Spread Spectrum Technology

Telecommunication Channel

Channel - a path along which information in the form of an electrical signal passes. Usually a range of contiguous frequencies involved in supporting information transmission.
Center Channel Frequency

Amplitude

Bandwidth
Frequency

Channel

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Narrow and Wide Band

Narrow and Wide Band a relative comparison of a group or range of frequencies used in a telecommunications system. Narrow Band would describe a small range of frequencies as compared to a larger Wide Band range.
Amplitude

NB
fL

WB
Freq. Range
fH

Frequency

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Noise Floor

Noise A disturbance, especially a random and persistent disturbance, that obscures or reduces the clarity of a signal. Anything you dont want.
Amplitude

Channel
Signal

Noise Floor

Thermal

Shot Freq.
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Introduction to Spread Spectrum

Suatu teknik telekomunikasi di mana suatu isyarat dipancarkan pada suatu bandwidth lebih lebih besar dari isi frekwensi informasi asli. Jadi bandwidth lebar dengan daya kecil (low peak power)
Amplitude Narrowband

Wideband Frekuensi

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4-Macam Spread Spectrum

Time Hopping, (THSS) Frequency Hopping, (FHSS) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, (DSSS) Hybrid, DSSS/FHSS

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Penggunaan Spread Spectrum

Military Tahun 1950 -1960 Civil/Military - Range and positioning measurements. GPS satellites. Civil Cellular Telephony. Civil Wireless Networks 802.11 and Bluetooth.

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FHSS

FHSS - Acronym for frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth & HomeRF.

Amp.

1
Channel

2
Wide Band

4 Freq.

Frequency Hop Sequence: 1, 3, 2, 4

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FHSS (2)

Paket data dipecah dan dikirim menggunakan frekuensi yang berbeda-beda, satu pecahan bersisian dengan lainnya. Kecepatan sinyal frekuensi sangat tinggi, serta dengan pemecahan paket data maka sistem ini memberikan keamanan yang dibutuhkan dalam satu jaringan, karena kebanyakan radio tranceiver biasa tidak dapat mengikutinya.
Amp.

1
Channel

2
Wide Band

4 Freq.

Frequency Hop Sequence: 1, 3, 2, 4

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FHSS Timing
Time Amplitude Dwell Time Hop Sequence Hop Time Data

2 Channels

Frequency
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FHSS System Block Diagram

FHSS Data Buffer Mixer
1 3 2 4

Antenna

Carrier Frequency Sequence Generator

Frequency Synthesizer
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FHSS Channel Allocation

2.403 GHz 2.402 GHz
2.480 GHz 2.479 GHz

Amplitude

CH 2
1 MHz 2.401.5 GHz

CH 3

CH 79
1 MHz 2.401.5 GHz

CH 80

2.402.5 GHz

2.402.5 GHz

Freq.
2.400 GHz

2.4835 GHz
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DSSS

DSSS - Acronym for direct-sequence spread spectrum. WLAN, 802.11.

Amp. 1 Signal

1
Channel

2
DSSS Band

4 Freq.

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DSSS (2)

Direct sequence spread spectrum, sebuah metode dimana sebuah frekuensi radio dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yang sama, dan menyebarkan seluruh paket melalui salah satu bagian frekuensi ini. Adapter direct sequence akan mengenkripsi dan mendekripsi data yang keluar-masuk, sehingga orang yang tidak memiliki otoritas hanya akan mendengar suara desisan saja bila mereka menangkap sinyal radio tersebut.
Amp. 1
Signal

1
Channel

2
DSSS Band

4 Freq.
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DSSS Channel Allocation

Amplitude 1 2 3 4 Channels 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Freq.
2.401 GHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 2.473 GHz

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DSSS 3 Non-overlap Channels

Amplitude Ch 1 (2.412 GHz) Ch 6 (2.437GHz) Ch 11 (2.462 GHz)

22 MHz

Freq.
3MHz

2.401 GHz 2401 MHz

2.473 GHz

2423 MHz 2426 MHz

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DSS Channel frequency assignments

Channel ID FCC Channel Frequencies Ghz 2.412 2.417 2.422 2.427 2.432 2.437 2.442 2.447 2.452 2.457 2.462 ETSI Channel Frequencies Ghz

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

N/A N/A 2.422 2.427 2.432 2.437 2.442 2.447 2.452 2.457 2.462
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DSSS System Block Diagram

Carrier Frequency Carrier Generator Mixer

DSSS

Antenna

Pseudo 11-bit Barker Code Noise Modulator Chipping Code Generator

Data Buffer

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Comparing FHSS and DSSS

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, FHSS
Dwell Time 400 mS Lower Throughput (2 or 3 Mbps) Better NB Immunity to Interference Higher Cost

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, DSSS

No Dwell Time Higher Throughput (11 Mbps) Poorer NB Immunity to Interference Lower Cost

Lower Interoperability
More User Density (79)

Higher Interoperability
Less User Density (3)

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FCC Rules for FHSS

Prior to 8-31-00

Use 75 of the 79 channels Output Powermax = 1 Watt Bandwidthmax = 1 MHz Data Ratemax = 2 Mbps Only 15 of the 79 channels required Output Powermax = 125 mW Bandwidthmax = 5 MHz Data Ratemax = 10 Mbps
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After 8-31-00

Co-location

FHSS has many more frequencies / channels then DSSS which only has 3 co-location channels. However 3 DSSS access points co-located at 11 Mbps each would result in a maximum throughput of 33 Mbps. It would require 16 access points colocated for FHSS to achieve a throughput of 32 Mbps.

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Co-location Comparison
40
30 20 10 1 5 10 15 20

11 Mbps DSSS

3 Mbps FHSS (sync)

3 Mbps FHSS (no sync)

Number of Co-located Systems

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Equipment Compatibility

DSSS has the Wi-Fi Alliance

FHSS has no compatibility tests

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Security

Neither FHSS or DSSS are inherently secure in and of themselves. Additional schemes must be employed to improve security of wireless technologies. Both systems follow published IEEE standards for intercommunications.

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