Determinants and Their Applications

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

4
DETERMINANTSAND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Every square matrix is associated with a unique number called the determinant of the matrix. There are numerous applications of determinants, the most famous of which is a method of solving system of n linear equations in nvariables called Cramers rule, named after Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752). In this lesson, we will learn various properties of determinants and also evaluate determinants by different methods. We will also learn to solve system of linear equations by Cramers rule using determinant.

OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to : define determinant of a square matrix; define the minor and the cofactor of an element of a matrix; find the minor and the cofactor of an element of a matrix; find the value of a given determinant of order not exceeding 3; state the properties of determinants; evaluate a given determinant of order not exceeding 3 by using expansion method and using SARRUS diagram; state the conditions for a system of linear equations in two/three variables to have a unique solution; and state and apply Cramers rule to solve a system of linear equations.

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EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Notes

Knowledge of solution of equations Knowledge of number system including complex number Four fundamental operations on numbers and expressions

4.1 DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2

Let us consider the following system of linear equations:

a1 x + b1 y = c1 a2 x + b2 y = c2
On solving this system of equations for x and y, we get

x=

b2 c1 b1c2 a c a2 c1 and y = 1 2 provided a1b2 a2 b1 0 a1b2 a2 b1 a1b2 a2 b1

The number a1 b2 a2 b1 determines whether the values of x and y exist or not. The number a1 b2 a2 b1 is called the value of the determinant, and we write
a1 a 2 b1 b2

= a1 b2 a2 b1

4.i.e.

a11 belongs to the 1st row and 1st column a12 belongs to the 1st row and 2nd column a21 belongs to the 2nd row and 1st column a22 belongs to the 2nd row and 2nd column

4.2 EXPANSION OF A DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2 A formal rule for the expansion of a determinant of order 2 may be stated as follows:

a11 In the determinant, a 21

a12 a22

write the elements in the following manner :

a11 a21

a12 a22

Multiply the elements by the arrow. The sign of the arrow going downwards is positive, i.e., a11 a22 and the sign of the arrow going upwards is negative, i.e., a21 a12 Add these two products, i.e., a11 a22 +( a21.a12) or a11 a22 a21 a12 which is the required value of the determinant.
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Determinants and Their Applications Example 4.1 Evaluate :

6 4
(i) Solution : (i)

a +b
(ii)

2b a +b

8 2

2a

x2 + x + 1 x + 1 (iii) 2 x x +1 x 1

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

6 4 = (6 2) (8 4) = 12 32 = 20 8 2 a +b 2b a +b
= (a+b) (a+b) (2a) (2b) = a2+2ab + b2 4ab = a2+b2 2ab = (a_b)2

(ii)

2a

x2 + x + 1 x + 1
(iii)

x2 x + 1 x 1

= (x2+x+1) (x_1) (x2_x+1) (x+1) = (x3_1) (x3+1) = _2

Example 4.2 Find the value of x if (i)

x3 x =6 x +1 x + 3 x3 x x +1 x + 3

(ii)

2x 1 2x + 1 =0 x + 1 4x + 2

Solution : (i) Now, = (x_3) (x+3) x (x+1)

= (x2 _ 9) _x2 _ x = _x _ 9 According to the question, _x _ 9 = 6 x = _15

2x 1 2x + 1
(ii) Now,

x +1

4x + 2

= (2x_1) (4x+2) _ (x+1) (2x+1) = 8x2+4x _ 4x _ 2 _ 2x2 _ x _ 2x _ 1 = 6x2 _ 3x _3 = 3(2x2 _ x _1)

According to the equation 3(2x2 _ x _ 1) = 0

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or, or, or,

2x2 _ x _1 = 0
2x2 2x + x 1 = 0 2x (x _1) +1(x _1) = 0

Notes

or, or,

(2x+1) (x _1)= 0
1 x =1 , 2

4.3

DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3
c1 c2 contains nine quantities a , b , c , a , b , c , a , b and c 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 c3

a1 b1 a b2 The expression 2 a3 b3

aranged in 3 rows and 3 columns, is called determinant of order 3 (or a determinant of third order). A determinant of order 3 has (3)2 = 9 elements. Using double subscript notations, viz., a11, a12, a13, a21, a22, a23, a31, a32, a33 for the elements a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2, a3, b3 and c3 ,we write a determinant of order3 as follows:

a11 a12 a21 a22 a31 a32

a13 a23 a33

Usually a determinant, whether of order 2 or 3, is denoted by or |A|, |B| etc. = |aij| , where i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3

4.4

DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

With each square matrix of numbers (we associate) a determinant of the matrix. With the 1 1 matrix [a], we associate the determinant of order 1 and with the only element a. The value of the determinant is a. If A=

LMa Na OP Q

11 21

a12 a22

OP be a square matrix of order 2, then the expression Q

a11a22 _ a21a12 is defined as the determinant of order 2. It is denoted by

A=

LMa Na

11 21

a12 = a11a22 _ a21a12 a22

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LMa a With the 3 3 matrix M MNa

a11

11 21 31

a12 a22 a32

a13 a11 a12 a23 , we associate the determinant a21 a22 a33 a31 a32

OP PP Q

a13 a23 a33

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

and its value is defined to be

a22 a32

a23 a21 a23 a21 a22 + (_1) a12 + a13 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

Example 4.3 If A =

LM3 6OP , find |A| N1 5Q

3 6 _ = 3 5 1 6 = 15_6 =9 1 5 a , find |A| a b

Solution :

|A| =

Example 4.4

a +b L If A= M Nb

OP Q

a +b
Solution : |A| =

a a b

= (a+b) (a_b) _ b a = a2_ b2 _ ab

Note : 1. The determinant of a unit matrix I is 1. 2. A square matrix whose determinant is zero, is called the singular matrix.

4.5

EXPANSION OF A DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3

In Section 4.4, we have written

a11 a12 a21 a22 a31 a32

a13 a22 a23 = a 11 a 32 a33

a23 a21 a23 a21 a22 + (_1)a12 + a13 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

which can be further expanded as

a11 a12 a21 a22 a31 a32

a13 a23 = a11 (a22 a33 a32 a23 ) a12 (a21a33 a31a23 ) + a13 (a21a32 a22 a31 ) a33

= a11a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a13a21a32 a11a23a32 a12 a21a33 a13a22 a31

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We notice that in the above method of expansion, each element of first row is multiplied by the second order determinant obtained by deleting the row and column in which the element lies. Further, mark that the elements a11, a12 and a13 have been assigned positive, negative and positive signs, respectively. In other words, they are assigned positive and negative signs, alternatively, starting with positive sign. If the sum of the subscripts of the elements is an even number, we assign positive sign and if it is an odd number, then we assign negative sign. Therefore, a11 has been assigned positive sign. Note : We can expand the determinant using any row or column. The value of the determinant will be the same whether we expand it using first row or first column or any row or column, taking into consideration rule of sign as explained above. Example 4.5 Expand the determinant, using the first row

Notes

1 2 3 2 4 1 3 2 5

1 2 3 2 4 1 Solution : = 3 2 5
4 1 2 1 2 4 _ = 1 2 +3 2 5 3 5 3 2

= 1 x (20 _ 2) _ 2 (10 _3) + 3 (4 _12) = 18_14_24 = _20 Example 4.6 Expand the determinant, by using the second column

1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1

Solution :

1 2 3 3 1 2 = 2 3 1

= (_1) 2

3 2 1 3 1 3 +1 + (_1) 3 2 1 2 1 3 2

= _2 (3_4) + 1 (1_ 6) _3 (2_9) = 2 _5+ 21 = 18

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MODULE - I Algebra CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.1

1. Find |A|, if

LM2 + 3 5 OP (a) A = N 2 2 3Q Lsin + cos cos + cosOP (c) A = M Ncos cos sin sin Q

(b) A =

LM N sin
cos

OP cos Q
sin

Notes

(d)

LMa + bi c + diOP Nc di a bi Q
LM1 3 (d) M MN4
x
(d)

2. Find which of the following matrices are singular matrices :

LM 5 5 (a) M MN10

5 1 1 7

OP 1 P 1P Q

LM2 3 (b) M MN 1

3 1 2 8

OP 1 P 1P Q

LM2 3 (c) M MN0

a
(c)

3 0 0 2

OP 1 P 1P Q
c e f

2 1 1

OP 2 P 5P Q
3

3. Expand the determinant by using first row

2 3 1
(a)

2 1 5 (b) 0 3 0 4 2 1

1 2 3 3 2 1

b d c e

1 2 1 2 3 2

4.6 MINORS AND COFACTORS

4.6.1 Minor of aij in |A|

To each element of a determinant, a number called its minor is associated. The minor of an element is the value of the determinant obtained by deleting the row and column containing the element. Thus, the minor of an element aij in |A| is the value of the determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of |A| and is denoted by Mij. For example, minor of 3 in the determinant

3 2 is 7. 5 7

Example 4.7 Find the minors of the elements of the determinant

a11
|A| =

a12

a13 a23 a33

107

a21 a22 a31 a32

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Determinants and Their Applications

MODULE - I Algebra

Solution : Let Mij denote the minor of aij. Now, a11 occurs in the 1st row and 1st column. Thus to find the minor of a11, we delete the 1st row and 1st column of |A|. The minor M11 of a11 is given by

Notes

a22 M11 = a32

a23 = a22a33 _ a32a23 a33

Similarly, the minor M12 of a12 is given by M12 =

a21 a23 = a21a33 _ a23a31 ; a31 a33 a12 a32 a13 a33
= a12a33 _ a32a13 ;

M13 =

a21 a22 = a21a32 _ a31a22 a31 a32 a11 a13

= a11a33_ a31a13

M21 =

M22 =

a31 a33

M23 =

a11 a12 = a11a32_ a31a12 a31 a32

Similarly we can find M31, M32 and M33. 4.6.2 Cofactors of aij in |A|

The cofactor of an element aij in a determinant is the minor of aij multiplied by _ i+j ( 1) . It is usually denoted by Cij, Thus, Cofactor of a = C = (_1)i+j M
ij ij ij

Example 4.8 Find the cofactors of the elements a11, a12, and a21 of the determinant

a11
|A| = Solution :

a12

a13 a23 a33

a21 a22 a31 a32

The cofactor of any element aij is (_1)i+j Mij, then C = (_1)1+1 M = (_1)2 (a a _a a )
11 11 22 33 32 23

C 12 and C 21

= (_1)1+2 M12 = (_1)2+1 M

21

= (a22 a33 _ a32 a23) = _M12 = _ (a21 a33 _ a31 a23) = (a31a23_ a21a33) = _M = (a a _ a a )
21 32 13 12 33

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Determinants and Their Applications Example 4.9 Find the minors and cofactors of the elements of the second row in the determinant

MODULE - I Algebra

1 6 3 5 2 4 |A| = 7 0 8
Solution : The elements of the second row are a21=5; a22=2; a23=4.

Notes

6 3
Minor of a21 (i.e., 5) =

0 8
1 3 8 1

= 48 _ 0 = 48

Minor of a22 (i.e., 2) =

= 8 _ 21 = _13

6 0

and Minor of a23 (i.e., 4) =

= 0 _ 42 = _ 42

The corresponding cofactors will be C21 = (_1)2+1M21= _(48) = _48 C = (_1)2+2M = +(_13) = _13
22 22

and

C23 = (_1)2+3M23= _(_42) = 42

4.7

VALUE OF A DETERMINANT USING COFACTOR

With the cofactor notation, we can give expansion of a determinant in terms of the elements of any one row or column and their corresponding cofactors.

a11 a12 a a22 |A| = 21 a31 a32

a13 a23 = a C +a C +a C 11 11 12 12 13 13 a33

= a21C21+a22C22+a23C23 = a31C31+a32C32+a33C33

where Cij is the cofactor of the element aij

3
Example 4.10 Evaluate =
MATHEMATICS

6 2 3 in terms of the elements of first row and their 8 4 5

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corresponding cofactors, and then in terms of the elements of first column and their corresponding cofactors. Verify that both the results are same. Solution : Expanding the determinant in terms of the elements of first row and their corresponding cofactors, we have the value of , if we expand by R1, i.e. first row is given by = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 First we need to evaluate C11, C12 and C13 C11 = (_1)1+1M11 = (_1)2

Notes

2 3 4 5

= 10+12 = 22 C12 = (_1)1+2M12 = (_1)

6 3 8 5

= _(_30+24) = 6 C13 = (_1)1+3M13 = (_1)1+3

6 2 8 4

= _24 _ 16 = _40 = 3 22 + 1 6 + 7 (_40) = 66 + 6 _ 280 = _208

Expanding the deteminant in terms of the elements of first column and their corresponding cofactors, we have = a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a23 C23 Now, C11 = (_1)1+1 M11 = (_1)2

2 3 4 5
= 10 + 12 = 22

C21 = (_1)2+1 M21 = (_1)3

1 7 = _(5_28) = 23 4 5 1 7 = (_3_14) = _17 2 3

C31 = (_1)3+1 M31 = (_1)4

= 3 22 + (_6) 23 + 8 (_17) = 66_138_136 = _208 The value of the determinant by both the methods of expansion is _ 208. Thus, we verify that both the results are same.
110 MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications Example 4.11 Show that the sum of the products of the elements of one row (or column) by the cofactors of another row (or column) is always zero. Solution : Consider, =

MODULE - I Algebra

2 3 4 5

Notes

Here, C11 = 5 and C12 = _ 4 Let us find out a21 C11 + a22 C12 = 4 5 + 5 (_4) = 20 _ 20 = 0

Similarly, if we consider

1 2 3
= 2

3 1 3 1 2
= (_1)2+1

Here

C 21

2 3 = _1 1 2 1 3 = _7 3 2 1 2

C 22

= (_1)2+2

C 23 Let us find out

= (_1)2+3 3 1 = _(1_6) = 5

a11C 21+a12C22+a13C23 = 1 (_1) + 2 (_7) + 3 (5) = _1_14+15 = 0 We can verify this property for any other row or column.

4.8

SARRUS DIAGRAM FOR THE EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3

Another simple method for evaluating a determinant of order 3 is Sarrus diagram.

MATHEMATICS

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Consider the determinant :

Notes

a11 a12 a a22 = 21 a31 a32

a13 a23 a33

First of all we write down the three columns of the determinant, and then write the first row columns again as shown below a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32

From the sum of terms connected with downward arrows, we subtract the terms connected with upwards arrows. Thus we get a11a 22a33 + a12a23a31+a13a21a32 _a a a _ a a a _ a a a
31 22 13 32 23 11 33 21 12

a11 (a22 a33_ a32 a23) _ a12(a21 a33 _ a23 a31 )+a13 (a21 a32_ a31 a22)

a11

a22 a32

a23 a21 a23 a21 a22 _a + a 12 a a33 a33 13 a31 a32 31

which is equal to the value of given determinant. Example 4.12 Using Sarrus diagram, find the value of the determinant

1 2 3 7 5 0 = 3 2 4
Solution :

1 7 3

2 5

3 0

1 7 3

2 5 2

2 4

The value of the determinant = (_1) (5)(_4) + 2.0.3 + 3. 7 (_2) _ 3.5.3_(_2).0. (_1) _ (_4). 7.2 = 20 + 0 _ 42 _ 45 _ 0 + 56 = _ 11

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Determinants and Their Applications

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.2

1. Find the minors and cofactors of the elements of the second row of the determinant

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

1 2 3 4 3 6 2 7 9
2. Find the minors and cofactors of the elements of the third column of the determinat

2 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 2
3. Evaluate each of the following determinants using cofactors:

2
(a)

0
(b)

1 0 1

1
(c)

1 0 2 3 4 3

1 1 1 0

6 2 3 8 1 7

1 a bc
(d)

b+c
(e)

a
(f)

1 a b+c 1 b c+a 1 c a +b

1 b ca 1 c ab

b c

c+a b c a +b

4.

Using Sarrus diagram, evaluate each of the following determinants:

2
(a)

3
(b)

7
(c)

1 a b a b 1 c c 1

1 1 2 2 2 4

1 2 5 1 2 1

5.

Using Sarrus diagram, show that

a h g
MATHEMATICS

h b f

g f = abc + 2fgh _ af2_ bg2 _ ch2 c

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6.

Solve for x, the following equations:

x 0 0
Notes (a)

x 3 3
(b)

1 2 3 =0 1 0 2

3 3 x =0 2 3 3

(c)

x2 0 3

x 1 2 1 1 4

= 28

4.9

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

We shall now discuss some of the properties of determinants. These properties will help us in expanding the determinants. Property 1: The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.

2 1
Let =

3 0 1

0 3 4 2

Expanding the determinant by first column, we have

3 0 1 3 1 3 _ =2 0 +4 2 1 2 1 3 0
= 2 (3_0) _ 0 (1_ 6) + 4 (0+9) = 6 + 36 = 42

Let be the determinant obtained by interchanging rows and columns of . Then

2 3

0 0

4 2 1

1 3 =

by second column, we have (Recall that a determinant Expanding the determinant can be expanded by any of its rows or columns)

( ) 0

1 2 2 4 2 4 + ( 3) + ( ) 0 3 1 3 1 1 2

= 0 + (_3) (_2_12) + 0 = 42 Thus, we see that = Property 2: If two rows ( or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant changes in sign only.
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Determinants and Their Applications

2 3 1 1 2 3 Let = 3 1 2
Expanding the determinant by first row, we have =2

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

2 3 1 3 1 2 _3 +1 1 2 3 2 3 1

= 2 (4_3) _ 3 (2_9) + 1 (1_6) = 2 + 21_ 5 = 18 Let be the determinant obtained by interchanging C1 and C2

3 2 1 2 Then = 1 3 1 3 2
by first row, we have Expanding the determinant

1 3
3

3 2

_2

2 3 1 2
+1

2 1 1 3

= 3 (2_9) _ 2(4 _ 3) + 1(6_1) = _21_2+5 = _18 Thus we see that = _ Corollary If any row (or a column) of a determinant is passed over n rows (or columns), then the resulting determinant is = (1) n

For example ,

2 3 5 1 5 6 0 4 2

1 5 6 0 4 2 = (_1)2 2 3 5
= 2 (10_24) _3 (2_0) + 5(4) = _28 _6 +20= _14

Property 3: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical then the value of the determinant is zero.

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a1
Proof : Let = a2 a3

b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3

Notes

determinant obtained from be a determinant with identical columns C1 and C2 and let by interchanging C1 and C2 Then,

a1
= a2 a3

b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3

which is the same as , but by property 2, the value of the determinant changes in sign, if its any two adjacent rows (or columns) are interchnaged Therefore = 2 = 0 = 0

Thus, we find that or

Hence the value of a determinant is zero, if it has two identical rows (or columns). Property 4: If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by the same constant say, k 0, then the value of the determinat is multiplied by that constant k.

2
Let =

1 2

5 0 1

0 3 4

Expanding the determinant by first row, we have _ _ _ _ = 2(3 0) 1 (0 0) + ( 5) (0+12 ) _ _ = 6 60 = 54 is : Let us multiply column 3 of by 4. Then, the new determinant

2 1 20 = 0 3 0 4 2 4
by first row, we have Expanding the determinant _ _ _ _ = 2 (12 0) 1 (0 0) + ( 20) (0+12) _ _ = 24 240 = 216 =4
116 MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications Corollary : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are proportional, then its value is zero.

MODULE - I Algebra

a1 b1 a b2 Proof : Let = 2 a3 b3

ka1 ka2 ka3

Notes

Note that elements of column 3 are k times the corresponding elements of column 1

a1
By Property 4, =k

b1

a1 a2 a3

a2 b2 a3 b3

=k 0 (by Property 2) =0 Property 5: If each element of a row (or of a column) of a determinant is expressed as the sum (or difference) of two or more terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum (or difference) of two or more determinants of the same order whose remaining rows (or columns) do not change.
a1 + b1 + b2 b3 c1 + c2 c3

Proof : Let =

a2 a3

Then, on expanding the determinant by the first row, we have = ( a1 + )(b2 c3 b3 c2 ) (b1 + )( a2 c3 a3 c2 ) + (c1 + )( a2 b3 a3 b2 ) = a1 (b2 c3 b3c2 ) b1 ( a2 c3 a3c2 ) + c1 ( a2b3 a3b2 ) + (b2 c3 b3c2 )

(a2 c3 a3c2 ) + (a2b3 a3b2 )

a1 b1 b2 b3 c1 c3

a3

b2 b3

c2 c3

a2 a3

c2 + a2

Thus, the determinant can be expressed as the sum of the determinants of the same order.

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Property 6: The value of a determinant does not change, if to each element of a row (or a column) be added (or subtracted) the some multiples of the corresponding elements of one or more other rows (or columns)

Notes Proof : Let =

a1

b1

c1 c2 c3

a2 b2 a3 b3

be the determinant obtained from by corresponding elements of R3

i.e.

R1 R1 + kR3
b1 + kb3 b2 b3 c1 + kc3 c2 c3

a1 + ka3 Then, = a2 a3

a1 a2 a3
a1 = a 2 a3

b1 b2 b3
b1 b2

c1

ka3

kb3 b2 b3
a3 a3

kc3 c2 c3
b3 b2 b3 c3 c2 c3

c2 + a2 c3 a3
c1 c3

c2 + k a2

b3

or,

= + k 0 (Row 1 and Row 3 are identical)

4.10 EVALUATION OF A DETERMINANT USING PROPERTIES

Now we are in a position to evaluate a determinant easily by applying the aforesaid properties. The purpose of simplification of a determinant is to make maximum possible zeroes in a row (or column) by using the above properties and then to expand the determinant by that row (or column). We denote 1st, 2nd and 3rd row by R1, R2, and R3 respectively and 1st,2nd and 3rd column by C1, C2 and C3 respectively.

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1
Example 4.13 Show that

w w2 1

w2 1 =0 w

MODULE - I Algebra

w w2

Notes

where w is a non-real cube root of unity.

1
Solution : =

w w2 1

w2 1 w

w w2

Add the sum of the 2nd and 3rd column to the 1st column. We write this operation as

C1 C1 + (C2 + C3 )
1 + w + w2 w w + w2 + 1 w2 w2 + 1 + w 1 w2 1 w 0 w 0 w2 0 1 w2 1 w

= 0 (on expanding by C1)

(since w is a non-real cube root of unity, therefore, 1+w+w2 = 0)

1 a bc
Example 4.14 Show that

1 b ca = (a_b) (b_c) (c_a) 1 c ab

1 a bc
Solution : =

1 b ca 1 c ab

0 a c bc ab = 0 b c ca ab [ R 1 1 c ab 0 a c b( c a )
= 0 bc

R1 R3 and R2

R2 R3 ]

0 1 b

a (c b) = (a c)(b c) 0 1 a ab 1 c ab

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Expanding by C1, we have = (a c)(b c)

1 b 1 a

Notes

= ( a c)(b c)(b a ) = ( a b )(b c)( c a ) Example 4.15

b+c a a c+a b = 4 abc Prove that b c c a +b b+c

Solution : =

a c+a c

a b a +b

b c

0
=

2c

2b

b c+a b [ R1 R1 ( R2 + R3 )] c c a +b

Expanding by R1, we get =0

c+a b b b b c+a ( 2 c ) 2b c a +b c a +b c c

= 2c [b(a + b) bc] 2b[bc c(c + a )] = 2bc [a + b c] 2bc[b c a ] = 2bc [(a + b c) (b c a )] = 2bc [a + b c b + c + a ] = 4 abc Example 4.16 Evaluate:

120

a b bc ca bc ca a b = ca a b bc
MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications

Solution :

a b bc ca bc ca a b = ca a b bc

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

0 bc ca 0 ca a b = 0 a b bc

[C1 C1 + C2 + C3 ]

= 0, on expanding by C1 Example 4.17 Prove that

1 bc a (b + c) 1 ca b(c + a ) = 0 1 ab c(a + b)

1 bc a (b + c)
Solution : =

1 ca b(c + a ) 1 ab c(a + b)

1 bc bc + ab + ac 1 ca ca + bc + ba = 1 ab ab + ca + cb 1 bc 1
= (ab + bc + ca ) 1 ca 1

[ C3 C2 + C3 ]

1 ab 1
= ( ab + bc + ca ) 0 =0 Example 4.18 Show that (by Property 3)

a 2 ab ac

ab b 2 bc

ac bc c
2

= 4a2b2c2

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Solution : Notes

a 2 ab = ac

ab b 2 bc

ac bc c2

a b c a b c = abc a b c
a b c 0 0 2c = abc 0 2b 0
= abc( a )

LM R R + R OP NR R + R Q
2 2 3 1 3 1

0 2c 2b 0

(on expanding by C1)

= abc( a )( 4bc) = 4a2b2c2 Example 4.19 Show that

1+ a 1 1 1+ a 1 1

1 1 1+ a

= a2 (a+3)

Solution :

1+ a 1 1 1+ a = 1 1

1 1 1+ a

a+3 1 1 a + 3 1+ a 1 = a+3 1 1+ a

[C1 C1 + C2 + C3 ]

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Determinants and Their Applications

1 1 1 (a + 3) 1 1 + a 1 = 1 1 1+ a
1 0 0 (a + 3) 1 a 0 = 1 0 a
a 0 0 a

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

LMC C C OP NC C C Q
2 2 3 1 3 1

= (a + 3) (1) = ( a + 3)( a 2 ) = a 2 ( a + 3)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.3

1.

x+3 x x x x+3 x = 27 (x+1) Show that x x x+3

a bc 2a bca 2c 2a 2b ca b = ( a + b + c) 3

2.

Show that

2b 2c

1+ a
3. Show that

1 1
a

1+ b 1 = bc + ca + ab + abc 1 1+ c
a+b a a + 2b a + 2b 2 a + b = 9 b (a + b) a

4.

Show that

a + 2b a+b

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5. Notes

(a + 1)(a + 2) a + 2 1 (a + 2)(a + 3) a + 3 1 = 2 Show that (a + 3)(a + 4) a + 4 1

a+b b+c c+a a+b c+a b+c a c b c a c a b

6.

Show that

b+c c+a

a+b =2 b

7.

Evaluate

a a +b 2a 3a + 2b (a) 3a
8. Solve for x :

a +b+c 4a + 3b + 2c

6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c

(b + c) 2 b2 (b) c2

a2 (c + a ) 2 c2

a2 b2 ( a + b) 2

3x 8 3 3

3 3x 8 3

x 3 3x 8
=0

4.11 SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS BY CRAMERS RULE

Consider the system of linear equations a1x+b1y = c1 a2x+b2y = c2 In this section, we shall learn to solve simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns and three unknowns with the help of determinants. A pair of values of x and y which satisfies both the equations simultaneously is called a solution of the given system of linear equations and then the system is said to be consistent. When the constants c1 and c2 on the R.H.S. of the equations are both zero, the system is said to be homogeneous system: otherwise, the system is said to be non-homogeneous. When the system is homogeneous, it has always a solution x = y = 0. It is called a trival solution.

If the determinant =

a1 a2

b1 0, then the system of homogeneous equations has only one b2

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solution, i.e., the trival solution x = y = 0. However, if the determinant D =

a1 a2

b1 b2

=0, then

MODULE - I Algebra

the system forms a pair of dependent equations and in that case the system has infinite number of solutions, i.e., the system has also non-trival solutions. Determinants are used mainly to solve non-homogeneous linear equations in two or more variables.In this section, we shall learn to solve simultaneous linear equations in two/three unknowns with the help of determinants.The method of solving simultaneous linear equations by determinants is commonly known as Cramers Rule. 4.11.1 Solving a system of Linear Equation in two variables Consider the following system of linear equations :

Notes

2 x + 3y 5 = 0 3x + 5 y 7 = 0

...... (i) ...... (ii)

3(2 x + 3 y 5) = 0 R S T2(3x + 5y 7) = 0 R 3(2 x) + 3(3y) = 3(5) S T2(3x) + 2(5y) = 2(7)

Usually, to find solutions of such a system, we apply the method of elimination. Thus, first of all solving for y, we get

......(iii ) .....(iv )

Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get {2(5) _ 3(3)} y = 2(7) _ 3(5) i.e.,

2 3 2 5 y= 3 5 3 7

2 5 y= 3 7 2 3 3 5
Observe that in the determinant of the numerator, the 1st column consists of the coefficeints of x and the 2nd columns consist of the constant terms. And, in the determinant of the denominator of y, the 1st column and the 2nd column consist of the coefficients of x and y respectively. ......(A)

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Similarly, solving (i) and (ii) for x, we get 5(2x + 3y 5) = 0 3(3x + 5y 7) = 0

Notes

5(2 x ) + 5(3 y ) 5(5) = 0 R S T3(3x) + 3(5y) 3(7) = 0

......(v ) .....(vi )

Subtracting (vi) from (v), we get {5(2) 3(3) }x = {5(5) 3(7)}

2 3
i.e.

3 5

x=

5 3 7 5

5 3 x= 7 5 2 3 3 5
......(B)

Again observe that in the determinant of the numerator of x, the 1st column consists of the constant terms and the 2nd column consists of the coefficients of y. And, in the determinant of the denominator of x, the 1st column and the 2nd column consist of the coefficients of x and y respectively .

5 3 7 5 D Thus, x = 2 3 = 1 (say) D 3 5 2 3 y= 2 3 5 7 D = 2 (say) 3 D 5

and

are the solutions of the given system of equations in the determinant form. Consider another system of equations:

x+ y = 3 2 x 3y = 1

...(i) ...(ii)

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Determinants and Their Applications Again, solving (i) and (ii) by elimination method, for x, we get

3( x + y ) = 3(3) 1(2 x 3 y ) = 1 3( x ) 3( y ) = 3(3) R S T1(2 x) 1(3y) = 1(1)

...(iii) ...(iv)

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get

k3(1) 1(2)px = 3(3) 1(1)

1 1 3 1 x= 2 3 1 3

3( x ) 1(2 x ) = 3(3) 1(1)

i.e.

3 1 1 3 D1 x= = 1 1 D (say) 2 3

Again, we observe that in the determinant D1, the 1st column consists of the constant terms and the 2nd column consists of the coefficient of y. Also, in D, the 1st and the 2nd columns consist of the coefficients of x and y respectively. Similarly, solving (i) and (ii) for y, we get 2( x) + 2( y) = 2(3) ...(v)

1(2 x) + 2( 3 y) = 1(1)
Subtracting (v) from (vi), we get

...(vi)

k1( 3) 2(1)p y = 1(1) 2(3)

1 1 1 3 y= 2 3 2 1

i.e.,

1 3 y= 2 1 D = 2 1 1 D (say) 2 3

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Again, we observe that the determinant D is nothing but the determinant of the coefficient of x and y and the determinant D2 is obtained by replacing the coefficient of y by the constant terms.

Notes Thus,

1 3 1 2 1 3 and y = x= 1 1 1 2 2 3

3 1 1 3

are the solutions of the given equation Therefore, if

a1 x + b1 y = c1 and a2 x + b2 y = c2

is a given system of linear equations in two variables, then its solution will be

c1 b1 c b D x= 2 2 = 1 a1 b1 D a2 b2 a1
and

c1 c2 D = 2 b1 D b2
b1 0 b2

y=

a2 a1 a2

provided D =

a1 a2

4.11.2 Solution of a System of Linear Equations in Three Variables Consider the following system of equations in three variables x + 2 y + 3z = 4

2x + y + z = 1 3x + 3y + 5z = 3

...(C)

1 2 3
Let

D= 2 1 1 3 3 5

i.e., D is the determinant of the coefficients of x, y and z.

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x
Then,

2 3

xD = 2 x 1 1 3x 3 5

MODULE - I Algebra

Multiplying the 2nd column by y and the 3rd column by z and adding these to the 1st column, we get

Notes

x + 2 y + 3z xD = 2 x + y + z

2 3 1 1

3x + 3 y + 5z 3 5
From (C), we get

4 2 3 xD = 1 1 1 = D1 3 3 5
i.e., (say)

xD = D1 x =

D1 D

Similarly, we will get

1 2 4 1 4 3 D2 = 2 1 1 and D3 = 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 5
Then, as before, we can see that

yD = D2 and zD = D3
Thus, x =

D1 D D , y = 2 , z = 3 , where D 0 D D D

are the solutions of the given system of linear equations in three variables. Therefore, if

a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 a3 x + b3 y + c3z = d3
is a given system of linear equations in three variables, then

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d1

b1

c1 c2 c3 D = 1 c1 D c2 c3 c1

Notes

d 2 b2 d b x= 3 3 a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 a1 b3 d1

a2 d 2 c2 a d 3 c3 D y= 3 = 2 a1 b1 c1 D a2 b2 c2 a3 a1 a2 a z= 3 a1 a2 a3 b3 c3

and

b1 d1 b2 d 2 b3 d 3 D = 3 b1 c1 D b2 c2 b3 c3

are the solutions of the given system, provided

a1 b1 D = a2 b2 a3 b3

c1 c2 0 c3

The method used for solving the system of equations in three variables can be used in exactly the same way to solve a system of n equations in n unknowns. The method discussed above is commonly known as Cramers rule, after the Swiss Mathematician Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752). Note: Cramers Rule does not apply if D = 0 Example 4.20 Solve the following system of equations by Cramers Rule:

2 x + 3y = 5 3x + 5 y = 7
130 MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications Solution: Now,

D= D1 = D2 =

a1 a2 c1 c2 a1 a2

b1 b2

2 3 3 5

= 10 9 = 1

MODULE - I Algebra

b1 5 3 = = 25 21 = 4 b2 7 5 c1 c2 = 2 5 3 7 = 14 15 = 1 D1 4 = =4 D 1 D2 1 = = 1 D 1

Notes

and

Thus, by Cramers Rule and

x= y=

are the solutions of the given system of equations. Example 4.21 Solve the following system of equations by Cramers Rule:

2 x + y 3z = 3 x + 2y + z = 5 3x 5 y + 2 z = 1
Solution: We have,

2 D= 1

1 2

3 1 = 2(4 + 5) 1(2 3) 3( 5 6) = 18 + 1 + 33 = 52 0 2

3 5

Also, to find D1, the 1st column will be replaced by constants.

3 1 3 D1 = 5 2 1 = 3(4 + 5) 1(10 1) 3( 25 2) = 27 9 + 81 = 99 1 5 2
To find, D2, 2nd column will be replaced by constants.

2 3 3 D2 = 1 5 3 1
MATHEMATICS

1 = 2(10 1) 3(2 3) 3(1 15) = 18 + 3 + 42 = 63 2

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Determinants and Their Applications

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To find D3, 3rd column will be replaced by constants

Notes

2 1 3 D3 = 1 2 5 = 2(2 + 25) 1(1 15) + 3( 5 6) = 35 3 5 1

Thus, by Cramers Rule

x=

D1 99 = D 52 D 63 y= 2 = D 52

and

z=

D3 35 = D 52

4.12 CONDITION FOR A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS TO HAVE A UNIQUE SOLUTION

Consider the system of equations

2 x + 3y = 4 x 2y = 3 D= D1 = D2 = 2 3 = 43 = 7 0 1 2 4 3 = 8 9 = 17 3 2 2 4 = 64 = 2 1 3

Now

Also

and

By Cramers rule

x=
and

D1 17 17 = = D 7 7 D2 2 2 = = D 7 7

y=

Thus, we find that for D 0 and D1 0, D2 0, the given system of equations have non-zero, unique solution x =

17 2 and y = 7 7

In this case, we say that the given system of equations is consistent.

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MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications Now, consider the system of equations

x + 2y = 0 2 x + 3 y = 0 D= D1 = D2 = 1 2 = 3+ 4 = 7 0 = 00 = 0

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes Here,

2 3 0 2 0 3

Also,

and

1 0 = 00 = 0 2 0

Hence, x = and

D1 0 = =0 D 7 D2 0 = =0 D 7

x=

Thus, we find that for D 0 and D1 = D2 = 0, the given system of equations will have only the trivial solution x = y = 0 We already know that Cramers rule does not apply if D = 0. The two cases arise namely system of equations having (i) no solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions. Consider the system of equations

2x + 4 y = 5 x + 2y = 3
Here,

D=

2 4 = 44 = 0 1 2

Since D = 0, Cramers rule does not apply here. D1 = 5 4 3 2 = 10 12 = 2

Now,

and

D2 =

2 5 = 65 = 1 1 3

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Hence, if D = 0 and D1 0, D2 0, the equations will have no solution. Similar is the case for a system of three equations in three variables.For that, consider the system of equations

Notes

x+ y+z = 2 x + 2 y + 3z = 3 x + 3 y + 5z = 5
1 Here, D= 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 = 1(10 9) 1(5 3) + 1(3 2 ) = 1 2 + 1 = 0 5 ...(i)

x 1 1
Now,

xD = x 2 3 x 3 5

Multiplying the 2nd column by y and the 3rd column by z and adding them to the 1st column, we get

x+ y+z x + 3 y + 5z
Thus, So,

1 1 3 5

2 1 1 = 3 2 3 = D1 5 3 5
[using(1)]

xD = x + 2 y + 3z 2 3

D1 = 2(10 9) 1(15 15) + 1(9 10) = 2 0 1 = 1 xD = D1 xD = 1 x= 1 1 = which is undefined D 0

Similarly, we get yD = D2 and zD = D3

1 2 1 where D2 = 1 3 3 = 1(15 15) 2(5 3) + 1(5 3) = 0 4 + 2 = 2 1 5 5

1 1 2
and

D3 = 1 2 3 = 1(10 9) 1(5 3) + 2(3 2) = 1 2 + 2 = 1 1 3 5

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yD = D2 y =
and

D2 2 y= which is undefined. D 0

MODULE - I Algebra

D3 1 z = which is undefined. D 0 Thus, if D = 0 and D1 0, D2 0 and D3 0, then the system of equations will have no zD = D3 z =
solution. In this case, we say that the system of equations is inconsistent. Now, consider the system of equations

Notes

x y + 3z = 6 x + 3 y 3z = 4 5x + 3 y + 3z = 10
1 1 3 Here, D = 1 3 3 = 1(9 + 9) + 1(3 + 15) + 3(3 15) = 18 + 18 36 = 0 5 3 3 6
Also D1 = 4

1 3 3 3 3 = 6(9 + 9) + 1(12 + 30) + 3(12 30) = 108 + 18 126 = 0 3

10

3 3

D2 = 1 4 3 = 1( 12 + 30) 6(3 + 15) + 3(10 + 20) = 18 108 + 90 = 0 5 10 1 1 D3 = 1 5 3 3

6 4 = 1(30 + 12) + 1(10 + 20) + 6(3 15) = 42 + 30 = 72 = 0 10

Thus, for D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for the given system of equations will have infinitely many solutions. Consider the first two equations, i.e.,

x y + 3z = 6 x + 3 y 3z = 4
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MODULE - I Algebra

These can be written as

x y = 6 3z x + 3 y = 4 + 3z

Notes

Solving these equations by determinants, we get

6 3z x=

4 + 3z 3 3(6 3z ) + 1( 4 + 3z ) 18 9 z 4 + 3z 14 6z = = = 1 1 3+1 4 4 1 3
x= 7 3z 2

and

1 6 3z 1 4 + 3z 1( 4 + 3z ) 1(6 3z ) 4 + 3z 6 + 3z 10 + 6z y= = = = 1 1 3+1 4 4 1 3
5 + 3z 2

y=

Let z = k, where k is any number, then we get

x=

7 3k , 2

y=

5 + 3k and z = k 2

Thus, the system of equations has many solutions. So, we conclude that for a given system of equations (i) If D 0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 , ..., Dn is not equal to zero, then the system will have non-zero, unique solution. If D 0 and each D1 = 0, then the system has only the trivial solution

(ii) (iii) (iv)

x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0

If D = 0 and some D1 0 , then the system has no solution. If D = 0 and each D1 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions.

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MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications Example 4.22 Solve the following system of equations:

MODULE - I Algebra

x+ y+z = 2 2 x + 7 y 3z = 5 3x + 5 y z = 4
Solution : Here, Notes

1 1

D = 2 7 3 = 1( 7 + 15) 1( 2 + 9) + 1(10 21) = 8 7 11 = 10 0 3 5 1

Now

2 1 1 D1 = 5 7 3 = 2( 7 + 15) 1( 5 + 12) + 1(25 28) = 16 7 3 = 6 4 5 1

1 2

D2 = 2 5 3 = 1( 5 + 12) 2( 2 + 9) + 1(8 15) = 7 14 7 = 14 3 4 1 1 1 2 D3 = 2 7 5 = 1(28 25) 1(8 15) + 2(10 21) = 3 + 7 22 = 12 3 5 4

Since D 0 and D1 0, D2 0, D3 0, therefore, the system of equations will have non-zero, unique solution. Thus, by Cramers Rule

x= y= z=

D1 6 3 = = D 10 5 D2 14 7 = = D 10 5 D3 12 6 = = D 10 5

are the solutions of the given system of equations.

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Example 4.23 Determine which of the following systems of equations will have a unique solution; and also find the solutions in each case: (i)

Notes

2 x 3y + 4z = 9 3x + 4 y + 2 z = 12 4 x 2 y 3z = 3

(ii)

x + 2y z = 0 2 x + y + 2z = 0 x 3y + z = 0

(iii)

x + 2y + z = 2 2 x + y + 2z = 3 x 3y + z = 4

(iv)

x + 2 y + 3z = 1 3x y + 2 z = 1 4 x + y + 5z = 2

Solution: (i)

2 x 3y + 4z = 9 3x + 4 y + 2 z = 12 4 x 2 y 3z = 3

Here,

3 4

D = 3 4 2 = 2(12 + 4) + 3(9 8) + 4(6 16) = 16 + 3 40 = 53 0 4 2 3

Also

9 3 4 D 12 4 2 = 9(12+4) +3(36+6) +4(24+12) = 72+126+144 = 342 1 = 3 2 3

2 D2 = 3 4 and 9 12 3 4 2 = 2 (36 + 6) + 9(9 8) + 4(9 + 48) = 84 + 9 + 228 = 321 2

2 3 9 D 3 4 12 = 2(12 24) + 3(9 + 48) 9(616) = 72 +171+ 90 = 189 3 = 4 2 3

Since D 0 and D1 0 , D2 0 , D3 0

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The system of equations will have a non-zero unique solution which is

MODULE - I Algebra

x=

D1 342 342 = = D 53 53
Notes

D 321 321 y= 2 = = D 53 53
and

z=

D3 189 189 = = D 53 53

(ii)

x + 2y z = 0 2 x + y + 2z = 0 x 3y + z = 0

Here,

1 2 = 1(1 + 6) 2(2 2) 1( 6 1) = 7 + 7 = 14 0 1

D= 2 1 1 3
Also,

1 2 =0 1
(expanding by the 1st column)

D1 = 0 1 0 3

1 0 1 D2 = 2 0 1 0
and

2 =0 1

1 2 0 D3 = 2 1 0 = 0 1 3 0
Thus, we find that D 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0

The system of linear equations will not have a unique solution. In fact, it has a trivial solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

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(iii)

x + 2y + z = 2 2 x + y + 2z = 3 x 3y + z = 4

Notes Here

D= 2 1 2 =0 1 3 1
2 2 1 D1 = 3 1 2 = 2(1 + 6) 2(3 8) + 1( 9 4) = 14 + 10 13 = 11 4 3 1

Also

1 2 1 D2 = 2 3 2 = 0 ( C1 = C3 ) 1 4 1 1
and

2 1

2 3 = 1(4 + 9) 2(8 3) + 2( 6 1) = 13 10 14 = 11

D3 = 2

1 3 4
Since

D = 0 and D1 0, D2 = 0 and D3 0
The system of equations has no solution.

(iv)

x + 2 y + 3z = 1 3x y + 2 z = 1 4 x + y + 5z = 2
1 2 3

Here,

D = 3 1 2 = 1( 5 2) 2(15 8) + 3(3 + 4) = 7 14 + 21 = 0 4 1 5 1 2 3 D1 = 1 1 2 = 1( 5 2) 2(5 4) + 3(1 + 2) = 7 2 + 9 = 0 2 1 5 1 1 3 D2 = 3 1 2 = 1(5 4) 1(15 8) + 3(6 4) = 1 7 + 6 = 0 4 2 5

Also,

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and

1 2 1 D3 = 3 1 1 = 1( 2 1) 2(6 4) + 1(3 + 4) = 3 4 + 7 = 0 4 1 2

MODULE - I Algebra

Therefore, the given system of equations will have infinitely many solutions.

Notes

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.4

1. Solve the following systems of equations by Cramers Rule (a) 2.

2x 4 y = 3 3x + y = 5

(b)

x + 2y = 1 2 x + 5y = 3

Obtain the solutions of the systems of equations using Cramers Rule (a) 2 x + y + 3z = 1 (b) 2 x 3 y + 2 z = 1 (c) 3x 4 y + 5z = 6

x + 4 y + 6z = 9 4 x + 3y + 9z = 5
3. (a)

x + 3y z = 2 x y + 3z = 3
(b)

x + y 2z = 1 2 x + 3y + z = 5
6x 3y = 1 2x + 2 y = 3

Solve the following systems of equations:

3x + 2 y = 4 2x + y = 3

(c)

2 x + 3y + 4z = 8 3x + y z = 2 4 x y 5z = 9

(d)

x + 3y z = 4 3x 2 y + 5z = 4 5x y 4 z = 9

4.

Determine which of the following systems of equations will have a unique solution. Also, find the solution in such a case.
(a) x 2 y = 4 3 x + 5 y = 7 (b) 2x y + z = 0 x + y 2z = 0 3x + 2 y z = 0

LET US SUM UP

The expression a1b2 a2b1 is denoted by

a1 a2

b1 b2

With each square matrix, a determinant of the matrix can be associated. The minor of any element in a determinant is obtained from the given determinant by deleting the row and column in which the element lies. The cofactor of an element aij in a determinant is the minor of aij multiplied by ( 1)i+j
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MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

A determinant can be expanded using any row or column. The value of the determinant will be the same. A square matrix whose determinant has the value zero, is called a singular matrix. The value of a determinant remains unchanged, if its rows and columns are interchanged. If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant changes in sign only. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant is zero. If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by the same constant, then the value of the determinant is multiplied by the constant. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are proportional, then its value is zero. If each element of a row or column from of a determinant is expressed as the sum (or differenence) of two or more terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum (or difference) of two or more determinants of the same order. The value of a determinant does not change if to each element of a row (or column) be added to (or subtracted from) some multiples of the corresponding elements of one or more rows (or columns). The solution of a system of linear equations

a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d 2 a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d 3
is given by x =

D D1 D ,y = 2 and z = 3 D D D

a1 b1 D = a2 b2 a3 b3
a1 b1 D3 = a2 b2 a3 b3

c1 d1 b1 c2 , D1 = d 2 b2 c3 d 3 b3

c1 a1 c2 , D2 = a2 c3 a3

d1 d2 d3

c1 c2 and c3

d1 d 2 , provided D 0 d3

The system of linear equations

a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d 2 a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d 3
142 MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications (a) (b) (c) is consistent and has unique solution, when D 0 is inconsistent and has no solution, when D = 0, and D1 , D2 , D3 are not all zero. is consistent and has infinitely many solutions, when D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 . Notes

MODULE - I Algebra

SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://www.wikipedia.org http://mathworld.wolfram.com

TERMINAL EXERCISE
1 2 3 Find all the minors and cofactors of 3 4 2 2 3 1 43 1 6
2. Evaluate 35 7

1.

4 by expanding it using the first column. 17 3 2

3.

Using Sarrus diagram, evaluate

2 1 1
4.

2 3

3 1 4
Solve for x, if

0 1 0 x 2 x =0 1 3 x
5. Using properties of determinants, show that (a)

1 a a2 1 b b 2 = (b c)(c a )(a b) 1 c c2

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(b)

1 x+ y 1 y+z 1 z+x

x2 + y2 y 2 + z 2 = ( x y )( y z )( z x ) z2 + x2

Notes 6. Evaluate:

(a)

12 22 32

22 32 42

32 42 52

(b)

1 w3 w5

w3 1 w5

w5 w4 1

,w being an imaginary cube-root of unity 7. Using Cramers rule, solve the following system of linear equations: (a)

x 2y = 3 2 x + 3y = 4

(b)

2 x 3y = 3 3x + 2 y = 11

(c)

x+ y = 2 4 x 3y = 3

8.

Using Cramers rule, solve the following systems of equations: (a)

2 x + y + 3z = 8 3x + 2 y + 3 = z x + 3z = 1 + 2 y
2x 6y + 1 = 0 x 3y + 2 = 0

(b)

x 2y = 3+ z 2x + z = y 3 x = 2z 3y

9.

Determine which of the following systems of equations will have a unique solution: (a) (b)

2 x 3y = 5 x 2y = 6

(c)

2 x + 3y + z = 1 4x 6y + z = 3 6x 3y + 2z = 5

(d)

3x + y + 2 z = 1 x + 2y z = 2 2 x y + 3z = 1

144

MATHEMATICS

Determinants and Their Applications

ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.1 1. 2. 3. (a) 11 (a) and (d) (a) 18 (d) x 1 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.2 1. (b) _54 (c) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) (a2+b2) (c2+d2)

MODULE - I Algebra

Notes

adf + 2bce ae 2 fb 2 de 2

M 21 = 39; C21 = 39 M 22 = 3; C22 = 3 M 23 = 11; C23 = 11

(a) 19 (d) ( a b)(b c)( c a ) (a) 4 (a) x = 2 (b) 20

2.

M13 = 5; C13 = 5 M 23 = 7; C23 = 7 M 33 = 1; C33 = 1

(b) 0 (e) 4 abc (c) 131 (f) 0

3.

4. 6.

(c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1 (c) x = 2,

(b) x = 2, 3

17 7

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.3 7. (a) a 3 (b) 2 abc( a + b + c) 3 8.

x=

2 11 11 , , 3 3 3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4.4 1. (a) x =

23 1 , y= 14 14 x = 1, y = 2, z =

(b) x = 1, y = 1

2.

(a) (c)

1 3

(b)

3 5 x = , y = 0, z = 4 4

x = 1, y = 2, z = 1 x = 2, y = 1
(b)

3.

(a)

x=

11 8 , y= 8 9
24 7 , z= 13 13
145

(c)
MATHEMATICS

x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

(d)

x = 1, y =

Determinants and Their Applications

MODULE - I Algebra

4.

(a) (c)

Yes; x = 6, y = 5

(b)

Yes; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

x = 0, y = 3, z = 2

TERMINAL EXERCISE Notes 1.

M11 = 2, M12 = 1, M13 = 1, M 21 = 7, M 22 = 5, M 23 = 1, M 31 = 8, M 32 = 7, M 33 = 2 C11 = 2, C12 = 1, C13 = 1, C21 = 7, C22 = 5, C23 = 1, C31 = 8, C32 = 7, C33 = 2

2. 6. 7.

0 (a) 8

3.

31 (b) 0

4.

x = 0, x = 1

(a) x =

17 2 , y= 7 7

(b) x = 3, y = 1

(c) x =

9 5 , y= 7 7

8. 9.

(a) x = 2, y = 3, z = 3 (b) only

(b)

1 3 1 x= , y= , z= 2 2 2

146

MATHEMATICS