Coordinate Geometry

Introduction
The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate or abscissa. The distance of a point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate or ordinate.

Distance Formula
Find the distance between P(4,6) and Q(6,8) Construction : Draw PR and QS perpendicular to the x-axis and draw a perpendicular from P on QS to meet QS at T . So, RS= PT=2 units QS=8 units TS=PR=6 units QT = QS TS = 2 units Using Pythagoras theorem, PQ = PT + QT = 2 + 2 = 8 PQ = 22 units

Derivation
Distance between two points P(x,y) and Q(x,y). Then , OR = x , OS = x. So, RS = x-x = PT Also, SQ = y, ST = PR = y So, QT = y-y. Now using the Pythagoras Theorem in PTQ, we get PQ = PT+QT = (x-x) + (y-y) So the Distance Formula is PQ = (x-x) + (y-y)
PQ = (x-x) + (y-y)

Section Formula
Consider any two points A(x,y) and B(x,y) and assume that P(x ,y) divides AB internally in the ratio m : m i.e., PA/PB = m/m Construction: Draw AR, PS and BT perpendicular to the x-axis. Draw AQ and PC parallel to the x-axis. Then by the AA similarity criterion, PAQ ~ BPC

Therefore, PA/BP = AQ/PC = PQ/BC (1) Now, AQ = RS = OS OR = x - x PC = ST = OT OS = x - x PQ = PS QS = PS AR = y - y BC = BT CT = BT PS = y - y When we substitute these values in (1), we get m/m = x-x / x-x = y-y / y-y Taking m/m = x-x / x-x We get x = mx + mx/ m + m Taking m/m = = y-y / y-y We get y = my + my/ m + m So, coordinates of the point P(x , y) which divides the line segment joining the points A(x,y) and B(x,y)in the ratio of m : m are

(mx+mx/m+m , my+my/m+m) this is the section formula

Area of a triangle
b

c Area of a triangle = X Base X height

And when only lengths of sides are given Area = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

Area of a triangle when only the coordinates are known

A (x, y)

C (x, y)
B (x, y)

Area of a triangle when only the coordinates are known

A (x, y) C (x, y) B (x, y)

Area of a triangle
A (x, y) C (x, y) B (x, y)

Area of a triangle
A (x, y) C (x, y) B (x, y)

Area of triangle when only coordinates are known

Area of a trapezium = (sum of parallel sides)(distance between them) Therefore, Area of ABC= (BQ+AP) QP+1/2(AP+CR)PR-1/2(BQ+CR)QR = (y+y)(x-x)+1/2(y+y)(x-x)-1/2(y+y)(x-x) =1/2[x(y-y)+ x(y-y)+ x(y-y)] Thus, the area of ABC is the numerical value of 1/2[x(y-y)+ x(y-y)+ x(y-y)]

Thank you