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Second, examine the direction of relationship. In other words, for example, examine whether female were more or less likely to attend religious services more than once a week than male.
Furthermore, by now, you should be able to identify that [sex] is an independent variable and [attend] is a dependent variable in this statement. Now, lets explore how to answer this question using SPSS.
Recall that the cross tabulation is a way to examine the relationship between two variables. In SPSS, you can get a cross tabulation in
In the Crosstabs window, find and move the independent and dependent variable to Column(s): and Row(s): boxes, respectively. In this case, the independent variable [sex] goes to Column(s): box and the dependent variable [attend] goes to Row(s): box.
Next, click on the Cells button to get percentage values for each cell in the cross tabulation.
In the Cell Display window, select the Column in the Percentages section. It allows you to have percentage value separately calculated for each category of the independent variable. Make sure that Observed was selected in the Counts section although it should be checked by default. Click on Continue and OK buttons to see the cross tabulation.
The output displays two tables, one for case processing summary and the other for cross tabulation of the two variables. Notice that [sex] is on the column and [attend] is on the row of the cross tabulation as we assigned.
Also notice that the percentage values were calculated by column (i.e., [sex]). For example, the percentage value on the row labeled 8 MORE THAN ONCE WK, % within RESPONDENTS SEX, in the column labeled 1 MALE was obtained with the count of the cell (18) divided by the count of the males (291) (i.e. 18/291=6.2%). In other words, 6.2% of male respondents said that they attended religious services more than once a week.
While 6.2% of male respondents, or 18 out of 291 males, said that they attended religious services more than once a week, 9.3% of female respondents, or 35 out of 375 females, said that they attended religious services more than once a week. Thus, we can conclude that female respondents were more likely to have said that they attended religious services more than once a week than male.
This question is asking whether there is a relationship between [sex] and [ethimp]. Again, you have to know that [sex] is an independent variable and [ethimp] is a dependent variable here.
First, in the Crosstabs window, find and move the independent variable [sex] to Column(s): box and the dependent variable [ethimp] to Row(s): box. Next, click Cells button and select Columns in Percentages section.
Make sure that Observed in Counts section and Column in Percentages section were selected. Then click Continue and OK buttons to get the crosstab.
We can say that a relationship exists between two variables in a bivariate table if the groups defined by the independent variable have differences of 10% or more in the categories of the dependent variable. In this case, the largest difference in the column percentages for survey respondents in the categories of "importance of ethnic identity" when compared across the groups defined by "sex" (male and female) was that of 3 Moderately Important, which was 3.5% (=28.0-24.5). Thus no relationship exists between two variables.
This question asks about how much is the relationship between the two variables. Notice that the dependent variable in this question is [ethtrads] and the independent variable is [sex].
Is the column percentage in the dependent variable category larger (smaller) for the more (less) likely group?
No
False
NOTE: when the column percentages are very similar, we can say the groups are about equally likely.
Yes True
When a problem includes two variables, but does not identify the role of either one, treat the first mentioned variable as the independent variable.
Differences in the column percentages equal to or larger than 10% in any category of the dependent variable (ignoring rows or columns with fewer than 10 subjects)?
No
False
Yes True
Is the percent in the independent variable category for the more likely group the percent for the less like group equal to the correct ratio?
No
False
Yes True