1. What is Language? Define.

Language is defined as "a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures or marks having understood meanings.

1. The structural view of language. Explain Language is a system of structurally related element for the transmission of meaning.

The communicative view of language

The communicative view of language is the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized than the grammatical characteristics, although these are also included. The target of language learning is to learn to express communication functions and categories of meaning.

The interactional view of language

The interactional view of language sees language primarily as the means for establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships and for performing social transactions between individuals. The target of language learning in the interactional view is learning to initiate and maintain conversations with other people.

1. The language learning process in early childhood. Explain Babbling first stage of language development known as the pre-linguistic, babbling or cooing stage period typically lasts from the age of three to nine months babies begin to make vowel sounds such as oooooo and aaaaaaa by five months, infants typically begin to babble and add consonant sounds to their sounds such as ba-ba-ba, ma-ma-ma or da-da-da.

Theories of Language Learning 1. They argued that behavior can be conditioned by altering the environment. In other words, by manipulating and giving a certain stimulus, a certain response can be produced. Motivation to learn was assumed to be driven by drives such as hunger, rewards and punish. B Behaviourism

1. learning is as a process of relating new information to previously learned information, In other words, learning is defined as a change in the learners schemata. Learning is most likely to occur when an individual can associate new learning with previous knowledge. Cognitivism

1. is a social activity. They believe that often it is social experiences rather than what is taught in schools which accounts for much of the variation in student learning. Cooperative, collaborative and group investigation methods allow students to discuss ideas, beliefs and values with their peers and teachers

1. the learner being actively involved in the learning process with the teacher playing the role as facilitator. Learning is enhanced when students learn how to learn, engage in serious discussion, and have shared responsibility for applying what they know to new situations.

Krashen five fundamental components : 1. 2. _______________________________________ _______________________________________

3. ________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________ Karshen suggests that teachers should give rough-tuned input and a wide variety of materials, supported by visual cues and realia which gives it a context within which the learner may guess at the content.

learners who are motivated, confident, and relaxed about learning the target language have more success acquiring a second language. learning can also be found in any negative feelings that a learner has about the language, the method used, the institution or the teacher.

When people learn their first language by speaking the language naturally in daily interaction with others the acquired system is at work. Here speakers are more concerned with the act of communicating meaning than the structure of their utterances.

explain how the learned system affects the acquired system. Learners do not use their conscious knowledge of grammar in normal conversation, but will use it in writing and planned speech.

learners pick up a language and this order is roughly the same for all learners regardless of their linguistic background. Mistakes made by learners are a necessary part of language learning.

The differences between acquisition and learning Acquisition Learning

There are three conditions required by the Monitor Hipothesis: 1.__________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Chomsky further explains that human languages exhibit remarkable similarities or

principles. These patterns are called universals. 1. 2 3

What does Universal Grammar consist of? Explain language is said to be innate because 1 2 3 4 5 6

Principles of Communicative Approach 1. 2. 3. 4. Communicative approach seeks to use ............... ............are tolerated and seen as ............... teachers..........to establish.......................... Communicative interaction............................

limitations of Communicative Approach 1. 2 3 4

Sample : 1. One of the main elements of input Hypothesis is i + I. Explain what is meant by i + I as suggested by Krashen.

2. Using your own creativity suggest how i + I can be applied in an ELT classroom

3. Compare the differences of the main principle of all the language learning Theories above. Then show how the elements of at least three of them can be applied in a single ELT lesson.