WELCOME TO . . .

THE WORLD OF SQL

B Brace yourself, lf its it from f Brads B d point po tof o view e
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SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE state = NY

SELECTName,Continent,Region FROMCountry JOINCity ONID=C Capital it l ORDERBYNameDESC;

FUNCTIONS
Built B iltIn I SQLhasmanybuiltinfunctionsforperformingcalculationsondata. Cannotbemodified UserDefined Createdandmodifiedbyusers RowsetFunctions Usedtoreferencetables A Aggregate t F Functions ti Operateonacollectionofvaluesbutreturnsasinglevalue ScalarFunctions Operateonasinglevalueandreturnasinglevalue

AggregateFunctions
SQLAggregateFunctions
SQLaggregatefunctionsreturnasinglevalue,calculatedfromvaluesinacolumn TypicallyignoresNULLvalues

Usefulaggregatefunctions: AVG() Returnstheaveragevalue COUNT() Returnsthenumberofrows FIRST() Returnsthefirstvalue LAST() Returnsthelastvalue MAX() Returnsthelargestvalue MIN() Returnsthesmallestvalue SUM() Returnsthesum

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ScalarFunctions
ScalarFunctions Operateonasinglevalueandreturnasinglevalue

Usefulscalarfunctions: UCASE() Convertsafieldtouppercase LCASE() Convertsafieldtolowercase MID() Extractcharactersfromatextfield LEN() Returnsthelengthofatextfield ROUND() Roundsanumericfieldtothenumberofdecimals specified NOW() Returnsthecurrentsystemdateandtime FORMAT() Formatshow h afield fi ldis i to t be b displayed di l d

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ComparisonOperators
=(Equals) >(GreaterThan) <(LessThan) >=(GreaterThanorEqualTo) < (L <= (LessTh ThanorEqual E lTo) T ) <>(NotEqualTo) ! (Not != (N E Equal lT To) ) !<(NotLessThan) !>(NotGreaterThan)

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ArithmeticOperators
+(Add) (Subtract) *(Multiply) /(Divide) ( ) %(Modulo)

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LogicalOperators
ALL AND ANY BETWEEN EXISTS IN LIKE NOT OR SOME

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ColumnAliasing
SELECTproductName ASproduct,unitPrice AS priceFROMproductsWHEREunitPrice >50 Changesthe productName columnto product

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Wildcards
Wildcard % _ [charlist] Description Asubstituteforzeroormorecharacters Asubstituteforexactlyonecharacter Anysinglecharacterincharlist

[^charlist]or Anysinglecharacternotincharlist [!charlist]

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THATS AN INTRODUCTION TO . . .

THE WORLD R OF SQL Q

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