PLSC 551, Comparative Political Institutions Seminar on Democracy and Democratization

Professor Gretchen Casper

Spring 2006

Anderson, Leslie E. and Lawrence C, Dodd. 2005. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grzymala-Busse, Anna M. 2002. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Haggard, Stephan and Robert R. Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Mahoney, James. 2001. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ODonnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Armony, Ariel C. and Hector E. Schamis. 2005. Babel in Democratization Studies. Journal of Democracy 16:113-128. Linz, Juan J. 1964. An Authoritarian Regime: Spain. In Erik Allardt and Yrjo Littunen, eds., Cleavages, Ideologies, Party Systems. Helsinki: Academic Bookstore. Pages 291-341. Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press. Pages 1-47. Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1. Schedler, Andreas. 1998b. What is Democratic Consolidation? Journal of Democracy 9:91-107.

Beetham, David, ed. 1994. Defining and Measuring Democracy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Bermeo, Nancy. 1991. Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship. Comparative Politics 24:273-292. Bunce, Valerie. 2000. Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations. Comparative Political Studies 33:703-734. Chehabi, H.E. and Juan J. Linz. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Cohen, Youssef. 1994. Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Collier, David, ed. 1979. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. 1997. Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research. World Politics 49:430-51. Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 1. Geddes, Barbara. 1999. What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years? Annual Review of Political Science 2:115-44. Huber, Evelyn, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens. 1997. The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Democracy. Comparative Politics 29:323-342. Huntington, Samuel P. 1989. The Modest Meaning of Democracy. In Robert A. Pastor, ed., Democracy in the Americas. New York: Holmes and Meier. Lawson, Stephanie. 1993. Conceptual Issues in the Comparative Study of Regime Change. Comparative Politics 25:183-205. Linz, Juan J. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. __________. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. 1996a. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

__________. 1996b. Toward Consolidated Democracy. Journal of Democracy 7:14-33. Mainwaring, Scott, Guillermo ODonnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela. 1992. Issues in Democratic Consolidation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. McCoy, Jennifer L., ed. 1999. Political Learning and Redemocratization in Latin America: Do Politicians Learn from Political Crises? Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami. Munck, Gerardo L. 1994. Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics 26:355-375. ODonnell, Guillermo. 1994. Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy 5:55-69. __________. 1996. Illusions about Consolidation. Journal of Democracy 7:34-51. (Also, see controversy with Gunther et. al., Journal of Democracy.) __________. 2001. Democracy, Law, and Comparative Politics. Studies in Comparative International Development 36:7-36. Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 3. Przeworski, Adam. 1995. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Remmer, Karen. 1991. New Wine or Old Bottlenecks: The Study of Latin American Democracy. Comparative Politics 23:479-495. __________. 1996. The Sustainability of Political Democracy: Lessons from South America. Comparative Political Studies 29:611-34. Schedler, Andreas. 1998a. How Should We Study Democratic Consolidation? Democratization 5:1-19. Schmitter, Philippe and Terry Karl 1991. What Democracy Is And Is Not. Journal of Democracy 2:75-88. Special issue on The Quality of Democracy. 2004. Journal of Democracy 15(4). Tilly, Charles. 2001. Mechanisms in Political Processes. Annual Review of Political Science 4:21-41. Whitehead. Laurence. 1989. The Consolidation of Fragile Democracies. In Robert A. Pastor, ed., Democracy in the Americas. New York: Holmes and Meier.

Munck, Gerardo L. and Jay Verkuilen. 2002. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices. Comparative Political Studies 35:534. Bowman, Kirk, Fabrice LeHoucq, and James Mahoney. 2005. Measuring Political Democracy: Case Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America. Comparative Political Studies 38:939-970. Casper, Gretchen and Claudiu Tufis. 2003. Correlation versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy using Highly Correlated Datasets. Political Analysis 11:196-203. (You can access this article from my webpage: http://polisci.la.psu.edu/faculty/Casper/Casper-Page.htm) Gasiorowski, Mark. 1996. An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset. Comparative Political Studies 29:469-483. Inkeles, Alex. 1991. On Measuring Democracy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Chapter 2. Jaggers, Keith and Ted Robert Gurr. 1995. Tracking Democracys Third Wave with the Polity III Data. Journal of Peace Research 32:469-482. Alvarez, Mike, Jos Antonio Cheibub, Fernando Limongi, and Adam Przeworski. 1996. Classifying Political Regimes. Studies in Comparative International Development 31:3-36. Vanhanen, Tatu. 2000a. A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998. Journal of Peace Research 37:251-265. Elkins, Zachary. 2000. Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations. American Journal of Political Science 44:293-300. Freedom House. 2001. Freedom House Country Ratings. (http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/index.htm) Gates, Scott, Havard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand. 2003. Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: The Duration of Polities. Unpublished mss. Gleditsch, Kristian and Michael D. Ward. 1997. Double-take: A Reexamination of Democracy and Autocracy in Modern Polities. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41:361-383. Inkeles, Alex. 1991. On Measuring Democracy. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Mainwaring, Scott, Daniel Brinks, and Anibal Perez-Linan. 2001. Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999. Studies in Comparative and International Development 36:37-65. Marshall, Monty G. and Keith Jaggers. 2000. Polity IV Dataset Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-1999. (http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/polity) Schedler, Andreas. 2001. Measuring Democratic Consolidation. Studies in Comparative International Development 36:66-92. Special issue On Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy. 2002. Comparative Political Studies 35(1). Vanhanen, Tatu. 2000b. The Polyarchy Dataset: Vanhanens Index of Democracy (1.02). (http://www.svt.ntnu.no/iss/data/vanhanen) Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ODonnell, Guillermo and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 2. Karl, Terry. 1990. Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America. Comparative Politics 23:1-22. Casper, Gretchen and Michelle M. Taylor. 1996. Negotiating Democracy: Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Collier, David and Deborah Norden. 1992. Strategic Choice Models of Political Change in Latin America. Comparative Politics 24:229-243. Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Feng, Yi and Paul J. Zak. 1999. The Determinants of Democratic Transitions. Journal of Conflict Resolution 43:162-177. Joseph, Richard. 1998. Africa: From Abertura to Closure. Journal of Democracy 9:3-17. Karl, Terry and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1991. Modes of Transition in Latin America. International Social Science Journal 128:269-84.

Rustow, Dankwart. 1970. Transitions to Democracy. Comparative Politics 2:337-63. Schmitter, Philippe. 1995. Transitology: The Sciences or Art of Democratization? In Joseph Tulchin, ed., The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Shin, Doh C. 1994. On the Third Wave of Democratization. World Politics 47:135-170. Special issue on The Democratic Transition Process. 1999. Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(2). Stepan, Alfred. 1986. Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations. In Guillermo ODonnell, et. al., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mahoney, James. 2001. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bellin, Eva. 2000. Contingent Democrats, Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries. World Politics 52:175-205. Casper, Gretchen. 1995. Fragile Democracies: The Legacies of Authoritarian Rule. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Colomer, Josep M. 1991. Transitions by Agreement: Modeling the Spanish Way. American Political Science Review 85:1283-1302. Dogan, Mattei and John Higley. 1998. Elites, Crises, and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Gillespie, Charles. 1991. Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Higley, John and Richard Gunther, eds. 1992. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Mainwaring, Scott. 1986. The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916-1985. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Snyder, Richard. 1992. Explaining Transitions from Neopatrimonial Dictatorships. Comparative Politics 24:379-399.

Stepan, Alfred. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Yashar, Deborah J. 1997. Demanding Democracy: Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1970s-1950s. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berman, Sheri. 1997. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic. World Politics 49:401-429. Bermeo, Nancy. 1997. Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions. Comparative Politics 29:305-322. Collier, David and Ruth Berins Collier. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Collier, Ruth Berins and James Mahoney. 1997. Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recent Democratization in South America and Southern Europe. Comparative Politics 29:285-304. Francisco, Ronald A. 1993. Theories of Protest and the Revolution of 1989. American Journal of Political Science 37:663-680. Muller, Edward N. and Mitchell A. Seligson. 1994. Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships. American Journal of Political Science 88:635652. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Reread chapters 1-2. Doorenspleet, Renske. 2000. Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization. World Politics 52:384-406. Gates, Scott, Havard Hegre, Mark P. Jones, and Havard Strand. 2002. Democratic Waves? War, New States, and Global Patterns of Democratization, 1800-1998. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, March 24-27. Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede and Michael D. Ward. 2003. Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization. Paper presented at the Conference on the International Diffusion of Democracy and Markets, University of California at

Los Angeles, March 7-8. (http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/papers/ksgmdw_diffdem.pdf) Brinks, Daniel and Michael Coppedge. 2001. Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 30-September 2. Carothers, Thomas. 1993. In the Name of Democracy: U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cederman, Lars-Erik and Kristian Gleditsch. N.d. Conquest and Regime Change: An Evolutionary Model of the Spread of Democracy and Peace. Unpublished mss. (http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/papers/dempeaceim.pdf) Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Michael D. Ward. 2000. War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of Democratization. International Studies Quarterly 44:1-29. Green, Daniel M. 1999. Liberal Moments and Democracys Durability: Comparing Global Outbreaks of Democracy 1918, 1945, 1989. Studies in Comparative International Development 34:83-120. Kurzman, Charles. 1998. Waves of Democratization. Studies in Comparative International Development 33:42-64. Lowenthal, Abraham F. 1991. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OLoughlin, J., Michael D. Ward, et. al. 1998. The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88:545-574. Pastor, Robert A. 1989. Democracy in the Americas. New York: Holmes and Meier. Starr, Harvey. 1991. Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System. Journal of Conflict Resolution 35:356381. Ward, Michael D. and Kristian S. Gleditsch. 1998. Democratizing for Peace. American Political Science Review 92:51-61. Whitehead, Laurence. 1986. International Aspects of Democratization. In Guillermo ODonnell, et. al., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Haggard, Stephan and Robert R. Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Arat, Zehra. 1988. Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Theory Revisited. Comparative Politics 21:21-36. Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes. 2003. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics 55:517-549. Bollen, Kenneth A. and Robert W. Jackman. 1985. Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income. American Sociological Review 50:438-457. Burkhart, Ross E. and Michael S. Lewis-Beck. 1994. Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis. American Political Science Review 88:903-910. Diamond, Larry. 1992. Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered. In Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy. Newbury Park: Sage. Gasiorowski, Mark. 1995. Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis. American Political Science Review 89: 882-897. Gasiorowski, Mark J. and Timothy J. Power. 1998. The Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation: Evidence from the Third World. Comparative Political Studies 31:740-771. Hadenius, Axel. 1992. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hannan, Michael T. and Glenn R. Carroll. 1981. Dynamics of Formal Political Structure: An Event-History Analysis. American Sociological Review 46:19-35. Hartlyn, Jonathan and Samuel A. Morley. 1986. Latin American Political Economy. Boulder: Westview Press. Helliwell, John F. 1994. Empirical Linkages between Democracy and Economic Growth. British Journal of Political Science 24:225-248. Heston, Alan, Robert Summers, Daniel Nuxoll, and Bettina Aten. 1995. Penn World Tables 5.6. http://datacentre2.chass.utoronto.ca/pwt/. Huntington, Samuel P. 1965. Political Development and Political Decay. World Politics 17:386-430. Hutchcroft, Paul D. 1991. Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippines State: The Politics of Patrimonial Plunder. World Politics 43:414-450.

Leblang, David A. 1997. Political Democracy and Economic Growth: Pooled CrossSectional and Time-Series Evidence. British Journal of Political Science 27:453472. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53:69105. __________. 1993. Concluding Reflections. In Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Londregan, John B. and Keith T. Poole. 1996. Does High Income Promote Democracy? World Politics 49:1-30. Midlarsky, Manus I. ed. 1997. Inequality, Democracy, and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ODonnell, Guillermo A. 1979. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. __________. 1988. Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966-1973 in Comparative Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press. Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4. Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi. 1997. Modernization: Theories and Facts. World Politics 49:155-183. Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, Jos Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Remmer, Karen L. 1990. Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience. World Politics 42:315-335. Sirowy, Larry and Alex Inkeles. 1990. The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality. Studies in Comparative International Development 25:126-157. Smith, William C. 1991. Authoritarianism and the Crisis of the Argentine Political Economy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

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Anna M. Grzymala-Busse. 2002. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ames, Barry. 1990. Political Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press. __________. 2001. The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Banaszak, Lee Ann. 1996. Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bernhard, Michael. 1999. Institutional Choice and the Failure of Democracy: The Case of Interwar Poland. East European Politics and Societies 13. Di Palma, Giuseppe. 1990. To Craft Democracies. Berkeley: University of California Press. Elster, Jon and Rune Slagstad, eds. 1988. Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kitschelt, Herbert and Regina Smyth. 2002. Programmatic Party Cohesion in Emerging Postcommunist Democracies: Russia in Comparative Context. Comparative Political Studies 35:1228-1256. Knight, Jack. 1992. Institutional and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press. Lijphart, Arend and Carlos Waisman. 1996. Institutional Design in New Democracies. Boulder: Westview Press. Linz, Juan J. and Arturo Valenzuela. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Chapter 1. Mainwaring, Scott. 1993. Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy. Comparative Political Studies 26:198-228. Mainwaring, Scott and Matthew J. Shugart. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy. Comparative Politics 29:449-472. North, Douglass and Barry Weingast. 1998. Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in 17th Century England. In Paul Drake and Matthew McCubbins, eds., The Origins of Liberty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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Powell, G. Bingham. 1982. Contemporary Democracies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Power, Timothy J. and Mark J. Gasiorowski. 1997. Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies 30:123-55. Shugart, Matthew Soberg and John M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stepan, Alfred with Cindy Skach. 1993. Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism. World Politics 46:1-22. Weingast, Barry. 1997. The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law. American Political Science Review 91:245-263. Anderson, Leslie E. and Lawrence C. Dodd. 2005. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, 1990-2001. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Almond, Gabriel and Sydney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Almond, Gabriel and Sydney Verba. 1980. The Civic Culture Revisited. Boston: Little Brown. Bahry, Donna, Cynthia Boaz, Stacy Burnett Gordon. 1997. Tolerance, Transition, and Support for Civil Liberties in Russia. Comparative Political Studies 30:484-510. Bernhard, Michael. 1996. Civil Society after the First Transition: Dilemmas of Postcommunist Democratization in Poland and Beyond. Communist and PostCommunist Studies 29. Ekiert, Grzegorz and Jan Kubik. 1998. Contentious Politics in New Democracies: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, 1989-1993. World Politics 50:547-581. Finifter, Ada and Ellen Mickiewicz. 1992. Redefining the Political System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change. American Political Science Review 86:857874. Foley, Michael and Bob Edwards. 1996. The Paradox of Civil Society. Journal of Democracy 7:38-52. Fox, Jonathan. 1994. The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship. World Politics 46:151-184.

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Gibson, James, Raymond Duch, and Kent Tedin. 1992. Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union. Journal of Politics 54:329-371. McDonough, Peter, Samuel H. Barnes, and Antonio Lopez Pina. 1998. The Cultural Dynamics of Democratization in Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Miller, Arthur, Vicki Hesli, and William Reisinger. 1994. Reassessing Mass Support for Political and Economic Change in former USSR. American Political Science Review 88:399-411. Myers, David J. and Robert E. OConnor. 1998. Support for Coups in Democratic Political Culture: A Venezuelan Exploration. Comparative Politics 30:193-212. Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press. __________. 1996. Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy 6:65-78. Rose, Richard, William Mishler, and Christian Haerpfer. 1998. Democracy and its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Shin, Doh C. 1999. Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Diamond, Larry. 2002. Thinking about Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy 13:2135. Schedler, Andreas. 2002. The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13:36-50. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2002. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13:51-65. __________. 2005. International Linkage and Democratization. Journal of Democracy 16:20-34. Carothers, Thomas. 2002. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy 13:5-21. Special issue on Elections Without Democracy. 2002. Journal of Democracy 13(2).

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