http://y2kgroup.wordpress.

com/2012/11/13/cac-lenh-co-ban-trong-linux/
Cho cc bn y la mt s lnh c bn trong h h iu hnh LINUX. Khi no chng ta dng nhng lnh ny? l khi chng ta thc hin Remote config, lm vic trn my nhng m qua giao din Command line qua ca s Terminal, hay n gin l nhng ai thch lm vic qua CLI. Cc lnh ny l cc lnh ph bin nhng m ty vo OS m chng s c i ch khc nhau. Chng ta s im qua mt s lnh sau:

Cc Lnh V Khi To
rlogin: dng iu khin hoc thao tc lnh trn mt my khc exit : thot khi h thng (Bourne-Shell)

logout: thot khi h thng C-Shell

id : ch danh ca ngi s dng

logname: tn ngi s dng login

man : gip

newgrp: chuyn ngi s dng sang mt nhm mi

psswd: thay i password ca ngi s dng

set : xc nh cc bin mi trng

tty : t cc thng s terminal

uname: tn ca h thng (host)

who : cho bit nhng ai ang thm nhp h thng

Lnh V Trnh Bo Mn Hnh

echo: hin th dng k t hay bin

setcolor: t mu nn v ch ca mn hnh

Lnh V Desktop bc: tnh biu thc s hc

cal : my tnh c nhn

date: hin th v t ngy

mail: gi nhn th tn in t

mesg : cm/cho php hin th thng bo trn mn hnh (bi write/ hello)

spell : kim tra li chnh t

vi : son tho vn bn

write/hello: cho php gi dng thng bo n nhng ngi s dng trong h thng

Lnh V Th Mc cd : i th mc

cp : sao chp 2 th mc

mkdir: to th mc

rm : loi b th mc

pwd: trnh by th mc hin hnh

Lnh v tp tin more: trnh by ni dung tp tin

cp : sao chp mt hay nhiu tp tin

find: tm v tr ca tp tin

grep : tm v tr ca chui k t trong tp tin

ls: trnh by tn v thuc tnh ca cc tp tin trong th mc

mv : di chuyn/i tn mt tp tin

sort: sp th t ni dung tp tin

wc : m s t trong tp tin

cat: hin th ni dung moat tp tin

vi: son tho hoc sa i ni dung tp tin

Lnh v qun l qu trnh: kill: hy b mt qu trnh

ps : trnh by tnh trng ca cc qu trnh

sleep: ngng hot ng mt thi gian

Cc Lnh V Phn Quyn chgrp: chuyn ch quyn tp tin, th mc t mt nhm sang mt nhm khc

chmod : thay i quyn s hu ca tp tin hay th mc

chown : thay i ngi s hu tp tin hay th mc

Lnh V Kim Sot In cancel : ngng in

lp : in ti liu ra my in

Lnh v h thng
top: Xem trng thi v h thng v cc process ang chy tng t nh Task Manager trong Windows.

shutdown -h now tt my tnh

shutdown -r now : khi ng li

Ring cho RedHat Theo ti c bit th Vit Nam hin nay HDH Linux ph bin nht l Redhat nn y chng xin trnh by thm v rpm

install mt package: rpm -ivh

upgrade mt package: rpm -Uvh

uninstall mt package: rpm -e

bit mt package c install hay cha rpm -q

filename y c th l 1 file hoc nhiu file vi format rpm

Cc lnh thng c thm rt nhiu cc thng s i theo. bit thm v chi tit v chng cc bn c th dng lnh man command hoc command help vi command l lnh cn xem.

Tip theo chng ta s i su vo chi tit mt s lnh. Ti liu c son v chnh sa. Nn c g sai st mong cc bn gp .

 x dng dng lnh u tin bn cn bt command shell ln, ci ny tng t nh MS DOS ca windows.Ty theo h iu hnh m bn ang dng l g m n s l Konsole hay Terminal Sau bn cn c quyn root bng lnh su (hay sudo trong Ubuntu). Khi bn c quyn root du nhc trong ca s command shell thng l: [root@duchai ~]# Lnh thng k dung lng th mc Linux [root@unix1 webhostings]# du -sh *

Bn xem thng tin v user mnh ang login bng lnh: id

[root@duchai ~]# id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(di sk),10(wheel) context=root:system_r:unconfined_t:SystemLow-SystemHigh

Cc ch s uid v gid s cho bit quyn hn ca bn trn h thng. 0 l quyn cao nht ri.By gi bn mun login vi user mi bn s dng lnh : useradd

[root@duchai ~]# useradd kikicoco

vy l bn c user mi l kikicoco trong h thng.Lnh useradd c rt nhiu tham s khc nhau, xem chi tit bn dng lnh man

[kikicoco@duchai root]$ man useradd

Lc trc khi to user kikicoco chng ta cha to mt khu, by gi to mt khu cho user ny, bng lnh passwd.

[root@duchai ~]# passwd kikicoco

Changing password for user kikicoco.

New UNIX password:

Sau nhp mt khu vo. chuyn sang user ny bn dng lnh : su

[root@duchai ~]# su kikicoco

bn kim tra li bng cch nh lnh : id

[kikicoco@duchai root]$ id uid=501(kikicoco) gid=501(kikicoco) groups=501(kikicoco) context=root:system_r:unconfined_t:SystemLow-SystemHigh

Tip theo l cc lnh c bn vi th mc :Bn cn bit hin ti ang th mc no bn dng : pwd

[kikicoco@duchai root]$ pwd /root

Vy l user kikicoco ang th mc /root.Cc lnh v th mc trn unix tng t nh trn MS DOS ca windows, ch c mt s im khc bit.Lnh ls s tng ng vi dir.

Thc hnh : [kikicoco@duchai root]$ ls ls: .: Permission denied

Vy l li ri, user kikicoco khng c quyn s dng lnh ls. Lc trc khi to user ti cha thm shell cho user nn user s khng c quyn s dng lnh ny. By gi ti s thm shell cho user.Trc tin cn chuyn v user root bng lnh : su root, n s hi mt khu > nhp mt khu ca root vo.Bn dng lnh : usermod thay i thng tin ngi dng, c php nh sau:

SYNTAX usermod [options] [user]

Bn cha bit shell nm u, nn cn dng lnh whereis xem v tr ca shell

[root@duchai ~]# whereis bash bash: /bin/bash /usr/share/man/man1/bash.1.gz

[root@duchai ~]# usermod -s /bin/bash kikicoco

Tip theo li su v user kikicoco

[kikicoco@duchai root]$ ls ls: .: Permission denied

a ah, vn b li. Vy l khng phi ri, lc ny ta hiu sai. Khng phi user kikicoco khng c quyn dng shell,v vn dng c lnh pwd, M l user kikicoco khng c quyn i vi th mc /root

y l im rt khc bit vi windows, Unix phn quyn rt cht ch da theo cc quyn :

Read Write Execute (c Ghi Thc thi)

Cc quyn ny c th hin bng k hiu : r w x hoc 4 2 -1

V vi mt th mc quyn s c phn cho : Owner Group others (ngi s hu nhm ngi khc)

xem quyn ca th mc root ta dng lnh ls vi tham s al:

[root@duchai /]# ls -aldrwxr-x 20 root root 4096 Nov 28 14:35 root

Nhn vo dng trn ta s nhn c thng tin nh sau :

Owner l root

Group l root

drwxr-x : quyn i vi ngi dng, ch d u c ngha y l th mc, tip theo l quyn ca owner :

rwx :> owner c ton quyn trn th mc ny, owner l root nn user root c ton quyn trn th mc ny.

r-x :> group c quyn c v chy file, khng c quyn ghi vo th mc ny.

:> others khng c quyn g i vi th mc ny.

kikicoco khng thuc group root nn khng c quyn g.

Ni thm v cch th hin quyn i vi th mc, nh trn ci ni v cch th hin cc quyn.drwxr-x s tng ng 740, khi th mc quyn t do nht l rwxrwxrwx 777 tc l bt k ai cng c y cc quyn vi th mc . thay i quyn bn dng lnh CHMOD, thay i owner bn dng lnh chown, thay i group bn dng lnh chgroup.Vic t quyn hn ng s l cc k quan trng i vi mt h thng, khng ch UNIX.

Trnh son tho vn bn.

Trn windows c rt nhiu trnh son tho khc nhau nh office, wordpad, notepad Trn *nix cng vy, nhng trnh son tho a thch c l l vi. Trnh son tho ny c l l ph bin nht v thng dng nht trn cc h thng Unix cng tng t nh notepad ca windows.

truy nhp vi trong ca s terminal bn nh : vi

[root@duchai /]# vi

Trnh son tho s hin ra. Nh bn Fedora ti ang dng th n thay th vi bi VIM :

VIM son tho thun tay hn vi happy bn dng th m xem big grin

to 1 file mi bn nh : vi <tn file>

[root@duchai /]# vi hello

Bn nhn phm i kch hot ch Insert, sau bn nh Hello world!

ghi li file bn bm phm ESC thot khi ch Insert. Sau nh :qw lu li v thot ra khi vi.

hello [New] 1L, 14C written [root@duchai /]# more hello hello world ! [root@duchai /]#

Chi tit cc lnh ca vi c l phi thc hnh nhiu mt cht mi nh c.

Code: Tham kho thm ti 2 trang web nc ngoi ny nh:

http://www.ss64.com/bash/vi.html

http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/Tutor/vi.html VI Editor Commands Switch to Text or Insert mode:

Open line above cursor O Insert text at beginning of line I Insert text at cursor i Insert text after cursor a

Append text at line end A

Open line below cursor o

Switch to Command mode: Switch to command mode <ESC>

Cursor Movement (command mode):

Scroll Backward 1 screen <ctrl>b

Scroll Up 1/2 screen <ctrl>u Go to beginning of line 0 Go to line n nG Go to end of line $

Scroll Down 1/2 screen <ctrl>d Go to line number ## :##

Scroll Forward 1 screen <ctrl>f

Go to last line G Scroll by sentence f/b ( ) Scroll by word f/b w b Move left, down, up, right h j k l Left 6 chars 6h Directional Movement Arrow Keys Go to line #6 6G

Deleting text (command mode): Change word cw Replace one character r Delete word dw Delete text at cursor x Delete entire line (to buffer) dd

Delete current to end of line D Delete 5 lines (to buffer) 5dd

Delete lines 5-10 :5,10d

Editing (command mode): Copy line yy

Copy n lines nyy Copy lines 1-2/paste after 3 :1,2t 3 Paste above current line P

Paste below current line p Move lines 4-5/paste after 6 :4,5m 6

Join previous line J Search backward for string ?string Search forward for string /string Find next string occurrence n % (entire file) s (search and replace) /old text with new/ c (confirm) g (global all) :%s/oldstring/newstring/cg Ignore case during search :set ic Repeat last command . Undo previous command u Undo all changes to line U

Save and Quit (command mode): Save changes to buffer :w Save changes and quit vi

:wq Save file to new file :w file

Quit without saving :q! Save lines to new file :10,15w file

H thng th mc trn * NIX, bi nay ly v d c th l Fedora 6.

Khi th mc gc / bn nh ls s nhn c: [root@duchai ~]# cd / [root@duchai /]# ls bin boot dev etc home lib lost+found media misc mnt net opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var

l cc th mc trn mt h thng Unix.

* Th mc /bin

y l thc mc cc k quan trong ca 1 h thng unix, th mc ny cha gn nh tt c cc lnh ca h thng.

* Th mc /etc

Th mc ny cha cc cc file con file ca h thng, cng nh cha thng tin v cc service cn khi ng khi h iu hnh chy.

i vi h iu hnh Linux th cc service chy lc khi ng s c t trong th mc init.d.

i vi h iu hnh SUN Solaris th cc service chy lc khi ng s c t trong th mc rc2.d.

Cc th mc trn s thay i ty h thng.

*Th mc /usr

Th mc ny cha file v chng trnh ca cc user trn h thng.

Mt iu th v trn h thng Unix l tt c u l file, k c ci gi l th mc cng l file.smile_regular

*Th mc /dev

Khi vo th mc ny nh lnh ls bn s thy rt nhiu file mu vng.

chnh l tt c cc thit b phn cng m h iu hnh dng, trn h thng Unix tt c u l file, nh ti ni trn.

V d : cng s l /dev/hda, c th c 2 loi cng IDE v SCSI, nh bn dng thng thng l IDE, SCSI thng c dng cho cc my ch v dung lng thng l 36GB, 72GB,

*Th mc /boot

Th mc ny cha li ca h iu hnh hay cn gi l kernel. V d y l kernel my ca ti :

Trn h iu hnh SUN n s khng phi l th mc /boot, n l th mc /platform

bit thng tin v kernel bn dng lnh : uname -an

[root@duchai /]# uname -an

Linux duchai 2.6.17-1.2157_FC5 #1 Tue Jul 11 22

46 EDT 2006 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

* Th mc root th mc ca user root

Khi bn dng mt user khc truy nhp vo th mc ny, bn s khng c quyn g vi th mc ny, ging nh user kikicoco phn trc.

y chnh l Users home directory th mc ring ca user. Trn h thnh Unix khi mt user mi to ra n s to km theo 1 th mc cho user . Thng thng cc th mc ny s nm trong th mc /home. Nhn tin y ti ni lun v th mc /home.

Th mc /home l th mc cha cc th mc ca ngi dng:

* Th mc /sbin

Th mc ny l mt th mc gii hn quyn hn, n cha cc chng trnh kiu nh th mc /bin. Nhng bn khng th lm g n n c. Ch nhng user c quyn root mi c th Shutdown cc chng trnh y.

* Th mc /tmp

Th mc ny ng nh tn ca n, n cha cc file tm do h thng sinh ra. V chia s cho bt k chng trnh no nn th mc ny c t quyn hn rt thoi mi :

drwxrwxrwt 11 root root 4096 Nov 29 04:05 tmp

Chc nng ca n cng ging nh th mc temp ca windows.

* Th mc /var

Th mc ny cha cc file c th thay i kch thc (variable size), nn thng thng trong th mc ny s cha cc database nh : mysql,.. hay mail server,

* Th mc /lib

Lib l vit tt ca library. Th mc /lib cha cc file th vin chng trnh. Mi mt chng trnh s c th vin ring ca mnh.

* Cc th mc khc :

- /mnt

- /cdrom

- /floppy

Ban u tt c cc th mc ny u rng. Khi bn cm USB vo n s nm trong /mnt hoc bn cn mount n vo trong /mnt (ci ny ni sau happy). Khi cho a CDROM vo th d liu s c t ng mount vo th mc /cdrom. Tng t i vi floppy. Phn ny ni v cch : tt my nh th no ? khi ng nh th no ?

* Lnh : shutdown

S dng lnh : man shutdown xem thng tin v lnh ny

SYNTAX shutdown [options] when [message]

OPTIONS -c Cancel a shutdown that is in progress.

-f Reboot fast, by suppressing the normal call to fsck when rebooting. -h Halt the system when shutdown is complete.

-k Print the warning message, but suppress actual shutdown.

-n Perform shutdown without a call to init.

-r Reboot the system when shutdown is complete.

-t sec

V d : Tt ngay lp tc : shutdown -h now

Khi ng li ngay lp tc: shutdown -r now Tt my vo lc 8 ti (pm): shutdown -h 20:00

Sau 10 pht th tt my: shutdown -h +10

* Lnh : halt, reboot, poweroff

T kernel 2.74 tr v sau ny, lnh halt, reboot khng c gi trc tip m n c tch hp vo trong lnh shutdown nh bn thy trn. Nu bn dng cc kernel c th vn dng c cc lnh ny.

Shells l g ?
Bn c th hiu nm na shell l 1 cch computer giao tip vi ngi dng hay ni cch khc l cch computer nhn lnh t ngi dng. Thn thng trn Linux dng bash shell. Shell l gip ngi dng lm vic vi my tnh d dng hn vi nhng cu lnh thn thin mang tnh cht gi nh.

V d : cn copy tt c cc file trong th mc A vo th mc B cu lnh l : cp /A/* /B

* File .bashrc

Mi mt user khi c to ra s c 1 shell cho n nh ti ni phn trc, nh ngha shell cho user nm trong file .bashrc trong th mc /home/<tn user>, v d y l /home/kikicoco

[root@duchai /]# cd /home/ [root@duchai home]# cd kikicoco/ [root@duchai kikicoco]# ls -al total 56 drwxr-xr-x 2 kikicoco kikicoco 4096 Nov 29 06:00 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 28 14:49 .. -rw-rr 1 kikicoco kikicoco 24 Nov 28 14:49 .bash_logout -rw-rr 1 kikicoco kikicoco 191 Nov 28 14:49 .bash_profile -rw-rr 1 kikicoco kikicoco 124 Nov 28 14:49 .bashrc -rw-rr 1 kikicoco kikicoco 120 Nov 28 14:49 .gtkrc -rw- 1 kikicoco kikicoco 35 Nov 29 06:00 .lesshst

[root@duchai kikicoco]# more .bashrc # .bashrc

# Source global definitions if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc fi

# User specific aliases and functions [root@duchai kikicoco]# more .bash_profile # .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

export PATH unset USERNAME

Trong file .bashrc c ni n cc alias do ngi dng nh ngha. # User specific aliases and functions

Alias l g ?

alias thng thng c hiu l mt ci tn khc. Alias y cng gn nh th.

v d ti thm dng :

alias rm=rm -i

Th iu ny c ngha l khi ti nh lnh rm trong terminal th lnh ny s c hiu l rm -i y chnh l alias ca rm.

V sao li cn n alias ?

trn trong lnh rm c tham s -i, i tc l interactive (prompt before any removal) c ngha l khi c tham xa -i th bt c file no b xa h iu hnh s hi xem ta c chc chn xa khng.

Nu dng tham s -f : force (ignore nonexistent files, never prompt) th h iu hnh s xa m khng cn hi. Khi bn mun xa nhanh th hy dng tham s ny.

Vic dng alias nhm mc ch to 1 route cho ngi dng. c bit i vi nhng my tnh quan trng nh my ch chng hn vic xa file cn phi ht sc thn trng, nu nh bn dng lnh sau : rm -R -f * m khng to alias nh trn s khin ton b s

file trong th mc hin ti ca bn bin mt ngay lp tc > mt di nh ci bm smile_confused

Bn c th to alias tm thi bng cch dng lnh alias hoc xa 1 alias bng lnh unalias:

SYNTAX alias [-p] [name[=value] ]

unalias [-a] [name ... ]

Cc lnh thng dng trn h thng Unix

Ti ch a ra cc lnh km chc nng, cc tham s ca n th bn cn xem thm. 1. Lnh man, info v apropos : thng tin v lnh 2. Lnh cd : chuyn th mc 3. Lnh ls : lit k file thng thng hay dng ls -al hoc ls -l 4. Lnh file : xem thng tin loi file ca 1 file file <tn file> 5. Lnh more v less : xem ni dung file more <tn file> 6. Lnh cat v tail : xem ni dung file cat <tn file> 7. Lnh cp : lnh copy 8. Lnh mv : lnh di chuyn hoc i tn file, th mc 9. Lnh mkdir : to th mc mi 10. Lnh rm v rmdir : xa file v xa th mc rng 11. Lnh dir : bng vi ls -l 12. Lnh pwd : xem v tr th mc hin thi 13. Lnh date : xem ngy 14. Lnh cal : xem lich, v d cal 2006 15. Lnh exit : thot khi terminal

Cn sau y l mt s lnh yu thch :

1. Lnh touch : to file 2. Lnh find : tm kim (s c 1 bi vit ring v lnh ny) 3. Lnh grep : tm kim ni dung file h tr regular expression 4. Lnh who, whoami, whatis, whereis, which : ng nh ngha ca cc t ny 5. Lnh echo : hin th ni dung 1 bin ,

Cc lnh dnh cho qun tr h thng :

1. Lnh last : hin th cc user login gn y 2. Lnh df : xem thng tin a, thng thng hay dng df -h 3. Lnh du : xem thng tin dung lng file, th mc 4. Lnh top : ci ging nh taskmanager ca windows, n s hin th thng tin v cc processes 5. Lnh free : xem tnh hnh b nh 6. Lnh ps : xem thng tin processes 7. Lnh kill : tt process 8. Lnh mount v unmount : 9. Lnh chmod : thay i permissions i vi file 10. Lnh chown : thay i ngi s hu i vi file 11. Lnh chgrp : thay i group i vi file 12. Lnh chroot

Code: Ngoi cc lnh trn cn c rt nhiu lnh khc, c th tham kho ti y :

http://www.ss64.com/bash/ Backup sao lu gi liu vi UNIX Cc lnh cn dng : tar, gzip, gunzip

V d vi tar :

tar -czvf MyArchive Source_file hoc tar create gzip verbose file=MyArchive Source_file

tar -xzvf MyArchive Source_file hoc tar extract gunzip verbose file=MyArchive Source_file

gzip l mt phn ca tar, tuy nhin gzip v gunzip vn dng c c lp.

Vic backup v sao lu nn vit thnh cc job h thng t ng lm.

V d ti cn backup d liu ca mysql hng tun vo Ch nht.

#!/bin/bash Date=`date +%a` Day=`date +%m%d` if [ $Date == 'Sun' ] then cd /mysqldata for ix in * do if [ -d $ix ] then tar -czvf /kikicoco/backup/database_$Day.$ix.tar $ix fi done fi

on script bn cho vo 1 file, v d : db_backup.sh

Sau chmod +x cho file db_backup.sh c ngha l cho file ny c quyn chy sau to schedule cho file ny.

Ci ny n tng t nh schedule task ca windows.

to schedule trn Linux bn dng crontab.

[root@duchai etc]# ls -l| grep cron -rw-rr 1 root root 329 Feb 11 2006 anacrontab drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 16 2006 cron.d drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 3 13:43 cron.daily -rw-rr 1 root root 0 Aug 3 13:21 cron.deny drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 11 2005 cron.hourly drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 3 13:18 cron.monthly -rw-rr 1 root root 255 Dec 11 2005 crontab drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 3 13:21 cron.weekly [root@duchai etc]# more crontab SHELL=/bin/bash PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin MAILTO=root HOME=/ # run-parts 01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly 02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily 22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly 42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

Cc job ny s c t trong cc file trn hoc trong th mc : /var/spool/cron/crontabs

S dng crontab l bit cc jobs ca user hin ti. Nu cha c dng lnh crontab -e to jobs.

C php 1 dng trong crontab :

Minute(0-59) Hour (0-23) Day of Month (1-31) Month (1-12 or Jan-Dec) Day of Week (0-6 or Sun-Sat) Command

0 2 12 * 0,6 /usr/bin/find

Tham kho : Cron and Crontab usage and examples.

Ci t v cp nht phn mm trong Linux

Trn windows cc file ci t c nh dng .exe, .msi, .vis, vic ci t rt d dng bng vic chy cc file ny. Trn unix cng tng t nh th. Tuy nhin trong cc bi vit ny ti ch dng terminal, khng dng ch giao din.

Vy vic ci t trn trn linux nh th no ?

* RPM : Red Hat Package Manager

Cc chng trnh s c ui .rpm, c php nh sau :

rpm -i new_program.rpm > ci t chng trnh mi (-i l vit tt ca install)

rpm -q program_name > kim tra xem 1 chng trnh c ci hay cha ?

V d vi Fedora 5/6:

[root@duchai sysconfig]# rpm -q mysql mysql-5.0.18-2.1 [root@duchai sysconfig]# rpm -q firefox firefox-1.5.0.1-9

By gi cn nng cp nn Firefox 2.0

Code: Tham kho : http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Firefox2 Chy lnh :

yum -y install firefox

Cc lnh c bn vi yum:
Ci t : yum -y install <tn phn mm(gi)> G b : yum -y remove <tn phn mm> Xem cc gi ci : yum list <tn phn mm>

V d : xem cc gi ci ca php :

[root@web ~]# yum list php* Loading installonlyn plugin Setting up repositories core 100% |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 updates 100% |=========================| 1.2 kB 00:00 extras 100% |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files primary.xml.gz 100% |=========================| 306 kB 00:01 ################################################## 1072/1072 Installed Packages php.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed php-Smarty.noarch 2.6.13-1.fc6 installed php-bcmath.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed php-cli.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed php-common.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed php-gd.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed php-mbstring.i386 5.1.6-3.1.fc6 installed

Chi tit cc lnh vi yum : yum -h

Khi ht swap th ta cn thm swap file, v d cn thm 1G swap :

/usr/sbin/mkfile 1024m /swapfile > to swap file /usr/sbin/swap -a /swapfile > cho h thng bit swap file mi nm u

n v tnh : kilobytes (k), blocks (b), or megabytes (m)

Kim tra swap file mi c thm hay cha ?

swap -l

S lc li 1 s lnh!

Part1: System information

arch hin th cu trc ca my(1) uname -m hin th cu trc ca my(2) uname -r hin th phin bn kernel ang s dng dmidecode -q Hin th h thng phn cng (SMBIOS / DMI) hdparm -i /dev/hda trnh by nhng c trng ca 1 cng ( lu , hard disk cap ATA l hda cn SATA l sda ) hdparm -tT /dev/sda test th cng cat /proc/cpu hin th thng tin CPU cat /proc/interrupts hin th s ngt ca cc tin trnh cat /proc/meminfo hin th b nh ang s dng cat /proc/swaps hin th file phn vng swap cat /proc/version hin th phin bn kernel cat /proc/net/dev cho thy card mng v thng tin thng k cat /proc/mounts hin th file h thng c s dng cho mounts lspci -tv hin th thit b PCIdisplay PCI devices lsusb -tv hin th thit b USB date hin th ngy h thng cal 2007 hin th lch nm 2007 date 041217002007.00 thit lp ngy v gi MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds clock -w lu thay i ngy trn BIOS

Part2: Shutdown (Restart of a system and Logout )

shutdown -h now tt my init 0 tt my(2) telinit 0 tt my(3) shutdown -h hours:minutes & tt my sau theo thi gian i shutdown -c hy ln tt my theo thi gian shutdown -r now khi ng li(1) reboot khi ng li(2) logout ri khi phin lm vic

Part3: Files and Directory

cd /home n th mc / home cd .. quay ngc li 1 bc cd ../.. quay ngc li 2 bc cd n th mc home cd ~user1 n th mc home cd - tr li th mc trc y pwd hin th ng dn th mc hin hnh ls hin th tp tin v th mc ls -F hin th tp tin trong th mc ls -l hin th chi tit tp tin v th mc ls -a hin th tp tin n ls *[0-9]* hin th tp tin v th mc c cha s tree hin th tp tin v th mc theo cu trc cy lstree hin th tp tin v th mc theo cu trc cy(2) mkdir dir1 to 1 th mc c tn dir1 mkdir dir1 dir2 to cng lc 2 th mc mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 to ra 1 cy th mc rm -f file1 xa tp tin c tn file1 rmdir dir1 xa th mc c tn dir1 rm -rf dir1 xa th mc dir1 v tt c cc tp tin trong th mc rm -rf dir1 dir2 xa cng lc 2 th th mc v tt c cc tp tin trong hai th mc

mv dir1 new_dir i tn/ di chuyn 1 tp tin hoc th mc cp file1 file2 sao chp 1 tp tin cp dir/* . sao chp tt c cc tp tin trong th mc cp -a /tmp/dir1 . sao chp th mc ang lm vic cp -a dir1 dir2 sao chp mt th mc ln -s file1 lnk1 to mt ng dn n 1 tp tin hoc th mc ln file1 lnk1 to 1 ng dn vt l n 1 tp tin hoc th mc touch -t 0712250000 file1 thay i thi gian to file hoc th mc- (YYMMDDhhmm) file file1 hin th kiu tp tin ch vn bn iconv -l hin danh sch m ha iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile to mi t h s c nhp vo cho bi vic gi thit n c m ha trong fromEncoding v chuyn i n toEncoding. find . -maxdepth 1 -name \*.jpg -print -exec convert {} -resize 8060 thumbs/ {} \; thay i kch thc tp tin trong th mc hin hnh v gi chng n th mc thumbnails (ci ny ko bit dch sao) c iu cu chuyn i t Imagemagick

File search
find / -name file1 tm tp tin v th mc trong th mc h thng root t du /s find / -user user1 tm tp tin v th mc thuc v user1 find /home/user1 -name \*.bin tm tp tin vi phn m rng . bin t th mc / home/user1 find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 tm tp tin nh phn v ko c s dng hn 100 ngy find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 tm tp tin c to ra hoc thay i trong vng 10 ngy gn nht find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} \; tm tp tin vi phn m rng .rpm v phn quyn find / -xdev -name \*.rpm tm tp tin vi phn m rng .rpm b qua cc phn vng cdrom, pen-drive, etc. locate \*.ps tm tp tin vi phn m rng .ps trc khi chy lnh updatedb whereis halt xut hin v tr tp tin nh phn, ngun hoc hng dn o which halt xut hin y ng dn nh phn / phn ng dng

Mounting a Filesystem
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 mount a tn l hda2 xc minh tn ti ca th mc / mnt/hda2 umount /dev/hda2 ngng mount a c tn hda2 fuser -km /mnt/hda2 p ngng mount khi thit b ang bn umount -n /mnt/hda2 ngng mount v ko ghi ln tp tin /etc/mtab - c tc dng khi tp tin c thuc tnh readonly hoc b full cng mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount mt a mm mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount mt tp tin hoc iso image mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share

Disk Space

df -h hin danh sch phn vng c mount ls -lSr |more hin kch c ca tptin v th mc v sp xp theo dung lng du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory dir1 du -sk * | sort -rn hin dung lng ca tp tin v th mc v sp sp theo dung lng rpm -q -a qf %10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n | sort -k1,1n hin dung lng c s dng bi gi c ci t v sp xp theo dung lng (fedora, redhat and like) dpkg-query -W -f=${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n | sort -k1,1n hin dung lng c ci t bi gi deb v sp xp theo dung lng (ubuntu, debian and like)

Users and Groups

groupadd group_name to mt nhm mi groupdel group_name xa mt nhm groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name i tn nhm

useradd -c Name Surname -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 to mt ngi dng mi trong nhm admin useradd user1 to mt ngi dng mi userdel -r user1 xa ngi dng ( -r loi tr th mc gc) usermod -c User FTP -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 thay i thuc tnh ngi dng passwd i mt m passwd user1 i mt m ngi dng (ch dnh cho root) chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 thit lp di ca mt khu ngi dng pwck kim tra c php ng v tp tin nh dng trong /etc/passwd v s tn ti ca ngi dng grpck kim tra c php ng v tp tin nh dng trong /etc/group v s tn ti ca nhm newgrp group_name ng nhp ti mt nhm mi thay i nhm mc nh (ca) nhng tp tin mi c to ra.