FR Vol 13 Geology

INVESTIGATIONS FOR UPDATING THE
GROUNDWATER MATHEMATICAL MODEL(S)

OF THE SAQ AND OVERLYING AQUIFERS
GEOLOGY
VOLUME 13
Abunayyan Trading Corporation Rabi’I 1429 H

BRGM Geosciences for a sustainable Earth Mach 2008 G
Investigations for Updating the Groundwater Mathematical Model(s) Volume 13
of the Saq and Overlying Aquifers Geology
Note
The present document is part of the Final Report of the study entitled “Updating of groundwater
mathematical model(s) of the Saq and overlying aquifers”.
The Final Report is composed of the following thirteen (13) volumes:
Volume 1 Main Report

Volume 2 Groundwater Management
Volume 3 Groundwater Mathematical Modelling
Volume 4 Data Management
Volume 5 Domestic and Industrial Water Demand
Volume 6 Irrigation Water Abstraction
Volume 7 Hydrology and Groundwater Recharge
Volume 8 Groundwater Quality
Volume 9 Hydrogeology
Volume 10 Water Point Inventory
Volume 11 Pumping Tests

Volume 12 Geophysical Logging
Volume 13 Geology
Executive Summary
The present document is Volume 13.
Plates are grouped in the second part of the Volume
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I

Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1. PREVIOUS WORK ...................................................................................................................1
1.2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................1
2. Lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy 3

2.1. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS...................................................................................................3
2.2. PREVIOUS SAQ HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY ....................................................................................4
2.3. AQUIFER SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................5
3. Structure 15
3.1. SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION OF THE NAFUD BASIN ...............................................................15
3.2. VARIATIONS IN LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY ...........................................15
3.3. ROLE OF THE MAIN UNCONFORMITY SURFACES .....................................................................16
3.4. FAULTS ...............................................................................................................................17
3.4.1. The Wadi Sirhan Graben...............................................................................................17
3.4.2. Other faults ....................................................................................................................19
3.4.3. Paleohighs.....................................................................................................................20
4. Data sources for the model 21

4.1. SURFACE DATA FROM BRGM BACKGROUND SOURCES..........................................................21
4.2. PUBLISHED DATA .................................................................................................................21
4.2.1. Database queries ..........................................................................................................21
4.2.2. Base document: Saq project, geological setting of the project area..............................21
4.2.3. Structure, facies, paleogeography.................................................................................21
4.3. BOREHOLES ........................................................................................................................22
4.3.1. Saq 1 .............................................................................................................................22
4.3.2. Professional papers.......................................................................................................22
5. Geological Modelling 23
5.1. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................23
5.2. THE 3D MODEL ....................................................................................................................25
5.2.1. Model extent..................................................................................................................25
5.2.2. Fault blocks ...................................................................................................................25
5.2.3. Horizons modelled.........................................................................................................25
5.2.4. Results ..........................................................................................................................28
5.2.5. Model contribution to understanding of the structure ....................................................34
6. Conclusions 37
6.1. IMPLICATIONS FOR FLOW MODELLING ....................................................................................37
6.2. EXPORT TO THE FLOW MODEL ..............................................................................................37
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I

List of figures
Figure 1. Seismic interpretation of glacial paleovalleys in the Ha’il area (McGillivray and Al-Husseini, 1992;
map from Aoudey and Al-Hajri, 1994) ................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2. Extent of the Raan Member in outcrop in the Tabuk area (BRGM mapping) ....................................... 7
Figure 3. Extent of the Raan Member in outcrop in the Qasim area (BRGM mapping)....................................... 8
Figure 4. Synthetic section of the Jauf Formation in northwestern Arabia (Boucot et al., 1989) ......................... 9
Figure 5. Paleogeographic domains of the Jauf Formation (Konert et al., 2001) .............................................. 10
Figure 6. The Berwath and Unayzah formations in well ST-8 (Al-Husseini, 2004) ............................................ 12
Figure 7. Geographic extent of the Unayzah Formation in subsurface (Konert et al., 2001)............................ 13
Figure 8. Schematic SW-NE cross section of the Nafud basin (project area) - Aoudeh and Al-Hajri, 1994
[location of cross section shown on Plate 2 (Vol 13, Part 2)]. .......................................................... 15
Figure 9. Subcrop map below the pre-Hercynian unconformity (Konert et al., 2001) ........................................ 16
Figure 10. Topographic map of the Wadi Sirhan valley ..................................................................................... 18
Figure 11. N-S section (AB) in the NW of the study area (Jordan) across the Wadi Sirhan (Azraq) Graben
(Konert et al., 2001) .......................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 12. Field of N150 faults in the Tayma-Tabuk area (BRGM-DMMR 1:250,000-scale mapping) ............. 20
Figure 13. Georeferenced and rectified map of the basement structure (structure after Konert et al., 2001) ... 24
Figure 14. Fault blocks ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 15. Infra-Cambrian basins (in Sharland et al., 2001, adapted from Dyer and Al-Husseini, 1991).......... 27
Figure 16. Structure of the top of basement, view from the SE (colour zone = 1,000 m) .................................. 29
Figure 17. North-south cross section (Ha’il area, x=400,000m): IC, Siq, Burj, Saq. .......................................... 29
Figure 18. Structure of the base of Qusaiba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)............................................. 30
Figure 19. Thickness of the Qusaiba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation) ........................................................ 31
Figure 20. Pre-Hercynian subcrop underneath the pre-Unayzah unconformity (PUU)...................................... 32
Figure 21. Onlap of the pre-Hercynian formations by the marine Permian Khuff Fm. (in blue) ......................... 32
Figure 22. Completed model with Neogene sand sheets, sand dunes and Harrats.......................................... 34
List of tables
Table 1. Lithostratigraphy within the project area................................................................................................. 3

Table 2. Aquifer systems considered in the project area ..................................................................................... 5
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia II

List of plates
(included in Volume 13 - Part 2)
Plate 1 - Location Map

Plate 2 - Location of the cross sections presented in Volume 13
Plate 3 - Digital outcrop map
Plate 4 - North-South cross section at x = 505,000 through the aquifer units
Plate 5 - Truncation of the lower Paleozoic, Saq disconnected in the graben (y=800,000, view from N)
Plate 6 - N-S cross section at x = 300,000, of the Mesozoic-Cainozoic wedge (view from W)
Plate 7 - Top elevation of the Harrats formation
Plate 8 - Top elevation of the sand-dunes formation
Plate 9 - Top elevation of the Eocene-Maastrichtian complex
Plate 10 - Top elevation of the early-mid-Cretaceous complex
Plate 11 - Top elevation of the Hith-Gotnia Formation
Plate 12 - Top elevation of the Trias-Jurassic complex
Plate 13 - Top elevation of the STQ complex (Secondary-Tertiary-Quaternary complex)
Plate 14 - Top elevation of the Sudair Shale
Plate 15 - Top elevation of the Khuff Formation
Plate 16 - Top elevation of the Ash Shiqqah Member (Khuff Formation)
Plate 17 - Top elevation of the Unayzah Formation
Plate 18 - Top elevation of the Berwath Formation
Plate 19 - Top elevation of the Jubah Formation
Plate 20 - Top elevation of the Jauf Formation
Plate 21 - Top elevation of the Tawil Formation
Plate 22 - Top elevation of the Sharawra Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 23 - Top elevation of the Qusaïba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 24 - Top elevation of the Quwara Member - Sarah Formation unit
Plate 25 - Top elevation of the Raan Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 26 - Top elevation of the Kahfah Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 27 - Top elevation of the Hanadir Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 28 - Top elevation of the Saq Sandstone
Plate 29 - Bottom elevation of the Saq Sandstone
Plate 30 - Thickness of the Harrats formation
Plate 31 - Thickness of the sand-dunes formation
Plate 32 - Thickness of the Eocene-Maastrichtian complex
Plate 33 - Thickness of the early-mid-Cretaceous complex
Plate 34 - Thickness of the Hith-Gotnia complex
Plate 35 - Thickness of the Trias-Jurassic complex
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia III

Plate 36 - Thickness of the STQ complex (Secondary-Tertiary-Quaternary complex)

Plate 37 - Thickness of the Sudair Shale
Plate 38 - Thickness of the Khuff Formation
Plate 39 - Thickness of the Ash Shiqqah Member (Khuff Formation)
Plate 40 - Thickness of the Unayzah Formation
Plate 41 - Thickness of the Berwath Formation
Plate 42 - Thickness of the Jubah Formation
Plate 43 - Thickness of the Jauf Formation
Plate 44 - Thickness of the Tawil Formation
Plate 45 - Thickness of the Sharawra Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 46 - Thickness of the Qusaïba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 47 - Thickness of the Quwara Member - Sarah Formation unit
Plate 48 - Thickness of the Raan Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 49 - Thickness of the Kahfah Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 50 - Thickness of the Hanadir Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 51 - Thickness of the Saq aquifer
Plate 52 - Depth to top of the Eocene-Maastrichtian complex
Plate 53 - Depth to top of the early-mid-Cretaceous- complex
Plate 54 - Depth to top of the Hith-Gotnia Formation
Plate 55 - Depth to top of the Trias-Jurassic complex
Plate 56 - Depth to top of the Sudair Shale
Plate 57 - Depth to top of the Khuff Formation
Plate 58 - Depth to top of the Ash Shiqqah Member (Khuff Formation)
Plate 59 - Depth to top of the Unayzah Formation
Plate 60 - Depth to top of the Berwath Formation
Plate 61 - Depth to top of the Jubah Formation
Plate 62 - Depth to top of the Jauf Formation
Plate 63 - Depth to top of the Tawil Formation
Plate 64 - Depth to top of the Sharawra Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 65 - Depth to top of the Qusaïba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)
Plate 66 - Depth to top of the Quwara Member - Sarah Formation unit
Plate 67 - Depth to top of the Raan Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 68 - Depth to top of the Kahfah Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 69 - Depth to top of the Hanadir Member (Qasim Formation)
Plate 70 - Depth to top of the Saq Sandstone
Plate 71 - Depth to bottom of the Saq Sandstone
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia IV

List of abbreviations
DMMR Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources (now SGS)

DTM Digital Terrain Model
GIS Geo-Information System
MOWE Ministry of Water and Electricity
PKU Pre-Khuff unconformity
PTU Pre-Tawil unconformity
PUU Pre-Unayzah unconformity
USGS United States Geological Survey
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia V

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Previous work

Previous work includes the earlier flow model of the Saq 1 project (1985), as well as the publications since
then on the stratigraphy and structure of the northern Saudi Arabian sedimentary basins. The progress of
geological knowledge since 1980 is mainly based, for outcropping formations, on the regional geological
mapping carried out by BRGM and DMMR (now Saudi Geological Survey), and for the subsurface on the
hydrocarbon exploration carried out by Saudi Aramco in the Nafud basin as well as in Central Arabia.
Such work has been published as 1:250,000-scale geological maps with their Explanatory Notes (DMMR)
and as professional papers and publications (DMMR, GeoArabia, A.A.P.G. Bulletin).
1.2. General methodology

The goal of this work package is to construct a numerical geological model based on the most recent
scientific concepts and field data on geology, in order to improve our understanding of the flow model for
groundwater-resource assessment.
The method for constructing a new numerical geological model is based on the knowledge of basin-stacking
patterns, i.e. of how stratigraphic units and the main unconformity surfaces between are related to each
other in a vertical and horizontal sense, and on identification and validation of 3D georeferenced data
describing the structure of the aquifer systems from a geometric point of view. This work can be broken down
into six steps.
The first step is to delineate the horizontal and vertical extent of several groups of geometrically related
geological formations (packages) separated by major unconformity surfaces or faults. This has been done
according to chrono- and litho-stratigraphical concepts and to a rough conceptual model of the basin
structure defining the rules of the mutual horizon relationships.
The second step is to set up a correspondence chart between lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy, i.e.
between geological formations and their aquifer or aquitard properties, looking for a separation or connection
between the different hydrologic units.
The third step, and most time-consuming, is to collect the necessary 3D (x, y, z) information for defining the
shape of these horizons as well as the geometry of the layers throughout the project area and beyond. Such
data originate from a great variety of sources, implying a major work of compilation, conversion to digital
format and georeferencing with GIS tools.
The fourth step is to build several versions of the model using dedicated software (ArcGIS, GDM,
EarthVision) and, through iterations, to correct and improve it by adding new layers and new control points
until the model appears geologically correct.
The fifth step is the display of 3D views, cross sections, and isochore maps.
The sixth step is the calculation of the clipped output grids from the model and their export as x, y, z files
toward the flow model.
Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1

2. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY
2.1. Lithostratigraphic units

Table 1. Lithostratigraphy within the project area
Age Units Sub-units Lithology Av. Thickness

Qu Alluvium Sand sheets -
Qu Gravel Gravel -
Neogene to Quaternary Nafuds (Plio-Qu eolian) Eolian sand/lake dep. < 200m
Harrats (III-Qu basalts) Basalt < 560m
Continental Neogene Sand, gravel < 110m
Pre-Neogene unconformity
Paleogene Mira - Umm Wu' al Fm. Limestone/cherts 135 - 560 m
Lina Mb.+U.E.R. Fm./ Belga series/Jalamid Fm. Complex / variable 0 - 120m
Hiatus
Khanasir/Hajajah or
Aruma Fm. (exc. Lina Mb.) / Belga Series Limestone / dolomite ~180m
Hudayb/Zallum/Badanah
Pre-Aruma unconformity
Late Cretaceous
Maliha /Mishrif Shale / Sdst.
Wasia Formation Qibah /Ahmadi, Rumaila Limestone/dolomite 55 - >100m
Majma /Wara Sandstone
Pre-Wasia nconformity (Mauddud)
Huraysan / Khafji, Safaniya Sandstone
Early Cretaceous Biyadh Sandstone / Wasia Fm. Sallah Shale.siltstone, carb. ~380m
Dughum Sandstone
Pre-Biyadh unconformity
Hith Anhydrite Anhydrite ~100m
Arab Fm. A, B, C, D Mb. Limest./Dolo/Anhydrite 55 - 130m
Late Jurassic
Jubaila Limestone Ju1 & Ju2 units Limestone ~ 90m
Hanifa Fm. H1 & H2 units Shale in H1 ~125m
Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone T1, T2, T3 units Limestone ~185m
Dhruma Formation D7 unit Limest./Shale ~ 110m
Mid Jurassic
Hiatus
Dhruma Formation D1 to D6 units Variable ~ 340m
Early Jurassic Marrat Formation Lower, Middle, Upper Mb. Sdst./Shale/Limest. ~ 125m
Hiatus
Minjur Sandstone Lower / Upper Unit Complex /sandstone ~ 275m
J3 (J4 erosional) Variable
Triassic Jihl Formation J2 Sandstone 300 - 350m
J1 Siltstone
Sudair Shale Shale, anhydrite, salt ~ 310m
Khartam Mb. Dolomite/limestone
Midhnab Mb. Shale/Dolo/Anhydrite
160-600m
Late Permian Khuff Formation Duhaysan Mb.
Dolomite/anhydrite
Huqayl Mb.
Ash Shiqqah Mb. Clastic, variable ~35m
Pre-Khuff Unconformity
Early Permian Unayzah Formation A, B, C, Mb. Sandstone 0 - 400m
Pre-Unayzah unconformity
Carboniferous Berwath Formation Siltstone 0 - ~120m ?
Pre-Berwath unconformity
Jubah Fm. Upper' Jubah Sandstone ~110m
Pre Upper Jubah unconformity
Jubah Fm. Lower' Jubah ~260m
Sandstone
Murayr / Fiy'adh Mb. ~35m
Devonian Hammamiyat Limestone Mb. Carbonate /shale ~75m
Jauf Formation Subbat shale Mb. Variable ~80m
Qasr Limestone Mb. Limestone, variable ~20m
Sha'iba Shale Mb. ~50m
Tawil Formation Sandstone ~200-300m
Pre-Tawil unconformity
Sharawra Mb. Sandstone, siltstone 450 - >1000m
Qalibah Fm.
Silurian Qusaiba Shale Mb. 400-2000m
Uqlah Fm. ~15m
Sandstone, congl.
Zarqa + Sarah Fm. ~270m (< 500m)
Pre-glacial unconformity
Quwara Mb. Sandstone 0-115m
Ordovician
Raan Mb. ~35m (0-50)
Qasim Fm.
Kahfah Mb. Sandstone ~125m (115-175)
Hanadir Mb. ~35m (25-50)
Risha / Sajir / Hilwan Mb.
Saq Sandstone Sandstone ~ 700m
(Umm Sahm & Ram Sdst.)
Cambro-Ordovician
Burj Formation Limestone 0 - 200m
Siq Sandstone. Sandstone ~200m (< 2000m)
Unconformity
Infra-Cambrian Jibalah-type syn-tectonic basins Variable 0 - 3000m
Unconformity
Pre-Cambrian Precambrian basement

Table 1 displays the lithostratigraphy restricted to the work area. This chart has been compiled from the
BRGM-DMMR 1:250,000-scale geological maps for the surface geology and to "Arabian Plate Sequence
Stratigraphy" (Sharland et al., 2004) for the most recent interpretation of subsurface data. The colours used
to represent the lithology are: yellow for sandstone, orange for siltstone or mixed clastics, brown for shale,
blue for limestone, green for dolomite, pink for anhydrite, violet for basalt and grey for metamorphic or
crystalline rock.
Paleozoic rocks are the best represented in the study area, with a minor portion of the Triassic-Jurassic
wedge in the eastern region and a transgressive cover of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits in the
northern region.
Many unconformities or disconformities (hiatuses) interrupt the succession. Several have a major importance
through their relationship with tectonic events, like the pre-Berwath and pre-Unayzah unconformities linked
to the Hercynian phase, and the pre-Aruma unconformity linked to the shelf tilting during Semail Ophiolite
obduction in Oman. Other unconformities are more relevant of major transgressive phases like the pre-Khuff
and the pre-Wasia unconformities.
Due to a major glacial event by the end of the Ordovician, deep paleo-valleys were incised and then buried
by clastic peri-glacial or post-glacial deposits (Zarqa and Sarah Formations). Several other discontinuities
have a minor or no impact on the geometry at the project scale, like the pre-Tawil unconformity (sequence
boundary) and the pre-Marrat disconformity (hiatus by onlap).
2.2. Previous Saq hydrostratigraphy

In the previous Saq project (1981-85), the aquifer systems were composed of one or several aquifer units
separated by aquitards. Each aquifer or aquitard was identified by a code, with extra codes for
undifferentiated comprehensive units (e.g. "Late Cretaceous (undivided)").
Several comments can be made:
'Lower Saq Sandstone' and 'Upper Saq Sandstone' are informal terms corresponding to facies changes from
a lower fluvial unit to an upper littoral unit as described in outcrop in Central Arabia or in boreholes. In this
area they could be assigned to the ‘Risha Member’ and to the ‘Sajir’+’Hilwan’ members respectively, which
were defined on this basis (Delfour et al., 1982), but are now considered as obsolete terms. In northwest
Arabia, the undifferentiated Saq Sandstone sensu lato covers the Siq, Quweira and former Umm Sahm and
Ram sandstones. The latter is now considered as Saq Sandstone sensu stricto.
The former 'Tabuk Formation' is now subdivided into four units: the Qasim Formation (pre-glacial Ordovician,
four members), the Zarqa and Sarah formations (glacial units), and the Qalibah Formation (post glacial
Silurian, two members). The 'lower sandstone' (former TBK2) is an informal name for Kahfah Member, and
the 'middle sandstone'' (former TBK4) corresponds to the Quwara Member of the Qasim Formation. The
sandstone facies of the Quwara Member and of the Sarah Fm. are considered as a single unit for
hydrological purposes.
Several subdivisions were made in the Jauf Formation, but are not distinguished in the flow model.
The previous hydrostratigraphy of the former Saq project used the term ‘Unayzah member’ for an aquitard at
the base of the Khuff Formation. This lithological unit, consisting mainly of varicolored shale and dolomite
with subordinate sandstone channels was defined (as well as other members) in outcrop by Vaslet in Delfour
et al (1982) in the type section of the Khuff Formation (late Permian). However the Unayzah Formation (late
Carboniferous-early Permian), mainly consisting of sandstone, is well known in subsurface as a HC
reservoir. It is subdivided in three members, respectively A, B, C from top to bottom. Consequently the
former ‘Unayzah Member’ was renamed Ash Shiqqah Member, formal name for the 'Basal Khuff Clastics'

(Filatoff et al., 2000, Vaslet et al., 2004). This aquitard remains thin at less than 30 m. In the previous flow
model, the other aquitards (Midhnab Member and Sudair Shale were ignored, and only the cross-formational
flows between Khuff and underlying aquifers through the 'Unayzah Member' were considered.
2.3. Aquifer systems

Table 2. Aquifer systems considered in the project area
Units Sub-units Aquifer systems

Qu Alluvium
Qu Gravel
Nafuds (Plio-Qu eolian)
Harrats (III-Qu basalts)
Continental Neogene
Pre-Neogene unconformity
Cretaceous -
Mira - Umm Wu' al Fm.
Tertiary
Lina Mb.+U.E.R. Fm./ Belga series/Jalamid Fm.
Hiatus
Aruma Fm. (exc. Lina Mb.) / Belga Series
Pre-Aruma unconformity
Wasia Formation Variable
Pre-Wasia nconformity
Mesozoic wedge (Triassic > Early Cretaceous) Variable Undiffer.
Sudair Shale Major Sudair
Khuff
Khuff Formation
Ash Shiqqah Mb. Weak Ash Shiqqah
Pre-Khuff Unconformity
Unayzah Formation Fluvial/tidal Unayzah
Pre-Unayzah unconformity
Berwath Formation Weak Berwath
Pre-Berwath unconformity
Jubah Fm. Tidal/deltaic Jubah
Jauf Formation Weak Jauf
Tawil Formation Braided Tawil
Pre-Tawil unconformity
Sharawra Mb. Variable Sharawra
Qalibah Fm.
Qusaiba Shale Mb. Major Qusaiba
Zarqa + Sarah Fm. Till / braided
Pre-glacial unconformity QAS4
Quwara Mb. Shoreface
Raan Mb. Weak QAS3
Qasim Formation
Kahfah Mb. Shorreface QAS2
Hanadir Mb. Major QAS1
Saq Sandstone (Umm Sahm & Ram Sdst.)
Burj Formation Braided SAQ
Siq Sandstone
Unconformity
Infra-Cambrian Weak
Unconformity
Precambrian basement Substratum
Table 2 shows the aquifer systems considered in the work area. Several assemblages were differentiated
depending on the major aquitards and unconformities.
Underneath the thick Cambro-Ordovician sandstone series, the Infra-Cambrian is currently being explored. It
occurs in syntectonic basins, located at great depths beneath Phanerozoic rocks and in grabens within the

Precambrian basement. Several such basins have been studied or explored in outcrop (Jibalah-type
formations) or in subsurface (below the Rub al Khali).
The Cambro-Ordovician sandstones begin with the Siq Sandstone, outcropping in the southern edge of the
great Nafud and remarkable in at Al Ula near Madain Sallah. In this area, and at shallow depth, it forms a
single reservoir connected to the overlying Saq Sandstone. In the basin, and in Jordan near the southern
Dead Sea, a transgressive limestone unit, the Burj Formation (<170 m) onlaps the Siq Sandstone and
separates the two clastic units (Elicki et al., 2002). According to BRGM mapping, the Quweira Sandstone is a
downthrown compartment of the Saq and thus does not stratigraphically differ from the Saq Sandstone.
The braided-river and shallow-marine sand-flats facies of the Saq Sandstone give generally excellent and
clean reservoirs. The Hanadir Member at the base of the Qasim Formation, tough not very thick, is a fairly
continuous shale member that forms the first aquitard. The Kahfah Member with its shallow marine
sandstone (Tigillites ichnofacies) is the main reservoir of the Qasim Formation. The Raan Member shows a
gradational coarsening-up sequence from dominant shale to sandstone and is commonly eroded by the
glacial incised valleys.
During the end of the Ordivician, a major glacial episode occurred with a drastic sea-level fall inducing the
formation of paleovalleys, locally very deeply incised down to the Saq Sandstone. They are filled by the tillite
deposits of the Zarqa Formation, only locally preserved at the bottom of the valleys, and more generally by
the Sarah Formation which mainly consists of permeable sandstone forming a good reservoir. These valleys
have been explored in subsurface by Saudi Aramco (Figure 1) and mapped in detail in outcrop by
BRGM/DMMR in 1:250,000-scale geological maps (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Figure 1. Seismic interpretation of glacial paleovalleys in the Ha’il area (McGillivray and Al-Husseini, 1992;
map from Aoudey and Al-Hajri, 1994)
Consequently, the Raan member is a weak aquitard with a common bypass from the Sarah Fm. to the
Kahfah Member through the Quwara Member (both Tawil Fm.). Depending on the paleogeography, this
phenomenon is more or less important, and areas where the Raan Member is absent have been delineated
using the 1:250,000-scale BRGM/DMMR maps.

§ 36° 37° 38° 39°
Enlarged area
29°
Legend
TABUK
" " Major town
# Minor town
Limit of Saq study area
Zarqa Sarah
28°
Quwara
Raan
Kahfah
Hanadir
TAYMA
# Other geological formations
0 20 40 80
Kilometres
27°
Figure 2. Extent of the Raan Member in outcrop in the Tabuk area (BRGM mapping)
In the Tabuk area (Figure 2), the Kahfah Member (in pink) is the most developed. The Raan Member (in
green) separates the Quwara Member and Sarah Formation (respectively orange and brown) from the
Kahfah Member. The paleo-valleys are moderately incised.
In the Qasim area (Figure 3), the Quwara and the Raan members are deeply eroded by the paleo-valleys
and are present only as residuals. Consequently, the Sarah Member becomes connected with the Kahfah
Member.

42° 43° 44°
28°
BAQ'A
#
Enlarged area
HA'IL
"
§ Legend
"
#
Major town
Minor town
Zarqa Sarah
27°
Quwara
Raan
Kahfah
Hanadir
Other geological formations
0 15 30 60
BURAYDAH
" Kilometres
UNAYZAH
"
Figure 3. Extent of the Raan Member in outcrop in the Qasim area (BRGM mapping)
The Silurian shales of the Qusaiba Member act as the main seal above the Cambro-Ordovician aquifer
system. Such shales are the main source rock for hydrocarbons, in particular in their basal portion ('Hot
Shales'). In the same sedimentary succession, the Sharawra Member represents prograding pro-delta
deposits. For this reason, these fine-grained deposits are sandier in their proximal part near the outcrop
area, and muddier in their distal part in the basin. This unit was considered as an aquitard and grouped with
the Qusaiba Member in the previous Saq project. Also, in spite of the pre-Tawil unconformity and of
environmental changes, the break between the Sharawra Member (below) and the Tawil Formation (above)
can be somewhat confusing in the more proximal setting, due to sediments entirely consisting of sandstone.
According to Sharland et al. (2004) it is considered as a sand body, at least at shallow depth.
The Jauf Formation marks a marine transgression with retrograding sandstone. This formation was studied
in outcrop by Janjou et al. (1997a, b) with a very recent synopsis by Al-Husseini and Matthews (2006). The
marine and transitional environments induced deposition of interbedded limestone, sandstone and shale.
Aquifer units may occur in the Qasr Limestone Member (including algal mounts) and in the transitional zone
beneath the Jubah Formation (Fiy'adh or Murayr Member). However, the mud / sand ratio is generally high
as shown by the synthetic section of Boucot et al. (1989; Figure 4).

Figure 4. Synthetic section of the Jauf Formation in northwestern Arabia (Boucot et al., 1989)

Figure 5. Paleogeographic domains of the Jauf Formation (Konert et al., 2001)
The paleogeographic map of Konert et al, 2001; Figure 5) delineates this shallow marine domain in the
Nafud, while sandy deltaic deposits with good reservoir properties are present in Central Arabia.
For these reasons, the Jauf Formation must be considered vertically as an aquitard between the Tawil and
Jubah formations, and horizontally as a multilayer system including some aquifer layers.
The Jubah Formation is essentially sandy with tidal to deltaic environments. It is related to the presence of
the former 'Sakaka Sandstone'. This formation, exposed in the area of the Sakaka town, was for long time of
an undefined age, Palaeozoic to Cainozoic (1:2 million-scale USGS geological map), and in particular
Cretaceous. In fact, from the subsurface data, it is coeval to the Jubah Formation overlying the Jauf
Formation (SKK 1), and in places, underlying the Aruma Formation to the Wasia Formation (SKK 2). The
name 'Sakaka' is obsolete and not used in the new geological model, which considers only Jubah and Wasia
formations in their respective stratigraphic position.

The Berwath Formation corresponds to isolated occurrences of Carboniferous siliciclastic rocks not found in
outcrop (Al-Hajri and Owens, 2000). It consists of poorly dated, syn-Hercynian continental deposits. The
reference section is in the stratigraphic well ST-8 located in the study area (~29°50’N, 42°E), where it
.consists mainly of siltstone and shale with minor intercalated sandstone. Farther east (well Abu Safah-29)
shale is dominant with minor intercalated dolomite. This unit is here considered as a local semi-pervious
layer (weak aquitard).
Special attention should be paid to the next unit or Unayzah Formation. Above a major unconformity due to
Hercynian movement (see 'Structure'), the Unayzah Fm comprises three reservoir members (A, B, C from
top to bottom), consisting mostly of sandstone with paleochannels in the Unayzah C, and of minor
intercalations of siltstone and shale.
It is a good hydrocarbon reservoir in Central Arabia where it may overly the Qusaiba Shale Member of the
Qalibah Formation.

Figure 6. The Berwath and Unayzah formations in well ST-8 (Al-Husseini, 2004)

Figure 7. Geographic extent of the Unayzah Formation in subsurface (Konert et al., 2001)
The Ash Shiqqah Member of the Khuff Formation corresponds in fact to a diachronic clastic facies at the
base of the Khuff, regardless of which member overlies it. It was described as the Basal Khuff Clastics and,
by onlap, may be overlain by increasingly younger layers from the shelf to the basement. In outcrop, it was
identified as the former 'Unayzah Member' in the north of the Central Arabian Arch by Vaslet et al. (in Delfour
et al., 1982). It consists of sandstone, red and green shale, and mudstone and pink dolomite, and acts as a
seal.
The rest of the Khuff Formation is a multi-layered system due to successive sabkha sequences, with porosity
in basal dolomitic grainstones and anhydritic clays at the top. The Huqayl Member has the most contrasted
lithology with carbonate benches and anhydrite layers. The Midhnab Member is laminated and fairly tight,
but in contrast the Khartam Member, especially in its Triassic upper portion, exhibits a good primary and
secondary porosity in oolitic beds (rock composed of coarse calcareous concretions). According to the
project objectives, the Khuff Formation will be considered as a whole for the possible cross-formational flows
between the Huqayl Member and the underlying aquifers through the Ash Shiqqah Member. The Khuff

Formation was studied in detail in subsurface by Al-Jallal (1989, PhD thesis, 1994) and in outcrop by Le
Nindre et al. (1990) and Vaslet et al. (2005).
The Permian carbonates are absent on the Jordanian side where they are replaced by clastic deposits of the
Hudayb Group. The Khuff formation is sealed by a regional major aquitard, the Sudair Shale (Early Triassic),
which consists mainly of shales and evaporites. In the northwest corner of the project (Jordan), it is
represented by the Hisban shale and Suwayma sandstone.
The rest of the Mesozoic up to the Late Cretaceous Wasia Formation forms a wedge thickening towards the
northeast. It comprises clastic and carbonate formations (e.g. the Triassic Jilh Formation and Minjur
Sandstone, and the Early Cretaceous Biyadh Sandstone). The anhydrite layers of the Arab Formation and
the Hith Anhydrite act as an aquiclude that isolates the Trias-Jurassic assemblage from the Cretaceous. Due
to its eastern position, this aquiclude is not involved in the hydraulic mechanisms studied in the project.
A transgressive wedge progressively onlapped and covered the northwest of the study area, up to the
maximum Cenomanian-Turonian flooding expressed by the Wasia Formation. It includes major aquifers
(Biyadh Sandstone) in reservoir horizons.
The next aquifer system includes the succession formed by formations of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary
age, which unconformably overlap the older deposits down to the Early Paleozoic , spreading over the
northwestern Arabia. The Wasia Formation in outcrop corresponds to the result of a major Cenomanian
transgression. It comprises the three Majma, Qibah and Maliha members (Lebret et al., 1999), with a
maximum flooding and carbonate deposition in the Qibah Member. The Majma Member includes sandstone
units that can be good reservoirs although shale intercalations locally are thick in Central Arabia. The
dolomite and limestone of the Cenomanian-Turonian deposits, if fractured or karstified, are well known in
other contexts as a good aquifer as well. The Maliha Member consists of laminated siltstone with local
sandstone channels. Although the Wasia is locally known and used for its water resource, its complex
lithologicak make-up renders the aquifer properties of this formation highly variable (Le Nindre et al., in
press). The extent of the Wasia Fm. to the far north is not well known. This is due to several factors: outcrops
are very narrow north of Al Bid (28°15'N, 43°14’E) and are masked by the sands of the Great Nafud. In the
Sakaka area, clay and sandstone assigned by Wallace et al. (1998) to the Wasia Formation onlap the
Devonian Jubah Formation. Ziegler (2001) assumes a gap in the north of the project area, due to the Rutbah
High.
The Aruma Formation was deposited after a very long hiatus during the Late Campanian and Maastrichtian,
and pre-Aruma erosion. It has been subdivided into the Khanasir, Hajajah and Lina members. It consists of
limestone and dolomite, with some intercalations of shale and evaporite in the Lina Member The base of the
Lina Member is now dated as Paleocene (Thomas et al., 1999). Equivalent rocks in Jordan were described
as Belga Series. In the northwest, the Late Maastrichtian and then the Eocene periods saw the deposition of
phosphorite deposits in the Jalamid, Mira and Umm Wu'al formations (Riddler et al., 1983, Van Eck et al.,
1984).
The overlying Neogene sandstone and conglomerates are good aquifers. The basalts of the Harrats are
water-bearing as well with permeability due to discontinuities between flows or to the prismatic structure. In
sand dunes, transient water storage occurs in the unsaturated zone or in older (Pliocene to Early
Quaternary) well washed sands.

3. STRUCTURE
3.1. Schematic cross section of the Nafud basin

Aoudeh and Al-Hajri (1994) propose a very schematic SW-NE cross section of the Nafud Basin from Tabuk
to Ar’ar, perpendicular to the main dip. Though this section cannot be used as a data source for the model, it
is useful for illustrating the general aspect of the basin.
Figure 8. Schematic SW-NE cross section of the Nafud basin (project area) - Aoudeh and Al-Hajri, 1994
[location of cross section shown on Plate 2 (Vol 13, Part 2)].
3.2. Variations in lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy

The framework of the new Saq flow model was carefully established. For this reason and as a working
document for the project participants, charts were drawn up of the complete lithostratigraphy and
hydrostratigraphy of the work area, including their lateral variations. They summarize the organization of the
Nafud basin and of the Qasim area, highlighting the numerous unconformities that control the basin
geometry.
This analysis of correlation and lateral changes was mainly demonstrated by the following documents:
− An extract of the 1:2-million-scale USGS geological map in the window of the project;
− A location map of the project boundaries and of the four reference stratigraphic charts chosen to
illustrate four domains of the project area from NW to SE;
− A chart showing the former (Saq 1) stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy;
− A chart of the overall stratigraphy of the Project area showing the correspondence with the
hydrogeological units of the former model;
− Four charts giving the hydro- and litho-stratigraphy within the four representatives regions;
− A map of the pre-Hercynian subcrop (from Konert et al., 2001).
All charts show the formation and member names, the unconformities, the aquifers and the lithology. The
variations in lithostratigraphy are due to the effect of several truncations related to unconformity surfaces,
which are locally merged, e.g. the pre-Unayzah and pre-Wasia unconformities.

3.3. Role of the main unconformity surfaces

Construction of the volume to be modelled should account for the major structures. These must be carefully
reconstituted in order to build a reliable skeleton that will be fleshed out with the relevant intermediate
stratigraphic limits. The final extent of the aquifer systems is highly dependant upon the geometry of the
unconformity surfaces.
Above the Precambrian, the pre-Hercynian Paleozoic formations (Saq Sandstone to Berwath Formation)
form a first assemblage ('Lower Wedge', Table 3). During the Carboniferous, fairly strong deformation of the
platform occurred with subsequent erosion of the older deposits. The resulting truncation of the formations
was strongest for the youngest ones. The geometry of these formations thus highly depends on the so-called
'pre-Unayzah unconformity' (PUU or PUZU). Moreover, the Berwath Formation was deposited during the
deformation phases and rests itself unconformably as a residual unit on the older formations (namely
Devonian) through a 'pre-Berwath unconformity'. The resulting extent of the pre-Unayzah formations is given
by the subcrop map of Konert et al. (2001, Figure 9)
Figure 9. Subcrop map below the pre-Hercynian unconformity (Konert et al., 2001)
The shape of this surface has been reconstituted in the model. It implies a central high and two lateral
slopes, one to the east controlling the volume of the Mesozoic wedge in central and eastern Arabia, and
another steep one to the northeast controlling the development of the Mesozoic succession on the Jordanian
side. This setting will have important consequences, e.g. the contact between Cretaceous and Silurian, or an
apparent drastic reduction of thickness.
Below the PUU, the pre-Tawil unconformity (PTU) invoked by Wender et al. (1998) in the Ghawar seems to
have no real geometric influence in the study area. It is defined in particular by a Silurian hiatus.

Above the PUU, the pre-Khuff unconformity (PKU) appears like a marine transgression over the basement,
after a phase of exposure with formation of a laterite crust. The unconformity seems mainly due to an onlap
surface with minor erosion.
The pre-Wasia unconformity is a major feature of the 1:2-million-scale USGS map, resulting in an apparent
truncation of all older formations down to the Permian and probably the Early Paleozoic as well. Compared
to the subsurface, the Wasia in outcrop is likely to represent the most transgressive units, coeval with the
Wara, Rumaila and Ahmadi members. (Le Nindre et al., in press)
The pre-Neogene unconformity results in erosion, with incised paleo-valleys (e.g. in the Umm er Radhuma in
the Eastern Province) and subsequent deposition of continental clastic deposits. Below this, the Eocene
deposits commonly are residuals. These deposits are abundant in the Wadi Sirhan valleys and mimic the
graben.
Depending on the location, several unconformity surfaces can be merged together.
3.4. Faults
Three types of faults can be described within or near the study area. The major feature with an impact on the
project is the Wadi Sirhan Graben, known as Azraq Graben in Jordan. In the east of the work area, near
longitude 47°E in Central Arabia, the domain is naturally limited by a set of north-south faults to which
hydrocarbon fields are related. In the northwest, i.e. the Tayma area, fields of minor, but narrow faults cut the
Paleozoic along a NW-SE direction.
3.4.1. The Wadi Sirhan Graben

The structure of the Wadi Sirhan Graben is not visible on surface, but topographic maps clearlu show its
morphology (Figure 10).

0 25 50 100
900
900
70
80
0
700
0
Kilometres
0
Enlarged area
90
800 32°
90
0
700
90
800
0
500
AL QURAYYAT
90
800
800
0
900 70
0
W
ad
900
31°
iS
70
70
0
0 Legend
irh
60
80
Contour lines (50m) 900 < z ≤ 950
0
0
700
Elevation (masl) 950 < z ≤ 1 000
a
0
80
n
472 ≤ z ≤ 500 1 000 < z ≤ 1 050
700
30° 500 < z ≤ 550 1 050 < z ≤ 1 100
600
80 550 < z ≤ 600 1 100 < z ≤ 1 150
800 80
0 0
600 < z ≤ 650 1 150 < z ≤ 1 200
SAKAKA
650 < z ≤ 700 1 200 < z ≤ 1 250
900
38° 39° 40° 700 < z ≤ 750
700
1 250 < z ≤ 1 300
700
800
700 750 < z ≤ 800 1 300 < z ≤ 1 350
1000
1200
700
800 < z ≤ 850 1 350 < z ≤ 1 378

700
80
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00 0 850 < z ≤ 900

11 700
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900
1100
0
80
Figure 10. Topographic map of the Wadi Sirhan valley
Small faults were also mapped in the Devonian near Al-Jawf, which correlate fairly well with this structure.
In the subsurface, the Wadi Sirhan Graben is a narrow and very deep asymmetrical trough, with the shape of
a half-graben: a steep slope on the northern flank and a gentler slope on the southern flank. The down-throw
may reach 3 km in the deepest part below Jordan. The general dip in the graben is a slope to the north. The
N-S cross section of Konert, et al. (2001) in Jordan shows the cumulated unconformity surfaces and the
aspect of the graben, and suggest a main phase of rifting during the Cretaceous (Figure 11). An almost
complete section of the Mesozoic since the Triassic is preserved on the northern side underneath the Harrat.

100 Km
Figure 11. N-S section (AB) in the NW of the study area (Jordan) across the Wadi Sirhan (Azraq) Graben
(Konert et al., 2001)
3.4.2. Other faults

Although the Central Arabian Arch appears like an east-west structure from surface mapping, the main
structures in the east of the study area are N-S faults and anticlines, parallel to the Ghawar (Figure 9).
In the Tayma and Tabuk areas, the BRGM / DMMR mapping revealed a great number of faults, with a
direction N150 parallel to the Red Sea inducing an offset of the Paleozoic formations (Figure 12).

§ 36° 37° 38° 39°
Enlarged area
29°
Legend
" Major town
TABUK
" # Minor town
Structures
Zarqa Sarah
28°
Quwara
Raan
Kahfah
Hanadir
TAYMA
# Other geological formations
0 20 40 80
Kilometres
27°
Figure 12. Field of N150 faults in the Tayma-Tabuk area (BRGM-DMMR 1:250,000-scale mapping)
3.4.3. Paleohighs
Apparently permanent structures during the Phanerozoic are the basement paleohighs accompanying the
Central Arabian Arch (Figure 9), confirmed by BRGM / DMMR stratigraphic borehole SHD1. The Ha’il Arch
and N-S axes with the Rutbah High are post-Hercynian structures. These various structures are accounted
for in the 3D model constructed for this project.

4. DATA SOURCES FOR THE MODEL

In order to be able to reconstruct a reliable 3D model of the aquifers-aquitards geometry, it was necessary to
collect and to compile all available geological data dealing with the project area. A number of surface data
are available from BRGM. Although they are of great value to control and update the outcrop geology, the
project needs essentially subsurface data.
4.1. Surface data from BRGM background sources

Surface data are taken from the published 1:250,000-scale geological maps surveyed by BRGM / DMMR,
which were scanned and digitized to be included in the GIS. They cover almost the entire work area. In
addition, USGS and Riofinex maps were used for the Jauf and Turayf areas. BRGM compiled this set of
geologic maps in an ArcGIS data set. The geological information includes three main layers: polygons of the
formation boundaries, and polylines of the structural elements. These data are projected into the specific
coordinate system of the current Saq Project. A window including the project area is presented in Plate 3.
Another source of information consists of the BRGM / DMMR Open Files (internal reports) and Technical
Records derived from these surveys.
4.2. Published data

4.2.1. Database queries
Subsurface results were published by Saudi Aramco, in particular in GeoArabia (GulfPetrolink, Bahrein) and
in the A.A.P.G. Bulletin. In addition, systematic queries were done through geologic databases GeoRef and
MEGRef.
- For GeoArabia, a fairly complete overview of the Journal and of the Special Publications was performed,
covering an essential and useful documentation;
- From GeoRef, 297 references in 23 files (888 Ko) are sorted by formation;
- MEGRef (Gulfpetrolink) contains a collection of references on Middle East geology.
-
4.2.2. Base document: Saq project, geological setting of the project area
A base document on the geological setting of the Project area was compiled mainly from GeoArabia
publications, with minor additions of other papers. It consists of a voluminous PowerPoint presentation
explaining the configuration of the project area on successive slides, especially in subsurface. Its purpose is:
- To have a common project-reference document, helpful for all the researchers involved in the project;
- To present the information collected and stored for the 3D modelling.
The presentation includes so far 54 slides with a size on disk of 240 Mb and is being updated.
4.2.3. Structure, facies, paleogeography
Much of the structural, facies and paleogeographical information was gathered from GeoArabia and Aramco
publications. The most important of these are:
- Structure map of the basement: Konert et al. (2001);
- Paleogeographic maps of the Paleozoic: Konert et al. (2001);

- Paleogeographic maps of the Post-Paleozoic: Ziegler (2001);

- Structure map of the base of the Qusaiba Shale Member: Aoudeh and Al-Hajri, 1994, Abu Ali et al., 1999;
- Thickness of the Qusaiba Shale Member: Mahmoud et al., 1991, Jones and Stump, 1999;
- Thickness of the Qalibah Formation: Mahmoud et al., 1991;
- Structure map of the top Unayzah Formation: , Abu Ali et al., 1999;
- Thickness of the Khuff Formation: Al-Jallal, 1994.
Complementary data on the Qasim Formation were gathered from previously compiled data for the first Saq
project.
4.3. Boreholes
4.3.1. Saq 1
During the Saq 1 project, a thesaurus of 96 reference wells was created: 30 of these were drilled by BRGM
and well logs were measured (86-SAU-170-EAU, Volume 2: Water Studies, appendix 2). The other wells are
existing wells that were logged and interpreted by BRGM. The total is summarized in a table (86-SAU-170-
EAU, Volume 2: Water Studies, Attached Document, Reference Wells Data). In the present project, these
data have been carefully culled for their reliability and a few interpretations were discarded or corrected. The
results are stored in an Excel file.
4.3.2. Professional papers

Well logs were also extracted from professional papers that usually do not mention the coordinates. To be
used in the model, they have to be georeferenced, using location maps and GIS facilities. Then they have
been added to the borehole database. These data complete elevations of the formation tops or bottoms. This
is especially the case for the Devonian and Carboniferous, in order to pick either the PUU or the formation
limits (Al-Hajri et al., 1999; Al-Husseini, 2004).

5. GEOLOGICAL MODELLING
5.1. Methodology
The base of geological modelling is to arrive at a proper reconstruction of selected geological elements. In
this case, we are interested in faults, faults blocks, horizons with their stacking rules in the stratigraphic
succession, and unconformity surfaces including the topographical surface. The shape of all these features
should be defined in a three-dimensional geographic coordinates system of x, y, z. For the Saq Project, we
have chosen a dedicated projection, derived from the projection of the USGS 1:2-million-scale map of the
Arabian Peninsula1. The dimensions of the model are based on the work area boundaries ('Area 1') with a
peripheral extension in order to retain optimal geometric and hydraulic constraints within the Project area.
To achieve a realistic representation, several steps are needed:

- Analysis of the earlier Saq 1 flow model was based on the VTDN software. This had specific facilities for
estimating flow within and between the aquifers that are not necessarily all compatible with a realistic
geological representation. Moreover, knowledge of the subsurface was less than today. Nevertheless, an
analysis of its content with up-to-date tools helps in a better understanding of the former model and of the
possible re-use of its data and results.
- All geologic data must be collected that can be helpful for 3D reconstruction, such as well logs, structure
and isopach maps, subcrop maps, and facies maps (see Chapter 4 on Data Sources).
- All types of available geological documents have to be homogenized and converted into compatible
digital formats. Specifically, geographic coordinates and the appropriate projection (Saq Lambert
conformal conic) must be assigned to maps and boreholes. This operation is done with the ArcGIS 9
software chosen for the project. It includes in particular scanning and rectification of the various types of
maps containing pertinent information, conversion of the borehole coordinates into the right system, and
digitizing of borehole locations, contour lines, formation boundaries, etc. This was done according to the
existing reference BRGM GIS of the Saq Project area and the Digital Chart of the World (Figure 13).
- The model volume must be defined (in metres): Saq Project projection (Lambert conformal conic): x min
3,000; x max 1,197,000; y min 93,000; y max 997,000; z min -12,500; z max 2500, with a mesh size of
2,000 and the first data point at 3,000-93,000, i.e. 1194 x 904 x 15 km and 598 x 453 meshes at 2 km
steps.
- The fault system has to be homogenized into a single style of faults cuts and boundaries in spite of the
representation variations found in the literature. The only faults to be selected according to their major
effect are those of the Wadi Sirhan (Azraq) graben. The style is a simplification of the map of Aoudeh et
al. (1994), close to the subcrop map of Konert et al. (2001).The other faults are marginal to the model, or
of minor importance compared to the model scale. Some of them were introduced as local vertical faults.
1
Lambert conformal conic; First standard parallel 26°N; second standard parallel 30°N; latitude of origin 28°N; central
meridian 40°E; scale factor 1.0000; false easting 500,000; false northing 500,000; datum: Aïn el Abd, 1970.

E E E E E E E E E E E E E
Figure 13. Georeferenced and rectified map of the basement structure (structure after Konert et al., 2001)
- Start of the step-by-step reconstruction by using reference horizons, in particular the Basement structure,
the bottom of the Qusaiba Shale and the topography. The topography (Digital Elevation Model) has an
original step of 900 m. After this, a first version of the pre-Unayzah unconformity (PUU) was added,
controlloing the boundaries of all older formations. The construction of the PUU and of the depending
horizons was iterative, using all available data (subcrop map, already constructed structure maps, and
boreholes)
- Complete the construction of the pre-Unayzah formations: first the Qasim Formation with its four
members and the top of the Saq Sandstone, then the Devonian and Carboniferous units. The Qasim
Formation is poorly documented in the literature, and results of the previous Saq 1 project were used
(thickness from the isohypse maps, and reference wells). However, the isohypses were adjusted on the
reference given by the more recent knowledge of the Qusaiba Shale and the outcrops of the 1:250,000-
scale maps. The Devonian and Carboniferous formations are modelled from outcrops (if any), from
available stratigraphic wells and from the constraints of the PUU.
- Several horizons representing the Mesozoic transgressive wedge were then added to this base. They are
the Unayzah Formation, Ash Shiqqah Member of the Khuff Formation, Khuff carbonate, and Sudair
Shale.
- The results of the first geological model were exported to the flow modeller as x, y, z top values of each
formation where it exists.

5.2. The 3D model

5.2.1. Model extent
The volume of the model in metres in the Saq Project projection (Lambert conformal conic) is: x min 3,000;
x max 1,197,000; y min 93,000; y max 997,000; z min -12,500; z max 2500, with a mesh size of 2,000 and
the first data point at 3,000-93,000, i.e. 1194x904x15 km and 598x453 meshes.
These coordinates correspond roughly in latitude and longitude to 35° to 47° long. E and 24° to 32°30 lat. N,
and include the work area. To the NE and NW, parts of Jordan, Syria and Iraq are included in the model. The
extension into Jordan is important for flow modelling in the Wadi Sirhan region, but the extension into Iraq is
poorly documented and of minor interest. To the east, the model is limited by the main north-south faults and
anticlines parallel to Ghawar, for construction facility. In fact the study area is restricted to 45° long. E.
5.2.2. Fault blocks

Due to the presence of the Wadi Sirhan Graben, the model was subdivided into three fault blocks (Figure
14): block 1 inside the graben and its prolongation to the south-east; block 2 east of the graben (central and
eastern Arabia side); and block 3 west of the graben (Jordanian and northwestern Arabian side) The faults
were mapped from the literature as explained above in “Methodology”, and modelled with a sub-vertical pitch
towards the graben on the basis of the respective isohypses of basement and Qusaiba Shale.
Figure 14. Fault blocks
5.2.3. Horizons modelled

All outcropping horizons were in priority matched to the outcrops by using a combination of the digital
geological map (from GIS) and of the digital terrain model (DTM), regardless of the subsurface data. The
modelled horizons are from bottom to top:
1. Top of the Basement, according to Konert et al. (2001), with minor corrections to conform to the field-
truth of surface mapping in the northwest. Minor discrepancies exist between the isohypse map and the
paleogeographic maps of these authors near the Central Arabian arch; nevertheless, their isohypse
values were retained as a reference

2. Top of the Infra-Cambrian. Considering the great thickness of sediment accumulated in deep sub-
basins, it was necessary to differentiate, even roughly, the Saq-related formations from the other
formations forming the deep substratum. The top Infra-Cambrian was fixed according to the basin
model of Dyer and Al-Husseini (1991, Figure 15), the section of Aoudeh et al. (1994, Figure 8) and the
basement isohypse map of Konert et al. (2001) in order to partially fill the deepest areas of the basin.
3. Top of the Siq Sandstone, controlled by the outcrop and assuming a maximum thickness of 700 m for
the Saq Sandstone and ~170 m for the Burj Formation where present.
4. Top of the Burj Formation, controlled by the outcrop in Jordan (Elicki et al., 2002) and assuming a
maximum thickness of about 170 m.
5. Top of the Saq Sandstone (sensu stricto) and the coeval Umm Sahm and Ram sandstones in Jordan.
6. Top of the Hanadir Member of the Qasim Formation.
7. Top of the Kahfah Member of the Qasim Formation.
8. Top of the Raan Member of the Qasim Formation.
The last four horizons were modelled by kriging of the thickness values and adjusting their elevation (‘z’) with
outcrop data, borehole data and the base of Qusaiba Member as a reference horizon. Surface mapping
helps in defining the areas where Kahfah and Quwara-Sarah become connected. This variation will be
introduced in the flow model as permeability data, rather than as geometric data that are impossible to model
with the present knowledge at the model scale.
9. Top of the Quwara Member of the Qasim Formation and the Zarqa-Sarah glacial formation as a whole.
In fact this horizon was mapped as the base of the Qusaiba Formation from literature data. This horizon
is taken as a reference.
10. Top of the Qusaiba Member by using thickness maps (Mahmoud et al., 1992; Aoudeh and Al-Hajri,
1994; Jones and Stump, 1999).
11. Top of the Sharawra Member, i.e. top Silurian: this horizon can be modelled once the PUU surface has
been constructed. Its geometry, conformable with the underlying top of the Qusaiba, is controlled by
outcrops, boreholes giving the base of the Tawil Formation, and also by the intersection line of this
horizon with the PUU surface.
12. Top of the Tawil Formation
13. Top of the Jauf Formation
These three horizons were modelled using outcrops and boreholes, in conformity with the top of the Tawil
Formation.

Figure 15. Infra-Cambrian basins (in Sharland et al., 2001, adapted from Dyer and Al-Husseini, 1991)
14. Pre-Berwath unconformity. The top of the Jubah Formation corresponds to a limited extent to the base of
the Berwath Formation mapped on the pre-Hercynian subcrop map. However, the Berwath
unconformably overlies the Devonian. Therefore the modelled horizon is the base Berwath unconformity
surface, truncating the Devonian. In the final export, the output grid corresponds to the Jubah Formation.
15. Pre-Unayzah unconformity: as explained above, it is constructed using a complex data set (outcrop,
boreholes, structure of horizons already modelled, subcrop map). It also defines the top Berwath in the
model.
16. The top of the Unayzah Formation (Unayzah-A Member), which occurs mainly in Central Arabia, is given
by the map of Abu Ali et al. (1999) and by several wells.
17. The Ash Shiqqah Member of the Khuff Formation (former Unayzah Member, equivalent with the Khuff-E
informal subsurface unit or “Khuff Clastics”) seals the paleoreliefs under the pre-Khuff unconformity
(PKU). Where not controlled by wells, it is assumed to be the first 35 m of the Khuff Fm. above the
Unayzah-A, according to its common thickness reported by Le Nindre et al. (1990) and Al Jallal (1994).
18. The top of the Khuff Formation is constructed with the isopach map of Al-Jallal (1995) and the
Sudair / khuff contact in wells, and matched to outcrop data.

19. The Sudair Shale, according to Szabo and Keradpir (1978) and Le Nindre et al. (1990), was considered
as very continuous with a thickness of ~318m following the top-Khuff structure.
20. The Triassic-Jurassic wedge (Jilh Formation to Jubaila Limestone) is limited at the top by the base Arab
D (see next horizon) and matched to outcrop data. It includes the Jilh-Minjur unit and the Dhruma
reservoirs.
21. The Arab-Hith-Gotnia unit: Control data being mostly outside the work area, this horizon was matched to
outcrops (base and top) and constructed by reference to the top-Sudair and the base-Aruma by using
thickness data from outcrops and in the Abu Jifan field northeast of Riyadh.
22. The pre-Aruma wedge is modelled by using the pre-Aruma (or equivalent) unconformity structure from
outcrops and wells. It includes Lower and Upper Cretaceous deposits up to the Wasia Formation and in
particular the Biyadh-Wasia reservoirs.
23. The Maastrichtian-Eocene assemblage corresponds to a thin carbonate sheet following the pre-Aruma
unconformity. It was modelled by using mostly outcrop data, wells and pseudo-wells to control the
thickness
24. The Neogene and more recent clastic deposits eroded from the older carbonate platform are deduced
from the remaining topographic relief, except for the nafuds and harrats.
25. Nafuds include the high sand dunes of the Great Nafud and the various nafuds located in elongated
depressions that generally correspond to softer (silty and argillaceous) formations (e.g. Nafud as Sirr,
Nafud Ath-Tuwayrat). They were modelled by using topographic data and the elevation data at the
boundaries.
26. Harrats were modelled like the sand dunes by using topographic and elevation data.
The total of the horizons modelled is 26.
5.2.4. Results
The 26 horizons were modelled using the GDM (BRGM) and EarthVision (Dynamic graphics Inc.).
Pre-Hercynian formations
At the bottom, the basement (Figure 16) shows a contrasted topography with troughs and highs. Troughs
reach depths down to 12,000 m below sea level. Highs and troughs are located along a NNW-SSE direction,
parallel to the outcrop strike in the Qassim area. The Wadi Sirhan Graben is a huge asymmetrical structure
that cuts the basin into two regions. The Tabuk - Tayma area is relatively flat.

Figure 16. Structure of the top of basement, view from the SE (colour zone = 1,000 m)
The Infracambrian (which is not really known so far) fills the paleotopography of the basement and can be
very thick. It is overlapped by the Siq Sandstone that seals the remaining topography. The marine Burj
Formation carbonates on-lap over the Siq Sandstone. During deposition of the Saq Sandstone, the
landscape was supposed to be quite flat (Figure 17). The Saq is connected to the Siq Sandstone as a single
aquifer in the south of the study area, where the Burj is absent, and shows gaps in Central Arabia and
truncations by the PUU in the northwest.
Saq
Sandstone
Siq
Sandstone Burj
Formation
4 km
W. Sirhan (Azraq)
Azraq) graben Infracambrian
100 Km
Figure 17. North-south cross section (Ha’il area, x=400,000m): IC, Siq, Burj, Saq.

The Qasim Formation (Figure 19) is very thin compared to the whole model. The relative thickness of the
four members is not well known far away from the outcrops and, as explained above, the Kahfah-Raan-
Quwarah-Sarah complex may have a variable permeability due to the role played by paleovalleys. The
Sarah Formation, just below the Qusaiba source rock, may also be a hydrocarbon reservoir (Abu Jifan). Its
upper surface corresponds to the base of the Qusaiba Shale Member. The Qasim Fm. shows gaps and
truncations in Central Arabia, to the northeast (area not documented north of the Arabian Gulf) and in the
Wadi Sirhan Graben through the effect of the PUU.
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-15 00 m
Top elevation of Quwarah-Sarah
-1000
-3500 m
(m msl)
-4000 m
m
-50 0 m
N
1000 to 1500
-4500 m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat -2
00 500 to 1000
0
-1
m
00
0- 500
- 25
- 30
0
00
m
-500 - 0
00
m
-5
m
00
m
-1000 to -500
-1500 to -1000
-15
00
-2000 to -1500 30°

m
30° - 35
00 -2500 to -2000
Sakakah
Sakakah m
0 -3000 to -2500
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
- 25
0 -3500 to -3000
0m
-4000 to -3500
-5
- 20
00
50 00
-15 00 m
m
0 -4500 to -4000
m m
-10 0
0m -50 0
0m -5000 to -4500
m -1
50
0
0m m
0m
-1
50 0 00
500 m -50 0 0
Tabuk
Tabuk m
Jubbah
Jubbah m m 28°
28° 50 0 0 m
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma
Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
50
0
AL
AL Ula
Ula
m
Main cities Buraydah

Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Model extent kilometre Ad

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
Figure 18. Structure of the base of Qusaiba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)
The Qalibah Formation (Figure 18), including the Qusaiba Shale Member and the Sharawra Member,
encompasses much of the Silurian period. At the top, the Tawil Formation rests on the Sharawra Member
with an intra-Silurian hiatus (PTU). The Qusaiba shale has been intensively explored and its extent is well
known.

48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
16 00 m
m
40 0 0 m
1200 m
16 00
0m
00
N Thickness of Qusaiba
12 00 m
14
2
10 0
80 0
(m)
m 0
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat 18
00 0 - 200
14
m
00
200 - 400
m
m
20
0
16 00 m 400 - 600
12
m
600 - 800
00
00
40 0 m
14
800 to 1000
m
m 30°
30° 0
20 1000 to 1200
Sakakah1 10 00 m
Sakakah m
80 0 m 80 0 1200 to 1400
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 1400 to 1600
60 0 m
60 0 m
1600 to 1800
1800 to 2000
400 m 400 m
20
40 0 m
0
0 m
m
40
40
0
m
20 0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 200 m 28°
28° m
20 0
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
20 200 m
0
m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
20
Ha'il
Ha'il
0
m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Model extent kilometre Ad Daw

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
Figure 19. Thickness of the Qusaiba Shale Member (Qalibah Formation)
The Devonian Tawil, Jauf and Jubah formations occupy a limited area in the centre of the Nafud basin. They
are fairly tabular but they are truncated by the PUU to the east and west, though more drastically in the area
of the Wadi Sirhan Graben. This effect is visible through the thickness reduction shown in the cross section
of Konert et al. on the Jordanian side (Figure 11, above).
The Berwath Formation is present only as residuals and rests with an unconformity on the Devonian (Figure
20).

Figure 20. Pre-Hercynian subcrop underneath the pre-Unayzah unconformity (PUU)
Figure 21. Onlap of the pre-Hercynian formations by the marine Permian Khuff Fm. (in blue)
The Unayzah Formation comprises sandstone from various origins and has been mainly explored in Central
Arabia, in the west of the project area, where it forms hydrocarbon reservoirs. Fairly thin and beginning with
paleovalleys, its extent is still under exploration. Within the project area, it exhibits broad gaps on the Central
Arabian highs. Above, the Ash Shiqqah Member, of mixed lithology, is the first layer to initiate the

retrogradation towards the west of the Permian-Mesozoic wedge, which progressively onlaps the older
Hercynian unconformity surface. It is followed by the Late Permian transgression of Khuff carbonates (Figure
21). According to Al Jallal (1994), the Khuff exhibits only poor to variable reservoir quality in the study area.
In Jordan (NW corner of the model), this period correspondsing to the deposition of clastics of the Hudayb
Group.
During the early Triassic, the Sudair Shale forms a continuous drape of shale and evaporites that acts as a
major seal over the Jubah Formation).
During the rest of the Triassic and the Jurassic, a thick sedimentary wedge was deposited in Central Arabia
and farther east. In Jordan, the transgression reached the northwest of the study area only during the Middle
Jurassic, outcrops of which are visible along the Dead Sea, north of y=890,000 (~31°30’) and correctly
displayed by the model.
In Central Arabia and towards the Gulf, the Jurassic cycle is sealed by the Arab Formation and the Hith-
Gotnia anhydrite. Due to their geographic distribution, these deposits have no impact on the hydraulics within
the study area.
During the Cretaceous, an major transgression progressively overlapped all older formations from east to
west. One of the consequences is a confinement of the Jubah aquifer by the combined action of the
Berwath, Sudair, and lower Wasia shales. The basal shales of the Wasia Formation are exploited in Central
Arabia (Khushaim Radi) as well as in the Sakaka area where they overly the Jubah sandstones. The Biyadh-
Wasia reservoirs are most developed in Central and northeastern Arabia and the relationships between
outcrop and subsurface are complex (Le Nindre et al., GeoArabia 2006).
Finally the drowning of the platform is achieved by the Maastrichtian, Paleocene and Eocene carbonates,
including the Turayf phosphate deposits (Figure 22).
The model is completed by adding the recent deposits and the basaltic plateaus (Harrats). The sand dunes
play an important hydraulic role in the recharge of the underlying subcropping aquifers, offering a large
surface at the scale of the Great Nafud.
The structure of the individual geological layers reconstructed by the geological model is presented in Plates
7 to 71.

Figure 22. Completed model with Neogene sand sheets, sand dunes and Harrats
5.2.5. Model contribution to understanding of the structure

Great progress has been made by constructing the 3D model and using the 3D modeller. The first
improvement was to identify properly and separately the structure of the Wadi Sirhan Graben, which cuts
deeply into the Nafud basin, following the strike of the Basement edge from Central Arabia.
Several cross sections through the model illustrate the structure mainly as the result of Hercynian uplift
(several thousands of metres), followed by deep truncations, especially in the northwest. In a second stage,
this structure was cross-cut by the Wadi Sirhan (Azraq) Graben, which complicates the understanding of the
final result. One of the main effects is the rapid disappearance of the Devonian and the unconformable
contact of a thick Cretaceous-Tertiary succession over Early Paleozoic rocks. At depth, on the Jordanian
side, a sub-continuous series from Triassic to Tertiary exists. Due to the great depths of the basin, the
existence of some of these complications (e.g. Triassic) will have no consequence for the groundwater
management of shallower aquifers.
Looking in particular at the aquifer units, a north-south section (plate 4) illustrates the N-S wedge. All Early
Paleozoic aquifers are present. At great depth, the Cambro-Ordovician (Siq+Burj+Saq) appears to be very
thick. In spite of changing facies (prograding delta front), the Sharawra Member (orange) is here considered
as partly sandy and connected to the Tawil Formation. The Jauf Formation, the hydraulic behaviour of which
is complex, forms a vertical seal to the Jubah Formation, although it is water-bearing as well. The system is
capped by the Maastrichtian-Eocene succession.
From west to east, the continuity of the aquifer systems can be disrupted by the down-thrown of faults on
both sides of the graben. In particular, the Saq and Qasim aquifer systems come in contact with impervious
layers of the Bbasement and Qusaiba shale. In the northwest, the Paleozoic sequence is drastically

truncated and the Saq aquifer becomes disconnected at the bottom of the graben (Plate 5). The Cretaceous-
Eocene becomes the main aquifer in the graben, and fault-related vertical connections are possible.
The pre-Berwath and pre-Unayzah unconformities are here clearly visible (noted 'PUU', Berwath is left empty
in white in the section). The Cretaceous and Maastrichtian-Eocene (in blue) unconformably fill the graben.
A north-south cross-section (Plate 6) demonstrates the drastic thickening of the Cretaceous-Tertiary series
(white and blue) and the dip of the Early Paleozoic in the graben area. It helps to understand the relationship
between the upper sequence and its related aquifers, with the Early Paleozoic one. Practically, due to the
great depths, the only aquifers to exploit here will belong to the upper assemblage.
On the eastern side, the broad Mesozoic-Cainozoic wedge opens in Central and Eastern Arabia towards the
east.
In Central Arabia (south of the Qassim area, in the Al Faydah and Ad Dawadimi quadrangles) the Saq and
Qasim formations pinch out against basement paleohighs. In this area, the Qusaiba shale is reduced or
absent.

6. CONCLUSIONS
6.1. Implications for flow modelling

− The Saq Sandstone is a huge aquifer compared to the other ones.
− The Hanadir Member should be a continuous seal.
− The Qasim aquifer will develop good reservoir properties where the Sarah Formation is thick and
connected to the Kahfah Member by erosion of the Raan Member. This should be attempted using a
regional zoning of the permeability values. The Sarah Formation is a good reservoir (e.g. Abu Jifan oil
field). Otherwise, the Qasim Formation is considered by petroleum exploration as a rather poor reservoir,
except for local water resources in the Kahfah Member.
− The Sharawra and Tawil formations will be merged, but a differential permeability should be used to
account for the variable and less-permeable properties of the Sharawra Member. In the first Saq project,
this member was merged with the Qusaiba Member, which is probably true at depth in the north, but not
closer to the outcrop.
− Differing from the first Saq project, the Jauf Formation will be considered as a semi-pervious system
including some water resources, but acting as a confining unit between Tawil and Jubah.
− The so-called Sakaka Sandstone is here known as the Devonian Jubah Formation, which is a good
reservoir.
− The Berwath acts as local screen or seal, the extent of which is largely assumed. Its role is completed by
the effect of the Sudair Shale and of the basal Wasia Formation, both unconformably ovelying the Jubah
Formation sandstone.
− One of the most important innovations of the flow model will be a better knowledge of the basement
structure, of the PUU, and of the Wadi Sirhan (Azraq) Graben in terms of their geometric and connecting
implications.
− Attention should be paid to the difference in scale between modelling of a basin measuring
1200 x 900 x 15 km and the analysis of aquifers functioning at very local scale. The complications known
at local scale, in particular close to outcrops, though well documented, cannot be modelled or
extrapolated at such a dimension and will request special studies.
6.2. Export to the flow model

The 26 layers of the current geological model have been exported to the MARTHE software package for
preliminary tests and simulations.
In a first step, the EarthVision program compiles "horizon tables" that create a topology. The tables refer to
the initial whole horizon grids, the fault blocks; the faults and the polygons defining the formation boundaries.
The horizon is clipped according to the contact with the adjacent formations in the succession, using the
polygon as a limit. Then the output grid is created.
In a second step, the EarthVision grids can be exported under several standard formats (Landmark,
Reservoir simulator, etc.) including scattered data files (ASCII .dat files) containing x, y, ztop, column
number, row number, and, optionally, header and null nodes.
Through several customized routines, these files are coverted into GDM, Access or ArcGIS format for
storage and visualization by the GIS software of the project.

In parallel, these files are input into the mathematical groundwater model as grids at a step of 2 km, for flow
simulations.
Then a dialogue is established between the geologist and the hydrogeologist, to interpret the observed
hydraulic behaviour and calibrate the model according to the geological and hydrogeological parameters.

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Wallace C.A., Dini S.M. and Al-Farasani A.A. (1998) – Geologic map of Ash Shuwayhitiyah quadrangle.
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Wender L.E, Bryant J.W, Dickens M.F., Neville A.S, and Al-Moqbel A.S. (1998). Palaeozoic (Pre-Khuff)
hydrocarbon geology of the Ghawar area, Eastern Saudi Arabia. GeoArabia, vol. 3, n°2, pp. 273-302.
Ziegler M.A. (2001) - Late Permian to Holocene paleofacies evolution of the Arabian plate and its
Hydrocarbon occurrences. GeoArabia, vol 6, n° 3, 2001.pp 445-504.

PLATES
VOLUME 13
GEOLOGY

List of plates




36° 38° 40° 42° 44°

32° 32°
§
AL QURAYYAT
"
Northern Border
W
" ARAR Enlarged area
ad
iS
i rh
an
SAKAKA
30° Al Jawf " 30°
Legend
" Major town
TABUK # Minor town
"
Tabuk Hail Road
BAQ'A An Nefud (sand dunes)
28° # 28°
TAYMA Province (Min. of Planning)
# HA'IL
"
Al Madinah Al Qassim
# AL'ULA
BURAYDAH
"
UNAYZAH
h "
26° ma 26°
r Ru
d iA
Wa #
SAJIR
0 50 100 200
Riyadh
Kilometres
AD DUWADIMI
"
36° 38° 40° 42° 44°

24° 24°
47
36° 38° 40° 42° 44°

32° 32°
§
AL QURAYYAT
"
ARAR
W
" Enlarged area
ad
i Si
Y = 800,000
rh
an
SAKAKA
30° " 30°
Legend
" Major town
TABUK
" # Minor town
Wadi Sirhan faults
BAQ'A
28° # 28° Cross section Y = 800,000
TAYMA
# HA'IL Cross section X = 300,000
8 "
ure
Fig Cross section X = 505,000
Schematic cross section (fig. 8)
AL'ULA Limit of Saq study area

#
BURAYDAH An Nefud (sand dunes)
"
UNAYZAH
"
ah
26° um 26°
rR
d iA
Wa #
SAJIR
X = 300,000
X = 505,000
0 50 100 200
Kilometres
AD DUWADIMI
"
36° 38° 40° 42° 44°

24° 24°
48
36° 38° 40° 42° 44° Legend

32° 32° Qs, Sabkhah deposits
Qes, Sand Dune
§
Ttm Qal, Alluvial deposit
Qsg, Sand and gravel deposit
Tsh
Ttj Qdc, Calcareous duricrust
TQb
Ql, Lacustrine deposits
TQb, Harrat
Ttj
Hbj, Harrat al Jadir
Ka Ttj, Jalamid Formation

Qal Ttm, Mira Formation
30° 30° Tsh, Sirhan Formation

Ka, Aruma Formation
Ttm
Kw, Wasia Formation
Dt Dt
BX, Zabirah bauxite
Kb, Biyadh Formation
Dj
Jj, Jubaila Limestone
Ss
Oss Jh, Hanifa Formation
Qes
Qal Jtw, Tuwaiq mountain limestone
Sq Dt
Jdu, Dhruma Formation
Jmu, Marrat Formation
Oqk Qdc
28° 28° Trm, Minjur Formation
Trj, Jilh Formation
Oss
Trs, Sudair Shale
Qal
TQb TrPk, Khuff Formation
Oss Qdc
CS Dju, Jubah Formation
Trj Dj, Jauf Formation

OCq
Oss Dt, Tawil Formation
CS Ss, Sharawra Formation
Sq, Qusaiba Formation
Su, Uqlah Formation
26° 26° SOs, Zarqa Formation, Sarah Formation

Oqq, Qasim Formation (Quwarah Member)
Enlarged area Oqr, Qasim Formation (Ra'an Member)
TrPk
Oqk, Qasim Formation (Kahfah Member)
Oss
Oqh, Qasim Formation (Hanadir Member)
0 50 100 200
Oss, Saq Sandstone
Kilometres CS, Siq Sandstone
OCq, Quweira Sandstone
36° 38° 40° 42° 44°
49
Aquifers cross-section x=505,000

Late Cretaceous unconformity
Harrats
(Qusa
iba)
Pre-Qusaiba aquifers
W. Sirhan (Azraq)
Azraq) graben
Pre-Hercynian, post-
Qusaiba aquifers
50
Aquifers cross-section y=800,000
(Q u
s ai
ba)
Syn- & post-rift

aquifers Pre-Qusaiba aquifers Pre-Unayzah
unconformity
Post -
(PUU)
Pre-Hercynian, post-Qusaiba Hercynian
W. Sirhan (Azraq)
Azraq) aquifers
graben aquifers
51
Aquifers cross-section x=300,000
(Qusaiba)
Pre-Qusaiba aquifers
Pre-Hercynian, post-
Qusaiba aquifers
Syn- & post-rift
aquifers Post -Hercynian
aquifers
W. Sirhan (Azraq)
Azraq) graben
52
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
70
0
m
80
0
Top elevation of Harrats
N
m
80 (m msl)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
m
0
70 1700 to 1800
0
m
60 1600 to 1700
0
m 1500 to 1600
1400 to 1500
1300 to 1400 30°
30° 1200 to 1300
Sakakah
Sakakah 1100 to 1200
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
900 to 1000
800 - 900
700 - 800
600 - 700
500 - 600
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
13 4 00 m
00
1
m

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
53
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Top elevation of Sand-dunes

Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m msl)
1300 to 1400
1200 to 1300
1100 to 1200
1000 to 1100
900 to 1000 30°
30° 800 - 900
Sakakah
Sakakah 700 - 800
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 600 - 700
500 - 600
400 - 500
70
0
80 0 m
m
900 m
80
Tabuk
Tabuk
0
28°
m
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
60
Baq'a
Baq'a
0
m
m
00
50 0 m
10
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
0
60
Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
54
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
m
55 55 0
85
0 m
85 0
70 0 m
0
N m Top elevation of Eoc-Maast
m
(m msl)
70
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
550 m
0
m
85 0 m 1450 to 1600
1300 to 1450
1150 to 1300
1000 to 1150
850 to 1000 30°
30° 700 - 850
Sakakah
Sakakah 550 - 700
55
7 00
m
0
400 - 550
m
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
250 - 400
70 0
m
55 0
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
m
28°
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
55
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
600 m
Top elevation of Cretac-early-mid
N (m msl)
- 60
20 0 m
0m
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
60 0 0 m
1400 to 1600
40 0 m
8
0
0m
m
1200 to 1400
-4
00 1000 to 1200
20
m 0 800 to 1000
m
1000 m
12 00
600 to 800
m
40
400 - 600 30°
0
30°
m
200 - 400
60
Sakakah
Sakakah
0
0 - 200
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal -200 - 0
20 -400 - -200
0
m -600 - -400
40
60
0
m -800 - -600
0
60 m -1000 to -800
0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
40
Qibah
Qibah
0
Tayma
Tayma
m
Ha'il
Ha'il
60
0
m

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
56
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Top elevation of Hith-Gotnia

N
(m msl)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
600 - 800
400 - 600
0 to 250
0 - 200
-200 - 0 30°
30° -400 - -200
Sakakah
Sakakah -600 - -400
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal -800 - -600
Tabuk
Tabuk
28°
28°
Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
- 60
Tayma
Tayma
-4
0m
Ha'il
Ha'il Qibah
Qibah
00
m
-4
- 20 00
0m m
0m
AL
AL Ula
Ula 20 0
m
Buraydah40 0 m
60 0 26°
Unayzah
Unayzah m
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Ad
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
Model extent kilometre
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
57
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32° 25 0
m
- 12
50
50
0m
-1
Top elevation of Trias-Jurassic
50
m
N
0
- 50 0
0m
m
(m msl)
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
25 0
- 25 750 to 1000
0m -10
m
00 500 - 750
m
250 - 500
50 0 m
0- 250
-250 to 0 30°
30° -500 - -250
Sakakah
Sakakah -750 - -500
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal -1000 to -750
-1250 to -1000
-25 0
m -1500 to -1250
-1750 to -1500
0m
-2000 to -1750
25 0 m
500 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
0
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
- 25
- 50 0
25
Tayma
Tayma
0m
0
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
m
50
m0
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
58
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
80 0 m
80 0 m
N 60
0 Top elevation of STQ complex
m Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
60 0 m
(m msl)
80 0
m
60 1600 to 1800
0 m
1400 to 1600
1200 m
1200 to 1400
80 0
1000 to 1200
60 m 800 to 1000 30°
30° 0 m
600 - 800
Sakakah
Sakakah
60
400 - 600
0
m
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal 200 - 400
60
0
0 - 200
m
80 0 m -200 - 0
-420 - -200
80
0
Tabuk
Tabuk m
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
m Baq'a
Baq'a
00
60
10
m0
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
14 0
m0
m
0
60
Main cities AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
59
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
0m
N Top elevation of Sudair

Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m msl)
- 10
00
- 50
500 to 1000
m
0m
-50 0 m
0- 500
-500 - 0
-1000 to -500
-1500 to -1000 30°
30° -2000 to -1500
Sakakah
Sakakah -2500 to -2000
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal -3000 to -2500
0m
-5
00
m
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
50
0
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
0m
- 10 00
-15 00 m
-2000 m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
m
Ha'il
Ha'il
-50 0
m
Buraydah
Buraydah
50 0
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula
26°
m
Unayzah
Unayzah
0m
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
60
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Top elevation of Khuff

Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m msl)
0m
-500 m
500 to 1000
0- 500
-500 - 0
-1000 to -500
-1500 to -1000 30°
30°
-5
0
-2000 to -1500
0
Sakakah
Sakakah
m
-2500 to -2000
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
-5
0 0
m
0m
-10
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
0
Jubbah
Jubbah
0m
28°
50
0
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
0m
-50
0m
-2500 m
-2000 m
-1500
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il Qibah
Qibah
m
500
-100
m
Buraydah
Buraydah
0m
0m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
-500
26°
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
50
lines
0m
0m
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Ad
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
61
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32° -500 m
N -2 Top elevation of Ash Shiqqah

0 m 50
- 50 (m msl)
0m
0
m
- 15 0
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
-500 m
500 to 1000
0m
0- 500
-500 - 0
-1000 to -500
-1500 to -1000 30°
30°
-2000 to -1500
Sakakah
Sakakah
-2500 to -2000
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
-5
00
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
- 10 0
-15 00
0m
-2500 m
-2000 m
Qibah
Qibah
m
Tayma
Tayma
-50 0
Ha'il
Ha'il
0m
- 10 0
0m
Buraydah
Buraydah
- 50 0
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
- 15
Unayzah
Unayzah
m
26°
00
m
50
Main irrigated
0m
m
areas
-500
m
Contour Sajir
Sajir
lines
50
0m
Boundary of
0 m
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
62
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Top elevation of Unayzah

Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m msl)
500 to 1000
0- 500
-1
00 -500 - 0
0
m -1000 to -500
-1500 to -1000 30°
30° -2000 to -1500
Sakakah
Sakakah -5
00 -2500 to -2000
mat-al-Jandal m -3000 to -2500
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
- 50
-10
0m
0m
Baq'a
Baq'a
00
m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
- 25
- 20
00
50
m
00 15 0
0m
m
-
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
0m
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
63
34° 48°
36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Top elevation of Berwath

Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m msl)
500 m
500 to 1000
-50 0 m
0m
0- 500
-10 00
-500 - 0
-1000 to -500
m
-1500 to -1000
30°
30°
Sakakah
Sakakah
-5
00
m
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
- 50
0m 0m
50 0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
64
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Top elevation of Jubah
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
50 0
(m msl)
0m
-500 m
500 to 1000
0- 500
-500 - 0
- 10
0m
50 0
00
-1000 to -500
m
m
-1500 to -1000 30°
30°
Sakakah
Sakakah
-5
50
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 00
0m
0
m
m
0m
50
0 m
50
0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
65
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
50 0
-50 0 m
0
m
m
N Top elevation of Jauf
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m msl)
50
0 m 500 to 1000
0- 500
0m
-500 - 0
-50 0
- 10
-1000 to -500
00
-1500 to -1000 30°
m
30°
50 0
-2000 to -1500
-1
Sakakah
Sakakah
00
m
0m
0
m
-5
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 00
50 m
0 m
-50 0 m
0
m
500 m
0m
50
0
Tabuk
Tabuk m
28°
28°
Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
50
m0
Tayma
Tayma Ha'il
Ha'il Qibah
Qibah

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
66
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
0m
-500
-1000 m
50 0
-1500 m
N Top elevation of Tawil
m
m
0m
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat -2 (m msl)
50 0
00
-20 00 m 0 m
50 0
0
m
1000 to 1500
-50
m
- 10 0
0m
0m
- 15 m
500 to 1000
0
0
0- 500
500 m
- 20
00 -500 - 0
- 50
0m
m
-1000 to -500 30°
0m
50 0 m 50 0
30°
-10
-15
m -1500 to -1000
00
00
1000 m 10 Sakakah
Sakakah
m
-2000 to -1500
m
00
m
0m
50 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
-5
0 -2500 to -2000
0
10 00 m
m - 15
0
1000 m 00
-1
m -3000 to -2500
00
10 0 1000
0
m
0m
0m
m
50
- 10
0m
-5
00
10
00
m
00
0m
m
m
1000 m
50 0 m 0m - 50 0 0m
m
5 00 - 50
m 0m
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 5 00 0m 28°
28° m
0m
10 5
0
0 m 00
Baq'a
Baq'a m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
67
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
0m
-50
-100
-1500 m
0m
-2000 m
0m
N Top elevation of Sharawra
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
-15
-1 (m msl)
00
0 00
m
m -2500 m
m
500 1000 to 1500
0m
-500 m 500 to 1000
0- 500
-500 m
-25
00
-500 - 0
500 m
m
0m
-1000 to -500 30°
-10
m
-15
30° 0
-2
0
00
0
0m
-1500 to -1000
00
m
0m Sakakah
Sakakah
m
0m
50 -2000 to -1500
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
10
00
-3000 to -2500
m
-15
0m
50 0 0m
m 00
10 00 m
m -500 m -10
0 0 0m
m -1
0 00
m
5 00 m
5 00 m
0m -500
1000 m
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° 50
-50
0m 0m
m 0
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
68
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-50 0 m
-2000 m
0m
-2500 m
-3000 m
N 0m Top elevation of Qusaiba
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m amsl)
- 15
1000 to 1500
- 35
- 10
00
50
00
0 m 500 to 1000
m
00
m
m
-500 m
0- 500
-500 - 0
0m
- 50 0
-1000 to -500 30°
30°
m
-1500 to -1000
-2
-2
Sakakah
Sakakah
00
50
0m
-2000 to -1500
0
m
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
50 0 - 50
m 0 0m
- 15
00 -3000 to -2500
m m
-10 00
m
-3500 to -3000
0
0m m -4000 to -3500
-1
- 50 00
50 0 0m 0
m m
50 0
m 0m
Tabuk
Tabuk -5 28°
00
28° m
-1500 m
50
0
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
m 0
m
-30 00 m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500
m
Contour Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
69
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-1500 m
-10 00
Top elevation of Quwarah-Sarah
-3500 m
(m msl)
-40 00 m
m
-50 0
N
-4500 m
1000 to 1500
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat -2
00 500 to 1000
-1
0
00
m
-25
0- 500
- 30
0
00
m
00
-500 - 0
m
-5
00
m
-1000 to -500
- 15
-1500 to -1000
00
-2000 to -1500 30°
m
30° - 35
00 -2500 to -2000
Sakakah
Sakakah m
0 -3000 to -2500
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
- 25 -3500 to -3000
0 0m
-5
- 20 -4000 to -3500
00
50 00
m
m
0 -15 00 -4500 to -4000
m m
- 10 0
0 0m -5000 to -4500
m - 50 0
m -1
50
0
0m m
0m
-1
50 0 00
m 500 m - 50 0 0
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah m m 28°
28° 50 0 0 m
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma
Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
50
0
AL
AL Ula
Ula
m
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
70
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-1500 m
-2000 m
-10 00
-4000 m
N Top elevation of Raan
-45 00 m
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m amsl)
1000 to 1500
- 35
-1
- 25
- 30 m
00
500 to 1000
00
00
00
0
m
m
0- 500
m
-500 - 0
- 15
- 20
-5
00 -1000 to -500 30°
00
00
m
30°
m
m
-1500 to -1000
Sakakah
- 30 0 -2500 to -2000
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal - 25
00 0m
- 10
m -3000 to -2500
-5 00 - 20 -3500 to -3000
00 m 00
-15 00 m
m m -4000 to -3500
0m 0m - 50 0 -4500 to -4000
- 50 m -1
500 m - 10 0 50 -5000 to -4500
0m 0
0m m
0m
-5500 to -5000
Tabuk
Tabuk - 50 0 28°
50 0 m m
28° 50 0
m 0m
-1
00
0
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a m
-20 00 m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma 50
Ha'il
Ha'il 0
m
0m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
71
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-2000 m
- 10 00
-1500 m
-4000 m
m
-4500 m
N Top elevation of Kahfah
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
(m msl)
- 35
1000 to 1500
- 25
-1
- 30
00
00
00
500 to 1000
00
m
m
m
0- 500
-500 - 0
- 20
-5
- 15
00
-1000 to -500 30°
00
m
00
30°
m
m
-1500 to -1000
Sakakah
Sakakah
-2000 to -1500
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
- 30 0 -2500 to -2000
-2 0 5 00 m
- 10 m -3000 to -2500
-5 00
00 m -15 00 - 20
00 -3500 to -3000
m m m
0m -4000 to -3500
0 m - 50 0
- 50 m -4500 to -4000
- 15
50
0 - 10 0
0m 00 -5000 to -4500
m 0m m
0m -5500 to -5000
Tabuk
Tabuk - 50 0 28°
m
28° 50 0 m
- 20 0
0m -1
50 0 m 00
Baq'a 0
Baq'a
0m
Jubbah
Jubbah m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma 50
0
- 50
Ha'il
Ha'il m
0m
0
m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
72
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-1500 m
-20 00 m
- 50
- 10 0
0m
- 25 0
-4000 m
0m
-45 00 m
0m
N Top elevation of Hanadir
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m msl)
1000 to 1500
- 35 m
- 30
- 50
-1 500 to 1000
00
00
00
00
0
m
m 0- 500
m
- 25
00 0 00
-500 - 0
-15 00 m
m
-2
-1000 to -500 30°
30° -1500 to -1000
m
0m
-5 Sakakah
50 0
00
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
m
- 30
00 -3000 to -2500
- 25 m
00
-2000 m
m -3500 to -3000
- 15 0
0m
-4000 to -3500
- 10 0
0m 0m -4500 to -4000
-500 m
- 50 -5000 to -4500
0m -1
50 0 50
m 0
- 20
0m m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
00
0m -1
28° 50 0 m 00
m
- 50 0
m
0 m 0m
50 0 m Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
0m
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
50
26°
Unayzah
Unayzah
0
26°
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
73
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-15 00 m
-2500 m
-2000 m
-45 00 m
Top elevation of Saq
N
-5000 m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m msl)
- 15
1000 to 1600
00
- 30
- 40
m
- 35
500 to 1000
00
-500 m
00
-1
00
-500 m
00 0- 500
m
m
0
m
-500 - 0
-1000 to -500
- 25
30°
30° -1500 to -1000
00
m
Sakakah
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal -2500 to -2000
0
- 30 0
m
- 50
0m -3000 to -2500
-1 - 15
0m 00 00 -3500 to -3000
0 m
m
-20 00 m -25 00 m -4000 to -3500
- 10 -2 -4500 to -4000
00 m 00
50 0
0
0m m m -5000 to -4500
- 50 0 -15 00
m
m
- 50 0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 0m 28°
50 0 0m -1
28° m 00
0
10 m m
00 50 0
m Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a -5
50Baq'a
0 00
m 0
m m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL Ula

AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
- 10 0 m
26°
- 15
Unayzah
Unayzah
-50 m
00
50
26°
00
0
m
0
m
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
74
34° 48°
36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
-7200
- 40 0
-5 Bottom elevation of Saq
- 56 0
60
-8000
N 0
0
(m msl)
0
- 40 0
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
-5
-2400
-4
60
00
0
800 - 1 600
0
0
0- 800
-80 0
-8
00
-800 - 0
0
-56 00
-1 600 - -800
0 -2 400 - -1 600
- 40 0
- 72
-5
30°
60
30°
00
-5 -3 200 - -2 400
0
60
0 Sakakah
Sakakah -4 000 - -3 200
- 40 0
0 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal -4 800 - -4 000
-5 60
0 -5 600 - -4 800
- 24
- 40
00
00 -6 400 - -5 600
- 80
-7 200 - -6 400
0
80 0
- 24
0
00
00
-4
-8 000 - -7 200
0
40
- 24
-2
Tabuk
Tabuk
00
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28° -8
00
0 Baq'a
Baq'a
-80 - 80
0
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
80 0
Ha'il
Ha'il
- 80
0
-800
80 0
Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
- 50 0 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
75
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
50 m
32°
m
10 0
N Thickness of Harrats
(m)
15
0
m
50 m
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat 0- 50
10
0
m 50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30° 250 - 300
Sakakah
Sakakah 300 - 350
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Tabuk
Tabuk
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
Baq'a
Baq'a
15
0
Qibah
Qibah
m
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
15 0
20 0
m
25
0
m
m

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
76
34° 48°
36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Thickness of Sand-dunes
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m)
0- 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30°
Sakakah
Sakakah
Daw mat-al-Jandal
50 mmat-al-Jandal
Daw
10 0 50
m
m
50 m
15 0
50 m
m
10
0 m
10 0 m
15
0
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah
m 28°
28° 50
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
50 m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
50
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
77
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
m
12
250 m
37 5
5
m Thickness of Eoc-Maastrichtian
N (m)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat 25
0
m
0- 125
12
500 m
37 5 m
125 - 250
5
50 11
m
0 25
m 37 5 m 250 - 375
10 m
12
25 37 5 m 00
375 - 500
5
0 m
m
m
25 500 - 625
0
m 625 - 750 30°
30°
25
12 5 m
12
0
Sakakah
Sakakah 5 750 - 875
m
m
12 5 m 875 - 1 000
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
1125 to 1250
37 1250 to 1375
5 m
12
5
m
25 0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
12
5
Baq'a
Baq'a m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
12 5
m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
78
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32° 625 m
32°
5m
m
12 m
10 50 0 m
00
37 5
0
37
25
m 5
m Thickness of Cretaceous early-mid
87 25
N 5m 0
m (m)
75 0
Al
Al mQurayyat
Qurayyat 0 - 125
12
m 62 125 - 250
5
62 5 5
m
m
62 5 m
250 - 375
37 5 m
m 375 - 500
m 50 0
50 0 375 m 500 - 625
25 0 m
625 - 750 30°
30° 12 5
m 750 - 875
625 m
Sakakah
Sakakah
125 m
75
250 m
12 5
m 875 to 1000
0
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
m
1000 to 1125
50
0
50 0 m
m
62 5
37
5 m
m
5
37
12 5 25
m 0m
Tabuk
Tabuk 12 5
37 5
Jubbah
Jubbah m 28°
28°
25
m
0 m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
75 0
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
12 5
62 5
m
m 0m 0m
50 25
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
79
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32° 32°
Thickness of Hith_Gotnia
N (m)
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat 0- 100
100 - 200
200 - 300
300 - 400
400 - 500
30°
30°
Sakakah
Sakakah
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
200 m
10 0 m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
10 0 m
20 0
30
20
0
m
0
m 10 0 m
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
80
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32° Thickness of Trias-Jurassic
m
m
45 0 m
(m)
30 0
15 0
N 0 - 150
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat 150 - 300
m
m
0
45 0
450 m
30
300 - 450
60 0
m
450 - 600
m
0
450 m
15
300 m 600 - 750
150 m
750 - 900
60 0
900 to 1050
m
30°
30° m 1050 to 1200
0
30
Sakakah
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal 1350 to 1500
1500 to 1650
1650 to 1800
1800 to 1950
1950 to 2100
45 0 m
30 0
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
m
15
Baq'a
Baq'a
0
m
Qibah
Qibah
m
m
Tayma
Tayma
12 00
50
Ha'il
Ha'il
13 50 m
90 0 m
10
60 0 30 0 m
m
Buraydah
Buraydah
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
16
Unayzah
Unayzah
50 13 5 10 50 75 0 45 0
26°
m 0m m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m
Sajir
Sajir
m
lines
Boundary of
m
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
81
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
m
90 0 m
30 0 m
60 0
N Thickness of STQ
3 (m)
Al Qurayyat0 00 m
Al Qurayyat
18
m
00
12 00 0 - 300
600 m
m
1500 m
300 - 600
30 0 m
12 00 m
1200 m 600 - 900
90 0 m 900 to 1200
600 m
1200 to 1500 30°
30° 1500 to 1800
90
30
0
Sakakah
Sakakah
90
0
1800 to 2100
m
0
m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
2400 to 2700
60
0
m
2700 to 3000
30 3000 to 3300
0
m
90
0
3300 to 3600
m
60
0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 30 28°
0
28° Jubbah
Jubbah m
15 0
Baq'a
Baq'a
0m
12 00
Qibah
Qibah
m
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
90 0 m
24 00 m 1 00 m 00 m 00 m 00 m 0 m 60 0 0 m
60 0 0 0 m
3
m
2
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
18 15 12
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
90
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
30
m
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
82
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
30 0 32°
32°
50 m
20 0 m
10 0 m
m
20
25
0
0
m
m
N Thickness of Sudair
35
0
(m)
m
m
40 045 0 m
0m Al Qurayyat
50 0
10 0
m
30 5 0 mm
2 50 0- 50
25 0 m 2
m
1
15 0
50 - 100
m
100 - 150
150 - 200
00
200 - 250
m
30°
30°
25
250 - 300
m0
Sakakah
Sakakah
50 m
300 - 350
Daw mat-al-Jandal
Dawmat-al-Jandal 350 - 400
400 - 450
10
15
0
m
0
450 - 500
m
20
0
m 500 - 550
550 - 600
50
m
25 0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
10
28°
15 0 m
0m
Baq'a
Baq'a
20 0 m
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il 30
50
0 m
25 0 m
200 m
15 0 m
10 0
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
m
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
30
0
areas
m
-500 Contour Sajir
Sajir
m
25 0 m 0 m
lines
Boundary of
10
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
83
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Thickness of Khuff
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m)
50 m
0- 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30°
250 - 300
Sakakah
Sakakah
50 m
300 - 350
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
10
0m
50 m
400 - 450
150 m
10 0
m
50
m
Tabuk
Tabuk m 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah 50
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
m
m 1 00
Tayma
Tayma
0m
m
Ha'il
Ha'il 20 0
250 m
35
15
m
3 00 m
50
35
0m
10 0
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
300 m
26°
m
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
20 0
m
Main irrigated
40
0m
areas Sajir
Sajir
-500 Contour
m 35
lines
50
0
m
m
Boundary of 30
25 0 m
the Saq Project 15
0m
0
0 50 100 200 50m
m
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
84
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
100 m
Thickness of Ash Shiqqah
m
50
(m)
50
m
15
0
N
m
0- 50
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat 50 - 100
m
50
100 - 150
50
150 - 200
200 - 250
250 - 300
50 m
300 - 350 30°
30° 350 - 400
Sakakah
Sakakah 400 - 450
Dawmat-al-Jandal
500 - 550
550 - 600
600 - 650
650 700
15 0 m
10 m
m
50
0
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
m
m
50
Qibah
Qibah 0 30 0
20 m
200 m
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il m
0
50
m
0
15
Buraydah m
AL
AL Ula
Ula
0
25
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
100 m
areas Sajir
Sajir
50
-500 Contour
m
m
lines
Boundary of
50
the Saq Project
m
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
85
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Thickness of Unayzah
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m)
0- 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30°
250 - 300
50 m
Sakakah
Sakakah
15 300 - 350
0 m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal m
10 0
50 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
10 50
0m m
m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah 10
0
50
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m
lines Sajir
Sajir
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
86
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Thickness of Berwath
50 m
N
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m)
0- 50
200 m 50 - 100
10 0 m
100 - 150
35 0
m 150 - 200
35
25
0
15 m
0 200 - 250
m
15 0
m 0m 30°
50 m
30° 250 - 300
300 - 350
50
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
m
350 - 400
m
50
m
10 0 150
25 0 m m 400 - 450
50 m
0m 450 - 500
20
m
m
0 500 - 550
10
20 0
50 m
m
15 0 m
10 0
50 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
87
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
1500 m
62
25 0
37 5
5
87 5
m
m
N m Thickness of Jubah
13 75
11 25
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
50 0 m
m
(m)
m
0 - 125
125 - 250
250 - 375
50 0 m
87 5 m
62 5 m
1 00
37 5 m
375 - 500
12 5
0m
500 - 625 30°
m
30°
625 - 750
Sakakah
Sakakah
750 - 875
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
m
37 5m 875 to 1000
5
12
5
m 1000 to 1125
37
m
1125 to 1250
25 0 m
25 0
1250 to 1375
12
25 0
m
5
1375 to 1500
m
12 5
m
25
1500 to 1625
m0
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
12 5
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Ha'il
Ha'il Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma

Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
88
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
25 0
62 5 m
m
N Thickness of Jauf
(m)
12 5
m
87 5 m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
25
12 5
0
11
m
0 - 125
125 - 250
375 m
250 - 375
m
00
375 - 500
75 0 m
10
87 5
m
500 - 625 30°
30° 75
0 625 - 750
Sakakah
Sakakahm
750 - 875
62
5
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 75 0 875 to 1000
m
m
50
1000 to 1125
25 0
25 0
0m
62 5 1125 to 1250
m
m
1250 to 1375
50 0 1375 to 1500
12 m
5 37 5 1500 to 1625
m m
62 5
m
m
37 5
Tabuk
Tabuk 25 0 28°
12 5
28° Jubbah
Jubbah m
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
89
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Thickness of Tawil
N (m)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
25 0
37
12
0- 125
5m
375 m
5m
m
125 - 250
250 - 375
37
5m 375 - 500
500 - 625
37
5
5m
m
625 - 750 30°
30°
12
m m
5
5 m 37 0 0 m 750 - 875
625
25
12 50 500 m 0m 5 Sakakah
Sakakah
0m
2 75 50
875 - 1 000
m
0m
75
m
50 1000 m 0m
87 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
6 25
0 5m
m 625 m
m 250 m
375
2 50 m 500 m 37
5 1125 to 1250
750
37 500 m
1 25 m m
m 375 m
50 6 2 5
5m
0 m
m m
250
37
25
5m m
250
0
12
m
5
m 125 m 125 m 5m
12
m
5
Tabuk
Tabuk
12
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
12
5m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
90
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
250 m
5m Thickness of Sharawra
87
375 m
N (m)
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
1125 m
0 - 125
0m
875 m
125 - 250
11
1 00
25
12
25
m
10 50
0m
250 m
m
00 250 - 375
12
1 25
m
7 50
m
5 00
m
375 - 500
m
m
250 m
5m
75 0 500 - 625
5m
375 m 87 m
12
5m
37
375 m 625 m m 625 - 750 30°
m
25
30° 750 m 6
500
m
0 m
50 75
50 62 750 - 875
625 m
0m 75 5m
Sakakah
Sakakah
375 m
3 m 0
25
0 m 875 to 1000
m
5 00
50
1000 to 1125
250
0m
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
500 m
m
375 m
1125 to 1250
m
m
6 25
m
500 m
0
50
25
250 m
37 5
0 375 m 5 00 1250 to 1375
25
m 375 m m
625 m 250 m
0m
37 5
m 1375 to 1500
12
500 m 375 m
5
125
m
375 m 1500 to 1625
25
m
0m
25
0m
25 0
m 1625 to 1750
250
12 5 m
125 m
m 37
Tabuk
Tabuk 125 m 250 m 5 m 28°
28° 125 m 125 m 25
0
m
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
12
5
m
Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
91
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
16 00 m
m
40 0 0 m
1200 m
16 00
0m
00
N Thickness of Qusaiba
12 00 m
14
2
10 0
80 0
(m)
m0
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat 18
00 0 - 200
14
m
00
200 - 400
m
m
20
0
16 00 m 400 - 600
12
m
600 - 800
00
00
40 0 m
14
m
m 800 to 1000 30°
30° 0
20 1000 to 1200
Sakakah1 10 00 m
Sakakah m
80 0 m 80 0 1200 to 1400
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal 60 0 m 1400 to 1600
60 0 m
1600 to 1800
1800 to 2000
20
400 m 40 0 m 40 0 m
0
0 m
m
40
0 40
m
20 0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 200 m 28°
28° m
20 0
Jubbah
Jubbah Baq'a
Baq'a
20 20 0 m
0
m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
20
Ha'il
Ha'il
0
m
Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
92
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
10
0
m
10 0
m
N m Thickness of Quwarah-Sarah
0
10 (m)
15 0
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
10 0
m
m
0- 50
0
15
50 - 100
10
10
m
100 - 150
0
m
15
m
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30° 15 0
m
250 - 300
m
0
20 0 m
m
Sakakah
Sakakah
10
0 m 300 - 350
20 0
15 0 15
m 20
0 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
m
15 0 0 m
20 0 m
m
0
1
20
m
0
m
0
15
10 25
20
0 0 m
50 m
15 0
0
20 0 m
m
Tabuk
Tabuk m 15 0 m 28°
10 0 m
m
28° 150 m
15 0 m 50
Jubbah
Jubbah m
10 0 m
1Baq'a
Baq'a
15 0
0
0
50 m m 0m
m
15
Qibah
Qibah m
Tayma
Tayma Ha'il
Ha'il 10 0
50 m
10 0
m
50
Buraydah
Buraydah
m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
93
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Thickness of Raan
(m)
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat 50 m
0 - 50
50 m
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30° 250 - 300
50
50
Sakakah
Sakakah
m
300 - 350
m Daw mat-al-Jandal
Dawmat-al-Jandal 350 - 400
50 m
10 0
50 m
m
50 m
50 m
50 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
50
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
m
m
100 m
50
Baq'a
Baq'a
m
20 0
50 m Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma Ha'il
Ha'il 50 m
m
10 0 5 0 m
m
1
50
0
10
m
50 m
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula 26°
50
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
94
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
0m
15
20 0 m
N Thickness of Kahfah
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m)
20
15
0- 50
0
0
m
m 50 - 100
100 - 150
20 0 m
150 - 200
m
200 - 250 30°
20 0
30°
m
250 - 300
0
15
Sakakah
Sakakah
25
0
300 - 350
25 0
10 0 m
50 m
m 30 0 m
Dawmat-al-Jandal
15 0
15
400 - 450
0
10 0 35 0
m
m m
20
m
0
0
20
m
35
0
m
25
10 0
m
0
Tabuk
Tabuk 30 0 m
0
m
m
m
25
m
10 0 m
20
20 0 0 m 28°
0
20 m
0
20
m
15
28° 0 0 m 50 1 m
25 5 0 20 0
m
15 0 30
0
1 Jubbah
Jubbah m 50
m
m 10 0 m m
m
50 m
0
20
50 m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma100 m
Tayma
25 0 m
Ha'il
Ha'il 10 Qibah
Qibah m
10
0 0
m 10
0
150 m
m
15 0 m
20
0m
5
0m
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Buraydah
10 0 m
50
10
26°
0m
m
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Ad
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
95
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Thickness of Hanadir
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat (m)
30
0
15 0 m
20 0 m
50 m
m 0- 50
10 0 m
35
50 - 100
0
m
100 - 150
20 0 m
150 - 200
200 - 250 30°
30° 15
0
m 250 - 300
Sakakah
Sakakah
35
30 300 - 350
m
0
0
25 0
10 0 m
m Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
50 m 250 m
200 m 400 - 450
15 0 m
10 0 m
450 - 500
Tabuk
Tabuk 50
m
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28° 50 m 50 m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
50
m
Buraydah
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
96
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32° 30 00
m
24 00 m
N Thickness of Saq
(m)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
0 - 300
m
30 00 300 - 600
m
0m
24 0
0
600 - 900
60
900 to 1200
m 1200 to 1500 30°
30°
0
12 0
1500 to 1800
2100 m
15 00 m
2100 m 3000 m
Sakakah
Sakakah
1800 to 2100
24 0
15 00 m
18 00 m
30
0 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 00 2100 to 2400
m
21 0 m
m
2400 to 2700
18
18 00 m 00 m
0
24
00
24
00 2700 to 3000
12 5 00 m
m
2100 m
m
3000 to 3300
00
1
3300 to 3600
m
15 00
1800 m
12
00
Tabuk
Tabuk m
28°
28°
Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il 1 Qibah
Qibah
60 2 00 m
0 m 60 0
m
12
00
m
60
0m
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
60
lines
0
Boundary of
m
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200
Ad
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
97
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N 25 Depth to Top of Eocene-Maastrichtian

0
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
15
0
m Outcrop
50
m 0 to 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200 30°
30°
200 - 250
Sakakah
Sakakah
250 - 300
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
50 m
10 0
m
50
m
10 0
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
- 500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
98
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Depth to Top of early-mid-Cretaceous
40
0
N (m bgl)
m
Al1Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
4 00
m Outcrop
m
12
20
40 0 m
00 0 to 200
40 0
0
m
m
200 - 400
40 0
10
m 400 - 600
00
m
20
600 - 800
20 0 0 30°
30° m m 800 - 1 000
1000 to 1200
Sakakah
Sakakah
1200 to 1400
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal 1200 to 1400
20
0
m
40
0
m
20 0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
99
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Depth to Top of Hith_Gotnia

Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
(m bgl)
Outcrop
0 to 200
200 - 400
400 - 600
600 - 800 30°
30° 800 - 1 000
Sakakah
Sakakah
1000 to 1200
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
10
Ha'il
Ha'il
00
m
80 0
m
600 m
Buraydah
Buraydah
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula 400 m
Unayzah
Unayzah 200 m 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
100
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
50
N 22 Depth to Top of Trias_Jurassic
0
50
m
25
mQurayyat (m bgl)
Al
Al Qurayyat
0
m
20
00
m Outcrop
17
50 0 to 250
1000 m 15 m
00 250 - 500
75 m
0
m
500 - 750
750 to 1000 30°
30° 1000 to 1250
Sakakah
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
1750 to 2000
2000 to 2250
75 0 2250 to 2500
m
50
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
75
Jubbah
Jubbah
0
28°
m0
25
0
Baq'a
Baq'a
m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
10 0 5 0 m 0 m 0 m
0m
7
50 25
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
- 500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
101
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
80 0
28
m
00
N Depth to Top of Sudair
m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
16 0
0
Outcrop
80 0 m
m
12 00 m
0 - 400
400 - 800
800 to 1200
1200 to 1600 30°
30°
1600 to 2000
Sakakah
Sakakah
2000 to 2400
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
2800 to 3200
3200 to 3600
80
0
m
40
Tabuk
Tabuk 0
m 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
12 00
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
m
Ha'il
Ha'il
80 0 m
24 00 m
40 0
20
m
00
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
m
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
16
00 2 00
m
Main irrigated
1
areas
m 0m 0m
- 500 Contour
80
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
40
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
102
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Depth to Top of Khuff

N (m bgl)
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
Outcrop
0 - 400
400 - 800
800 m
120 0 m
800 to 1200
1200 to 1600
1600 to 2000 30°
30°
Sakakah
2400 to 2800
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
2800 to 3200
12
00 3200 to 3600
m
80
0m
12
00
Tabuk
Tabuk
m
Jubbah
Jubbah 28°
28°
800
Baq'a
Baq'a
m
400
Qibah
Qibah
m
Tayma
Tayma
1600 m
Ha'il
Ha'il
2800 m
1 20 0
m
0m
24
800
00
Buraydah
m
AL Ula
AL Ula
400
26°
m
Unayzah
Unayzah
26°
20
00
0m
m
16
Main irrigated
00
m
areas
12
- 500 Contour
00
m Sajir
Sajir
m
lines
80
Boundary of
0m m
40
the Saq Project
0m
0
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
103
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32° 12 00
m
N Depth to Top of Ash Shiqqah

Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
0 - 400
80 0 m
400 - 800
800 to 1200
1200 to 1600
1600 to 2000 30°
30°
Sakakah
2400 to 2800
12
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
00
2800 to 3200
m
3200 to 3600
3600 to 4000
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
2400 m
2800 m
Ha'il
Ha'il
2000 m
32 00 m
12 0
m0
Buraydah
Buraydah
80 0
40 0
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula
m
26°
16 00
m
Unayzah
Unayzah
24
26°
00
m
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
12 0 m m
Boundary of
00
80 0 0
m
the Saq Project
4
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
104
34° 48°
44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Depth to Top of Unayzah

Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
0 - 400
400 - 800
800 to 1200
1200 to 1600
1600 to 2000 30°
30° 2000 to 2400
Sakakah
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
12 3200 to 3600
00
m
80 0 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
80
12 0
0
Baq'a
Baq'a
40
m
0
0
m
m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
32
00
24
m
Buraydah
Buraydah
00
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula
28
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
00
26°
m
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
105
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N Depth to Top of Berwath

Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
0 - 200
200 - 400
400 - 600
600 - 800
200 m
1000 m
12 00 m
14 00 m
40 0 m
80 0 mm
800 to 1000 30°
16 0
30°
60 0
1000 to 1200
0
Sakakah
Sakakah
m
1200 to 1400
Daw mat-al-Jandal
Dawmat-al-Jandal 12 1400 to 1600
00
10 m
00
m
14 1600 to 1800
00
80 12 m
0m 00
10 0 m
80 0 0 m
60 0 m
40 m
0
20 0 m
m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah
Baq'a
Baq'a
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad
Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
106
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
20 0 m
N Depth to Top of Jubah
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
20
400 m
0
m
Outcrop
0 m
80
0- 200
200 - 400
400 - 600
16
00
600 - 800 30°
m
30°
800 to 1000
600 m
Sakakah
Sakakah
1000 to 1200
12
Daw
20Daw mat-al-Jandal
0 m mat-al-Jandal
00
20 0 m
10 1200 to 1400
m
00
40
m 14 1400 to 1600
0
00
80
m
m 1600 to 1800
0
12 00 m
m
20 1000 m 1 800 to 2 000
0 40 0 80 0 m
m
m 60 0 m
40
20 0 0
m m
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah 20
0
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main cities AL Ula

AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 38° 44°
40° 42°
107
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
10 0
60
N 0 Depth to Top of Jauf
m
m
0
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
14 00
(m bgl)
m
40
0 m
Outcrop
16 00 0- 200
m
200 - 400
400 - 600
20 0
18
00
600 - 800 30°
m
30° m
12 0
800 to 1000
Sakakah
Sakakah
0
14
00 1000 to 1200
m 1
Dawmat-al_Jandal
Daw mat-al_Jandal m
1200 to 1400
00
0
1400 to 1600
m
14 1600 to 1800
00
m
60 1 800 to 2 000
20 0
0 m
m 80 0 m
12
10
00
0
80 0 m
m
0
Tabuk
Tabuk m 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah 20 0
m
60 40 0 0 0 m
0m
0m m
Baq'a
Baq'a
2
Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
108
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
N 40 0
m Depth to Top of Tawil
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
Outcrop
20 0
0 - 400
400
0m
12 0 0
800
400 - 800
m
m
24
1 60
00
2800 m 800 to 1200
m
0m
2 40
1200 to 1600 30°
400 m 40
30° 0m 0m
1600 to 2000
0m
Sakakah
0m 20
0m 0 2400 to 2800
4Daw
0Daw mat-al-Jandal0 m
mat-al-Jandal
800 m
12
16
00
0m
00
m
m m
00
20 m
80 00
0m 16
0m
400 m 1 20 0
m
0m
12
80 0
00
m
m
Tabuk
Tabuk
m
400
Jubbah
Jubbah m 800 m 28°
0
28°
Baq'a
Baq'a
400 m
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
Ha'il
Ha'il
Main
Main
Main cities
cities
cities
cities
Buraydah
Buraydah
Main
Main
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula 26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
109
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
2400 m
N Depth to Top of Sharawra
800 m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat (m bgl)
1 20 0
1 6 00
280 0
20 40 0
00 m 32
m
m
m
00 Outcrop
m
m
16 0 0
200
m 0 - 400
0m
1200 m 400 - 800
3200 m
800 to 1200
800 m
1200 to 1600
24
400 m 28 00 m 30°
00
30°
m
1600 to 2000
m
0
800 m
m
m
40
80 0 Sakakah
Sakakah
0
4 00
80
2000 to 2400
1 600 m
0m
40
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal
m
0m 2400 to 2800
120
80 20
00 2800 to 3200
0m
0
m m 240
0m
40
0m
80 0
m 3200 to 3600
m
0m 1 20 0 m 00
20
1600 16
4 00 m m 00
800 m
4 00 m m
12 00
0m m
Tabuk
Tabuk 0m 28°
120
80 0
28° Jubbah
Jubbah 400 m
0m
m
Baq'a
Baq'a
Qibah
Qibah
800 m
400 m
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il

Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
110
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
80
12 00 m
0
Depth to Top of Qusaiba
m
N
16 0
3600 m
(m bgl)
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
24 00 m
m
40 0
Outcrop
44 0
0
24
m
0 - 400
0
00
m
1600 m m
32
400 - 800
20 0
00
4000 m
0
800 to 1200
m
m
12 0
40 0 m
0 36 00
m 1200 to 1600
80 0 m
m
28
m 30°
00
0
30° 1600 to 2000
12 0
1200 m
m
32
12 00 m
Sakakah
Sakakah 00
m 2000 to 2400
16 00 m
800 m
24 2400 to 2800
16 0 Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
00
0 m m 28 00 2800 to 3200
80 0 m
m 20 00
m m
3200 to 3600
m
12 00 3600 to 4000
0
00 16 0 24
80
m 0m m
00 4000 to 4400
40 20
0 4400 to 4800
m 40 0 m 0 m
0m 16 0
12 0
80 0 m 0
Tabuk
Tabuk m
28°
Jubbah
Jubbah 40 0 m
28°
Baq'a
Baq'a
2000 m
1600 m
12 00 m
80
3200 m
0
Qibah
Qibah
m
40
Tayma
Tayma
0
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
Buraydah
AL Ula
AL Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
111
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
35 0
Depth to Top of Quwarah-Sarah
0
m
N (m bgl)
20 00 m
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
4500 m
15 00
50 0
3000 m
Outcrop
0
m
m
0 - 500
55
30
35 0m
00
500 to 1000
00
40
20 00 m
00
0
m
1000 to 1500
m
15
m
25
00
0m
00
m 50 0 1500 to 2000
35
2000 to 2500 30°
20 0
00
20 0
30° 45 00
m
2500 to 3000
15
m
0
0
Sakakah
Sakakah
00
m
25
m
00 40 00 m 3000 to 3500
m
m 30
mat-al-Jandal
Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
00 3500 to 4000
10 0
m 3500 m
20 00 4000 to 4500
0
m
m
m
25 00 m
00
0m 4500 to 5000
30 0
50
15
0
20 00 m
15 0 5000 to 5500
m
10 0 m m 00
00 25
m
m
5500 to 6000
10 00 m 0
20 0
15 00
50 0 m 500 m 10 00 m
Tabuk
Tabuk Jubbah
Jubbah 50 0
m 28°
28° m
Baq'a
Baq'a
20 00 m
15 00 m
0m
10 0
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
0
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
50 0
m
0m
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
112
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
Depth to Top of Raan
35
N (m bgl)
1500 m
50 00 m
00
40
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
m
25
00
Outcrop
00
50
m
45 00 m
00
m
0 - 500
m
30
35
55
500 to 1000
00
00
00
20 00 m
m
1000 to 1500
40
m
m
15 0
00
20
1500 to 2000
m
m
00
00
m
50
m
2000 to 2500 30°
15
30° 2500 to 3000
00
45 00 m
35
30
m
Sakakah
Sakakah
00
00
25 0
m 3000 to 3500
m
m
00
0
10
20 Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal 40 00 m 3500 to 4000
m
00 25 0
m 0 m 30 0
15 00 m 0 m 3500 m 4000 to 4500
m 25 00 m 4500 to 5000
00 m 00
15 20 00 30 5000 to 5500
15 00 m m
50 00
0
m 10 00 m
m 25 5500 to 6000
10
00 m
m 20 00
15 00
Tabuk
Tabuk 10 00 m 28°
50 0 m 500 m Jubbah
Jubbah m
28°
50
0
Tayma
Tayma m
Baq'a
Baq'a
20 00 m
2500 m
15 00 m
Qibah
Qibah
10 0
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
500
0 m
Main cities AL Ula
AL Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
113
48°
34° 44° 46°
36° 38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
1500 m
Depth to Top of Kahfah
Al
Al Qurayyat
Qurayyat
40
55 0
30
(m bgl)
00
00
0
m
m
m
Outcrop
35
0 - 500
00
2000 m
m
500 to 1000
15
20
00
00
m 1000 to 1500
m
m
0
50 0 30°
30° 1500 to 2000
30 2000 to 2500
25
00 Sakakah
Sakakah 45 00 m
00
m
2500 to 3000
m
25 0 Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
mat-al-Jandal 4000 m
20 00
m
0 m 3000 to 3500
35 00
m 3500 to 4000
50 20 0
0 0 m m 4000 to 4500
m m 00
15 00 30 4500 to 5000
0 m
1000 m 25 0 5000 to 5500
5500 to 6000
Tabuk
Tabuk 28°
Jubbah
Jubbah
28° 50 0 m
Baq'a
Baq'a Qibah
Qibah
25 00 m
15 00 m
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
20 00 m
10
00
m
Buraydah
Buraydah
50 0
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
m
26°
Main irrigated
areas
-500 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi 24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
114
34° 48°
36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
15 00 m
2500 m
N Depth to Top of Hanadir
35 0
Al
Al Qurayyat
4Qurayyat
5000 m
(m bgl)
0
000
55 0
m
m
25
0
00
Outcrop
35 0
m
20 00
45
m
0
0 - 500
00
m
30
m
m
00
500 to 1000
40 0
20
m
2000 m
00 m 1000 to 1500
0
55 00
40
m
00
m 1500 to 2000 30°
m
30° 50 00
25
2000 to 2500
00
Sakakah
Sakakah 45 00 m 2500 to 3000
m
30
35
00
00
m Daw
Dawmat-al-Jandal
00
15
m
4000 m
20
00
10
00 30 0 3500 to 4000
m
m 25 0 0 m m 4000 to 4500
0 m 35 00
m
50 0 m
00 4500 to 5000
15 00 m
20 00
m
25 00
m 30 25
15 0 00 5000 to 5500
0 m m
5500 to 6000
10 00
50 m 2000 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 0 m
1000 m
15 0 28°
28° Jubbah
Jubbah 500 m 10 0 m
00
m
50 0 m Baq'a
Baq'a
25 00 m
Qibah
Qibah
20 00
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
50
15
0
00
m
m
10
00
m
Buraydah
AL
AL Ula
Ula
26°
26° Unayzah
Unayzah
Main irrigated
50 0
areas
m
- 50 0 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
lines
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
115
48°
34° 36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32°
32°
15
40 0
00
Depth to Top of Saq
0
m
m
(m bgl)
30 00 m
N
2000 m
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
5000 m
Outcrop
35
55 0
00
0 - 500
0
m
60
m
25
00
45
500 to 1000
40
00
00
m
00
m
1000 to 1500
m
25
0m 1500 to 2000
00
55 0
40
m
2000 to 2500
00
m 30°
20
50 00
m
30°
50
2500 to 3000
00
25 00 m
0
30
35 0
m
Sakakah
Sakakah
m
0 m 3000 to 3500
00
45 00 m
15
35
3500 to 4000
m
Dawmat-al-Jandal
Daw mat-al-Jandal
00
00
10
00 30 00 4000 m
m
m
m m 4000 to 4500
2000 m m 4500 to 5000
35 00
25 00 m m
5000 to 5500
15 20 00 00 5500 to 6000
00 m 30
m 15 0 m
50 0 m
0m 25 00 6000 to 6500
10
00
m 2000 m
Tabuk
Tabuk 1000 m 28°
28° m Jubbah
Jubbah 10 015 00 m
50 0 m 50 0 0m
50
0Baq'a
Baq'a
m
25 00
Tayma
Tayma Qibah
Qibah
0m
20 00
Ha'il
Ha'il
m
m
15
00
m
10
00
m
50
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
0m
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
25
26°
00 0 00
m
2
Main irrigated
m
areas
15
-500 Contour
00
m Sajir
Sajir
m
lines
10
Boundary of
00 0 0
the Saq Project
m m
5
0 50 100 200

Ad Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
116
34° 48°
36° 44° 46°
38° 40° 42°
32° 32°
Depth to bottom of Saq

N (m bgl)
60
Al Qurayyat
Al Qurayyat
48 00
9 000 - 9 600
00
84 0
8 400 - 9 000
60 00
24 00
0
36 00
7200 7 800 - 8 400
7 200 - 7 800
60
84
00
00
48 00
6 600 - 7 200
6 000 - 6 600 30°
60
48
30° 60
00
00
00
Sakakah
Sakakah 5 400 - 6 000
72 4 800 - 5 400
Daw mat-al-Jandal 00
Dawmat-al-Jandal
00 4 200 - 4 800
48
36
3 600 - 4 200
00
60 00
00
48 3 000 - 3 600
48
00
24
00 00 2 400 - 3 000
00
36 36
36
00
1 800 - 2 400
1 200 - 1 800
0
24 0
12
Tabuk
Tabuk 600 - 1 200 28°
00
28° 24 Jubbah
Jubbah 2400
00 0 600
Baq'a
Baq'a 36
00
00
12
12
00 Qibah
Qibah
Tayma
Tayma
Ha'il
Ha'il 24
00
12
00 12
00
Main cities AL
AL Ula
Ula Buraydah
Buraydah
Unayzah
Unayzah 26°
26°
Main irrigated
areas
- 50 0 Contour
m Sajir
Sajir
12
lines
00
Boundary of
the Saq Project
0 50 100 200

Ad Daw
Dawadimi
adimi
24°
24°
46° 48°
34° 36° 44°
38° 40° 42°
117

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INVESTIGATIONS FOR UPDATING THE

GROUNDWATER MATHEMATICAL MODEL(S)

Abunayyan Trading Corporation Rabi’I 1429 H

Volume 1 Main Report

Volume 11 Pumping Tests

The present document is Volume 13.

Plates are grouped in the second part of the Volume

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I

2. Lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy 3

4. Data sources for the model 21

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I

Table 1. Lithostratigraphy within the project area................................................................................................. 3

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia II

(included in Volume 13 - Part 2)

Plate 1 - Location Map

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia III

Plate 36 - Thickness of the STQ complex (Secondary-Tertiary-Quaternary complex)

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia IV

DMMR Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources (now SGS)

USGS United States Geological Survey

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia V

1.1. Previous work

1.2. General methodology

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1

2. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY

2.1. Lithostratigraphic units

Age Units Sub-units Lithology Av. Thickness

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 3

2.2. Previous Saq hydrostratigraphy

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 4

2.3. Aquifer systems

Units Sub-units Aquifer systems

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 5

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 6

§ 36° 37° 38° 39°

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 7

42° 43° 44°

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 8

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 9

Figure 5. Paleogeographic domains of the Jauf Formation (Konert et al., 2001)

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 10

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 11

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 12

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 13

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 14

3.1. Schematic cross section of the Nafud basin

3.2. Variations in lithostratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 15

3.3. Role of the main unconformity surfaces

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 16

3.4.1. The Wadi Sirhan Graben

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 17

472 ≤ z ≤ 500 1 000 < z ≤ 1 050

800 < z ≤ 850 1 350 < z ≤ 1 378

00 0 850 < z ≤ 900

Figure 10. Topographic map of the Wadi Sirhan valley

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 18

3.4.2. Other faults

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 19

§ 36° 37° 38° 39°

Ministry of Water and Electricity – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 20

4. DATA SOURCES FOR THE MODEL

4.1. Surface data from BRGM background sources