IP Data link layer Physical layer

S1

S1/X2 Interface Function

X2

LTE access system mobility function (UE in LTE_ACTIVE)

SAE bearer service management

Mobility (UEs in LTE_ACTIVE) Intra-LTE Handover; Inter-3GPP-RAT Handover S1 paging function NAS signaling transmission S1 interface management Network sharing Roaming and restriction support NAS node selection Initial Context establishment

Context transfer from source eNB to target eNB Control of user plane tunnels between source eNB and target eNB General X2 interface management and error disposing

LTE Radio Protocol Structure

User plane protocol stack
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY SAE Gateway

LTE Radio Protocol Structure

Control plane protocol stack
UE NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY RRC RLC MAC PHY eNB MME NAS

LTE Channel Structure Transport Channel & Physical Channel

BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH

Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels in Downlink

Downlink Transport Channels

CCPCH

PDSCH

PDCCH

Downlink Physical Channels

RACH

UL-SCH

Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels in Uplink

PRACH PUCCH PUSCH

Uplink Transport channels

Uplink Physical channels

LTE Channel Structure Transport Channel & Logical Channel

Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels in Downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

Downlink Logical channels

Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels in Uplink

PCH

BCH
CCCH DCCH

DL-SCH
DTCH

MCH

Downlink Transport channels

Uplink Logical channels

RACH

UL-SCH

Uplink Transport channels

LTE Radio Resource Management

Radio Bearer Control

Radio Access Control

Load Balance

Connection Mobility Control

RRM
ICIC Radio Resource Management Inter-RAT

PS Dynamic Resource Assignment

RBC

LTE Radio Resource Management - RBC & RAC

RAC
The major function is to accept or reject new RB establishment request. RAC should consider the E-UTRAN overall resource, priority, QoS requirement of exiting session and QoS requirement of new service. The purpose is to make best of radio resource (Accept new RB request as long as there has available radio resource), and guarantee the quality of ongoing session. (Reject new RB request if it influenced ongoing session)

To establish, maintain and release radio bearer, include the configuration of related radio resource. When establish a RB for new service, RBM should consider the EUTRAN overall resource, QoS requirement of exiting session and QoS requirement of new service. RBC also needs to consider the disposing of exiting session radio resource change due to mobility or others reason. Disposing of related RB session termination, handover, etc. also need to be considered.

CMC

LTE Radio Resource Management CMC & DRA-PS

DRA-PS

Radio resource management in idle mode and active mode. In idle mode, cell selection arithmetic defines best-cell or decides cellselection start time by setting parameters (threshold and latency). Similarly, E-UTRAN system broadcast parameters define UE measurement and report process in active mode, support radio connection mobility. Handover decision can be referred to the measurement of UE or eNB. Moreover, handover decision can also be referred to neighbor-cell load, service attribute, transport and hardware resource, and other policy defined by operators.

Dynamic resource assignment or packet scheduling are used to assign resource in user-pane and control-plane, and cancel the assignment, also include resource buffering and disposing. Dynamic resource assignment contains several sub-task, include selection of RB to be scheduled and management of obligatory resource. The typical function of packet scheduling is considering of RB related QoS requirement, UE channel quality, buffering state and interference. Dynamic resource assignment also needs to consider restriction or selection useful resource block in ICIC.

LTE Radio Resource Management ICIC & LB & Inter-RAT RRM

ICIC
To manage radio resource, specially radio resource block, so as to control inter-cell interference. Essentially, ICIC is a function of multi-cell radio resource management, so it needs to consider information comes form multi-cell, such as resource occupation and service load. The default preferred ICIC method in downlink and uplink should be different.

LB
Be responsibility for disposing of the unbalanced service load between cells. The purpose of LB is to affect the load distribution so as to make the best use of radio resource and guarantee user QoS and lower call drop rate. Load balance arithmetic may trigger HO or cell-reselection so as to reassign service traffic in high load cell to another cell with light traffic load.

Inter-RAT RRM
To manage inter-RAT mobility, specially connecting radio resource in inter-RAT HO. Inter-RAT HO decision should consider RAT resource, UE capability and operators policy.

LTE Mobility Management

LTE Idle

LTE Active Hand Over (intra E-UTRAN HO) Hand Over (Inter RAT HO) FFS Intra-frequency Mobility Inter-frequency Mobilty Inter-RAT Mobility

Cell Selection Cell Reselection FFS

LTE MM

Handover Process
UE Source eNB 1. Measurement Control packet data

Target eNB

MME/SAE Gateway

0. Area Restriction Provided packet data UL allocation 2. Measurement Reports 3. HO decision 4. Handover Request 5. Admission Control 6. Handover Request Ack DL allocation 7. Handover Command Detach from old cell and synchronize to new cell Deliver buffered and in transit packets to target eNB DL Data Forwarding Buffer packets from Source eNB L3 Legend signalling L1/L2 signalling User Data

Intra-MME/SAE Gateway HO

8. Synchronisation 9. UL allocation + TA for UE 10. Handover Confirm

packet data
11. Handover Complete Path Switching 12. Handover Complete Ack 13. Release Resource Flush DL buffer, continue delivering in-transit packets DL Data Forwarding 14. Release Resources packet data packet data

Handover Completion

Handover Execution

Handover Preparation

QOS Concept and SAE Bearer Service Architecture SAE bearer service layer structure
SAE Internet E-UTRAN EPC UE eNB GW Peer Entity

End-to-end Service

SAE Bearer Service

External BS

SAE Radio BS

SAE Access BS

Phys. Radio BS

Physical BS

Radio

S1

Gi

SON Partial function

eNB power on (or cable connected)

(A) Basic Setup

a-1 : configuration of IP address and detection of OAM

a-2 : authentication of eNB/NW

self-configuration and self-optimisation

a-3 : association to aGW Self-Configuration (pre-operational state)

a-4 : downloading of eNB software (and operational parameters)

(B) Initial Radio Configuration

b-1 : neighbour list configuration

b-2 : coverage/capacity related parameter configuration Self-Optimisation (operational state) c-1 : neighbour list optimisation c-2 : coverage and capacity control

(C) Optimization / Adaptation

LTE Key Technology - OFDM/SC-FDMA

Physical Layer Multi-access

DL is based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) UL is based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency

Division Multiple Accessing) OFDM: For UE, OFDM is used for data modulation so as to OFDM Modulation OFDMA: For eNode B, conquer multi-path Difference comedown OFDMA is used as effect and obtain in difference submulti-access means to frequency diversity carrier. obtain gain. user diversity

LTE Key Technology - OFDM Characteristics

Prone to realize the restraint to multi-path High spectrum

effect

efficiency

Simplified receiver
Flexible spectrum expansion capability

Prone to be influenced by frequency-offset, such as

Doppler Frequency-offset, Phase Noise, etc.

High Peak-to-Average Ratio, prone to bring high peak

power.

LTE Key Technology UplinkSC-FDMA

Multiple Address Access in Physical Layer

UL: Based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Accessing) .

Sub-carrier of SC-FDMA is set 15kHz.

DFT

Subcarrier Mapping

IFFT

CP insertion

SC-FDMA in LTE UL adopts DFT-OFDM, in which signal is spread using DFT before it is modulated by OFDM IFFT. Time domain signal is transmitted in the system. PAPR caused by frequency domain signal in OFDM system will be eliminated.

LTE Key Technology MIMO

Multi-antenna Technology

LTE adopts MIMO as multi-antenna technology

LTE basic antenna configuration is DL 2*2 (Double Transmitters Double Receivers) and UL 1*2 (Single Transmitter Double Receivers). LTE maximum antenna configuration is 4*4 (Quadruplex Transmitters Quadruplex Receivers).

SIMO

MIMO

LTE Key Technology MIMO Theory

v11 Modulator QPSK 16QAM Encode Channel Interleave Detector

v21 Data stream DeMUX v12 Transm itter Receiv er MUX Data stream

Encode

Channel Interleave

Modulator QPSK 16QAM v22

Detector

MIMO Technologies include: Space multiplex (SM), Space division multiple address

(SDMA), Pre-coding, Rank-adaptation and open loopTx diversity (STTD, mainly used to control the transmission of control signaling).
The concrete technology is in consideration and not yet determined.

LTE Key Technology Downlink: MIMO

If all the Space Division Multiplex (SDM) streams are

used in one UE, it is called Single User (SU) MIMO,

Assume each eNodeB has 4 antennae namely SU-MIMO.

eNode B UE

eNode B UE

SU-MIMO: SDM Two data streams are issued within a TTI

SU-MIMO: Tx Diversity. Only one data stream is issued.

LTE Key Technology Downlink: MIMO

If many Space Division Multiplex (SDM) streams are

used in many UEs, it is called Multi-User (MU)

Assume each eNodeB has 4 antennae MIMO, namely MU-MIMO.

eNode B

eNode B
UE

UE

UE

UE

MU-MIMO: SDM Two data streams are issued within a TTI

MU-MIMO: Tx Diversity.
Only one data stream is issued.

Key Technologies in LTE -- Uplink: MIMO and Virtue MIMO

Similar to that in downlink MIMO Virtual MIMO:

The current configuration is 1x2 or 1x4. The UE uses one transmitting antenna. Might be 2x2 or 4x4 configuration in the future.

LTE Key Technology Modulation and Coding

Modulation and coding

Modulation:
DL: Support QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM UL: Support QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM (64QAM is optional for UE)

Coding
Turbo
LDPC: Low density parity-check Code

101111
64QAM constellation chart

Summary

The operators take a most important role in the initiation,

research and development of LTE.

LTE continues to use part of HSPA key technologies, such as AMC and HARQ, but with new breakthrough, for instance OFDM/OFDMA.

Current LTE performance has already exceeds the original objective.

In future, LTE will probably become a 4G standard.