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PG1007 Lecture 2 Fertilisation, Implantation and Bilaminar Germ Disc Formation
PG1007 Lecture 2 Fertilisation, Implantation and Bilaminar Germ Disc Formation
Lecture 2 Fer4lisa4on, Implanta4on and Bilaminar Germ Disc Forma4on (Weeks 1 and 2)
Todays
Objec6ves
To
iden4fy
the
key
stages
in
fer4lisa4on
and
describe
the
ini4al
phase
of
cell
division
of
the
zygote
To
chart
the
development
of
the
blastocyst
and
detail
the
key
steps
in
implanta6on
To
link
the
changes
in
the
endometrium
and
ovary
following
ovula4on,
fer4lisa4on
and
implanta4on
To
track
the
changes
in
the
inner
and
outer
cell
masses
during
the
second
week
of
development
TO
REVIEW
THE
ABOVE
BY
MEANS
OF
A
SHORT
INTERACTIVE
EXERCISE
AT
THE
END
OF
THE
LECTURE
Primary oocyte
Meosis I and II
Meosis I Meosis II
Fer6lisa6on
Where?
The
gametes
meet
and
fuse
in
the
ampullary
region
(X)
of
the
uterine
tube
Spermatazoa
that
reach
the
ampulla
(5-7
hours)
can
remain
viable
for
several
days
At
ovula4on,
the
release
of
chemotac4ns
reac4vates
mo4lity
of
the
spermatazoa
Fer4lisa4on
usually
occurs
between
12
and
24
hours
a]er
ovula4on
1. Penetra4on of the corona radiata and the zona pellucida by spermatazoon 2. Fusion of gamete membranes and blockade of access for other spermatazoa (cor6cal and zonal reac6ons in oocyte) 3. Comple4on of meiosis II in secondary oocyte
Have a look at the handout on intersexuality to see what happens and why when there Is fertlisation with non-disjunction of sex chromosomes
Fertilisation
Pro-nuclei approach (having replicated DNA) Formation of zygote and first cleavage
Early divisions give rise to increasingly small cells (blastomeres) Cleavage Divisions By 3 days a 16-cell structure called the morula is formed -Cells on the inside of the ball =Inner Cell Mass (form embryo) -Cells on outside of the ball =Outer Cell Mass (contribute to placenta)
The
Blastocyst
Entry
of
uid
between
intercellular
spaces
forms
a
cavity
(blastocele)
The
structure
is
now
given
the
name
blastocyst
=INNER
CELLS-embryoblast
=OUTER
CELLS-trophoblast
4.5-6 days
B S C B-Basal S-Spongy C-Compact (layers of the endometrium) Note that at implantation, the endometrium is in the progestational phase under control of progesterone from the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is sustained by human chorionic gondaotrophin (hCG) release from the trophoblast How are these hormones communicating between the tissues? What do you suspect happens in the absence of fertilisation?
CYTOTROPHOBLAST
SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST
divide and populate INNER CELL MASS (EMBRYOBLAST) Inner aspect (by cavity) HYPOBLAST outer aspect (towards trophoblast)
Blastocyst Development
DAY 6
DAY 8
hep://stemcells.nih.gov/info/faqs.asp This site is from the NIH, federal research funding body in the U.S.A. and details informa4on on all types of stem cell therapy
Development
(Day
9)
Note
the
amnio4c
cavity
and
the
cytotrophoblast
and
synci6otrophoblast*
The
synci4otrophoblast
enters
the
lacunar
stage
Forma4on
of
the
exocoelemic
membrane
from
the
hypoblast
generates
the
primi6ve
yolk
sac
The
penetrated
blastocyst
is
sealed
in
place
now
by
a
brin
clot.
The deni4ve bilaminar disc will now gastrulate to form the three cell layers that give rise to all the organs and 4ssues (next lecture)