B KHOA HC V CNG NGH VIN NNG LNG NGUYN T VIT NAM

Bo co tm tt

TNG QUAN H THNG CNG NGH NH MY IN HT NHN

C quan thc hin: Vin Nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam

H Ni, 4/2011

Ni dung

1. M u ................................................................................................................2 2. Mt s khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng ht nhn ...........................3 3. L nc nh p lc PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor .....................................6 4. L nc si BWR - Boiling Water Reactor ...................................................11 5. L nc nng PHWR.......................................................................................14 6. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn.......................................................................16 7. Mt s thit k l phn ng ci tin (advanced) .............................................20 8. Cc loi l VVER ca Nga ...............................................................................24 9. Kt lun.............................................................................................................30

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CNG NGH NH MY IN HT NHN 1. M u Theo s liu mi nht cng b thng 1/2011 ca C quan nng lng nguyn t quc t, hin nay trn ton cu c 442 t my in ht nhn ang vn hnh, lng in pht in ht nhn chim 16% sn lng in ton cu; c khong 65 t my in ht nhn ang tin hnh xy dng. Th t cc quc gia c nhiu t my in ht nhn nht: M 104 t my, Php 58, Nht Bn 54, Nga 32, Hn Quc 21, n 20, Anh 19, Canada 18, c 17, Ukraine 15, Trung Quc 13. Chu ang l khu vc c nhp pht trin in ht nhn cao nht. p ng nhu cu ca th k 21, hin nay nhiu loi l th h mi ang c nghin cu pht trin. Chnh ph cc nc c ngnh cng nghip ht nhn pht trin ang u t trn 2 t US$ cho cng tc ny. Nhiu loi l ang c nghin cu thit k vi mc tiu tng tnh kinh t, nng cao an ton v gii quyt vn b thi hot cao sng di ngy. Cc khoa hc gia quc t khng nh: d ang phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc, nhng cng ngh in ht nhn vn l mt la chn quan trng ca th k 21. Trong hoch nh chin lc pht trin nng lng v la chn cng ngh pht in, mi khu vc, mi quc gia, trong tng thi k nht nh, u phi i mt vi mt lot cc vn , khng c mt khun mu chung no cho tt c cc nc. Vic cung cp nng lng, c bit l in nng, mt cch y v tin cy khng ch cn thit cho s pht trin kinh t m, nh ngy cng c thy r, cn cn thit cho s n nh chnh tr v x hi. S thiu ht nng lng trm trng, c hin ti ln trong tng lai, thng dn ti nhng bt n v mu thun tim tng trong mi quc gia v gia cc quc gia. Bi vy, cung cp nng lng mt cch an ton, tin cy v vi chi ph hp l l mt yu cu kinh t, chnh tr v x hi thit yu, v l mt thch thc. Hoch nh v a ra nhng quyt nh v sn xut nng lng v in nng, do , l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch.

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Bo co ny gii thiu nhng khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng ht nhn v nhng ci tin, nhng cng ngh l th h mi ang c trin khai thc hin trn th gii. 2. Mt s khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng ht nhn 2.1 Nguyn l phn ng phn hch L phn ng ht nhn (LPHN) hot ng da trn nguyn l phn ng phn hch dy chuyn. S n gin ca nguyn l ny nu trn hnh 1. Khi mt ntron bn ph ht nhn U235, ht nhn b tch thnh hai hay nhiu ht nhn nh hn km theo vic gii phng nng lng dng ng nng, bc x gamma v pht ra cc ntron t do, cc ntron t do ny l tip tc bn ph cc ht nhn khc to ra phn ng ht nhn dy chuyn.

Ntron nhit N

Nhit nng

Ntron nhanh N Ntron nhit N

Phn hch U 235 U 235

Cht lm chm N N H p th

Hnh 1. S n gin ca nguyn l phn ng phn hch

2.2 Cu trc c bn ca l v cc vt liu s dng Cu trc c bn ca l phn ng ht nhn (LPHN) bao gm: nhin liu ht nhn, cht lm chm, cht ti nhit, thanh iu khin, vnh phn x, thng l, tng bo v v cc vt cu trc khc. S cu trc c bn ca LPHN nu

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trong hnh 2. Cc phn t chnh, vt liu s dng v chc nng ca chng c nu trong bng 1.
Thanh iu khin Vnh phn x Thng l Nhin liu ht nhn Cht lm chm Cht ti nhit

Hnh 2. S cu trc c bn ca LPHN Bng 1. Cc phn t chnh, vt liu s dng v chc nng ca chng
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phn t Nhin liu Cht lm chm Cht ti nhit Thanh iu khin Vnh phn x Thng l Vt liu U233 , U235, Pu239, Pu241 H2O, D2O, C, Be H2O, D2O, CO2, He, Na Cd, B, Hf Nh cc cht lm chm Fe &S/S Chc nng Cht phn hch Gim nng lng ca ntron nhanh thnh ntron nhit Ti nhit lm mt l iu khin mc tng gim ntron Gim mt mt ntron Chu p lc v cha ton b vng hot

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7 8

Tng bo v Cc vt cu trc khc

B tng, H2O, Fe, Pb Al, Fe, Zn, S/S

Bo v chng bc x H tr cc cu trc trong l

2.3 Phn loi cc loi l Tu thuc vo vic s dng cc cht ti nhit, cht lm chm v cu trc ca l, ngi ta phn ra cc loi l nh nu trong bng 2. Bng 2. Phn loi cc loi l
S TT LOI L PWR BWR WWER PHWR CANDU GCR LWGR AGR FBR Tn gi Nhin liu Cht lm chm H2O H2O H2O D2O Cht ti nhit H2O H2O H2O D2O H2O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L nc p lc L nc si L nc p lc (LX c) L nc nng knh p lc L kh grafit L nc grafit knh p lc L kh grafit ci tin L nhanh ti sinh

Urani lm giu nh 2-5% Urani lm giu nh 2-5% Urani lm giu nh 2-5% Urani t nhin 0,7% Urani t nhin 0,7% Urani t nhin giu nh Urani t nhin 0,7% Urani lm giu hoc Plutoni

Grafit Grafit Grafit Khng

Kh He H2O Kh He Na

Hin nay, cng ngh l pht trin rt phong ph v a dng. Hin c trn 10 loi l ang c s dng v nghin cu pht trin. Rt kh c th nh gi u th tuyt i ca loi l ny so vi loi l khc. Vic mi quc gia s dng v pht trin loi l no ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trc ht l chin lc ca mi quc gia, sau l trnh khoa hc - cng ngh v kh nng tham gia ca

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cng nghip ni a. Mc d s loi l nhiu nh vy nhng a s hoc b loi b khi xu hng pht trin hoc ang trng thi th nghim. Cho n nay, thc cht ch mi c ba loi c cng nhn l nhng cng ngh c kim chng v c pht trin nhiu nht, l PWR, BWR v PHWR. T phn s lng l ca cc loi cng ngh nh sau: L phn ng nc p lc: 60% (Pressurired Water Reactor - PWR+VVER), k theo l L phn ng nc si: 21% (Boiling Water Reactor - BWR), v cui cng l L nc nng kiu CANDU: 7% (Pressurired Heavy Water Reactor - PHWR), phn cn li l cc loi l khc. Chng ta hy xem xt s b 3 loi l c pht trin nhiu nht, ph bin nht hin nay l PWR, BWR v PHWR. 3. L nc nh p lc PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor y l kiu l ph bin nht vi trn 230 l hin ang vn hnh trn khp th gii. Thit k c bn ca loi l ny c ngun gc t cc l phn ng ht nhn s dng trong cc tu ngm ht nhn. Chng s dng nc thng lm cht ti nhit v lm chm. Thit k khc bit mang tnh in hnh ca loi l ny l dng nc trong chu trnh lm ngui vng mt i qua tm l vi p sut rt cao v chu trnh th hai c s dng l hi c sinh ra chy tuc bin.

Hnh 3. S cng ngh hai vng tun hon ca l PWR

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Nc trong vng hot c th t ti nhit 325 0C, khi nc cn phi mc p sut 150 ln p sut kh quyn ngn chn vic lm si nc, p sut c duy tr nh hi trong b iu p. Trong chu trnh vng I nc cng ng vai tr ca cht lm chm nn nu nc tr thnh hi th s lm cho phn ng phn hch b gim xung. Hiu ng phn hi m ny l mt trong nhng c trng an ton ni ti ca loi l PWR. H thng dp l th cp thc hin vic b sung thm bo vo vng s cp. Vng th cp c duy tr p sut thp hn v nc s si trong cc b trao i nhit ca thit b sinh hi. Hi nc lm quay tuc bin my pht sn xut in, sau li c lm ngng t thnh nc vi nhit thp hn v qua cc b trao i nhit quay tr li vng s cp. Yu cu sch ca nc vng hai rt cao, do vy bo m cc ch tiu kinh t, tt c hi nc sau khi sinh cng tuc bin u c ngng t v a tr li chu trnh cng ngh. Do vy, vng hai ca nh my HN cng l mt chu trnh kn, nc b sung l mt lng nh b hao ht do r thot.

Hnh 4. S thng l PWR PWR l mt loi l nc nh vi nc nh va l cht ti nhit va l cht lm chm ntron v c thng l chu p lc. Thng l cu to t mt phn hnh tr vi cc ng vo/ra ca cht ti nhit v y hnh elp. Bn trong thng l c ging l hnh tr dng b tr vng hot v t chc dng chuyn ng ca cht ti nhit. Thng l chu p sut ln v

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chu bc x cao c ch to rt phc tp. Mt trong v l tip xc vi nc c ph mt lp thp khng g chng n mn v gim qu trnh gin v l do tng tc ca dng nowtrn cao, chiu x mnh. bo m bn, thng l c lm vi s mi hn t nht. Thng l c thit k lm vic trong mt thi gian di t 40 n 60 nm. Cc thng s ca l PWR cng sut 1160 MWe c trnh by trong bng 3. Bng 3. Mt s thng s chnh ca loi l PWR - 1160 MWe
Thng s c bn ca l PWR Cng sut nhit Cng sut in ng knh pha trong thng l dy thng l Chiu cao thng l Vt liu thng l Trng lng thng l ng knh vng hot Chiu cao/di vng hot giu nhin liu S b nhin liu ng knh thanh nhin liu Chiu di thanh nhin liu Tng chiu di b nhin liu Vt liu ng thanh nhin liu Trng lng nhin liu Mt cng sut S b/thanh iu khin p sut trong l Cht ti nhit Cht lm chm ntron Thng lng cht ti nhit qua l Nhit cht ti nhit vo/ra l 3423 MWt 1160 MWe 4,394 m 225 mm 12,9 m ASME SA-508 GrB class 3 402 t 3,37 m 3,66 m 2,1 - 4,1% 193 9,5 mm 3,65 m 4,06 m Zircaloy-4 89 t 105 KW/lt 53 b 157 Kg/cm2 H2O H2O 60.103 t/h 289/325 0C

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 l PWR, khi cc ng bo v v h thng iu khin c b tr pha trn vng hot. iu ny cho php cc thanh iu khin c th t ri vo vng hot dp l khi cn thit. Cc l PWR c cc b nhin liu vi s lng thanh nhin liu trong mi b t 200-300 tu thuc cu hnh ca b nhin liu (15 x 15, 16 x 16, 17 x 17, v.v.), cc b nhin liu c sp trong thng l chu p lc theo chiu thng ng. Tng s b nhin liu vo khong 150-250 v tng trng lng khong 80-100 tn uranium. Cc b nhin liu ca l PWR cng nh ca l BWR trong trng phi thit k ca cc nc phng Ty c dng hnh hp vung, cn trong cc l do Nga thit k c dng hnh hp lc gic u, trong b tr mng vung hay tam gic. Cc thanh nhin liu c dng hnh ng bn trong xp cc vin nhin liu UO2 c ng knh 8 mm v chiu cao 10 mm. Gia v bc v vin nhin liu l rnh kh He, pha trn c l xo nn gi v khong trng cha kh phng x thot ra trong phn ng ht nhn. Cc thanh nhin liu hp li thnh cc b nhin liu. Cc b nhin liu np vo l c th c hoc khng c v hp bc ngoi ty tng l. Cc hp ny c c l to dng chy ngang c tc dng dn u trng nhit vng hot.

Hnh 5. Cc b nhin liu ca l PWR theo trng phi Phng Ty v Nga

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Nh my HN vi l PWR c s cng ngh hai vng. Trong s cng ngh ny nht thit phi c thit b sinh hi l thnh phn phn chia hai vng. C th ni thit b sinh hi thuc vng mt hay thuc vng hai u ng.

Hnh 6. Thit b sinh hi kiu ng (phng Ty) v kiu ngang (Nga) Trong thit b sinh hi, truyn c nhit t vng mt sang vng hai cn phi c chnh lch nhit gia nc vng mt (khng c si) v nc si thuc vng hai. trnh si nc trong vng mt, p sut ca n phi ln, thng l cao hn nhiu so vi p sut vng hai. Do vy, tnh kinh t nhit ca nh my hai vng bao gi cng thp hn nh my mt vng c p sut trong l nh nhau. Thit b sinh hi l mt thnh phn cn thit trong nh my HN vi l PWR. N cch ly s lan truyn cht phng x t vng mt sang vng hai, gip cho vic vn hnh nh my c thun tin hn. Nhng mt khc, thit b sinh hi l mt khu yu trong nh my HN vi l PWR. Trong thit b ny, c hng ngn ng trao i nhit, nhiu hng hc thng hay xy ra vi cc ng ny nh tc nghn, t gy, thng do n mn v c xt gy r nc c phng x t vng mt sang vng hai. khc phc nhng hng hc ny, thng i hi phi mt thi gian, tn km v phi dng nh my, gy nh hng n kinh t. Thong nhn ngi ta c cm gic nh my HN hai vng cn vn u t nhiu hn nhiu so vi nh my mt vng. Nhng do yu cu m bo an ton
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phng x, phi x l (trao i ion) ton b lu lng nc ngng t (sau tuc bin) lm cho ch s quan trng nh gi cng sut t mi KW ca nh my mt vng hu nh xp x vi nh my hai vng. 4. L nc si BWR - Boiling Water Reactor V mc ph bin cng nh cc hng cung cp, cc nc s dng... th l nc si BWR ch ng sau l nc p lc PWR. Nguyn l thit k v hot ng cn bn ca cc l nc si l s dng chu trnh trc tip. Nc trong vng hot l phn ng c lm si nh phn ng phn hch v sinh ra hi nc trc tip chy tuc bin my pht. Nc trong thng l bao gm hai phn: nc v hi nc, do vic s dng chu trnh trc tip th hin s khc bit vi cc cng ngh khc nhng c tnh c bn sau: o Khng c my sinh hi (chu trnh trc tip). o Gim c p lc trong l trong khi vn t c hiu sut cao.
o Phn lu chuyn ca cc vt cht phng x rng hn.

Hnh 7. S cng ngh mt vng tun hon vi l nc si - BWR BWR cng l mt loi l vi nc nh va l cht ti nhit va l cht lm chm v c thng l chu p lc. Tuy nhin, khc vi l PWR, trong l BWR c s si th tch ngay trong l. Thng l BWR c hnh thc gn ging nh l PWR nhng c cc thng s khc hn. Vng hot l BWR tng t nh l PWR khng ng nht v c
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tp hp t cc b nhin liu t st nhau trong gi vng hot. So vi l PWR cng cng sut, kch thc vng hot ca l BWR ln hn.

Hnh 8. Thng l nc si - BWR Bng 5. Mt s thng s chnh ca loi l BWR - 1100 MWe
Thng s Cng sut nhit Cng sut in ng knh pha trong thng l dy thng l Chiu cao thng l Vt liu thng l Trng lng thng l ng knh vng hot Chiu cao/di vng hot giu nhin liu S b nhin liu ng knh thanh nhin liu
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BWR 3293 MWt 1100 MWe 6,375 m 157 mm 23,0 m ASME SA-533 GrB class 1 793 t 4,75 m 3,71 m 2,2% 764 13 mm
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Chiu di thanh nhin liu Tng chiu di b nhin liu Vt liu ng thanh nhin liu Trng lng nhin liu Mt cng sut S b/thanh iu khin p sut trong l Cht ti nhit Cht lm chm ntron Thng lng cht ti nhit qua l Nhit cht ti nhit vo/ra l

3,71 m 4,46 m Zircaloy-2 142 t 50 KW/lt 185 thanh 71 Kg/cm2 H2O H2O 48.103 t/h 216/286 0C

Hnh 9. Cc b nhin liu v thanh iu khin ca l BWR Cc thanh nhin liu ca l BWR v hnh thc cng ging nh cc thanh nhin liu ca l PWR, ch khc l chng c ng knh to hn v v bc dy hn. Cc b nhin liu ca l BWR c bc trong hp kn hon ton, khng c l loi tr cc dng chy ngang. Do c th ca s cng ngh khc vi l PWR, cc h thng iu khin
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v bo v ca l BWR c b tr phn di ca l v trong thnh phn ca h thng iu khin c s dng cc bm thay i lu lng nc tun hon qua vng hot iu chnh cng sut l. ng c ca cc thanh iu khin v bo v nm ngoi v thng l v lun c nng lng d tr thng lc trng trng v a cc thanh ny vo vng hot khi b mt in cp. u im c bn ca nh my HN vi l BWR l c s cng ngh mt vng, nh vy cu trc n gin v tnh kinh t cao v cc thng s ca hi nc trc khi vo tuc bin v trong l gn nh bng nhau (ch hn km nhau phn tiu hao trn ng ng). Nhc im c bn ca nh my vi l BWR l tt c thit b phi lm vic trong iu kin c phng x, do vy, vic vn hnh phc tp hn v lng cht thi phng x cng nhiu hn. 5. L nc nng PHWR Phn ln cc l PHWR (Pressurized Heavy-Water-moderated Reactor) c cu hnh tiu chun nh nhau. L c 380 knh cng tc nm ngang c sp xp trong mng hnh vung. Thit b iu khin, thit b dp l v cc thit b o trong vng hot u nm trong ng c b tr thng ng hay nm ngang (xen k gia cc knh nhin liu). Mi trng lm vic l nc nng c p sut thp, nhit thp.

Hnh 10. Cc b nhin liu v knh ngang ca l PHWR Vng hot c bao bc trong mt b kn bng thp, hnh tr, nm ngang, gi l b calandria. n lt mnh, b calandria li nm trong mt khoang b tng kn cha y nc nh. Mi knh cng tc l mt ng lng, ng ngoi gi l
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ng calandria lm bng zircaloy. ng trong gi l ng chu p, cha 12 b nhin liu v nc nng ti nhit, ng ny lm bng hp kim zirconi-niobi. Cc knh cng tc nm ngang song song vi trc v xuyn qua b calandria. Khong khng gia ng chu p v ng calandria trong mi knh cng tc l kh CO2. Cht ti nhit l nc nng chy trong knh nhin liu (knh chu p) ti nhit sinh ra t phn ng ht nhn v my sinh hi. Nc nng trong b calandria c s dng lm chm ntron nhanh sinh ra t phn ng phn hch. Cht lm chm l nc nng tun hon lin tc qua b calandria v my trao i nhit gii phng nhit sinh ra trong cht lm chm khi l lm vic. Cc c cu trn u vo v u ra bo m cho vic phn b nhit ca cht ti nhit trong b calandria c ng u, p sut trn b mt ca nc nng ln hn p sut kh quyn mt t.

Hnh 11. S cng ngh ca l nc nng PHWR H thng cht lm chm ntron c lp hon ton vi h thng ti nhit l phn ng. H thng ny bao gm hai bm v hai my trao i nhit v ni vi: - H thng lm sch nc nng; - H thng kh trn b mt nc nng; - H thng cht lng gy nhim c dp phn ng ht nhn; - H thng ly mu;
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- H thng cung cp nc nng. B cha nc nng gip cho cht lm chm duy tr mc cn thit, b cho s co dn do giao ng nhit gy ra v b r thot trong qu trnh lm vic. Nc nng trong b calandria cn c chc nng nh mt b lm mt trong trng hp s c mt cht ti nhit m h thng lm mt vng hot b hng. Nhng vt liu trong b calandria v h thng lm chm ntron c tip xc vi nc nng l thp khng g hay cc hp kim zirconi. Nhng vt liu ny thch hp vi mi trng nhit thp v c axt nh. Trong l PHWR vic dn u cng sut t c bng cch cho nhin liu chy khc nhau theo tng vng, kt hp vi s dng cc thanh iu chnh. Cc l PHWR s dng nhin liu chun. Mi b nhin liu l tp hp ca 37 thanh nhin liu c v bc lm bng hp kim zircaloy, bn trong cha cc vin UO2 thin nhin. Vt liu vng hot v cht lm chm ntron l nc nng lm cho l PHWR tit kim ntron ti a v s dng trit nhin liu. Khi nhin liu chy v hm lng U-235 gim, plutoni sinh ra s cung cp mt lng phn ng b sung v gp khong mt na sn lng nhit. c im thay nhin liu khi l lm vic loi b nhu cu phi c phn ng d ln, tc l s thanh b ca h thng iu khin gim. Mt khc s phn b cng sut trong vng hot ng u hn. 6. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn Bt u t nhng nm 2000 tr li y, cc NMHN c phn loi thnh cc th h : o Th h I: Cc l phn ng nguyn mu (prototypes), o Th h II: Cc NMHN xy dng v ang vn hnh, o Th h III v III+ : Cc l phn ng tin tin, o Th h l phn ng tip theo - th h IV . Cc th h III, III+ v IV k tha cc u im v khc phc cc nhc im ca cc th h trc.

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Hnh 12. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn

Th h I Cc l phn ng thng mi nguyn mu (prototype) vn hnh vo nhng nm 1950 - 1960. L phn ng thng mi u tin trn th gii vi cng sut 5 MW c a vo vn hnh nm 1954 ti Lin X c. Sau , ti Anh, l phn ng Calder Hall c a vo vn hnh vo nm 1956 vi cng sut ban u l 50 MW. Nh my HN thng mi u tin ti M l Shippingport vn hnh vo nm 1957, vi cng sut 60 MW. Nhiu l phn ng th h I ch l n chic, nh l Fermi I M, ch khng i din cho mt kiu thit k no c. Trong khi vi th h II cc l c khuynh hng xy dng hng lot, mc d c thit k ring bit nhng p dng cng mt nguyn l thit k. Th h II Cc l th h II l mt s thit k c pht trin t cc l phn ng th h I. c nhiu thay i ng k trong thit k v k c c mt s kiu hon ton mi so vi th h trc. Cc l phn ng c xy dng vo u nhng nm 1970 v 1980 v hin ti vn ang c vn hnh thng mi. Cc l phn ng nc nh M, Php, cc l CANDU Canada l nhng v d v cc l th h II. Th h III Cc l th h th III l cc thit k ci tin (advanced-design), bao gm: - Cc l nc si ci tin (ABWR) do GE thit k v c xy dng ti Nht Bn;
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- Cc l ci tin h System 80+ do CE (Combustion Engineering) nay thuc Westinghouse thit k; - Cc l PWR ci tin (APWR), do Westinghouse, MHI thit k; - Cc l WWER-1000: AES-91, AES-92 ca Nga thit k; - Cc l c thit k th ng nh AP600 ca Westinghouse. - Cc l EPR (Evolutionary Pressurized / European Pressurized Reactor) l mt thit k tin ha kt hp gia cc thit k v kinh nghim vn hnh cc l N4 ca Framatome v KONVOI ca Siemens, c. Mt s thit k c pht trin M v c C quan php quy Hoa K (US-NRC) cp php vo nhng nm 1990. Cc l ABWR v APWR /ang c xy dng v vn hnh nhiu nc khc nhau. Mt s thit k khc cng ang trong giai on xin cp chng nhn thit k ca NRC nh US EPR. Cc ci tin quan trng so vi th h II bao gm: - Hon thin cng ngh v nhin liu; - a vo cc h thng an ton th ng; - Cc thit k c tiu chun ha; Th h III+ Cc thit k th h III+ ni chung l m rng khi nim thit k ca th h III trong a vo cc c tnh an ton th ng ci tin (advanced passive safety). Cc thit k ny c th duy tr trng thi an ton m khng cn s dng cc thnh phn iu khin ch ng no. Chng c th c pht trin nhng giai on khc nhau vo nhng nm 1990 v hin ti bt u c cp php xy dng. Cc l phn ng c th c vn hnh vo nhng nm 2010. Cc thit k th h III+ bao gm: - Cc l Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR); - L AP1000 da trn thit k AP600 ca Westinghouse; - L Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) da trn thit k ABWR; - L APR-1400 Thit k PWR ci tin pht trin t cc l KNGR (Korean Next Generation Reactor) da trn c s thit k h System 80+ ca M.
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- L WWER-1200: AES-2006 ca Nga thit k. Th h IV Cc l th h IV l cc thit k c xc lp bi GIF (Generation IV International Forum), theo sng kin ca DOE v 10 quc gia thnh vin khc. Tt c cc l phn ng th h IV hin cn ang giai on thit k khi nim hoc thc nghim v hy vng s c xem xt khai thc vo nhng nm 2030. Nm 2002, GIF a ra lch trnh (Roadmap) cho 6 thit k th h IV gm 3 loi l ntrn nhit v 3 loi l ntrn nhanh. c trng an ton qua cc th h Mt s c trng v an ton ca cc th h cng ngh l nu trong bng 6. Bng 6. Mt s yu cu v pht trin cc th h cng ngh l
Th h l I c trng thit k Cc HT an ton ch ng + To nh bo v Cc HT an ton ch ng ci tin : t by corium & Qun l s c + To nh bo v Cc HT an ton ch ng v th ng: t by corium & Qun l s c + To nh bo v Hon ton thit k mi: Hu nh khng c kh nng nng chy vng hot ("NLHN khng c thm ho" Xc sut ph hu vng hot, nm-1 > 10-4 Xc sut thot x ra MT, nm-1 > 10-5 V d loi l Phn ln cc loi l ang hot ng Sizewell, N4, Convoy, System80+, AES-91, EPR, ABWR, AP-1000, ESBWR, SIR, AES-92 MHTR, PIUS, ISIS, PRIS, SAFR, PBMR

<10-4 - 10-6

<10-6 - 10-7

II

<10-6 - 10-7

III

Hu nh khng th xy ra

IV

Nh hn mc c th tin on

Nhng l th h III v III+ c cc c tnh sau: o Tiu chun ho thit k cho mi loi rt ngn qu trnh cp php, gim chi phi ph u t v gim thi gian xy dng.

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o Thit k n gin hn v vng chc hn lm chng d vn hnh v n nh trong h thng c nhiu dao ng. o H s sn sng hot ng cao hn v tui th di hn - mc in hnh l 60 nm. o Xc sut tai nn nng chy vng hot gim. o Tc ng ti mi trng mc ti thiu. o su chy cao hn v t gim nhin liu s dng v lng thi pht sinh. o S dng cht hp th c th chy c nhm tng thi gian s dng nhin liu. Khc bit ln nht so vi cc thit k hin thi l nhiu nh my ht nhn th h mi tch hp c c im an ton th ng hoc ni ti, khng i hi s kim sot ch ng ca con ngi hay s can thip ca nhn vin vn hnh trnh tai nn khi c trc trc.
7.

Mt s thit k l phn ng ci tin (advanced)

7.1 L nc si ci tin - Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR)

Hnh 13. S nguyn l nh my HN dng l nc si ci tin

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Hin ti c 4 l dang vn hnh ti Nht (Kashiwazaki-Kariwa -6 & 7, Hamaoka-5 v Shika- 2), 7 l trong k hoch ti Nht, 2 l ang c xy dng ti i Loan. L nc si ci tin thuc loi: o Cng ngh gc ca GE, tip thu bi Hitachi & Toshiba o L th h III u tin c vn hnh thng mi o c cp php ti M, Nht Bn, i Loan o Cng sut 1380 MWe - 1500 MWe o Thi gian xy dng c rt ngn Cc c trng thit k: - Thit k mt vng, i lu cng bc vi cng sut 1,300 Mwe; - Thit k kt hp cc c tnh thit k ca l BWR chu u, Nht Bn v M; - S dng cc bm ti tun hon trong l (gim thiu cc im vo thng l); - Cc h thng an ton s ha, cc h thng logic v iu khin s ha da trn cc b vi x l (microprocessor-based);
-

Thit k cng bao gm cc nng cao v an ton nh bo v chng li s qu p ca v nh l phn ng (RCV), h thng tch nc c lp v th ng, ba ng c diesel khn cp .v.v..

Hnh 14.Thng l nc si ci tin ABWR

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7.2 L nc p lc ci tin AP600 v AP1000 ca Westinghouse AP600: - Thit k l PWR 600 MW mang c tnh th ng tin tin (Advanced Passive) kt hp cc h thng an ton th ng v thit k h thng c n gin ha. - Cc h thng th ng s dng c ch i lu t nhin trong cc tnh hung s c m khng cn cc bm, khng cn cc ng c diesel hay cc h thng h tr khc. AP1000: - Thit k AP1000 l phin bn ln hn ca AP600 vi cng sut 1100 MWe. - Thit k tng t nh AP600 nhng s dng thng l (reactor vessel) cao hn ph hp vi thit k b nhin liu di hn v cc thit b sinh hi, bnh iu p ln hn - Cc h thng an ton th ng ca AP1000 c n gin ha thit k so vi cc l cng cng sut khc, n s dng t hn khong 50% cc van, 35% t hn cc bm, 70% t hn cc cp truyn dn, lm gim thi gian xy dng v lp t i rt nhiu. - Hin ti AP1000 l thit k th h III+ duy nht c cp php ti M v Trung Quc s l nc u tin xy dng cc NMHN l AP1000.

Hnh 15. Thit k nh l AP1000

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7.3 L nc p lc ci tin tiu chun chu u EPR - C tn gi ti chu u l European Pressurized Water Reactor v xin cp php M vi tn gi Evolutionary Power Reactor vi cng sut 1,600 Mwe v thit k ci tin. - Cc c tnh thit k bao gm bn h thng an ton k thut vi nng lc 100% mi h. - V nh l s dng tng kp (double-walled containment), v by vng hot ( core catcher) giam gi v lm ngui cc vt liu vng hot trong tnh hung tai nn gy hng thng l phn ng. - L EPR u tin c xy dng ti a im Olkiluoto, Phn Lan v a im Flammanville, Php.

To nh l Nh nhin liu Nh ph tr ht nhn Nh thi Nh bo v 2+3 Nh bo v 1 Nh diesel 3+4

Nh bo v - 4
- diesel Nh -1+2 - vn Nh phng

Nh in C.I. Nh i vo Nh tua bin

Hnh 16. B tr NMHN dng l EPR

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8. Cc loi l VVER ca Nga Trong nm 2008, Nga ang vn hnh 31 t my vi tng cng sut l 23.200 MW, sn lng HN nm 2007 ca Nga l 158,3 t kWh. Hin nay, Nga c th cung cp loi l VVER vi cc di cng sut khc nhau, c th: o Loi ln 1.000 1.200 MW l l AES-91. AES-92 v AES-2006. o Loi trung bnh 300-700 MW l VVER-300, VVER-640. o Loi nh di 300 MW l VVER-150. 8.1 Cc th h l VVER c V-230 l th h u tin ca l VVER-440, c pht trin trong khong thi gian 1956-1970, do vy khng c g phi ngc nhin l c nhiu phn phi ci tin cho thch hp vi cc tiu chun hin i. Cc h thng an ton c d gp i. Tai nn thit k c bn ln nht l v ng ti nhit c ng knh 100 mm cng vi mt in hon ton. V-213 cng c cng sut l 444 MW nh V-230, loi ny c pht trin vo nhng nm 1970-1976, h thng an ton c d gp ba v c thit k i ph vi t ng ti nhit c ng knh 500 mm vi mt in hon ton. V213 c h thng trit bt kh (V-230 ch c h thng van x). VVER-1000 c cng sut l 1.000 MW c pht trin trong nhng nm 1970-1980, c thit k i ph vi s c xy ra cng mt lc v ng ng knh ln, ng t theo thit k c bn v mt in hon ton. Sau tai nn trc-n-bn, mt s ci tin c thc hin nng cao an ton cho cc l VVER-1000 nh: o Thay i th tc khi ng l vi vic tng cng s dng phn di cc thanh; o Chuyn sang thay 1/3 nhin liu v s dng cc thanh hp th chy dn trong nhin liu mi; o Hon thin vic cung cp axt bor khi s c; o D phng vic x hydro khi thng l v cc my sinh hi; o Tho nc khi nhnh ch U trong phn lnh ca vng mt.

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8.2 Cc th h VVER ci tin VVER-88 l d n c bt u sau tai nn Trc-n-bn nng cp cc nh my sp xy v cc nh my mi khi cng. ng thi vic nng cp cng c tin hnh cho cc t l ang hot ng. VVER-88 c trin khai cho cc t l 500 MWe v 1000 MWe. Cc hon thin an ton bao gm: o Thi nhit d lin tc theo nguyn l th ng (bng my trao i nhit bng khng kh bn ngoi nh l) i ph vi mt in ko di (24 gi); o Kim sot o c hydr sinh ra trong nh l; o Lc khng kh thot ra khi nh l; o Thm cc h thng lm ngui vng hot, c bit l cc thng tch nc c nn di p sut, dng cho cc iu kin khn cp. VVER-91 cng sut 1000 MWe l loi l th h th 3, da trn c s thit k ca VVER-88, kt hp cc h thng an ton ch ng v th ng, s dng cc thit b iu khin ca phng Ty. Nga cung cp cho Trung Quc 2 l loi ny.

Hnh 17. Thng l VVER-1000 loi AES-91

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VVER-92 cng sut 1000 MWe l loi l th h th 3+, l th h VVER mi hon ton, c trin khai vo cui nhng nm 1990 vi mc tiu nng cao tnh kinh t v hon thin trit an ton. L phn ng V-392 (AES-92), l thnh cng ln ca cc th h l VVER ca Nga. n mua 2 l V-392 ca Nga. L V-392 c nhiu u im v an ton nh: S dng h thng an ton th ng kt hp vi h thng an ton ch ng. t by corium nhm gim thiu hu qu khi c s c nng chy vng hot. Xc sut nng chy vng hot ca l V-392 rt thp: 5,6. 10-8. Cng ngh in ht nhn ca Nga s dng l hi nm ngang (thit b mu trng trong hnh 18).

Hnh 18. H cung cp hi ca NMHN vi l VVER

Cc thanh nhin liu ca l VVER ca Nga c thit k hnh lc gic (ca phng ty thit k hnh vung). Thanh nhin liu c thit k chun cho tt c cc loi l VVER.

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Hnh 19. Thanh nhin liu ca l VVER Bng 7. Mt s c trng ca cc l th h 3+: L V-392 ca Nga Cng st, MWe 1000 S lng l hi 4 Tui th t/k, nm 60 H thng m - H an ton th bo an ton ng - t by corium gim hu qu khi c s c nng chy vng hot Xc sut nng chy vng hot 5,6. 10-8 Thng s L AP-1000 ca Hoa K 1000 2 60 - H an ton th ng L EPR ca Php&c 1650 4 60 - H an ton ch ng - H thng hm cha sn phm nng chy khi c s c nng chy vng hot 4.10-7

5,94. 10-8

AES-2006 cng sut 1200 MWe l loi l th h mi nht ca Nga, n kt hp ti u cc h thng an ton ch ng v an ton th ng trn c s kinh nghim ca AES-91 v AES-92. Loi l ny ang xy dng ti Novovoronezh ca Nga.

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Hnh 20. H thng thit b chnh ca AES-2006

Hnh 21. AES-2006 ti Novovoronezh

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Bng 8. Cc thng s thit k c bn ca loi VVER-1000 c tnh chung ca l Cng sut nhit Cng sut in p sut vng mt Mt nng lng trung bnh su chy trung bnh giu nhin liu cao nht Chu k o nhin liu(nhin liu 3 nm trong l) p sut hi u ra bnh sinh hi Lung hi sinh ra Nhit nc cp u vo bnh sinh hi Thi gian hot ng Xc sut nng chy vng hot l khi s c S b thanh nhin liu S b thanh nhin liu c cha thanh iu khin S thanh nhin liu trong 1 b thanh nhin liu S thanh hp th trong 1 b Bc t cc thanh nhin liu ng knh ngoi ca thanh nhin liu S knh o ntron S knh o nhit T s nhit tuyn tnh cc i Tng hp th ca cc thanh iu khin H s phn ng nhit ca nhin liu
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3000-3300 MWth 1000-1200 MWe 15,7 MPa 118,9-76,6 kW/l 46-55 MW.ngy/tn UO2 3,3 4,4 % 6700-8000 gi hiu qu 7,35 MPa 5880-6400 tn/gi 220 0C 50-60 nm 10- 6 10- 7 1/ nm.l 163 253 121 311 18 24 12,75 mm 9,1 mm 54 54 ( kt hp vi thanh o n) 400-448 11,5 % - 1,9.10 -5/1/ C
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c tnh chung ca vng hot

H s phn ng nhit ca cht ti nhit

0 n - 70.10-5 1/ C

c trng c bn ca l Hiu nhit ca cht ti nhit gia u ra 34 0C v u vo vng hot p sut vng 1 Nhit cht ti nhit khi ra khi l Chiu di v l 17,6 Mpa 330 0C 11700 mm

ng knh bn trong v l ni t vng 4135 5400 mm hot Vt liu v l Thi gian s dng v l Dng bnh sinh hi Nhit cht ti nhit u ra bnh sinh hi Lu lng hi ng knh ngoi Chiu di ngoi Vt liu v bnh sinh hi Vt liu ca ng gp (phn c gn vi cc ng trao i nhit) p sut trong bnh sinh hi 9. Kt lun Hin nay, Vit Nam quyt nh thc hin chng trnh pht trin HN v chn Rosatom ca CH Lin bang Nga l i tc xy dng D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun 1 dng cng ngh VVER. Trong nhng nm qua, cng ngh VVER c nhng bc tin vt tri v thit k, m bo an ton cao, c quc t tha nhn. Tuy nhin, nhng ni dung c th ca nhng bc tin vt tri v thit k nhin liu, thit k vng hot, thit k thng l, thit k cc h thng cng ngh o ht nhn, thit k h iu khin v cc h thng m bo an
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Thp 15X2MFA-A 60 nm c tnh ca bnh sinh hi Dng ng 296 0C 1600 tn/gi 5000 mm 13100 mm Thp 10GH2MFA Thp khng g 08X18H10T 12,5 MPa

m ca hi sinh ra ti u ra bnh sinh hi 0,25

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tonu cn l n s i vi Vit Nam. Hn na, bn thn s khc bit, s tin b gia cc th h l VVER nh V-91, V-92 hay AES-2006 cng cn c lm r. i vi D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun 2, Th tng Chnh ph cng tuyn b Nht Bn s l i tc xy dng. Cng ngh HN ca Nht Bn thc cht l cng ngh du nhp t Hoa K. Cng ngh l PWR ca Hoa K v ca phng Ty c nhng tng thit k khc bit nht nh so vi cng ngh VVER ca Nga. Vn t ra i vi D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun 2 cng nh nhng d n tip theo l phi ch ng nm bt cng ngh, lm r s khc bit tng thit k cng ngh gia 2 trng phi: phng ng v phng Ty. Do , vn nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi v so snh cc h thng cng ngh phn (o) ht nhn ca l nc p lc VVER so vi l PWR phng Ty nhm mc tiu h tr v mt khoa hc, cng ngh v m bo an ton cho vic trin khai thc hin D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun, ng thi xy dng nng lc quc gia tng bc tip thu, hp th v lm ch cng ngh c chuyn giao l rt cn thit./.

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