AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Second Edition with St Units Robert R. Archer Nathan H. Cook ‘Stephen H. Crandél, Norman C. Dahl Thomas J Lardner Frank A. MeClinock Ernest Rabinowice George S, Reichenbach First Edition Eilted by ‘Stephen H. Crandall and Norman C. Dahl ‘Second Edition Edited by ‘Thomas J. Lardner ‘Second Edition with SI Units Ealited by ‘Thomas J. Lardner Department of Mechanical Engineering ‘MassachusetsInstute of Technology McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York St. Louls San Francisco Auckland Bogotd Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTAISO 34 19 4G ras NBT 1978 | a aro nA 2 ian introduction to the mechanics of so 020160660 311268 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under tte: | ‘an intrsuction tothe mechanic of sli. Previous editions entered under: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Tneludes index. 1. Mechanics, Applied. 2. Solids. 1. Archer, Robert R. I. Lardner, Thomas J. TL. Massachusetts Institue of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. ‘An introduction to the mechanics of solid. 7A350,16 1978 _620.1'0577-21398 ISBN 0-07-013441-3 INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Copyright © 1978, 1972, 1959 by MeGraw-il Inc ‘Airdehtsveerved-Printed inthe United States of America. Except as permited aise the Copyright Act of 1976 no part of thls publication may be reproduced oF “lstrbuted in any form or by any means or stored ina data base or retriew ‘System, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound by Book-mart Press Inc. 18 19 20 BKMBKM 998.7654 ‘This book was set in Times Roman. The editor was B. J. Clarks the cover was designed by Anne Canevari Green; the production supervisor was Milton J. Heiberg.CONTENTS ‘Chapter One Preface to the set ‘edition Preface to the second edition with SI u Preface to the first edition Fundamental principles of mechanics 1.1, Tntroduetion 1.2. Generalized procedure 1.3, The fundamental principles of mechanics 14, The concept of force 1.5. The moment of a force 116, Conditions for equilcium. 1.7. Engineering applications 1.8. Friction 1.9, Examples 1.10. Hooke’s joint 1.1L, Final remarks Problems SEBREETouuKH <w ‘CONTENTS Chapter Two Introduction to mechanics of deformable bodies 21. Analysis of deformable bodies 22. Uniaxial loading and deformation 23, Statially determinate situations 244, Staticaly indeterminate situations 2.5. Computer analysis of trusses 2.6, Elastic energy; Castigiano’s theorem 27. Summary Problems Chapter Three Forces and moments transmitted by slender members 3.1. Introduction 3.2. General method 33. Distributed loads 344, Resultants of distributed loads 355. Differential equilibrium relationships 3:6, Singularity functions 3.7, Fluid forees 3.8. Three-dimensional problems Problems ‘Chapter Four Stress and strain 44, Introduction 42. Stress 43, Plane stress ‘44, Equilibrium of a differential element in plane stress 145, Stres components associated with arbitrarily oriented faces in plane stress 4.6, Moht’s circle representation of plane stress 4.7. Mohr’ citcle representation of a general state of stress 4.8, Analysis of deformation 49, Definition of strain components 4.10. Relation between strain and displacement in plane strain 4.11, Strain components associated with arbitrary sets of axes 4.12. Mohe’s circle representation of plane strain 4.3. Moe's circle representation ofa general state of strain 4.14, Measurement of strains 4.15, India notation Problems Chapter Five Stress-strain-temperature relations 5.1 Introduction 5.2. The terile test n n 31 4 9 102 108 49 120 0 M3 at 150 188 158 164 m 175 183 204 201 mm 210 214 218 ns 2 24 239 242 250 288 265‘CONTENTS ‘Chapter Six Chapter Seven 33. 34, 55 36. 31. 58. 59. 5.10. Sul. 512, ealizatons of stress-strain curves Elastic stress-strain relations ‘Thermal strain Complete equations of elasticity ‘Complete elastic solution for a thick-walled yinder Surain energy in an elastic body Stress concentration ‘Composite materials and anisotropic elasticity CCaiteria for intial yietding Behavior beyond intial yielding in the tensile test 5.13, Fracture of ductile specimens and structures 5.14, Fracture of brite specimens and structures 5.18. Fatigue 5.16, Criteria for continued yielding 5,17, Plastic stress-strain relations 5.18, Viscoelasticity Problems Torsion 6.1, Introduetion 6.2. Geometry of deformation of a twisted circular shaft 6.3. Stresses obtained from stress-strain relations 64, Equilibrium requirements 65. Sitess and deformation in a twisted elastic circular shaft 6.6. Torsion of elastic hollow circular shafts 6.7. Stress analysis in torsion; combined stresses 68. Strain energy due to torsion 69. The onset of yielding in torsion 6.10. Plastic deformations 6.11, Residual stresses 6.12, Limit analysis 6.13. Torsion of reetangular shafts 6.14 Torsion of hollow, thin-walled shafts Problems Stresses due to bending 1. 72. 73. 1, 15. Introduction Geometry of deformation of a symmetrical beam subjected to pure bending Stresses obtained from stress-strain relations Equilibrium requirements Stress and deformation in symmetrical elastic beams subjected to pure bending vw m4 280 281 287 293, 300 302 an 319 327 328 329 337 350 364 364 366 an 372 a 378 380 383, 385 386 389 391 393 395 399 a6 416 a7 a2 a rayvu CONTENTS 76, Stresses in symmetrical elastic beams transmitting both shear ores and bending moment 171. Stress analysis in bending; combined stresses 7.8, Strain energy due to bending 179. The onset of yielding in bending 7140. Plastic deformations TAL. Bending of unsymmetrical beams 7.12, Shear flow in thin-walled open section Problems Chapter Eight Deffections due to bending 8.1 Introduction 82. The moment-curvature relation 83, Integration of the moment-curvature relation 84, Superposition 8.5. The load-deflection di 86, Energy methods 8.7. Limit analysis Problems ential equation Chapter Nine Stability of equilibrium: buckling 9.1, Introduction 9.2. Elastic stability 9.3, Examples of instability 9.4, Elastic stability of flexible columns 955. Elastic postbuckling behavior 9.6. Instability as a mode of failure 9.1. Necking of tension members 9.8, Plastic buckling Problems ‘Answers to selected problems Index 42 4a 449 42 46 470 a7 sit si2 315 327 32 545 350 335 sm 7 378 38 583 590 595 596 599 0s a3 aPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The reader is advised to read the preface to the first edition. The aim and ‘emphasis of the book have not changed: the principles underlying the mechanics of rigid and deformable solids in equilibrium have not changed. ‘We have resisted the temptation to increase by a great amount the material covered, or to emphasize formalism and rigor in place of the emphasis on con- structing idealized models to represent actual physical situations, We believe that the reader must appreciate that engineering is the finding of solutions, i.e., the determination of answers to physical problems. The second edition has main- tained the spirit and tradition of the first in this regard. We hope, too, that the book has maintained the tradition of engineering thinking, a tradition which M.A. Biot! refers to as the“. .. tradition of clarity, simplicity, intuitive under- standing, unpretentious depth, and a shunning of the irrelevant.” ‘Changes have been made; these changes, however, are more in the spirit of reform than of revolution. New material dealing with energy, hydrostatics, postbuckling behavior, and indicial notation has been introduced. There is also "M.A. Biot, Science and the Engineer, Appl. Mech. Rev., vol. 16,n0.2, pp. 89-90, February 1963, xx PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION WITH SI UNITS a discussion of the role of computers in structural analysis. In this regard we have tried to emphasize that the computer can be used as a tool in the solution of prob- lems. ‘The physical understanding and formulation of a problem, however, are the most important parts of the solution, and the basic principles still reside in the three steps of Eq. (2.1). Many sections have been revised and a number of chapters reorganized to improve previous expositions. ‘A number of new problems have been added, and an effort has been made to show the variety of situations to which the principles contained in this book may be applied, from biology to the design of nuclear-reactor containment vessels. We wish to thank the many readers who have submitted lists of misprints and comments and our many colleagues who have found the book useful during the last twelve years. Professor W. M. Murray is owed thanks for his contribu- tion to Sec. 4.14. ‘THOMAS J, LARDNER Preface to the Second Edition with SI Units We have changed over sixty percent of the numerical examples and problems to the SI units. The SI system of units will take a few years to be adopted fully in. the United States. For this reason, we have retained some examples and problems in the conventional English System, “THOMAS J. LARDNER Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics University of Ilinois