Module1:Workedoutproblems

Problem1: A cold storage consists of a cubical chamber of dimension 2m x 2m x 2m, maintained at 10C inside temperature.The outside wall temperature is 35C. Thetopand side walls are coveredbyalowconductinginsulationwiththermalconductivityk=0.06W/mK.Thereis noheatlossfromthebottom.Ifheatlossthroughthetopandsidewallsistoberestrictedto 500W, whatistheminimumthicknessof insulation required? Solution: Known: Dimensionsof thecoldstorage,innerandoutersurfacestemperatures,thermal conductivityoftheinsulationmaterial. Tofind: Schematic: Thicknessofinsulation neededtomaintainheatlossbelow 500W.

insulation

Assumptions: (1)perfectly insultedbottom,(2)onedimensionalconductionthrough

2 fivewallsofareasA=4m ,(3)steadystateconditions

Analysis: UsingFourierslaw,theheatrateisgivenby
DT q =q''. A= k Atotal L 2 SolvingforLandrecognizingthatAtotal=5*W L= L= 5 k DTW2 q

0 2 5*0 . 06 W/m . K*45 C*4 m 500 W L= 0 . 108 m= 108mm

Problem2: AsquaresiliconchipisofwidthW=5mmonasideandofthicknesst=1mm. Thechipis mountedinasubstratesuchthatthereisnoheatlossfromitssideandbacksurfaces.Thetop surfaceisexposedtoacoolant.Thethermalconductivityofthechipis200W/m.K.If5Ware beingdissipatedby thechip,whatisthetemperaturedifferencebetween itsbackandfront surfaces? Known:Dimensionsandthermalconductivityofachip.Powerdissipatedononesurface. Find:temperaturedropacrossthechip

Schematic:

Assumptions: (1) steadystate conditions, (2) constant properties, (3) uniform dissipation, (4)negligibleheatlossfrombackandsides,(5)onedimensionalconductioninchip. Analysis:Alloftheelectricalpowerdissipatedatthebacksurfaceofthechipistransferred byconductionthroughthechip.Hence,Fourierslaw, DT P= q= kA t t .P 0 . 001 m*5 W DT = = 2 2 kW 200 W/m . K( 0 . 005 m )
0 DT = 1 . 0 C

Comments: for fixed P, the temperature drop across the chip decreases with increasing k andW,aswellaswithdecreasingt.

Problem3: Air flows over a rectangular plate having dimensions 0.5 m x 0.25 m. The free stream temperature of the air is 300C. At steady state, the plate temperature is 40C. If the 2 convectiveheattransfercoefficientis250W/m .K,determinetheheattransferratefromthe airtoonesideoftheplate.

Known: airflowoveraplatewithprescribedairandsurfacetemperatureandconvection
heattransfercoefficient.

Find:heattransferratefromtheairtotheplate Schematic:

Assumptions: (1)temperatureisuniformoverplatearea,(2)heattransfercoefficient is
uniformoverplatearea

Analysis: the heattransfercoefficientrateby convection fromtheairstreamstotheplate

canbedeterminedfromNewtonslawofcoolingwrittenintheform,
q = q''. A = hA( T - T s) whereAistheareaoftheplate.Substitutingnumericalvalues, q = 250 W/m2 . K*( 0 . 25*0 . 50 ) m2( 300- 40 )0C q = 8125 W

Comments: recognize that Newtowns law of cooling implies a direction for the
convectionheattransferrate.Writtenintheformabove,theheatrateisfromtheairtoplate.

Problem4: Asphereofdiameter10mmandemissivity0.9ismaintainedat80Cinsideanovenwitha walltemperatureof400C.Whatisthenettransferratefromtheovenwallstotheobject?

Known: sphericalobjectmaintainedataprescribedtemperaturewithinaoven. Find:heattransferratefromtheovenwallstotheobject Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)ovenwallscompletelysurroundsphericalobject,(2)steadystate
condition,(3)uniformtemperatureforareasofsphereandovenwalls,(4)ovenenclosureis evacuatedandlargecomparedtosphere.

Analysis:heattransferratewillbeonlyduetotheradiationmode.Therateequationis
4 4 qrad =eAss( T sur - T s ) 2 WhereAs=pD ,theareaofthesphere - 3 2 2 -8 qrad = 0 . 9*p( 10* 10 ) m *5 . 67* 10 W/m2. K [( 400+ 273 )4 - ( 80+ 273 )4] K4

qrad = 3 . 04 W

Discussions:
(1)thisrateequationisapplicablewhenwearecalculatingthenetheatexchangebetweena smallobjectandlargersurface thatcompletelysurroundsthesmallerone. (2) When performing radiant heat transfer calculations, it is always necessary to have temperaturesinKelvin(K)units.

Problem5: 2 0 Asurfaceofarea0.5m ,emissivity0.8andtemperature150 Cisplacedinalarge,evacuated chamberwhosewallsaremaintainedat250C.Findtherateatwhichradiationisemittedby thesurface?Whatisthenetrateofradiationexchangebetweenthesurfaceandthechamber walls?

Known: Area, emissivity and temperature of a surface placed in a large, evacuated

chamberofprescribedtemperature.

Find: (a)rateofsurfaceradiationemission,(b)netrateofradiationexchangebetweenthe
surfaceandchamberwalls.

Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)areaoftheenclosedsurfaceismuchlessthanthatofchamberwalls. Analysis(a)therateatwhichradiationisemittedbythesurfaceisemitted
qemit = qemit.A= eA sTs4
- 8 4 qemit = 0 . 8 ( 0 . 5 m2) 5 . 67* 10 W/m2. K4[( 150+ 273 ) K ] qemit = 726 W

(b)Thenetrateatwhichradiationistransferredfromthesurfacetothechamberwallsis
q = eA s( Ts 4- Tsurr4 ) q = 0 . 8 ( 0 . 5 m2 ) 5 . 67* 10-8W/m2. K4[( 423 K)4 - ( 298 K)4 q = 547 W

Problem6: A solid aluminium sphere of emissivity e, initially at a high temperature, is cooled by convection and radiation in a chamber having walls at a lower temperature. Convective coolingisachievedwithagaspassingthroughthechamber.Writeadifferentialequationto predictthevariationofspheretemperature withtimeduringthecooling process.

Known: Initial temperature,diameter and surface emissivity of a solid aluminium sphere

placed in a chamber whose walls are maintained at lower temperature. Temperature and convectioncoefficientassociatedwithgasflowoverthesphere.

Find: equationwhichcouldbeusedtodeterminethealuminiumtemperatureasafunction
oftimeduringthecoolingprocess.

Schematic:

Assumptions:(1)atanytimet,thetemperatureTofthesphereisuniform,(2)constant
properties(3)chamberwallsarelargerelativetosphere.

Analysis: applyingan energybalance atan instantoftimetoacontrolvolumeaboutthe

sphere,itfollowsthat
. .

E st = - Eout

IdentifyingtheheatratesoutoftheCVduetoconvectionandradiation,theenergybalance hastheform d ( rVcT )= -( qconv + qrad) dt dT A 4 =[ h ( T- T T4 - T )+ es( surr )] dt rVc dT 6 4 = [ h ( T- T T4 - T )+ es( surr )] dt rcD
2 3 WhereA=pD ,V=pD /6andA/V=6/Dfor thesphere.

2 Problem7:Anelectronicpackagedissipating1kWhasasurfacearea1m .Thepackageis mountedonaspacecraft,suchthat theheatgeneratedistransferredfromtheexposedsurface by radiation into space. The surface emissivityof the package is 1.0. Calculate the steady statetemperatureofthepackagesurfaceforthefollowingtwoconditions: (a) thesurfaceisnotexposedtothesun 2 (b)The surface is exposed to a solar flux of 750W/m and its absorptivity to solar radiation is0.25?

Known: surface area of electronic package and power dissipation by the electronics.
Surfaceemissivity andabsorptivitytosolarradiation.Solarflux.

Find:surfacetemperaturewithoutandwithincidentsolarradiation. Schematic:

Assumptions:steadystatecondition Analysis: applyingconservationofenergytoacontrolsurfaceaboutthecompartment,at

anyinstant
. . .

Ein-Eout+ Eg = 0 Itfollowsthat,withthesolarinput, aSA sq''S - Asq''emit + P = 0

4 a SAsq''S - AsesT s + P = 0 1

a SAsq''S + P 4 T = s Ases '' Intheshade(q =0)

1

1000 W 4 T K = 364 s = 2 - 8 2 4 m * 1*5 . 67* 10 W/m . K 1

Inthesun,
1

0 . 25* 1 m2 *750 W/m2 + 1000 W 4 = 380 T K s = 2 -8 2 4 1 m * 1 * 5 . 67 * 10 W / m . K